Tumores Intra-Oculares

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Tumores Intra-Oculares REVISÃO TEMÁTICA Tumores intra-oculares In tra ocular tumors Ruth Miyuki Santo (ir, Sarnir Jacob Bechara (2l INTRODUÇÃO O exame ocular externo merece destaque pela possibilida­ de de revelar sinais associados ao tumor intra-ocular, tais Os tumores intra-oculares compreendem um extenso elen­ como estrabismo ou heterocromia da íris no retinoblastoma, e co de lesões benignas e malignas, capazes de acarretar não congestão episcleral (vasos sentinelas) na neoplasia do corpo somente a perda da visão mas, também, da própria vida. A ciliar ou da coróide periférica. O exame do olho contralateral é correta abordagem destas lesões fundamenta-se na detecção importante, pelo fato de que tumores como o retinoblastoma, precoce e no diagnóstico preciso. Embora o diagnóstico de metástases uveais, astrocitomas podem ser bilaterais, en­ certeza dos tumores intra-oculares imponha confirmação quanto os melanomas e hemangiomas de coróide são, em histopatológica, técnicas de biópsia totalmente seguras ainda geral, unilaterais. Algumas lesões que podem simular tumor, não foram desenvolvidas 1• 2 e o procedimento da biópsia como a degeneração macular disciforme e a retinosquise, tam­ acaba sendo indicado apenas em casos selecionados. Entre­ bém são afecções usualmente bilaterais. tanto, recentemente, o advento de novos métodos prope­ Em virtude de sua importância para o diagnóstico dos tumo­ dêuticos por imagem em muito têm auxiliado o diagnóstico dos res intra-oculares, duas etapas do exame ocular devem ser subli­ tumores intra-oculares. Não obstante a falta da confirmação nhadas: a biomicroscopia e a oftalmoscopia. A biomicroscopia histopatológica, a decisão diagnóstica e terapêutica tem na lâmpada de fenda proporciona a visão das lesões com freqüentemente se pautado em informações fornecidas pelos magnificação e estereopsia, destacando-se como excelente métodos de imagem 3-5• método para a avaliação dos tumores e pseudotumores do seg­ A abordagem dos casos com suspeita de tumor intra­ mento anterior. O uso de uma lente de contato de três espelhos 9 ocular inicia-se pela anamnese cuidadosa, com ênfasepa ra os ou de lentes manuais de 90 ou 78 dioptrias possibilitam a avalia­ antecedentes oculares ao nascimento. O retinoblastoma, em ção das lesões periféricas e do segmento posterior do olho. A geral, não é observado antes de alguns meses de vida, ao oftalmoscopia binocular indireta tem fundamental importância passo que a persistência de vítreo primário hiperplástico e a no diagnóstico dos tumores intra-oculares9• A estereopsia e o displasia da retina estão presentes ao nascimento. A prematu­ amplo campo de visão facilitam a diferenciação entre as lesões ridade na criança Ieucocórica sugere retinopatia da prematu­ planas e elevadas, assim como permitem a avaliação de lesões ridade em detrimento do retinoblastoma 6• Antecedentes de periféricas do segmento posterior do olho, particularmente ser­ tumores malignos sistêmicos, melanoma de pele, cânceres de vindo-se da depressão escleral. A transiluminação é outro mé­ pulmão, próstata ou mama sugerem metástase intra-ocular 7• 8• todo útil. Em geral, tumores pigmentados e o sangue bloqueiam Os antecedentes familiares podem auxiliar o diagnóstico, a transmissão da luz, ao contrário das lesões não pigmentadas e como na neurofibromatose e na esclerose tuberosa. do fluido seroso. Os exames por imagem complementam a avaliação e auxi­ liam no diagnóstico diferencial dos tumores intra-oculares. Sua importância é realçada pela natureza destas lesões que, "' Doutora em Oftalmologia pela Universidade de São Paulo e Doutora em Patologia em virtude de sua localização, dificultam a biópsia e a confir­ pela Universidade Juntendo. Tóquio, Japão. Médica Pesquisadora do Conselho mação histopatológica. O mesmo ocorre quando a visão direta Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e da Clínica Oftalmológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do tumor (oftalmoscopia, biomicroscopia) é dificultada por de São Paulo. alterações da transparência dos meios ópticos, como nas opa­ "' Professor Livre-Docente da Clínica Oftalmológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. cidades da córnea, catarata ou turvação vítrea. Endereço para correspondência: Ora. Ruth M. Santo - Rua Pelotas, 184-Cj.24. São Destacam-se como exames complementares na avaliação Paulo (SP) CEP 040 12-000. dos tumores intra-oculares: 242 - ARQ. BRAS. OFfAL. 61(2), ABRIL/1998 http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.19980087 Tumores intra-oculares • Fotografia de segmento anterior e retinografia nóstico pode ser efetuado com exames não invasivos. Se • Angiofluoresceínografia indicada, pode a biópsia ser realizada por dois métodos princi­ • Teste com fósforo radioativo pais: biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina 21 • 22 e biópsia • Ultra-sonografia ocular (Ecografia) incisional 23• A biópsia aspirativa tem indicações restritas, • Tomografia computadorizada incluindo o tumor amelanótico de coróide, que não pode ser • Ressonância magnética diferenciado entre um melanoma amelanótico de coróide e um • Biomicroscopia ultra-sônica carcinoma metastático, assim como a lesão sub-retiniana que não pode ser diferenciada entre tumor linfóide e inflamação. As fotografias dos segmentos anterior e posterior possibi­ Em que pese ser o tratamento do tumor intra-ocular muito litam documentar e monitorar, em detalhe, o comportamento e variável, de acordo com a natureza da lesão, impõe-se o diag­ o eventual o crescimento das lesões intra-oculares. A nóstico preciso antes do início da terapêutica. Dependendo angiofluoresceínografia (AFG) informa a respeito do supri­ do caráter da lesão (benigna ou maligna), da localização, das mento vascular da lesão intra-ocular e é particularmente útil condições clínicas do paciente, da idade, e do olho contrala­ 10 para diferenciar a localização retiniana da coroidea • Não há teral, pode o tumor ser observado periodicamente, fotocoa­ padrão angiofluoresceínográfico patognomônico para cada gulado, submetido à crioterapia, diatermia, radioterapia (com tumor intra-ocular, caracterizando-se as alterações predomi­ feixe externo ou com placa, esta denominada braquiterapia), nantemente pela hiper e hipofluorescência. Ainda que útil, o excisão local, enucleação, exenteração, quimioterapia, imuno­ teste com o fósforo radioativo 1 1 é raramente utilizado nos dias terapia, ou uma combinação de diferentes métodos2 4• atuais. Baseia-se no princípio de que os tecidos metabolica­ Os tumores intra-oculares originam-se predominantemen­ mente ativos, como os tumores, captam e retêm mais fósforo te da úvea (íris, corpo ciliar, e principalmente coróide), retina, 2 radioativo que os tecidos não neoplásicos 1 . O teste é realiza­ disco óptico e, mais raramente, do epitélio pigmentar. do através da administração de fósforo radioativo oral ou A íris pode ser sede de nevo, neurofibroma, leiomioma, endovenoso e, após 48 horas, um contador Geiger mede a hemangioma, ou de tumores malignos como o melanoma e os radioatividade na área tumoral e na área controle. Testes fal­ tumores metastáticos. No corpo ciliar, predominam as metás­ so-positivos e falso-negativos freqüentemente ocorrem na tases e o melanoma. Embora raro, o epitélio não pigmentar po­ 1 experiência clínica 3, razão pela qual a oftalmoscopia indireta e de dar origem a tumores como o adenocarcinoma e o medulo­ a ultra-sonografia tendem a prevalecer. epitelioma. A coróide é a principal sede de tumores intra­ A ultra-sonografia (USO) ocular ou ecografia é particular­ oculares, entre eles o melanoma, os tumores metastáticos e o mente útil na detecção do tumor intra-ocular quando os meios hemangioma. Na retina, além do retinoblastoma, há que se 1 15 ópticos não estão transparentes 4• • O método baseia-se no lembrar as lesões benignas, como os hamartomas de origem registro da propagação e reflexão das ondas sonoras através vascular e glial. O linfomaprimário intra-ocular pode manifes­ dos tecidos. O registro em uma dimensão, modo A, informa o tar-se apenas pela presença de células neoplásicas suspensas grau de refletividade interna do tumor, ou seja, a sua solidez. O no vítreo, sem alterações da retina ou coróide. As neoplasias registro em duas dimensões, modo B, adiciona informações verdadeiras do epitélio pigmentar são raras. Além dos tumores como dimensão, espessura, formatoe posição da lesão. propriamente ditos, lesões de natureza inflamatória, como os A tomografia computadorizada (TC) destaca-se, entre ou­ granulomas ou as lesões císticas podem simular um tumor e tros, pela avaliação da extensão dos tumores para os tecidos por isso devem ser lembrados no diagnóstico diferencial. adjacentes 4. Acusa a presença de calcificação nos retinoblas­ tomas e hamartomas astrocíticos da retina, e detecta formação óssea no osteoma de coróide. Nas facomatoses pode avaliar o TUMORESPRIMÁ RIOS DA ÚVEA comprometimento do SNC. A ressonância magnética 16-1 8, se comparada à tomografia, destaca-se por não expor o paciente /) Tumores melanocíticos da úvea à radiação, assim como pela maior resolução e especificidade. A biomicroscopia ultra-sônica (BUS) apresenta os mes­ Os tumores uveais mais importantes são os originários dos mos princípios da ultra-sonografia convencional exceto pela melanócitos uveais. No olho normal há três grupos de me­ freqüência das ondas acústicas, significativamente maior ( 40- lanócitos: as células dos epitélios pigmentados, os melanó­ 100 MHz), o que proporciona resolução microscópica e a ava­ citos conjuntivais e os melanócitos
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