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Pre-Colonial Ikwerre and Kalabari Relations: Reflections on Ogbakiri and Tombia By

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Pre-Colonial Ikwerre and Kalabari Relations: Reflections on Ogbakiri and Tombia By South-South Journal of Humanities and international Studies Pre-colonial Ikwerre and Kalabari Relations: Reflections on Ogbakiri and Tombia By Michael, T B., Ph! Department Of History and Diplomatic Studies Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni P ! ". 5047 Port Harcourt "MAI$: michaelthomasblessed%yahoo.com & $ale Owate Promise-Iwezor Department Of History and Diplomatic Studies Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni P ! ". 5047 Port Harcourt Abstract This work examines Ogbakiri and Tombia relations during the pre- colonial era. Ogbakiri and Tombia have been in contact since the pre-colonial era. The various groups have over the years depended on each other for economic, political and socio-cultural survival. The work discussed the relationship between both groups with emphasis on trade, politics, religious activities, education and social ties. The work adopts the use of primary and secondary sources of information to generate the needed data. The study also employed the interdisciplinary approach using knowledge from related discipline to compliment the available historical data. The qualitative approach to data analysis was used in the analysis. The study reveals that the relationship between Ogbakiri and Tombia during the pre-colonial era provided friendly relationships that cut across all facets of human society. The work establishes that the relationship between Ogbakiri and Tombia during the pre-colonial Pre'colonial Ik)erre and Kalabari Relations: Re-ections on Og+a(iri and Tom+ia 349 South-South Journal of Humanities and international Studies era impacted positively on the economic and socio-political developments of both groups which have endured to present. The work recommends that intergroup relations should be devoid of political and economic domination, marginali"ation and sub#ugation and that in moments of con$ict and confrontations, diplomacy, dialogue, brotherhood, and tolerance should be adopted to ensure peaceful co-existence. Key words: Pre-colonial, Intergroup relations, Og+akiri, .ombia, I()erre, *alabari. Introd(ction Wherever individuals +elonging to one group interact, collectively or individually, )it0 another group or its members in terms of t0eir group identi1cation, )e have an instance of intergroup +ehaviour (Sherif 3455,367 .he term intergroup relations refer to +ot0 individual interactions involving members from different ethnic groups and the collective be0aviour of ethnic groups in interaction with other groups. .he study of intergroup relations has recently enjoyed a considerable resurgence from sc0olars in History and social sciences. .his resurgence has +een driven in part +y contemporary conflicts and crises +et)een the ethnic groups under study 2*alabari and I()erre7 that have highlighted t0e importance of understanding the origins of intergroup tensions and ho) those tensions can +e reduced or eliminated It reflects also on increasing recognition of the importance of intergroup cooperation, hence Og+akiri and Tombia have had economic, political, social relations. Og+akiri, an I()erre'speaking community is located in Emohua 9ocal :overnment Area of Rivers State It is situated at the sout0ern end of the 9ocal government Area )it0 t0e ;e) <alabar River separating it from parts of Port Harcourt and Degema 9ocal :overnment Areas. Og+akiri occupies a rich, )ell-watered plain )it0 abundant rainfall. .he Pre'colonial Ik)erre and Kalabari Relations: Re-ections on Og+a(iri and Tom+ia 350 South-South Journal of Humanities and international Studies plain is very fertile and has proved most suitable for farming hence t0e people are predominantly farmers. .heir major farm products are tu+ers and vegetables. .ombia in the ot0er hand is located in t0e present day, Degema 9ocal :overnment, t0ey are *alabari speaking community .ombia occupies a mangrove swamp, rainfall made up cree(s the .ombia people are predominantly fishermen. .here are so many )or(s on intergroup relations +ut only fe) is on Og+akiri and .ombia 0istory, people and culture .his is +ecause researcher over the years had +eamed their searc0 light on t0e relationship +et)een the minor and major ethnic groups to t0e disadvantage of micro or minor ethnic groups. .his is unfair +ecause minor ethnic groups played signi1cant role in the promotion of economic, political and socio-cultural interaction among t0emselves and even t0e major ethnic groups. =urthermore, Og+akiri and .ombia adopted )ays suc0 as factualness, t0e policy of “live and let live? to survive in t0e midst of other po)erful ethnic groups. .his is not also studied +y many sc0olars and researchers. .he injustices meted against the minor ethnic groups +y t0e major ethnic groups that most often had led to t0e loss of land and other economic opportunities most especially +y Og+akiri and .ombia communities in t0e socio-political, economic religious and cultural lives of t0e Og+akiri and .ombia people )hic0 )ould have enriched t0e minority studies have not received the needed attention. Since t0ere is no comprehensive )or( on Og+akiri and .ombia communities, the pro+lems mentioned above have not been addressed $iterature Review .his section aimed at exploring the vie)s of other sc0olars on t0e topic under revie) .he essence of this revie) is to provide a +asis for t0e present study, 1nd possible gaps in other studies as to provide t0e direction to carry out t0e investigation. .here is deart0 of scholarly )or( on Og+akiri and .ombia relations 0o)ever, t0ere have +een fe) Pre'colonial Ik)erre and Kalabari Relations: Re-ections on Og+a(iri and Tom+ia 351 South-South Journal of Humanities and international Studies unpu+lished attempts to reconstruct the general history of Og+akiri and .ombia. Orlu, (1964), compiled )hat he called a family Diary'A Historical Analysis of my O(poro)o OrluAs )or( is an attempt to analyze t0e origin of the lineages in O(poro)o +ut he devoted chapter C of his )or( to the occupation of the people of O(poro)o? He discussed t0e t)o major economic activities in Og+akiri and .ombia, that is farming and 1shing He recognized the fact that t0e masses lives in poverty He ho)ever, attri+uted the poverty of farmers to t0e fact that t0ere is scarcity of land and recommended that only full-time farmers should have land allocated to them for cultivation )hile )or(ing class people and others )0o have +een farming on part-time +ases should +e deprived land so as to increase )hat is given to full-time farmers. *arl !ar@ and =rederic( Engels had in t0e nineteent0 century recognized t0e connection +et)een economics and politics. .hey )ere of t0e vie) that it )as usually the economic structure that determined t0e political system of any given communityD t0e mode of production in Og+akiri is one case mode of production 0as given rise to gerontocracy Whatever )ealt0 that is in the community are in t0e hands of t0e lineage heads hence the po)er to govern is also wit0 them. Some early references to the 0istory of .ombia could +e in the )or( of Eones. Eones in his )or( The Trading (tate of the Oil Rivers (1963), treated t0e history of t0e eastern ;iger Delta in great details. Eones pointed out t0e social, economic and political change )hic0 occurred due to their involvement in the .rans-Atlantic .rade He mentioned t0e .ombia 0aving distinct national deity from *alabari. .he origin of (imigi, t0e national deity of .ombia. He also discusses Simigi relationship )it0 t0e people of "onny )hic0 he mentions that Simigi deity +elongs to t0e community originally (no)n as Iyan(po, )hic0 is a corruption of ;yan(po that split into finima village Pre'colonial Ik)erre and Kalabari Relations: Re-ections on Og+a(iri and Tom+ia 352 South-South Journal of Humanities and international Studies O(ibe, (2011), de1ned intergroup relations as groups that take the forms of trade, diplomatic ties, )ars, mutual +orro)ing of techniques management of trade routes, +oundaries among ot0er activities. .his is to say that eac0 group has the ability to contribute in no measure to t0e group existence throug0 cooperation. Ho)ever, during t0e moments of intergroup relations, conflict of interest is +ound to occur as a result of scarce resources and territorial expansions. 9o0or, (1998), Stated that intergroup relations is the interaction that takes place +et)een members of different groups and societies )0o come in contact )it0 one anot0er It is concerned )it0 face-to-face interaction +et)een people and +et)een different societies. Intergroup relations irrespective of t0e levels of manifestation reflects human actions )hic0 are also part of the process of existence ;)o+ueBe, 26$$G7 explains intergroup relations as t0e totality of human relations and techniques and mechanism for managing conflict and +oundaries. Intergroup relations as a study focuses essentially on t0e series of methods strategies or approaches to the understanding of separate groups dynamics, of diffusing tension +et)een different groups and creating bridges across ships, or directly promoting harmony In I(imi 26$$57 .istory, the .istorian and the /ation0 the 1oice of a /igerian .istorian, t0e author examined inter group relations topics. .)o chapters of this +oo( are particularly important for revie) here =irst, Inter-Group Relations in 4re-Colonial0 6 Call for a )e-Examination of 4olitical Relations among /igerian 4eoples in the 4eriod up to 1850. In this paper, I(imi Discussed intergroup relations in the era +efore colonialism in ;igeria. "ut 0is attention )as only given to (ingdoms and empires suc0 as "enin, Igala, ;upe and Hausa and t0eir various neig0+ours, )hic0 ;embe )as not among Second, Changing 6dministration 6rrangement and 2nter 3roup Relations in an 7merging /ation-State0 The Case of the 9elta 4rovince 6rea. .his )as a memorial lecture delivered in 0onour of <hief !u(oro !o)oe In this )or(, I(imi highlighted the colonial experience of the /arri Pre'colonial Ik)erre and Kalabari Relations: Re-ections on Og+a(iri and Tom+ia 353 South-South Journal of Humanities and international Studies Province which )as later changed to Delta ProvinceD and some of the roles played by Chief Mu(oro Mo)oe in his days.
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