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Effect of Planting Time and Supplemental Irradiation on Growth and Flowering of Lachenalia ‘Romaud’

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Effect of Planting Time and Supplemental Irradiation on Growth and Flowering of Lachenalia ‘Romaud’ Original Paper Horticultural Science (Prague), 46, 2019 (2): 72–80 https://doi.org/10.17221/203/2017-HORTSCI Effect of planting time and supplemental irradiation on growth and flowering of Lachenalia ‘Romaud’ Anna Kapczyńska* Department of Ornamental Plants, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland *Corresponding author: [email protected] Citation: Kapczyńska A. (2019): Effect of planting time and supplemental irradiation on growth and flowering of Lachenalia ‘Romaud’. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 46: 72–80. Abstract: Growth and flowering of lachenalia ‘Romaud’ was studied with reference to its commercial potential as pot plant and the need to obtain flowering plants at a specific time. The experiment was carried out in a heated glasshouse. Lachenalia bulbs were planted in November, December, January and February. The plants were exposed to two lighting regimes, natural lighting and natural lighting with supplemental irradiation (HPS lamps). The later the planting date was, the faster the bulbs flowered, and they produced thicker inflorescence stems with greater number of florets. Depending on the bulb planting date and light conditions, the plants flowered from February to May. The leaves obtained from the bulbs planted in November and December were longer than those produced by the bulbs planted in January and February. Compared with control, supplemental irradiation accelerated flowering by 10–13 days and positively affected plant features by promoting the growth of thicker inflorescence stems with more abundant and longer florets. The leaves of irradiated bulbs were shorter (apart from the bulbs planted in February) and were characterised by a higher content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids as compared with control. Plants grown under HPS light also had the higher dry weight of bulbs, leaves and stems. Keywords: Cape Hyacinth; light; forcing; ornamental bulbous pot plant Lachenalia is a poorly known genus of ornamen- most species are sensitive to cold and may with- tal and endemic bulbous plant with huge floricul- stand only short periods of temperatures of 0°C ture potential. Its geographic range is limited to only (Duncan 2012). For several years, new lachenalia two areas of Africa, i.e. Namibia and South Africa hybrids with striking colours and great potential as (Kleynhans 2002; 2006). Species from this part long-lasting flowering pot and bedding plants have of the world have always played and may still play been available internationally under a trade name a significant role in diversification of horticultural of ‘Cape Hyacinth’ (Kleynhans et al. 2002). An ad- assortment on the international market (Jansen ditional, unconventional decorative feature of new van Vuuren, Coetzee 1993; Kleynhans 2013). cultivars is their upper leaf surface, which in wild According to the current classification, lachenalia species is marked with brown spots and blotches. includes 133 phenotypically and genotypically di- The successful growth of lachenalia depends on versified species belonging to Asparagaceae family. adequate light conditions and almost all lachena- Most lachenalia species grow in rocky areas in full lias prefer sunny locations for most of the day. In a sun, so many of them have succulent leaves capa- natural environment, insufficient light may result ble of storing water during prolonged droughts. in obtaining colourless flowers (Duncan 2012) The lowest temperature recorded in winter months and too long inflorescence stems that may fall over in habitats where lachenalias grow was –15°C, but (Kleynhans 2002). To avoid excessive elongation Supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, DS 3500/KRO/2011-2013. 72 Horticultural Science (Prague), 46, 2019 (2): 72–80 Original Paper https://doi.org/10.17221/203/2017-HORTSCI of stems or leaves, which usually happens dur- MATERIAL AND METHODS ing the months with light deficit (Kapczyńska 2014), supplemental irradiation should be applied The study was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in a by growers considering the cultivation of lache- glass-glazed Venlotype greenhouse (equipped with nalia during winter and early spring. In those sea- Integro 724 process computers; Priva) at the Fac- sons greenhouse flowers are highly valued on the ulty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University international horticultural market (Kamenetsky of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland (lat. 50.08°N, long. 2005). Mimicking natural environmental condi- 19.95°E). Plants were grown in chambers where day/ tions of greenhouse production with additional night temperatures were set at 18/15°C (the tempera- artificial light sources helped to modulate growth tures and radiation course during the experiment are and morphology of many ornamental plants and presented in Fig. 1). A yellowy-green (Fig. 2a) and became an important subject of scientific investi- scented lachenalia (Lachenalia Jacq. ex Murray) ‘Ro- gation in recent years (Islam et al. 2012; Baloch maud’, with spotted leaves (Fig. 2b) was investigated. et al. 2014; Śmigielska et al. 2014). Development The bulbs of this cultivar, approx. 2.0 cm in diameter of forced production of new flower bulbs demands and 4.5 g in weight, were purchased from Afriflowers extensive research and knowledge of individual (Cullinan, South Africa). In order to prepare the bulbs cultivars regarding interactions between environ- they were kept after harvest at 9°C for 25–37 weeks mental conditions and crops (Kamenetsky 2005). (depending on planting month), followed by 2 weeks Considering the necessity of supplementary irra- at 35°C and 22 weeks at 25°C. Immediately before diation during months with light deficit for year- planting longitudinal section through the middle of round production, this study was conducted to the basal plate of randomly selected bulbs was made examine the use of high-pressure sodium (HPS) to investigate whether flowering induction was initi- lamps during the photoperiod of the northern ated in the bulbs already at storage stage. hemisphere as a tool to control growth and flower- The bulbs were planted at monthly intervals on: ing of lachenalia ‘Romaud’. November 22, 2012, December 22, 2012, January 22, 45 1,600 RAD 40 ADT 1,400 HDT 35 LDT 1,200 ANT 30 HNT LNT 1,000 ) 2 C) ° 25 cm / 800 20 Radiation (J Temperature ( Temperature 600 15 400 10 5 200 0 0 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Week No. Fig. 1. Weekly average (A), lowest (L), highest (H) day (D) and night (N) temperatures (T) and radiation (RAD) during the experiment (weeks year: from 47th of 2012 to 18th of 2013) 73 Original Paper Horticultural Science (Prague), 46, 2019 (2): 72–80 https://doi.org/10.17221/203/2017-HORTSCI Fig. 2. Plants at flowering stage (a), spots on leaves (b), and the young flower primordium recognized in longitudinal section of a bulb (c) 2013 and February22, 2013. Each month before plant- variant, 40 bulbs were planted in four replications of ing the plant material was randomly divided into two 10 bulbs each. Prior to planting, the bulbs were soaked groups. The first one included plants grown only in a 0.25% captan (kaptantriadimenol) suspension for under natural light (without artificial lighting) that 30 min and then planted into 19 cm high plastic pots served as controls (CTR). The second group (irradi- with a capacity of 3.0 l (five bulbs per pot) to a depth ated, IR) involved the bulbs grown under natural light equal to twice the height of the bulb. The pots were condition and additionally irradiated with high-pres- filled with a peat substrate (Botanica Professional; sure sodium (HPS) lamps of 400 W (Philips SON-T Comeco, Poland) of pH 5.5–6.5. Since the first leaves Agro, USA). Supplemental irradiation was supplied appeared, the plants were fertilised every two weeks from 6.00 a.m. to 9.00 a.m. and from 3.00 p.m. to with a 30 N–0 P–16.6 K liquid fertilizer with micro- 6.00 p.m. during the entire cultivation period. Spec- nutrients (Florovit Universal; Inco-Veritas, Warsaw, tral quality of HPS lamps is shown in Fig. 3. In each Poland) at a concentration of 1.0% (250 ml per pot). 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 Radiation intensity (W/sr) Radiation intensity 0.100 0.000 300 400 440 480 380 500 600 640 680 720 760 Wawe lenght (nm) Fig 3. Spectrum distribution characteristic of HPS lamp (by M. Żupnik) 74 Horticultural Science (Prague), 46, 2019 (2): 72–80 Original Paper https://doi.org/10.17221/203/2017-HORTSCI Plant development was regularly monitored in can’s multiple range test was used to separate the order to capture the moment when the first floret means at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. Addition- opened and to estimate the number of days to the ally, Pearson correlation coefficient at a probabil- beginning of flowering. At this stage, measure- ity P ≤ 0.05 was calculated to determine significant ments were taken of all plants and included inflo- correlations between morphological parameters of rescence stem height (from the substrate to the the plants. uppermost part of the inflorescence), inflorescence length, number of florets per inflorescence, diam- eter of the inflorescence stem, length of a single flo- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ret (the first developed one), floral part ratio of the inflorescence (the quotient ofinflorescence length Irrespective of the investigated factors, all bulbs to inflorescence stem height), number of leaves of lachenalia ‘Romaud’ produced flowers. This was produced by a single bulb and the length and width confirmed by the photographic documentation, of a leaf (i.e. mean length and width of all leaves made before planting, showing in the longitudinal produced by a single bulb). section the initiation of floral primordia (Fig. 2c), For plants planted in the first month of the ex- which indicated that inflorescence primordia were periment (November) cultivated during the period formed at the stage of bulb storage.
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