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The Race to Transform: Sport in Post Apartheid South Africa

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The Race to Transform: Sport in Post Apartheid South Africa THE RACE TO TRANSFORM SPORT IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA Edited by Ashwin Desai Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 1 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2010 ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2319-6 ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2320-2 ISBN (e-pub) 978-0-7969-2321-9 © 2010 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Copyedited by Karen Press Typeset by Baseline Publishing Services Cover by Fuel Design Printed by printer, Cape Town, South Africa Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 2 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM Contents Acronyms and abbreviations iv Acknowledgements vii 1 Introduction: Long run to freedom? 1 Ashwin Desai 2 Creepy crawlies, portapools and the dam(n)s of swimming transformation 14 Ashwin Desai and Ahmed Veriava 3 Inside ‘the House of Pain’: A case study of the Jaguars Rugby Club 56 Ashwin Desai and Zayn Nabbi 4 ‘Transformation’ from above: The upside-down state of contemporary South African soccer 80 Dale T. McKinley 5 Women’s bodies and the world of football in South Africa 105 Prishani Naidoo and Zanele Muholi 6 Jumping over the hurdles: A political analysis of transformation measures in South African athletics 146 Justin van der Merwe Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download 7 Beyond the nation? Colour and class in South African cricket 176 Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed 8 Between black and white: A case study of the KwaZulu-Natal Cricket Union 222 Goolam Vahed, Vishnu Padayachee and Ashwin Desai Contributors 259 Index 261 Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 3 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM Acronyms and abbreviations AGM – Annual General Meeting ANC – African National Congress ASA – Athletics South Africa ASASA – Amateur Swimming Association of South Africa BCCI – Board of Control for Cricket in India BEE – Black Economic Empowerment CAF – Confederation of African Football CEO – Chief Executive Officer COGOC – Concerned Group of Cricketers COSAFA – Council of Southern Africa Football Associations COSATU – Congress of South African Trade Unions CSA – Cricket South Africa DDCU – Durban and District Cricket Union DOE – Department of Education DSR – Department of Sport and Recreation DWAF – Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EU – European Union FASA – Football Association of South Africa Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download FEW – Forum for the Empowerment of Women FIFA – Federation of International Football Associations FINA – Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur GCB – Gauteng Cricket Board GEAR – Growth, Employment and Redistribution IAAF – International Association of Athletics Federations ICC – International Cricket Council ICL – Indian Cricket League IOC – International Olympic Council IPL – Indian Premier League iv Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 4 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM IRB – International Rugby Board KZN – KwaZulu-Natal KZNCU – KwaZulu-Natal Cricket Union KZNRU – KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union MDM – Mass Democratic Movement NAMIC – Non-Aligned Movement in Cricket NCA – Natal Cricket Association NCB – Natal Cricket Board NEC – National Executive Committee NOCSA – National Olympic Council of South Africa NRB – Natal Rugby Board NSC – National Sports Congress (late 1980s and early 1990s) NSC – National Sports Council (from the late 1990s) PMC – Provincial Monitoring Committee PSL – Premier Soccer League RDP – Reconstruction and Development Programme SAAAB – South African Amateur Athletics Board SAAAC – South African Amateur Athletics Congress Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download SAAAU – South African Amateur Athletics Union SAASA – South Africa Amateur Swimming Association SAASCO – South African Amateur Swimming Congress SAASU – South African Amateur Swimming Union SAASwiF – South African Amateur Swimming Federation SACB – South African Cricket Board SACBOC – South African Cricket Board of Control SACOS – South African Council on Sport SACP – South African Communist Party SACU – South African Cricket Union v Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 5 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM SAFA – South African Football Association SANASA – South African National Amateur Swimming Association SANROC – South African Non-racial Olympic Committee SARB – South African Rugby Board SARFU – South African Rugby Football Union SARRA – South African Road Running Association SARU – South African Rugby Union SASC – South African Sports Commission SASF – South African Soccer Federation SASL – South African Soccer League SAWFA – South African Women’s Football Association SAWSA – South African Women’s Soccer Association SwimSA – Swimming South Africa TARC – Transformation and Anti-racism Committee TMC – Transformation Monitoring Committee UCBSA – United Cricket Board of South Africa UCT – University of Cape Town UK – United Kingdom UNDP – United Nations Development Programme US – United States USSASA – United Schools Sports Association of South Africa Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download vi Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 6 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM Acknowledgements This book emerges from a wide-ranging research project on racial redress in post-apartheid South Africa. The study was undertaken by researchers in the Democracy and Governance research programme of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), in collaboration with researchers drawn from inside and outside the academy. We would like to express our appreciation to a number of donors for their involvement in the project: the Charles Stuart Mott Foundation; the Ford Foundation; the Konrad Adenauer Foundation; the Development Bank of Southern Africa; CAGE, the joint European Union­­–South African funding facility for research located in the National Treasury, and the parliamentary grant of the HSRC. Without their generous contributions, the research on which this book is based would not have been possible. The authors would also like to thank the people who agreed to be interviewed and made valuable documentation available. Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download vii Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 7 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 8 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM 1 Introduction: Long run to freedom? Ashwin Desai …the level playing field is enclosed within a society which is anything but level. Access to the level playing field has always been unequal… But there is a sting in the tail. On sport’s level playing field, it is possible to challenge and overturn the dominant hierarchies of nation, race and class…The level playing field can be either a prison or a platform for liberation. (Marqusee 1995: 5) The dawn of posT-aparTheid South Africa witnessed a proliferation of Free from www.hsrcpress.ac.za download writing on the value of sport in breaking down racial barriers and building a united nation. This was given incredible impetus in the immediate aftermath of the 1995 Rugby World Cup victory. Most dramatically, Nelson Mandela appeared at Ellis Park in a Springbok jersey, signalling the acceptance of this decades-long symbol of oppression as a national emblem for the rugby team. At the same time, this gesture was about more than the acceptance of a national emblem. Rugby, the symbol of Afrikaner nationalism, at once became the sport that would help to catalyse the building of a ‘rainbow nation’ predicated on a common identity, a common sense of ‘South Africanness’. This project can be best summed up in a 1 Race to transform Book 16-2-10.indb 1 2/16/10 4:43:08 PM comment originally made by Massimo d’Azeglio in 1870 in the context of the political unification of Italy: ‘We have made Italy, now we have to make Italians’ (D’Azeglio, cited in Hobsbawm 1996: 257). Inscribed in this nation- building project was also a commitment from the African National Congress (ANC)-led government to address the brutal legacy of apartheid. This promise to redress the conditions of existence of those who had been oppressed under apartheid came to be captured in a simple but evocative ANC slogan: ‘A Better Life For All’. The party’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) of 1994 promised a heady mix of measures to address the expectations of the majority of South Africans, for whom poverty and minimal life chances were still a daily reality (ANC 1994). The RDP specifically addressed sport and recreation, referring to it as ‘[o]ne of the cruellest legacies of apartheid’ and signalling an emphasis on ‘the provision of facilities at schools and in communities where there are large concentrations of unemployed youth’. As was the way with the RDP, the document tempered this commitment with the recognition that ‘sport is played at different levels of competence and...there are different specific needs at different levels’ (ANC 1994: 72–73). While in the aftermath of the 1995 World Cup it appeared that everyone could be part of ‘a talismanic club of equality’ (Cape Times 26 June 1995), the challenge of redress and change would see sport become, over the next decade and a half, an arena of intense engagement and contestation.
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