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Nomadic Pastoralists and the Chinese Empire UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Nomadic Pastoralists and the Chinese Empire: A Bioarchaeological Study of China’s Northern Frontier A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Jacqueline Trey Eng Committee in charge: Professor Phillip L. Walker, Chair Professor Katharina Schreiber Professor Stuart Tyson Smith September 2007 The dissertation of Jacqueline Trey Eng is approved. Katharina Schreiber Stuart Tyson Smith Phillip L. Walker, Committee Chair July 2007 Nomadic Pastoralists and the Chinese Empire: A Bioarchaeological Study of China’s Northern Frontier Copyright © 2007 by Jacqueline Trey Eng iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to: my parents, Jackson Eng and Deborah Eng, and in loving memory of my grandparents, Bing Don Eng and Kam Shui (Seto) Eng Kam Yuk Ho and Chuck Kin (Chan) Ho iv Acknowledgements My love of physical anthropology was nurtured and thrived under the guidance of my undergraduate adviser, the ever gracious and kind Dr. Henry McHenry. He started me on the path of human osteology, from the Laetoli footprints to early Native Californian societies, and he encouraged my research, which culminated in my first bioarchaeological project. The Anthropology Department at UC Davis was a second home, and the professors, including Drs. David Glenn Smith and Peter Rodman, and graduate students were all wonderful. In graduate school at UC Santa Barbara, I have benefited greatly from the stimulating research and prolific work of the faculty and fellow graduate students. Dr. Kathy Schreiber has been a wonderful committee member and instructor who was always available for consultation, from guidance about archaeological concepts to advice about professionalism and the job market. Dr. Stuart Smith has also been a valuable committee member, whose seminar on “Culture Contact” got me interested in my current project and whose grant writing class helped me secure funding for research. Dr. Mayfair Yang provided my first contact to China, Weimin Li, and I am very grateful for her interest and his help in establishing guanxi. I have enjoyed and benefited from a very rewarding working relationship with my graduate advisor, Dr. Phillip Walker, who not only offers continually relevant advice on my research and career, but also provided excellent opportunities to work on forensic cases and archaeological projects that have vastly improved my research skills. v The Walkerlab has been my staunchest support network in graduate school, with wonderful labmates throughout the years who have not only provided advice, but also fantastic friendships. I have greatly enjoyed all our conversations, the culinary experiences, and the collegial atmosphere that was brightened by their presence. I admire all you ladies, who have set the bar so high for the rest of us. Gratitude and warm thoughts go to: Corina Kellner, Bonnie Yoshida, Christina Torres-Rouff, Michele Buzon, Valerie Andrushko, Kaethin Prizer, Rebecca Richman, Susan Kuzminsky, and Sabrina Sholts. The lab was also livened by “associated” Walkerlab folk who have been great colleagues, from scholars of previous years, such as Pat Lambert and Tiffiny Tung, to our phenomenal postdoc Rhonda Bathhurst. Let’s not forget the male members of the lab: Phil Walker, Ed Hagen, Kenny Maes, and the spouses of some of our labmates, David Torres-Rouff and Kory Cooper. Reunions at the AAPA meetings are always fun. My graduate peers have been the best company one could wish for in terms of academic support and valued friendships. Thanks go to my grant writing group: Valerie Andrushko, Alison Borek, Choonghwan Park, and Hugo Santos-Gomez. Much gratitude also goes to my dissertation writing group, who got me started on writing those early chapters and were great for moral support along the way: Valerie, Hillary Haldane, and Mark Schuller. Thanks also to readers of that (close to) last draft: my Walker labmates, Christina, Michele, Rebecca, Rhonda, and Valerie, and also Susan McArver. Special thanks to those who graciously lent technical support: Elizabeth Klarich and Michele Buzon for Access setup pre- vi fieldwork, Elsa Ermer for SPSS and stats tips, Nico Tripevich for all-around tech support, and Rebecca Richman for map help. Friends who have shared in all the ups and downs that is part and parcel of graduate life and been fantastic cheerleaders include Sarah Abraham (my hand twin), Kate Ballantyne, Brent Leftwich, Ian and Talin Lindsay, Susan McArver (thanks for the laughter!), James Tate, Jason Toohey, and all above-mentioned colleagues. I am grateful for the early friendship of Germilda “Jimmie” Garbarino who shared her love of reading with me, and whose travels around the world even in her 80’s inspired me. Jen Chin, Amy Gong, Joanne Kim, Carrie Lee, Michelle Woo, Miranda Yee, and Chimi Yi have also been fabulous life-long friends who have joined me in all my adventures in and out of school. In the course of fieldwork I have made numerous collaborative partnerships and learned a great deal. In Iceland, I was fortunate to work with Jesse Byock, Jon Erlandson, Per Holck, Mark Tveskov, and Davide Zori. In Romania, I worked very well Peter Szoçs. For my dissertation, I have enjoyed collaborations with several Chinese researchers, including those at the Research Center for Frontier Interaction at Jilin University: Dr. Zhu Hong and his students Dr. Quanchao Zhang, Linhu Zhang, and Wei Dong, and was often helped by the foreign students administrator, He Fenghua. My wonderful friends in China include He Chunxü, Cindy Li, Liu Mingshi, Peiran Su, Miranda Wong, Constanze Angermann, Fontoh Herbert, Aziz Klebleyev, and Koontin Yeow. Fellow East Asian researchers Christine Lee and Kate Pechenkina have also provided great advice and shared experiences. vii My dissertation research was funded by the Fulbright-Hays Dissertation Research Abroad Program (Award #: p022a040064) and the University of California Pacific Rim Research Grant (reference #: 04TPRRP 08-0011). The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship and the UCSB Chancellor’s Fellowship funded my early graduate expenses, while a pre- dissertation site visit was funded by the UCSB Humanities and Social Sciences Research Grant. Jenny Bisheff was an able administrator in handling the NSF and Fulbright-Hays fellowships, and the staff members at ISBER were always quick in response and advice regarding Pacific Rim funds and other grants. My family has been so fantastic; I am humbled by how much they have given me. I have the deepest gratitude to my grandparents, Bing Don and Kam Shui Eng and Kam Yuk and Chuck Kin Ho, for their love and for instilling in me the drive to better my life through education and hard work. I thank Betty Ho for always being excessively diverting and Adam Ng for marvelous technical help. Thanks go to Donald and Maria Ho and my cousins for continual support. Much appreciation to Jenny Eng for patient explanations of all things related to graphics and the web, as well as the care packages that cheered me during tough times. I thank my brother, David Eng, who has always been a great friend and a sweet, calming influence. Finally, all my love to my parents, Jackson and Deborah Eng, whose unwavering belief in me has given me strength and belief in myself. Many thanks to them, especially for the past few years, with the trip to China, the late night translations and map searches, and for always being my greatest supporters. viii Vita Jacqueline Trey Eng July 2007 EDUCATION 2007 Ph.D. in Anthropology (expected) U. of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) 2 002 M.A. in Anthropology, UCSB 1999 B.S. with High Honors in Anthropology, U. of California, Davis (UCD) Minors: Biological Sciences, English POSITIONS HELD 2 005-06 Instructor, Department of Anthropology, UCSB, Summer Session 2 003-04 Teaching Assistant, Department of Anthropology, UCSB 2 003, 2006 Reader, Department of Anthropology, UCSB 1996-99 Writing Tutor, Learning Skills Center, UCD PUBLICATIONS 2005 Bioarchaeological Methods. In Handbook of Archaeological Methods, Vol.II, H.D.G. Maschner and C. Chippindale (eds.). Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, pp.871-918. (M.R. Buzon, J.T. Eng, P.M. Lambert, P.L. Walker). 2005 A nagykároly-bobáldi temető és templom 2001. évi régészeti kutatása [Archaeological investigation of the Carei-Bobald cemetery and church in 2001]. In "A halál árnyékának völgyében járok." A középkori templom körüli temetők kutatása ["I Walk through the Valley of the Shadow of Death." Research of the Medieval Churchyard Cemeteries], R. Ágnes and S. Erika (eds.). Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum [Hungarian National Museum], pp. 315-324. (P.L. Szöçs, D.M. Dóra, J. Eng). 2003 A Viking Age farm, church, and cemetery at Hrísbrú, Mosfell Valley, Iceland. Antiquity. v.77, n.297. P.L. Walker, J. Erlandson, P. Holck, J.T. Eng, M. Tveskov, M. Sigurgeisson, P. Lambert, M. Moss, K. Prizer, M. Reid, D. Zori, A. Byock, H. Fyllingen). CONFERENCE PAPERS 2007 Patterns of trauma in pastoralists of the Donghu culture in northern China. Symposium: “Bioarchaeological Perspectives of Migration and Human Health in Ancient East Asia.” Poster presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical ix Anthropologists, Philadelphia, PA. (J.T. Eng, H. Zhu, Q.C. Zhang). Abstract in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 44:105-106. 2007 Long bone dimensions as an index of the socioeconomic change in ancient Asian populations. Symposium: “Bioarchaeological Perspectives of Migration and Human Health in Ancient East Asia.” Poster presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Philadelphia, PA. (P.L. Walker, J.T. Eng). Abstract in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 44:241. 2006 Health effects of the Han Dynasty collapse on a peripheral population in Northeast China. Symposium: "Bioarchaeological Insights into Ancient Imperialism: Perspectives from the Old and New Worlds." Paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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