Shoulder Height, Body Mass, and Shape of Proboscideans
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
1.1 První Chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2
MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV GEOLOGICKÝCH VĚD Jakub Březina Rešerše k bakalářské práci Využití mikrostruktur klů neogenních chobotnatců na příkladu rodu Zygolophodon Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Martin Ivanov, Dr. Brno 2012 OBSAH 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců 3 1.1 První chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2. Kly chobotnatců a jejich mikrostruktura 9 2.1 Přírůstky v klech chobotnatců 11 2.1.1 Využití přírůstků v klech chobotnatců 11 2.2 Schregerův vzor 12 2.2.1 Stavba Schregerova vzoru 12 2.2.2 Využití Schregerova vzoru 12 2.3 Dentinové kanálky 15 3 Sedimenty s nálezy savců v okolí Mikulova 16 3.1 Baden 17 3.2 Pannon a Pont 18 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců Současná systematika chobotnatců není kompletně odvozena od jejich fylogeneze, rekonstruované pomocí kladistických metod. Diskutované skupiny tak mnohdy nepředstavují monofyletické skupiny. Přestože jsou taxonomické kategorie matoucí (např. Laurin 2005), jsem do jisté míry nucen je používat. Některým skupinám úrovně stále přiřazeny nebyly a zde této skutečnosti není přisuzován žádný význam. V této rešerši jsem se zaměřil hlavně na poznatky, které následovaly po vydání knihy; The Proboscidea: Evolution and Paleoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, od Shoshaniho a Tassyho (1996). Chobotnatci jsou součástí skupiny Tethytheria společně s anthracobunidy, sirénami a desmostylidy (Shoshani 1998; Shoshani & Tassy 1996; 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009). Základní klasifikace sestává ze dvou skupin. Ze skupiny Plesielephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Numidotheriidae, Barytheriidae a Deinotheridae a ze skupiny Elephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Palaeomastodontidae, Phiomiidae, Mammutida, Gomphotheriidae, tetralofodontní gomfotéria, Stegodontidae a Elephantidae (Shoshani & Marchant 2001; Shoshani & Tassy 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009). -
Teacher Guide: Meet the Proboscideans
Teacher Guide: Meet the Proboscideans Concepts: • Living and extinct animals can be classified by their physical traits into families and species. • We can often infer what animals eat by the size and shape of their teeth. Learning objectives: • Students will learn about the relationship between extinct and extant proboscideans. • Students will closely examine the teeth of a mammoth, mastodon, and gomphothere and relate their observations to the animals’ diets. They will also contrast a human’s jaw and teeth to a mammoth’s. This is an excellent example of the principle of “form fits function” that occurs throughout biology. TEKS: Grade 5 § 112.16(b)7D, 9A, 10A Location: Hall of Geology & Paleontology (1st Floor) Time: 10 minutes for “Mammoth & Mastodon Teeth,” 5 minutes for “Comparing Human & Mammoth Teeth” Supplies: • Worksheet • Pencil • Clipboard Vocabulary: mammoth, mastodon, grazer, browser, tooth cusps, extant/extinct Pre-Visit: • Introduce students to the mammal group Proboscidea, using the Meet the Proboscideans worksheets. • Review geologic time, concentrating on the Pleistocene (“Ice Age”) when mammoths, mastodons, and gomphotheres lived in Texas. • Read a short background book on mammoths and mastodons with your students: – Mammoths and Mastodons: Titans of the Ice Age by Cheryl Bardoe, published in 2010 by Abrams Books for Young Readers, New York, NY. Post-Visit Classroom Activities: • Assign students a short research project on living proboscideans (African and Asian elephants) and their conservation statuses (use http://www.iucnredlist.org/). Discuss the possibilities of their extinction, and relate to the extinction events of mammoths and mastodons. Meet the Proboscideans Mammoths, Mastodons, and Gomphotheres are all members of Proboscidea (pro-bo-SID-ia), a group which gets its name from the word proboscis (the Latin word for nose), referring to their large trunks. -
Waco Mammoth Site • Special Resource Study / Environmental Assessment • Texas Waco Mammoth Site Special Resource Study / Environmental Assessment
Waco Mammoth Site Waco National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Waco Mammoth Site • Special Resource Study / Environmental Assessment • Texas Waco Mammoth Site Special Resource Study Special Resource / Environmental Assessment Environmental National Park Service • United States Department of the Interior Special Resource Study/Environmental Assessment Texas July • 2008 As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national This report has been prepared to provide Congress and the public with information about parks and historical places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor the resources in the study area and how they relate to criteria for inclusion within the recreation. The department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure national park system. Publication and transmittal of this report should not be considered an that their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship endorsement or a commitment by the National Park Service to seek or support either and citizen participation in their care. The department also has a major responsibility for specific legislative authorization for the project or appropriation for its implementation. American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under Authorization and funding for any new commitments by the National Park Service will have U.S. administration. to be considered in light of competing priorities for existing units of the national park system and other programs. -
The Childs Elephant Free Download
THE CHILDS ELEPHANT FREE DOWNLOAD Rachel Campbell-Johnston | 400 pages | 03 Apr 2014 | Random House Children's Publishers UK | 9780552571142 | English | London, United Kingdom Rachel Campbell-Johnston Penguin 85th by Coralie Bickford-Smith. Stocking Fillers. The Childs Elephant the other The Childs Elephant of the scale, when elephants eat in one location and defecate in another, they function as crucial dispersers of seeds; many plants, trees, The Childs Elephant bushes would have a hard time surviving if their seeds didn't feature on elephant menus. Share Flipboard Email. I cannot trumpet this book loudly enough. African elephants are much bigger, fully grown males approaching six or seven tons making them the earth's largest terrestrial mammalscompared to only four or five tons for Asian elephants. As big as they are, elephants have an outsize influence on their habitats, uprooting trees, trampling ground underfoot, and even deliberately enlarging water holes so they can take relaxing baths. Events Podcasts Penguin Newsletter Video. If only we could all be Jane Goodall or Dian Fossey, and move to the jungle or plains and thoroughly dedicate our lives to wildlife. For example, an elephant can use its trunk to shell a peanut without damaging the kernel nestled inside or to wipe debris from its eyes or other parts of its body. Elephants are polyandrous and The Childs Elephant mating happens year-round, whenever females are in estrus. Habitat and Range. Analytics cookies help us to improve our website by collecting and reporting information on how you use it. Biology Expert. Elephants are beloved creatures, but they aren't always fully understood by humans. -
Elephant Escapades Audience Activity Designed for 10 Years Old and Up
Elephant Escapades Audience Activity designed for 10 years old and up Goal Students will learn the differences between the African and Asian elephants, as well as, how their different adaptations help them survive in their habitats. Objective • To understand elephant adaptations • To identify the differences between African and Asian elephants Conservation Message Elephants play a major role in their habitats. They act as keystone species which means that other species depend on them and if elephants were removed from the ecosystem it would change drastically. It is important to understand these species and take efforts to encourage the preservation of African and Asian elephants and their habitats. Background Information Elephants are the largest living land animal; they can weigh between 6,000 and 12,000 pounds and stand up to 12 feet tall. There are only two species of elephants; the African Elephants and the Asian Elephant. The Asian elephant is native to parts of South and Southeast Asia. While the African elephant is native to the continent of Africa. While these two species are very different, they do share some common traits. For example, both elephant species have a trunk that can move in any direction and move heavy objects. An elephant’s trunk is a fusion, or combination, of the nose and upper lip and does not contain any bones. Their trunks have thousands of muscles and tendons that make movements precise and give the trunk amazing strength. Elephants use their trunks for snorkeling, smelling, eating, defending themselves, dusting and other activities that they perform daily. Another common feature that the two elephant species share are their feet. -
Newsletter March 2021
Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas © David Santiago Newsletter March 2021 Wildlife During the month of March, the UICN publicly announced two decisions concerning forest elephants. The first one was declaring the forest elephant (Loxodonta Cyclotis) an altogether different species, as until recently it was merely considered a subspecies. The second decision was declaring this species critically endangered. Dzanga Sangha remains for the moment one of the few places in all of Africa where the number of individuals has remained relatively stable in recent years, and it is also the place where they are most easily observed. The links attached below talk more about this subject. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/25/shades-of-grey-how-to-tell-african-elephant-species-apart- aoe https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/25/africas-forest-elephant-has-been-largely-overlooked-now- we-need-to-fight-for-it-aoe https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/both-african-elephant-species-are-now-endangered-one-critically https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/environment/2466472/african-elephant-status-change-a-wake-up-call-for- humans/ https://theconversation.com/new-decisions-by-global-conservation-group-bolster-efforts-to-save-africas-elephants- 158157 In the other hand, Terence Fuh, Head of Primate Habituation, Research and Monitoring for the DSPA has been listed among the top 100 Young African Conservation Leaders, out of the 565 nominations received from 425 youth organizations and networks which underwent a rigorous judging and verification process. https://top100youth.africa/ Over the last three years we have had a total of 4 gorillas babies born into the three habituated groups in DSPA. -
The African Bush Elephant Can Grow up to 13 Ft Tall and Weigh Almost 6 Tonnes
Introduction: Have you ever wondered what the largest land mammal is? The African bush elephant can grow up to 13 ft tall and weigh almost 6 tonnes. That is around the same weight as 6 small cars! If you would like to find out more about this magnificent creature, then read on! A labelled diagram of an African Elephant. Main Features: Most people think the elephant is just one species of animal. In fact, there are 3 species of elephant; the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. All elephants have large ears in order to help release excess body heat into the air. Additionally, their trunk is used for a variety of purposes. It helps elephants to breathe, smell, hold things, touch and produce the famous elephant trumpeting! Despite elephants being generally calm and peaceful, elephants can be extremely dangerous. Their tusks, which are made of ivory, are used to dig, move branches, and fight. Diet: Although they are an enormous animal, elephants are herbivores. Their main diet includes tree bark, flowers, leaves, wild fruits and twigs. Due to their size, adult elephants must consume around 150-170kg of food every day! Current Status: Unfortunately, some people poach elephants in order to take their tusks, which are made from a precious material called ivory. The ivory is then used to produce ornaments, jewellery, or other expensive objects. Elephant poaching was banned worldwide in 1990, but elephants are still being hunted down ille- gally. According to the WWF, around 55 African elephants are killed for their tusks every day. -
Distinguishing Extant Elephants Ivory from Mammoth Ivory Using a Short
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Distinguishing extant elephants ivory from mammoth ivory using a short sequence of cytochrome b gene Jacob Njaramba Ngatia1, Tian Ming Lan2,3,4, Yue Ma1,5, Thi Dao Dinh1, Zhen Wang1,5, Thomas D. Dahmer6 & Yan Chun Xu1,5,7* Trade in ivory from extant elephant species namely Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is regulated internationally, while the trade in ivory from extinct species of Elephantidae, including woolly mammoth, is unregulated. This distinction creates opportunity for laundering and trading elephant ivory as mammoth ivory. The existing morphological and molecular genetics methods do not reliably distinguish the source of ivory items that lack clear identifcation characteristics or for which the quality of extracted DNA cannot support amplifcation of large gene fragments. We present a PCR-sequencing method based on 116 bp target sequence of the cytochrome b gene to specifcally amplify elephantid DNA while simultaneously excluding non-elephantid species and ivory substitutes, and while avoiding contamination by human DNA. The partial Cytochrome b gene sequence enabled accurate association of ivory samples with their species of origin for all three extant elephants and from mammoth. The detection limit of the PCR system was as low as 10 copy numbers of target DNA. The amplifcation and sequencing success reached 96.7% for woolly mammoth ivory and 100% for African savanna elephant and African forest elephant ivory. This is the frst validated method for distinguishing elephant from mammoth ivory and it provides forensic support for investigation of ivory laundering cases. -
Teacher's Booklet
Ideas and Evidence at the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Teacher’s Booklet Acknowledgements Shawn Peart Secondary Consultant Annette Shelford Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Paul Dainty Great Cornard Upper School Sarah Taylor St. James Middle School David Heap Westley Middle School Thanks also to Dudley Simons for photography and processing of the images of objects and exhibits at the Sedgwick Museum, and to Adrienne Mayor for kindly allowing us to use her mammoth and monster images (see picture credits). Picture Credits Page 8 “Bag of bones” activity adapted from an old resource, source unknown. Page 8 Iguanodon images used in the interpretation of the skeleton picture resource from www.dinohunters.com Page 9 Mammoth skeleton images from ‘The First Fossil Hunters’ by Adrienne Mayor, Princeton University Press ISBN: 0-691-05863 with kind permission of the author Page 9 Both paintings of Mary Anning from the collections of the Natural History Museum © Natural History Museum, London 1 Page 12 Palaeontologists Picture from the photographic archive of the Sedgwick Museum © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Page 14 Images of Iguanodon from www.dinohunters.com Page 15 “Duria Antiquior - a more ancient Dorsetshire” by Henry de la Beche from the collection of the National Museums and Galleries of Wales © National Museum of Wales Page 17 Images of Deinotherium giganteum skull cast © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Page 19 Image of red sandstone slab © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences 2 Introduction Ideas and evidence was introduced as an aspect of school science after the review of the National Curriculum in 2000. Until the advent of the National Strategy for Science it was an area that was often not planned for explicitly. -
A NEW AMEBELODONT, TORYNOBELODON BARNUMBROWNI, SP. NOV. a PRELIMINARY REPORT Erwin Hinckley Barbour
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska State Museum 1931 A NEW AMEBELODONT, TORYNOBELODON BARNUMBROWNI, SP. NOV. A PRELIMINARY REPORT Erwin Hinckley Barbour Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museumbulletin Part of the Entomology Commons, Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, Paleontology Commons, and the Sedimentology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1/ 6 . BULLETIN 22 VOLUME I UN 1~l:7Gtrs;:J:~~!1 L'P' i THE NEBRASKA STATE USEUM I tor ERWIN H. BARBOUR, Dir NUl :~,~I r ~;l A NEW AMEBELODONT, TOR :I.,I,lI..LJ.J;I.c.uUJ.J~m.T-~ ___I BARNUMBROWNI, SP. NOV. A PRELIMINARY REPORT By ERWIN HINCKLEY BARBOUR The subfamily of longirostrine mastodonts known as the Amebelodontinae have been so recently discovered and described that as yet theY; are little known by the citizens of this state. They are most briefly and directly described as shovel-tusked mastodons. The first one found, namely Amebelodon fricki, was secured in April 1927, and was pub lished June 1927. In the meantime, many other examples of Amebelodonts have been added to the Morrill Palaeon tological Collections of the Nebraska State Museum. The exact number cannot be stated until the material shipped in from the field during the current season is unpacked, cleaned, and identified. -
Isotopic Dietary Reconstructions of Pliocene Herbivores at Laetoli: Implications for Early Hominin Paleoecology ⁎ John D
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243 (2007) 272–306 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Isotopic dietary reconstructions of Pliocene herbivores at Laetoli: Implications for early hominin paleoecology ⁎ John D. Kingston a, , Terry Harrison b a Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States b Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States Received 20 September 2005; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 4 August 2006 Abstract Major morphological and behavioral innovations in early human evolution have traditionally been viewed as responses to conditions associated with increasing aridity and the development of extensive grassland-savanna biomes in Africa during the Plio- Pleistocene. Interpretations of paleoenvironments at the Pliocene locality of Laetoli in northern Tanzania have figured prominently in these discussions, primarily because early hominins recovered from Laetoli are generally inferred to be associated with grassland, savanna or open woodland habitats. As these reconstructions effectively extend the range of habitat preferences inferred for Pliocene hominins, and contrast with interpretations of predominantly woodland and forested ecosystems at other early hominin sites, it is worth reevaluating the paleoecology at Laetoli utilizing a new approach. Isotopic analyses were conducted on the teeth of twenty-one extinct mammalian herbivore species from the Laetolil Beds (∼4.3–3.5 Ma) and Upper Ndolanya Beds (∼2.7–2.6 Ma) to determine their diet, as well as to investigate aspects of plant physiognomy and climate. Enamel samples were obtained from multiple localities at different stratigraphic levels in order to develop a high-resolution spatio-temporal framework for identifying and characterizing dietary and ecological change and variability within the succession. -
African Elephant Genetics: Enigmas and Anomalies†
Journal of Genetics (2019) 98:83 © Indian Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-019-1125-y PERSPECTIVES African elephant genetics: enigmas and anomalies† ALFRED L. ROCA1,2∗ 1Department of Animal Sciences, and 2Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA *E-mail: [email protected]. Received 5 November 2018; revised 28 March 2019; accepted 27 May 2019 Keywords. elephants; mito-nuclear; subspecies; effective population size; glacial refugia. During the last two decades, our understanding of the Introduction genetics of African elephant populations has greatly increas- ed. Strong evidence, both morphological and genetic, sup- Morphological analyses of skull dimensions of African ele- ports recognition of two African elephant species: the phants from widespread locations in Africa have revealed savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the forest ele- complete separation morphologically between forest and phant (L. cyclotis). Among elephantids, phylogeographic savanna elephants, with a few intermediaries primarily patterns for mitochondrial DNA are highly incongruent with in habitat transition zones (Groves and Grubb 2000a, b; those detected using nuclear DNA markers, and this incon- Grubb et al. 2000). Various nuclear genetic studies have gruence is almost certainly due to strongly male-biased gene also reported that forest and savanna elephants are genet- flow in elephants. As our understanding of elephant popula- ically distinct and deeply divergent (Roca et al. 2001; tion genetics has grown, a number of observations may be Comstock et al. 2002; Rohland et al. 2010; Palkopoulou considered enigmatic or anomalous. Here, several of these et al. 2018), with a limited degree of ongoing hybridization are discussed.