Native Place Names of the -Kantishna Drainage, Alaska

Kantishna Oral History Project

Compiled and Edited by Dianne Gudgel-Holmes Gudgel & Holmes Associates. Anchorage, Alaska

From Stories Told by Unguistlc Analysis by The Late Abbie Joseph Eliza Jones. James Kari, Tanana, Alaska and Michael Krauss Alaska Native Language Center University of Alaska, Fairbanks

United States Department of the Interior

National Park Service Alaska Region

·, .

Cover Photograph: Lake Minchumina Indians. April. 1919. Abbie Joseph is in the front row. founh from left. Stephen Foster Collection. Alaska and Polar Regions Depanment. University of Alaska. Fairbanks.

NATIVE PLACE NAMES OF THE KANTISHNA DRAINAGE, ALASKA

Kantishna Oral History Project

Colllpiled and Edited by DiaDne Gudgel-Holmes Gudgel '" Holmes Associates Anchorage. Alaska

FI"OIII Stories Told By The Late Abbie Josepb Tanana. Alaska

LiaguisUc ADalysis Eliza Jones James Karl Michael Krauss Alaska Native Language Center. University of Alaska. Fairbanks

Prepar'ed for U.S. National Park Service. Alaska Region PX 97()()..8..106 7

u.s. Department of the IDterior Naticmal Park Service Alaska Regional Office 2525 Gambell Street Anchorage, A1aslca 99503-2892

1991 For John Daile-Molle i

CONTENTS

AG~ il ACKNO~DG~ ill ~ODUcnON 2 Goals 2 Value of Place Names 3 Approach 3 Abbie Joseph 5 The Repon 7 Funding 7 THE ENVIRONMENT 8 Geography 8 Food Resources 9 A1HABASKAN LANGUAGES 10 NINETEENTII CENTURY TERRITORY AND BAND MOVEMENTS 13 Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskans 13 Lower Tanana Athabaskans 15 Koyukon Athabaskans 16 SEASONAL CYCLE 18 Spring 19 Suuuner 22 Fall 24 Winter 2S HISTORY 27 Population and disease 27 Early Explorers and Adventurers 28 Stephen Foster 31 Transponation 31 Nenana to McGrath Winter Mail Trail 33 Air Transponation 34 KANTISHNA NATIVE PLACE NAMES 37 Onhography 37 Place Name Generics 37 Fonna1 37 Place Name Contnl>utors 40 TANANA RIVER 41 TOKLAT RIVER 48 KANTISHNA RIVER 57 BEARPA W RIVER and TRIBlTfARIES 66 McKINLEY RIVER and BIRCH CREEK 75 MUDDY RIVER 91 COSNA RIVER 105 LAKE MINCHUMINA 112 SWIFT FORK of the KUSKOKWIM RIVER 121 EAST FORK of the KUSKOKWIM RIVER 127 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES 132 APPENDIX A -- Jette's Letter 1926 on McKinley Park native place names 134 APPENDIX B - Stephen Foster of the Kantishna River 145 APPENDIX C - Koyukon Athabaskan dialect of the Kantishna region. Alaska. by Michael Krauss 147 References Cited 149 Alphabetized index 10 place names 156 ii

FIGURES page Figure 1. Study area - Kantishna Drainage, Alaska and periphery. 1 Figure 2. Abbie Joseph's family tree. 6 Figure 3. Approximate extent of language boundaries. 1800. 11 Figure 4. Approximate extent of language boundaries. 1900. 12 Figure 5. Kantishna Koyukon seasonal cycle. 20 Figure 6. Mount McKinley Region. Alaska from Rand McNally, 1922. 32 Figure 7. Kroll 194O? map of Alaska. showing winter trails, shelter cabins (SC), Alaska Road Commission cabins (ARC), and roadhouses (RH) 35 Figure 8. Winter trail and mile post sign through Muddy River flats/Lower Birch Creek area. 36 Figure 9. Index of figures showing place name locations. 38 Figure 10. Location map for Yukon-Tanana river place names # 1-14. 42 Figure 11. Location map for Tanana Ri~ place nam~ # 15-21. 46 Figure 12. Location map for Toklat River area place names # 22-38. 49 Figure 13. Enlarged section of location map for Toklat River-Knight's Roadhouse place names. 52 Figure 14. Location map for lower Kantishna River place names #39-46. 59 Figure 15. Wickersham's route to ML MdGnley, 1903 (Wickersham. 1938:3(8). 61 Figure 16. Wickersham's reconstructed 1903 route. 62 Figure 17. Location map for middle Kantishna River place names #47-49. 63 Figure 18. Slim Carlson (1886-1975) in 1972 with MutL 67 Figure 19. Slim Avery and George Hilleary. Kantishna trappers. Fabian Carey Collection. Alaska and Polar Regions Depanment, University of Alaska. Fairbanks. 67 Figure 20. Location map for lower Bearpaw River place names #50,51,57. 68 Figure 21. Location map for Bearpaw River place names #52-64. 70 Figure 22. "FISh Camp" on Moose Creek. From Capps, USGS B-687 (1919). 72 Figure 23. Location map for McKinley River and Birch Creek place names #65-92. 77 Figure 24. Kroll map of Alaska 193O? showing trail along foothills. 80 Figure 25. Twelve Mile Slough conn~ Slippery Creek and McKinley River. 84 Figure 26. Location map for lower Muddy River place names #93-103. 94 Figure 27. Location map for middle Muddy River place names # 104-106. 96 Figure 28. Location map for Muddy River place names # 107-120. 98 Figure 29. Location map for area nonh of Muddy River place names # 94,96, 104, 106, 108, 135. 102 Figure 30. LL Herron's 1899 map - Lake Minchumina to Tanana River. 105 Figure 31. Location map for Cosna River place names # 121-134. 106 Figure 32. Location map for Cosna-ChitaDana place names # 129-130. 108 Figure 33. Enlarged location map of Lake Minchumina area place names # 135-142. 112 Figure 34. Location map for Lake Minchumina area place names # 143-158. 116 Figure 35. Location map for Swift Fork 0( the Kuskokwim River place names # 159-170. 122 Figure 36. LL Herron's 1899 map - Upper Kuskokwim River area. 126 Figure 37. Sesui's son. Carl Sesui and wife, 1919. Stephen Foster Collection. Alaska and Polar Regions Depanment, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 128 Figure 38. Herron's reconstructed 1899 route. 129 Figure 39. Location map for East Fork of the Kuskokwim River place names # 171-176. 130 Figure 40. Stephen Foster with Kantishna drainage natives about 1920. Stephen Foster Collection. Alaska and Polar Regions Department, University of Alaska, Fairban.ks. 146 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS After eight years of research this commended for their financial suppon and acknowledgement section could easily be as long patience as should Roben Wolfe and Elizabeth as the repon itself. The people who have stuck Andrews of the Alaska Depanment of Fish and with me over the years and encouraged my effons Game, Subsistence Division. Bob King, BLM's deserve the most credit: they are the people of State Archeologist provided numerous USGS Lake Minchumina. especially the Collins family, maps. Dennaklcanaaga Inc. of the Tanana Chiefs and the native people of Nenana who have Conference offered the use of their photocopying patiently endured my repeated questions and machine and the opponunity to speak about the meager attempt to salvage the local project at the Nenana Elder's Conference. They ethnogeography. Special thanks go to Hank and were the only native organization, out of four Caroline Ketzler. Eli Charlie, Paul George, Lizzie who were asked, to suppon the project. William Esau. Percy and Greta Duyck, Celia Peterson, Schneider of the University of Alaska. Fairbanks. Hester Evan. Elsie Mahaynay, Ben Alben and the Oral History Program is appreciated for being a late Matthew Titus and Margaret John for sharing mentor to all Alaskan oral historians. their knOWledge. Paul Starr of Tanana not only Panicular thanks goes to my family for their provided information on place names, but also tolerance. The last recognition goes to John provided encouragement in a much appreciated Oalle-MoUe, formerly of Denali National Park. and traditional way -- he thanked me for working Thanks John. for (besides being a nice guy) your with his grandmother, Abbie Joseph. Eliza Jones interest, great ideas, funds, helicopter time, and of the Alaska Native Language Center, aside from for actually reading all the data gathered over the her monumental task during the original years of years. It has been one of the pleasures of my life the project., contributed her time for the final to have known you. editing of the repon. Her special contnoution, however. was in re-translating critical passages of Joseph's material. Florence Collins, Dick BishOp, Jim Kari, Ray Collins, Jack Hayden, and Louis Banon also provided invaluable editorial comments. On the administrative side of things, Gary Holthaus of the Alaska Humanities Forum has provided funds over the years to see various stages of this project through. along with good advice. Ken Schoenberg and Kate Lidford of the National Park Service. Anchorage. are to be 1

Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 I I I I I I I I I I 0 Km. 50

Figure 1. Study area - Kantisbna Drainage, Alaska and periphery. 2

INTRODUcnON

I WIls impressed during all my intocourse with the and human history of the area. Because place few indillns in AJaskll tluzt thdr geographical names tend to be consistent through time, their knowledge is very considerable, they travel extensively and they have names for every topographical feature antiquity reflects the history and significance of of the country. These names have always certain panicuJar locations (Karl 1989). attributes to recommend them: they hove been spoken by untold generations of men and handed The Denali National Park and Preserve down in the native tongues of the land for unknown currently encompasses much of the land described ,!n~ity. They are, therefore, a parr of the zn~ance of the humon race and especiaJIy of in this repon. . The remainder of the land is Amencans. These place names have, moreover, in essentially unpopulated, with the exception of the each instance a most appropriate significance; they carry wuh them local associations of special meaning communities of Telida and I...ake Minchumina. and and they hand down long traditions of man's the seasonal activities of trappers, vacationers, and relation with narure [Gordon 1917:77]. scattered homesteaders. The region is historically imponant to at least three Alhabaskan groups. It This repon is about Athabaskans and their remains significant in the minds and lives of use of the land in the Kantisbna River drainage former residents, some of whom return seasonally of interior Alaska (Figure 1). It is the product of to pursue subsistence activities. the oral tradition left by native elders who once lived in the region. The Athabaskan place names Goals. This repon attempts several goals; each presented in this repon are drawn primarily from goal builds upon the foundation of the previous interviews with Athabaskan elder, Abbie Joseph, one. The first is to publish the native place who lived in, or seasonally used., the area from names derived from Abbie Joseph's interviews. the 1890s to the 1940s. It is a salvage These goals have been expanded through the ethnogeographic study that draws heavily upon the effons of other Athabaskan elders. The second oral tradition to portray some of the history of an goal is to annotate each name with as much area that is no longer inhabited by Athabaskans. information as possible about the kinds of The oral tradition was, for a society without activities that took place there. For the third writing. the customary means of preserving history goal. land use patterns are recreated from and instructing its members. Written documents information abstracted from the place names and complement and expand the oral record.. are presented in the seasonal cycle section. The An analysis of native place names and their overall objectives are to gain insight and promote associated stories reveals various aspects of understanding of Athabaskan's use of land in the Athabaskan life. The distribution and translation Kantisbna drainage for a specific point in time. of the names show the extent of territorial range. Place names may describe traditional hunting methods and provide insights about the natural 3

The aca>mplishment of these objectives may also but never personal names. Fragments of history provide the basis for culture change and cultural are gained when the distnbution of names reflect resource studies. that a territory was shared with another language The second objective is only partially meL group or where the absence of names hints at This is due to the difficulty in physically locating band extinction (Kart 1989; Kari and Buck 1983; some of the names. Neither do the names Stokes 1985:320). presented here comprise a complete list of native names for geographic features in the· area. The The Ap{»roach. The foundation of this repon· is majority are drawn from the memory of one from oral reoords, supponed with ethnohistorical woman. Many other names have been lost due data. The majority of the place name information to the passing of native elders and a decline in has been abstraaed from interviews with elderly use of the Athabaskan language. Athabaskans who once lived in the Kantishna region. The interviews were conducted in 1982, Value 01 Place Names. Athabaskan place names 1983, and 1988 in Nenana, Fairbanks, Minto, convey diverse information on a variety of Anchorage, and Tanana; they focused primarily on traditional features of the society. the Kantishna River area but covered diverse information is especially important for an area topics. The notion of a repon specifically like the Kantishna where historical records are devoted to place names did not evolve until 1988. sparse and where Athabaskans have not lived for In February, 1988, place names and pertinent many decades. The oral tradition, in the form of data were abstracted from Abbie Joseph's 1982- stories, songs, and place names, was the primary 1983 interviews. The list numbered over 80 way knowledge and instruction was passed from names, however, most could not be physically generation to generation in groups without located. Fonner Kantishna residents living in written language. Place names and the stories Nenana, Fairbanks. and Minto were asked to help associated with them are . examples of locate the names because Abbie had passed away Athabaskans' rich and varied oral heritage (Kart in 1986. The interviews. held in the spring of and Fall 1987:4). 1988, were devoted strictly to locating the names. The most prominent information that is Before beginning the 1988 interviews. the conveyed by place names deals with the place names were reoorded on a cassette tape by occupation of the land and the delineation of Eliza Jones, in Koyukon, to be played back at the band or language territory. But names also interviews. Some of the original taped interviews describe bunting techniques. food preservation with Abbie Joseph, also in Koyukon. were played methods. trails, transportation routes, population to order to orient the listener to specific areas of centers, beliefs, resource use, the economy in concern. Most of those interviewed could not general. clues to the identity of past inhabitants, read a map and so could only verbalize where a 4

familiar place was. Those who could read a map any of the five elders to suspected locations to usually did not understand enough Athabaskan to make positive identification was dropped when it recognize the place names on the tapes. The became apparent their eyesight was too poor to interviews took place in people's homes, on front recognize geographic features. Even with better porches, or in the Nenana Senior Center. By eyesight. it was concluded the chance of October, the names were assigned tentative recognizing landforms not seen in 50 years or locations and were marked on draft maps. more would be slim because of the dramatic In late 1988. a linguistics workshop was held growth in vegetation over the past few years. in Nenana at the Senior Center with five of the Ethnohistorical sources were researched most knowledgeable elders (representing two throughout 1988 and 1989. The objective was to Athabaskan languages), James Karl of the Alaska expand and explain the oral data, find material to Native Language Center, and Dianne Gudgel­ compensate for the lack of locational data, furnish Holmes. The workshop was a final attempt to details about the place names, and provide an pinpoint place name locations with former historical context within which to frame the oral residents in a ·collective pooling of minds-. Karl record. Archival sources discovered during the proofread many of the names with the members 1983 Kantishna Oral History Project, were to standardize the spellings and determine the reexamined. The effon brought beanening correct gloss (translation). The workshop tapes results. The captions on archival photographs were; transcribed in early 1989. By May, Karl yielded critical information that helped son out completed his work with the spellings and cenain confliCts between the oral record and translations. archival maps. Unpublisbed Upper Kuskokwim Few locations were discovered through the place name data, overlapping the project area in

1988 interviews or workshop. However, about the west. was offered by ~r. Michael Krauss. two dozen additional names were gathered. Many Some of tbese names have been included in this of the- newly acquired names were very familiar to repon. the elders, but they could not be described well Non-native residents currently living in the enough to locate on maps. Therefore, accurate Kantisbna region at Lake Minchumina also aided locations accompany only about half of the newly in this project. Their intimate first-band acquired names. The elders were eager to help knowledge of the area as trappers and pilots determine place name locations and to document (both in the air and on the water) proved additional names. But their previous land usage, invaluable in locating some of the names. They although within the Kaotishna drainage. did not read the accompanying place name information overlap much with that of Abbie Joseph's except that had been extrapolated from Abbie's on the perimeter. Thus, many names lack interviews. and were often able to suggest specific locations and supponing data. The idea of flying areas where the place names might be located. 5

Their familiarity with the landscape allowed them perhaps five, her mother broke ber back. As a to match some of the descriptions with significant result of this the family was forced to stay in one geographic features such as gorges, or windblown place for several years. It fell upon Abbie, her sandy hills. Other specialists were consulted too. father, and her father's little brother (who was The Upper Kuskokwim linguist, Ray Collins of raised with the family) to handle many tasks that McGrath. helped sort out problems with the normally would been done by an adult woman. names Carl Sesui gave to Dr. Krauss in 1962 and While still a teenager, Abbie became the sole with the names on Lt. Herron's 1899 map. provider for her parents. She was an exceedingly strong person who could, and did, kill. butcher, Abbie Joseph. Abbie's information is central to and transport large game single-handedly. this report; therefore, it is appropriate to include In 1910 or 1911, Abbie married a second a summary of her life (Figure 2). She was born cousin, John Evan, who had been raised at Lake in the Kantishna drainage, perhaps at Birch Minchumina and Cos Jacket. Jobn's brother was Creek. in the early to mid 18905. In the 1910 Andrew who died at Cos Jacket in 1926. John's census her year of birth is listed as 1894. She first marriage was to Charlotte who died shortly died in December, 1986 and is buried at Tanana. after giving birth to their son Arthur (Charlotte The spelling of her name, Abbie (rather than was the sister of Lizzie Esau, a respected elder Abbey), is taken from her signature on a currently residing in Nenana). In DeCember. document she Signed while in a rest home in 1920, John was accidentally shot and killed near Anchorage in 1983 and from the 1910 census. Birch Creek. At that time Abbie and John bad Abbie said ber father'S name was Peter and that four children: Walter, Martha, Uzzie (Starr), and he came from the Telida area. He is listed as Kerble (Gilbert). John's body was taken to Cos Chief Peter on tbe same census. Archdeacon Jacket for burial, along with Kerble, wbo died at -Stuck's diary indicates Peter died in 1913 and was the same time of unknown causes. Walter was buried at the cemetery at the mouth of Birch adopted out for a few years to his uncle Andrew. Creek.. Abbie's mother'S name was Celia. She is Martba and Lizzie were raised by their great uncle reported to have come from the Nenana area. Roosevelt John and his wife Emily at Birch Both parents were medicine people. Abbie had Creek. one younger sister, Helen. who was crippled. Abbie remained in the Cos Jacket area until Helen drowned in Lake Minchumina in the mid ber marriage to Edgar Joseph in the early 19205. 19305. . She and Edgar had two sons, Stanley and Peter. Abbie lived her early life at Birch Creek. They adopted Mae just before Stanley was born. Telida and areas in between. but sbe traveled as Abbie resided near Fish Creek in the lower far as Cos Jacket and Nenana to attend Tanana River area after her marriage to Edgar. potlatches. When she was still a small child. but made seasonal trips to Birch Creek until 6= o 2\ 2\ 2\ Q=A O=A=~_~ ~= o Old ? Matlee ? Willi~m Ab ie (Andrew, Emlly Roosevelt Martha Pefer Celia Sesu i? (Olln) Duddia L.Minch~ d.1930? John d 1940 d. 913 d.1923. d.1945·

1--_ L --- m__ I -7\ = J\ Andrew John Evan Q - Edgar Joseph HQ (Cos (LizzieCha~e d.1920 1890s-1986 d.1930s Jacket) Esauls . sis ter) 0= + .~ Hester Arthur Walter Mar Dh:kU' L D Stanley Peter • l~ b.1911-12 Thomas Edwin . "Fi sh Creek"

I l' denotes person means ( - ) appears el sewhere means married r-- - 1 means siblings adopted in - on chart 0\ Figure 2. Abbie Joseph's family tree. 7

about 1940. Her last few decades were spent at fourth section describes language groups, band Tanana, where she adopted another child. Loretta. territories and migrations specific to the Abbie's father's siblings were Roosevelt John, Kantishna region for the late Nineteenth century. William (Olin), Andrew (of Lake Minchumina), The Minchumina-Bearpaw band's seasonal Maatleelee (from Telida), and at least one sister activities are depicted in the fifth section, who may have been married to Carl Sesui's father. "Seasonal cycle of activities". This subsistence Little is known about Abbie's mother's relatives. pattern has been reconstructed for a time period Abbie's daughter Martha. married Roosevelt John around 1890-1910. The sixth section contains a after Emily died. They had two boys in the 19305 selected history of the region tor the Twentieth who both died of the measles while in Nenana in century. 1942. Martha died in 1940. Abbie had other The annotated place names and maps are grandchildren through Lizzie (Starr), Stanley, and listed by river drainage in the last section. This Mae. For information about Abbie's Koyukon is preceded by an explanation ot the orthography dialect refer to the section on language and and format used in writing the names. orthography. Two appendices follow the place names. The Abbie was interviewed in Anchorage while in rust is a letter written by Julius Jette to the the rest home in 1982 by Dianne Gudgel-Holmes, superintendent of ML McKinley Park in 1926 Eliza Jones. Many Matthews. and Helen Peters. regarding Jette's knowledge of native place names In 1983, interviews continued in Tanana with around the Park. The letter, although difficult to Eliza Jones and Dianne Gudgel-Holmes. Jones read in the reduced copy, is included because it transcribed and translated the tapes. Copies of has never been published before and because Jette the tapes, all of which are in Koyukon, are held is highly respected for his extensive linguistic and by the Alaska Native Language Center, and the ethnographic work. The second appendix is a

Oral History Pro~ of the Alaska and Polar summary ot what is known about Stephen Foster. Regions Department of the Rasmuson library at an eccentric Kantishna resident who left valuable the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. historical and photographic rerords. Following Transcriptions are held by Jones. that is an alphabetized list of the place names and the pages on which they are found. The list will The Report. Seven basic sections make up the aid readers who wish to find all references to a body of the report. The first is this introduction panicular place name. which emphasizes the value of place names and includes a synopsis of Abbie Joseph's life. In the Funding. This repon is based on eight years of second, the geography and resources of the area research. A variety of funding sources have are briefly described. A general summary on supported this project and the earlier first phase Athabaskan languages is in the third section. The of the Kantishna Oral History Project. In 1983, 8

the Alaska Humanities Forum made it possible to wildlands, which is more than the area of interview Abbie Joseph and to have her material Connecticut and Rhode Island combined. The transcribed and translated by Eliza Jones of the sources of the Kantishna Riloer lie in the V3st Alaska Native Language Center. At the same glaciated mountains of the Alaska Range. time the Alaska Historical Commission and the Wahrbaftig (1965) has descnbed three U.S. National Park Service granted funds to carry physiographic units for the area: the Alaska out additional interviews with former Kantishna Range on the southeast; the Kuskokwim highlands residents and to conduct archival research in the on the northwest; -and the broad -Tanana­ National Archives in Washington D.C., the Kuskokwim lowland, which is subdivided on the Episcopal Archives in Austin, Texas, the Federal basis of the watershed divide between the Tanana Records Center in Seattle, and in Alaska. This and Kuskokwim rivers. The major glacial was Phase I of the Kantishna Oral History tnbutaries of the Kantishna River, from west to Project. It resulted in a collection of materials east, are: Herron, Foraker, McKinley, and Toklat that was placed in the archives at the University rivers. The major clear-running tributaries of Alaska, Anchorage. include the Muddy River, Birch Creek and the The U.S. National Park Service, Alaska Bearpaw River. Region, provided funds in 1988 to help finalize The study area is varied in topography and the current repon because of a common interest landscape. High glaciated mountains in the in Kantishna area place names. Their suppon has Alaska Range give way to broad lowland plains made it possible to produce this repon and Phase that slope gently northward. The vast lowlands II, Pan I of the Kantishna Oral History Project, contain numerous shallow lakes, marshes, ancient wInterview with Natives". The Subsistence sand dunes, and old meander scars carved by Division of the Alaska Depanment of Fish and north flowing rivers. Game supponed James Kari's linguistic work The climate is typical of northern latitude related to this project. while the Alaska continental land masses. The winters are cold Humanities Forum sponsored the Nenana and long with the first signs of spring thaw linguistic workshop. Tanana Chiefs Conference's appearing in late April and early May. Summers

Dennakkanaaga Inc. contributed some office are warm (oa:asionally temperatures reach the 850 suppon in 1988. The majority of the 1983 and range) but shon. By early October winter usually 1988 projects, however, were funded privately. sets in, with snow transforming the landscape. The vegetation can be characterized in general THE ENVIRONMENT as northern boreal foresL The term "taiga" is Geography. The region encompassed by the used to distinguish the northern from the Kantishna drainage is huge even by Alaskan generally faster growing boreal forest of the standards. It covers 6,770 square miles of southerly regions of Canada. However. six major 9 vegetation communities are reoognized in the ground cover over vast areas in the region (Selkregg 1975, 1977). Holmes (1984:9- foothills along the northern flank of the 10) describes these as follows: Alaska Range. 1. Bottomland spruce-poplar forest 6. Alpine tundra is most common in is largely confined to the North Fork of highlands at elevations between 600 and the Kuskokwim River and to the 1.200 meters above sea level (2.000 to Kantishna River and its major tributaries. 4,000 feet). It forms an extensive type in This forest is primarily white spruce the Alaska -Range and occurs .on ridges, locally mixed with balsam poplar and rubble slopes, alluvial fans, and drier occurs on broad, flat flood plains and low parts of river terraces. river terraces. 2. The upland spruce-hardwood Food Resoun:es. Athabascans relied upon animal forest is the most extensive forest type in and plant resources for their food, clothing, the area. This dense mixed community is shelter, and tools. The study area, with its found on high ground and uplands. various habitats, is home to 33 species of White spruce dominates on well-drained, mammals, 92 species of birds, and 18 species of south-facing slopes while black spruce is fish (Murie 1944; Selkregg 1975, 1976; Bishop more common on north-facing slopes and 1978; Morrow 1980; U.S. National Park Service poorly drained flat areas. 1980). 3. Lowland spruce-hardwood forest Large mammals like Barren Ground caribou, occurs on shallow peat, outwash plains, moose, bear (both grizzly and black), and wolf, alluvial fans, and on north-facing slopes. range throughout most of the region. Dall sheep Extensive areas of this type (dOminated are restricted to the Alaska Range mountains, but by black spruce with Dtixtures of white sometimes move temporarily into brush and spruce, birch, aspen, and poplar) are . forested zones. Caribou migrate between· winter found in the Tanana and Kuskokwim and summer habitats. The Denali herd has been lowlands. known to range in winter between the vicinity of 4. Low brush bog and muskeg occurs Castle Rocks and Bitzshtini Mountains. and from extensively where wet conditions prevent the Toklat River to the Kuskokwim and Telida tree growth. This type is found mountains. In the summer, caribou are found throughout the lowlands on old river primarily in the Alaska Range mountains and terraces, outwash plains, filling ponds. and foothills (e.g., Kantishna Hills and Chitsia sloughs. It also can be found on some Mountain), but may also range around Sischu gentle nonh-facing slopes. Mountain. Moose tend to concentrate in lowland 5. Moist tundra forms a complete areas, such as the Muddy River flats, and along 10

rivers and streams throughout winter, spring, and language, lived within the Kantishna drainage. summer. They were Lower Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim A host of smaller mammals, panicularly (Kolchan). and Koyukon Athabaskans. These furbearers, were exploited by Athabaskans. Small languages belong to the Athabaskan branch of the mammals are found in various habitats Na-Dene speech family which was widespread in throughout the drainage and include wolverine, nonhwestem Nonh America and in pockets in red fox, lynx, beaver, river otter, porcupine, mink, California and Arizona. Athabaskan. languages snowshoe hare, manen, muskrat, Arctic ground were usually mutually unintelligible to neighboring squirrel, shon-tailed weasel, squirrel, voles, AthabaskaDs, except where frequent social contact, shrews, lemmings, and one species of bal panicularly along territorial borders such as in the Imponant resident birds include grouse, Kantishna drainage, facilitated understanding. ptarmigan, raven, gray jay, and various raptors. The Upper Kuskokwim and Lower Tanana Non-resident migratory waterfowl (ducks, geese, languages fall into the latter category. They are cranes, and swans) were economically important fairly intelligible and are believed to have been at to Athabaskans. Prime nesting and molting one time pan of the same dialect chain (Krauss habitat is found throughout the low lying areas. and Golla 1981:67,75). They might be considered Fish resources found in the region include two dialects of the same language had they not four species of whitefish., three species of salmon, been separated by the incursion of Koyukon in sheefish, nonhern pike, Arctic grayling, longnose the mid-ISOOs (Krauss 1980-.39). sucker. burbot, blackfish, and Arctic char or Dolly Before the Koyukon infiltrated the Kantishna Varden. Salmon spawning areas of economic region, the territory of Lower Tanana speakers imponance include Highpower Creek. middle probably extended south of the Tanana River up Bearpaw River and Moose Creek, Hot Slough the Kantishna River, coalescing with Upper (Birch Creek tributary), and the Toklaf River. Kuskokwim groups near the Bearpaw River The late fall runs of salmon were particularly (Figure 3) (Joseph 1982-83; Krauss and Golla imponant to Athabaskans. Warm spring-fed 1981:74). By the early Twentieth century, Lower waters of the Toklat River, Moose Creek, Hot Tanana territory (Nenanarrotlat band) was Slough, and possibly the McKinley River are areas concentrated east of the Toklat River, while the currently known to be the spawning grounds for Upper Kuskokwim people of Telida and the East these late runs. Fork generally maintained their area west of Lake Minchumina. In between were Koyulron-speaking ATHABASKAN LANGUAGES people (Figure 4). As territorial borders became During the past 150 years. three groups of less rigid, the Koyukon interacted socially and people. each speaking a different Athabaskan intermarried with the other two groups which I ; I.; , ;

Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 I I I I I I i I I I I I 0 Km. 50 rv:::I Upper ~Kuskokwim tf~J Koyukon [[ll LowerTanana ~ Figure 3. Approximate extent of language boundaries. 1800. 12

Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 I I I , I I I I , I I , 0 Km. 50 17'.7.1 Upper ~ ~Kuskokwim ~ Koyukon UIIll LcnwerTanana

Figure 4. Approximate extent of language boundaries. 1900. 13

promoted linguistic understanding. adjacent groups or resources dictated. Rarely The place names in this repon are sometimes were territorial boundaries sharply defined. at written in three Athabaskan languages. The least not for long. A good example of where majority of the names come from Abbie Joseph, intermarriage blurred boundaries, making it a speaker of the now extinct Bearpaw­ difficult to define language groups, is in the Minchumina subdialect of Upper Koyukon. Her western Kantishna drainage east of Telida. speech in later life was influenced by Central Koyukon, perhaps from living so many years near Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskans. Early Russian Tanana, while her speech in early life was explorers called the people of the upper influenced by her Upper Kuskokwim relatives and Kuskokwim (and other Athabaskans) "Goltsan" residence near Telida (Krauss 1982). Abbie's or "Kolchane" which is probably a derivation of territorial range was sufficiently wide that some of the coastal Tanaina Athabaskan word for all her names overlap with Upper Kuskokwim place inland-dwelling Athabaskans, Gheltsana. The

W names (Herron 1901; Krauss 1962; Stokes 1985). term, Kolchan (and for a time "McGrath Ingalik ), The remainder of the names come from Lower has been used to designate the people of this Tanana and Koyukon speakers at Nenana and area. However, linguists prefer the geographically Minto who lived in the Kantishna earlier this descriptive term Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan. century. These additional names were recalled The people themselves used the term, Dena'ina, during interviews or while working with Karl at which was the same as that used by the Tanaina the workshop. The new names are included here (Fall 1987:79; Hosley 1981a:622; Stokes 1985:18). when they overlap with Abbie Joseph's territory. The Upper Kuskokwim language is most Those that do not will be incorporated in a similar to Lower Tanana with which it is partially separate repon covering adjacent areas. Except intelligible. It was at one time pan of the for the place names found in Stokes, Wickersham, Tanana dialect chain until Koyukon speakers and Herron, the names in this repon have not separated the two language groups with an been previously published. incursion in the Nineteenth century. Upper Kuskokwim is otherwise very distinct from its NINETEENTH CENTURY TERRITORY AND Athabaskan neighbors (Krauss and Golla BAND MOVEMENTS 1981:75). It was understood by Koyukon-speakers Mobility is a trait that characterizes the three near Minchumina and Cos Jacket by the late Kantishna Athabaskan groups' use of the land. In 1800s because of social oontaCl and intermarriage. addition to their usual wide ranging activities The Upper Kuskokwim people were suongly within their home territory for subsistence. influenced from two directions. One was from activities, they were continuously expanding or Ingalik-speaking people from the lower Yukon coalescing their use area as the pressures of River: the other was from Lower Tanana speakers 14

from the upper Kantishna area towards the made their way back to the Yukon to avoid Tanana River. The Russian explorer, Zagoskin, detection and thus possible retaliation from the noted that before 1840 people moved from the slain group's vengeful relatives. Some of the war lower Yukon and the Innoko River towards the pany found the sisters, settled with them at the middle Kuskokwim River. Oral accounts tell of lake, and became the ancestors of Telida's a migration in the late 1880s from the lower Twentieth century population. Hosley's version of Yukon area near Holy Cross to the lower the legend is in error according to Upper Takotna River area (Hosley 1961:58-59; Zagosldn Kuskokwim-speaking elders. The attackers did 1967). The great grandfather of the Sesui family, not settle with the surviving sisters. The girls' from Telida, came up the Kuskokwim River from relatives, from down the Kuskokwim River, would the Innoko area in the mid 1800s. After lOSing have searched for the tardy members after they his wife he spent time around the Lake failed to appear at the usual gatherings (Stokes Minchumina area where he eventually married 1983:58, 60). Had they found the attackers with again before resettling in Telida (Joseph 1982- the sisters, they would have killed them. It is 83:TI, plO). Other Upper Kuskokwim people more likely the girls' own relatives stayed with refer to their origins as being from ·upriver". them at Telida (R. Collins, personal This does not refer to the Kuskokwim River but communication 1989). rather the Yukon or Tanana (Hosley 1961:58). In There were over six Upper Kuskokwim groups the mid to late 1800s Koyukon speakers intruded at various times during the Nineteenth century. into Upper Kuskokwim territory, imposing yet These stretched from Lake Minchumina or even another influence. the Toklat River in the east, almost to the Stony There is an origin tale (Hosley 1961:62) that River in the west, the Takotna River in the north alludes to Upper Kuskokwim people originating and the Alaska Range in the south (Hosley east of Lake Minchumina. At one time in the 1981a:619). Their territories, which sometimes 1800s, the upper Kantishna River area was had fluctuating and overlapping borders, were inhabited by people who spoke a language loosely defmed as including the areas of different from those who lived there at the turn Tatlawilcsuk. Big River, Takotna, Vinasale, of the century. This earlier group was attacked Nikolai, East Fork, TelidalLake Minchumina, by Yukon River Athabaskans while caribou Bearpaw/Birch Creek, and Toklat/Kantishna hunting in the fan, up the McKinley River. Two mouth (not to be confused with the Lower sisters survived the attack. They eventually Tanana band of Nenanatroklat). The latter two reached Telida Lake by traveling across the or three might be regarded as containing mixed nonhero foothills of the Alaska Range and down groups of Upper Kuskokwim and KoyuIron which the Swift Fork of the Kuskokwim. The attackers, Hosley (1966:64) at one time referred to as Telida meanwhile, split up into smaller groups as they Koyukon. 15

Uttle is known about the movements of the influenced linguistically and culturally from a Upper Kuskokwim people in the Birch Creek or variety of directions including the lower and Bearpaw area except that they may bave bad upper Yukon River, and the middle Kuskokwim. winter villages in upland areas (Hosley 1966:95). River. Groups who inhabit areas south of the Abbie Joseph. who spoke Koyukon. relates how Swift Fork of the Kuskokwim have closer her father's relatives, who were from the Telida affiliations with people on the lower Yukon area and whom we assume were Upper River. Groups from the East Fork nonh towards Kuskokwim speakers, lived and hunted up the Lake Minchumina have closer ties with groups McKinley River (tributary of the Kantishna toward the Tanana River (Hosley 1961:64). River). But when the elderly parents became too weak to travel, they moved to the mouth of Birch Lower Tanana Athabaskans. Lower Tanana is Creek where a permanent winter the language spoken by Indians of the lower semisubterranean house was built for them Tanana River. Formerly, Lower Tanana was (Joseph 1982-83:1'2, p2S). treated by linguists as a dialect of the 'Tanana The other group of Telida Koyukon. from the language' that stretched along the Tanana River Telida and Lake Minchumina area, utilized almost from the headwaters to nearly the mouth. resource areas that overlapped somewhat with Intelligibility between dialects decreased as the Birch Creek and Bearpaw groups in the east, and distance between them increased, but the term with other Upper Kuskokwim groups in the other "Lower Tanana" is used to designate the direction around the East Fork of the Kuskokwim independent groups that share a language and River. Dr. Michael Krauss interviewed Telida geographical area from the Goodpaster River to elder. Carl Sesui, in 1962 for information on Tolovana. The earlier classification, however, bas Upper Kuskokwim place names. Sesui identified been modified because Upper Kuskokwim is now names as far east as the Bearpaw River and as far shown to be the closest language to Lower south as the East Fork. There was even a Cos Tanana. In the early Nineteenth century, the Jacket component to the Telida group. According downstream boundary of the Lower Tanana may to the 1910 census taken in January at Cos have extended to the mouth of the Tanana River; Jacket. many residents (or more likely potlatCh it is recognized that Koyukon-speaking visitors) were listed as being from the Kuskokwim Athabaskans migrated into the territory sometime region. The names "W'llliam Kuskokwim", "Luke in the 1800s (McKennan 1981:563). Kuskokwim", and Russian names like "Selgar" The Lower Tanana group most closely provide evidence of a strong link, both socially associated with the Kantishna area in historic and territorially, between Upper Kuskokwim and times was the Nenana-Toklat. Information on Koyukon people. their territory and seasonal movements is scarce. Upper Kuskokwim people have been However, it is known through oral accounts and 16

the distribution of place names that the southern this region, Lower Tanana territory probably boundary of some Lower Tanana groups extended extended up the Kantishna River, coalescing with to the Alaska Range into territory disputed by the the Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskans of that Western Ahtna (de Laguna and McClellan region, with whom they shared a partially 1981:641). Lower Tanana territory most likely understandable language. After the Koyukon stretched along the Nenana River into the Alaska arrived they inhabited Lower Tanana territory to Range. In the early Nineteenth century, this the west and north of the Toklat River. southern border may have included the upper However, distinct borders did not appear on this Susitna River (Karl and Fall 1987:185). After a front, at least not in the early twentieth century, "war" with the Western Ahtna near Butte Lake in according to oral accounts. about 1865, the Lower Tanana people vacated the upper Nenana River region. The loss of Koyukon Atbabaskans. Koyukon speakers population due to disease may have also inhabited the Kantishna drainage from the Tanana precipitated the move. It is not known if they River south to Deenalee (Mt McKinley) and from shifted their range westward toward the Tolclat the Toklat River in the east to Lake Minchumina River as a result of this, or whether the Toklat in the west They were relative newcomers to the area was always pan of their seasonal focus. If area according to oral aca>unts. Sometime in the the latter is true, then the Toklat may have been 1800s they advanced southward from the Yukon shared at one time with Koyukon from the Cosna River into the Kantishna drainage and settled River (WiCkersham 1938:225). between the Lower Tanana and Upper The western border of the Nenana-Toklat Kuskokwim groups (Krauss and Golla 1981:74). group may have extended from the mouth of the Other Koyukon groups outside of the Kantishna Tolovana River, up the Kantishna River to the region occupied territory along the Koyukuk Toklat River mouth-and then up that river into River, lower and middle Yukon River, and the the mountains (Kari, personal communication Nowitna drainage. The Koyukon of the 1990; McKennan 1981:564). The Toklat Kantishna have been classified as speakers of the ("headwaters") River was apparently a vital trade widespread Upper Koyukon dialect, one of the route that linked Indians from the deep interior three major subdivisions of Koyukon, that extends to Cook Inlet. An early Russian map of 1839 by along the Yukon River from Stevens Village to Wrangell notes a village at "headwaters mouth", Galena and south into the Alaska Range into Titlokat. James Karl interprets this river to be Denali National Park. the Toklat because of its relative position on the Upper Koyukon is largely understandable to map and the way the Dena'ina informant the Lower Tanana speakers near Nenana. pronounced the word (Kari and Fall 1987:35, 195; probably because of a>ntinued social contact. But McKennan 1962). Before the Koyukon infiltrated there is a decisive linguistic border with the 17

Kutchin above Steven's Village (Krauss and Golla as guides for people traveling to Telida (StUCk 1981:74). Oral aca>unts reveal Kayukon is 1988:311) intelligible to the Upper Kuskokwim people who Subgroups of Koyukon occupied the areas formerly lived in the captured territory. around the McKinley, and Bearpaw rivers, Lake There were at least two groups of Koyukon Minchumina, upper and lower Cosna River in the Kantishna sector. Based on linguistic (BishOp 1978:7; Joseph 1982-83). The main evidence, they were the Minchumina-Bearpawand KOyukon.villages were concentrated at tbe mouths Cosna-Manley. Additional groups may be inferred of the Cosna and Bearpaw rivers, at the mouth of from oral accounts and historical data. perhaps Birch Creek. as well as all along the Kantishna one at the mouth of the Toldat or a large one River and at Lake Minchumina. There is some encompassing the mouth of the Toldat River and suggestion that winter villages may have been Cosna-Manley (Krauss and Golla 1981:74; situated at one time in upland regions of the Shinkwin and Case 1984:22). The territory of the northern foothills (Hosley 1966:95). Lower Tanana groups around Toldat overlaps Kantishna groups were familiar with a wide with Koyukon groups from the Bearpaw. territory approximately 13,600 square miles (cf. However, the area between the Toklat and Karl and Fall 1987:30). But they normally Bearpaw rivers probably represented the eastern confined their seasonal activities to a much boundary of Koyukon territory. smaller home-based area, perhaps only 5,700 to The Cosna-Manley groups inhabited a 2.700 square miles. Over the course of a few territory that included an area near the mouth of years, the far comers of the larger territory would the Tanana River, the Cosna, Muddy, and be reached in conjunction with visiting or trading Kantishna rivers, and perhaps earlier, pan of the trips, or wben a decline in resources in the usual Toklat River uplands. Both the Minchumina­ places compelled a search in place less frequently Bearpaw and· Cosna groups utilized similar used. -resources and ecological zones, except the latter Territories can be determined from the may have capitalized more upon the abundant frequency and distn'bution of place names in the salmon runs of the Tanana and Yukon rivers. oral record. The Minchumina-Bearpaw bands, for By the tum of the century, Koyukon and Upper example, exploited an area north and west of Kuskokwim people enjoyed amicable relations, Deenalee that encompassed from lands within the and there were strong ties between them. old Mt McKinley Park boundary nonhward to Boundaries between Koyukon and Upper the Muddy River, east to the Toldat River, and Kuskokwim groups fluctuated and overlapped to west to Telida. Subgroups, such as the ones at the degree that it is difficult to make distinctions. Birch Creek or Lake Minchumina might have Some Cosna residents were bilingual, knowing confined most of their seasonal activities to one both Koyukon and Upper Kuskokwim, and acted or two drainages within their home territory from 18

the mountains to the lowlands. Annually, familiar territories for the oonscious objective of however, people would travel to other pans of securing food and raw materials. The habits of their territory and beyond, to trade and attend the animals and fish were understood; raw potlatches at distant villages such as Cos Jacket. materials were gathered from known locations or Tanana, or Nenana. acquired through trade; technologies were The Minchumina or Minkhotana ("lake developed to overcome environmental obstacles in people") and another group at Birch Creek may locating, obtaining, and storing the necessities of have intermarried with Upper Kuskokwim from life. For those times when skill could not Telida to such an emnt that by about 1900 overcome temporary shortfalls, the social affiliation was mixed. Both Koyukon and Upper organization functioned to sustain the members. Kuskokwim dialects were spoken by various Distant kinship ties and trading partner links people at Minchumina and Birch Creek (Joseph were social mechanisms that helped cope with the 1982-1983). This repon benefits from this inevitable periods when food was scarce. situation. Abbie Joseph was familiar with Sometimes environmental changes coincided with Koyukon names in the Kantishna area and also natural dips in resource levels. 11 a severe Upper Kuskokwim names in that territory where resource -crash- resulted, people might vacate she lived as a child with her father's relatives. whole territories for long periods. On the other According to linguistic, ethnohistorical. and hand, the timing of subsistence activities could oral evidence, the upper Kantishna River region become oomplex when two or more resources was occupied in the last century by a combination were ready for harvest at the same time but in of people who came from the upper Kuskokwim different areas of the territory. In either case. a and lower Tanana river areas. Later, Koyukon­ healthy social organization and prudent decisions speaking people arrived from the Yukon River by group leaders were needed to maintain a viable . (Hosley 1966:). This resulted in groups who were society. socially blended and bilingual It is ,difficult to The seasonal routine of each Athabaskan determine whether these mixed groups developed group varied slightly from that of neighboring after initial hostilities relaxed. or whether the groups. Sometimes small variations in resource groups were gradually becoming more distinct in distribution and timing, would compel groups to the early Twentieth century after having been adopt slightly different or even uniquely different closely aligned for a number of years. seasonal schedules from neighboring groups a few miles distanL The Nenana-Toklat band at the SEASONAL CYCLE turn of the century and before the introduction of Athabaskans patterned their activities to the fishwbeel. for eDm.ple, hunted caribou in the correspond with the changing seasons. Their hills during the winter and fished for salmon in movements across the landscape occurred in the lowlands in the summer. However, for the 19

same time period, the Upper Kuskokwim and occurrences, particularly in regards to land use Koyukon groups, who were primarily large game patterns (VanStone and Goddard 1981:561). bunters year-round, took caribou in the hills in Even the oral reoord for the Kantishna area does the summer and apparently only fished for salmon not reflect historical depth beyond about 1890. during the late runs in September and October However, place names have been shown to be (Griffin, 1900; Joseph 1982-83). stable and conservative. Thus, they represent the The seasonal cycle presented here is for aboriginal period because of their great time Koyukon groups who utilized the area from the depth (Kari 1989:134-135). Toklat River to Telida Lake around 1900. The Large game played a major role in the activities. and their locations, have been Kantishna Koyukon's seasonal activities. Caribou, reconstructed from the place names at the end of sheep, and bear were sought in an area that is this repon and from oral accounts. Other now encompassed by Denali National Park and materials provide useful information which has Preserve. Moose were rare or absent from the been incorporated to round out the description; area for an undetermined period but reappeared these include historical. ethnographic, archival, sometime during the last century. They were vital statistic, and photographic records. soon eagerly pursued. The Koyukon also took The reconstructed seasonal cycle does not advantage of the large runs of salmon, particularly represent the aboriginal pattern, even tbough non­ fall runs of chum and roho, and numerous kinds natives did not settle in the Kantishna region of freshwater fish that existed in the sueams and before 1905. European trade items, sucb as metal lakes. FISh, although imponant, were an auxiliary tools. traps. guns, and tobacco reached the area resource for the Koyukon. Other small game, long before Euro-Americans actually set foot in furbearers, waterfowl, and some vegetable foods the region. Settlement patterns began to change rounded out the diet. But above all, the Koyukon as -a result of this, as did the social and material may be regarded as canoou hunters (Figure 5). culture. Social culture was especially affected. Spring. Several subsistence activities occurred The increase in fur trade dominated this change. about the same time. but in widely separated Groups shifted their territorial boundaries in areas; among these activities were canoou hunting order to panicipate in the trading system which and the activities at spring camp. Groups may developed first via Siberia in the late 1700s and have split up in order to profit from each later at coastal trading posts. When firearms resource. However, caribou hunting may have became available, communal hunting gave way to concluded by March in time for members to more individualized hunting (Hosley 1981:546). journey to spring camp. As a result of these changes, early explorers did The major event in late winter or early spring not observe aboriginal lifeways. Their was the caribou hunt. Hunters traveled up the observations may in fact depict fairly recent Foraker and McKinley rivers to intercept tbe Resource SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG Caribou ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ...... ~ ~ Moose ~'\..,,'~ ~. -~ 0-..'\..'\..~ ~ ~'\..,,"'- -~ '"'\..,'~ Sheep ~ ~ ~ Bear ~ ~ ~ ~ ."' "''''\. '\.~ ."'"'"'"'"' "' - I Salmon '- .-. ~ ~ ~ ~~ Freshwater Fish ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~,,~ ~,'\.." r\.'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Waterfowl - ~ ~'" ~ Furbearers ~ l",",", .~ ~ l\. ~""" ~"'" ~~ Small Game ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Vegetable Foods ~ ~ l'\.'~ ~ ~ Potlotching I Trading ~l'\.."'~ ~~----' Figure S. Kanlishna Koyukon seasonal cycle. t:5 21

animals at their wintering grounds before the herd move throughout their territory. Large quantities migrated deeper into the hills for the summer. of meat gathered from the major spring and fall When the canbou wintered on the flats south of hunts had to be stored and relayed at intervals Lake Minchumina, as they sometimes did. the from kill sites to main camps. Elevated caches hunt took place there. probably had an advantage over underground Koyukon from the Cosna area hunted up the caches in that access was easier in the winter. but Toklat River or towards the headwaters of the the latter may have preserved certain foods better. Cosna River in the Bitzshtini (caribou) The locations of elevated caches were named and Mountains. Wickersham enoountered a Cosna appear frequently in the oral rcoord. The group along the Kantishna River in May, 1903. following oomment mentions a cache in The women were scraping hides and drying meat oonjunction with either a spring or fall hunt: from a successful hunt up the TOklat River before [My mom would stay with her aunt in that house that you see in the returning to the lower Tanana River area: photograph] while we were hunting up in The genuine Indian name for the east the mountains. We went up to fork of the Kantishna is Totlot [Toklat]. Meutadiee [hills along lower Birch ... The Coskakat [Cosna) Indians still Creek), behind there to Toyan' Kok'e [on have their hunting grounds on this the McKinley River]. We stayed and stream, and formerly used to live there hunted caribou. We caught some caribou for the greater pan of the year.... This and dried the meat. There was a cache at band ... left their winter-camp on the Noldiagbee Neelakbdenh at the end of a lower Tanana in the latter days of hill . . We put up the cache the spring February for their annual early spring­ before when we had gone up that way, up hunL . . . Finally they reached the old river [Joseph 1982-83:Tll, p6]. site at the mouth of the Toclat (Toklat) Upon oompletion of the hunt. groups made where they had camped and prepared for the hunting season. . . . Now, after a their way to spring camps in late March or April good spring-hunt. they were on their way where they settled down in one spot for about back to the fish-camps at the junction of the Tanana and YUkon [Wickersham. two months. One spring camp area that attracted 1938:223, 225, 233). people from as far away as Cosna. Tolovana, After the caribou were killed, the long Minchumina and Bearpaw was along the Muddy process of preserving and transporting the meat River at 11eats'e Noddenb Bene', TooeIkun' and skins to main camps began. Underground Bene', Tsugbul DeDe', Noo LdIo Beae', and other caches placed at strategic spots stored excess meat numerous lakes in the area. Small camps of one for later retrieval Elevated log caches replaced or two families were scattered among the lakes, some of the underground caches in the late 1800s streams. and marshes of this low-lying area. after metal axes were introduced. Caches of Spring camp was a place where families and either kind were a vital oomponent in the food friends who may have been separated during the quesL Supplies might be needed at any time in winter oould be together again. It is fondly order to serve hunters who were oonstantly on the remembered by today's elders as a time when 22 young people oould be together and have fun. area (Charlie 1988). One lady who was a teenager in 1940 at a spring The ice usually left the Muddy and Kantishna camp along the Muddy River reponed. -We were rivers in May. When it did, families would often suppose to be ratting [muskrat hunting], but leave their spring camps in boats made of caribou actUally we were just having fun" (Edwin or moose skins, or in canoes. Breakup was not 1988:170). without its dangers. Ice jams on the Kantishna One of the characteristics of spring camp was River caused more than one family to lose their the variety of available resources. Beavers and supply of food and almost their lives (Esau muskrats were taken from lakes that also supplied 1988:9). pleutiful freshwater fISh. Aboriginally, muskrats Summer. Summer was another season when were not the target resource at spring camp that more than one subsistence activity occurred at the they later became for the fur trade economy. But same time. There was salmon fishing, canoou they were always available and easy to get at this hunting, and trading fairs. Early summer was the time of year (Charlie 1988). By late April or time when people attended native trading fairs, or early May, migratory waterfowl began reappearing in more recent times traveled to trading posts to and were a welcome addition to the diet baner their furs. The closest native fair for (Florence Collins, personal communication 1984). Kantishna folks was at Noocbu Gholoyet at the Before breakup, black bears might be hunted as mouth of the Tanana River. Later, the town of they emerged from hibernation and were still fat Tanana was established nearby. Abbie Joseph (Nelson 1983:175). If a group was lucky, the recounts one trading trip her father took to supply of caribou or moose meat from the early Tanana in about 1898: spring hunt might last well into spring. My dad started paddling downriver from Birch Creek aU the way down the The Muddy River was only one of many Tanana [River to trade at Tanana}. The places where the Koyukon could choose .logo for­ people who were living on the river up from the mouth at [TokJat} also followed spring camp. Other areas with similar resources him on down [stream) (Joseph 1982- were Lake Minchumina, along the Kantishna 83:T2. p3). River. or, for Cosna people, across the Tanana Another trading trip, some decades earlier, River to the nonh. Groups did not always return was reponed by DaU in 1867. He noted the to the same area for spring camp each year. They arrivlI of the Tanana River Athabaskans (Tena chose different spots depending upon the wishes Kutcbin) to Fon Yukon: of group members, resource depletion, or for On going to the beach, some twenty-five single canoes were seen approaching. other reasons. For example, some Cos Jacket The oa:upants kept perfect time with people who lost family members during the their paddles, advancing in three platoons, and passed over the water as swiftly and influenza epidemic in the spring of 1923 at Birch beautifully as a flock of ducks.... No Creek never again returned to spring camp in the white man has yet explored the river on 23

which they live .... [They] are regarded that was where we used to camp for with fear by the adjacent tn"bes. ... Their fishing every year (Joseph 1982-83:T4, numbers are supposed not to exceed one p3). bundred and fifty families. Of their Minchumina and Birch Creek groups may not mode of life nothing is known, except that they obtain their subsistence have participated in summer salmon fishing. principally by hunting the deer (Dall Some of the people, perhaps just the elderly, 1970:107-108]. spent the summer at places like Lake While some families traveled to trade fairs in Minchumina where freshwater fish and waterfowl the late spring, otbers leisurely floated down the were available. One of the three Indians groups Kantishna River from their spring camps to that Wickersham met along the Kantishna River summer fish sites, stopping to fresbwater fisb in 1903 was from Minchumina and Telida. Their along the way. The Cosna Koyukon fished for summer home was at Lake Minchumina. they salmon along the lower Tanana River or up the said, which was in the middle of their hunting Yukon River. The lower Kantishna River groups grounds (Wickersham 1938:256). A smokehouse, fished along the Tanana. Even before fish wheels photographed in 1916 on the south shore of were introduced in about 1905-1910, salmon were Minchumina attests to the rich fishery resource of taken in the silty Tanana River with nets in quiet the lake (Foster n.d). side channels or eddies (Charlie 1988). But The main summer activity for the people who aboriginally, summer salmon fish camps are were not fishing was large game bunting. In July, believed to have been located primarily along 1907, two travelers encountered a ponion of a clearwater streams off the main rivers. band of Indians at Minchumina. They indicated Chinook and chum salmon begin to ascend that their other members were in the mountains the Kantisbna River by mid to late July. They hunting and would not return until winter continue on to the lower reaches of the Toklat (Gordon 1917:69, 81). The summer hunting and Bearpaw rivers (and other ri~ers) whe!e they season was spent in upland regions. often well spawn (Louis Banon, personal communication inside the old McKinley Park boundary. Can'bou, 1989). Spring camp groups electing to stay along Sheep, and sometimes bear were hunted (bears the Kantisbna for summer fishing would have a tend to be lean in summer). The meat was dried, month and a half of meager resources between and the skiDs were given primary treatment. all in the end of spring camp and the arrival of the first an effon to lighten the returning load. Hunting salmon. Abbie Joseph mentions fishing in the camps were moved frequently, usually after each Bearpaw drainage: kill The group would stop and camp after each There was an area around there that the whitepeople used to call Diamond. kill until the meat was dried, then move on until So you'd go over the ponage [trail] from another kill was made. When berries ripened, [the area burned in a forest fire] and there was the place called they were picked and cached also. After snowfall KhutenaJ'eedenb [Moose Creek area]: 24 made travel easier, supplies were transponed to Creek or Bea.rpaw group remained to fish the main camps. However, some supplies were summer salmon I'UDS on the Kantishna River or apparently relayed during the summer to caches at at the mouth of the Bea.rpaw. Or perhaps they critical points along main trails (Dick 1988:166). temporarily interrupted their summer hunting in Abbie Joseph describes two acoounts of the hills to return to the lower rivers to fish. It summer hunts in the mountains that took place was more likely they only exploited the late runs sometime between 1900 and 1920. The area of that occurred in many Kantishna tributaries upon one hunt was near a glacier and clearly caused their return from the fall hunL her concern. There are many spring-fed streams flOwing Way up we would move over another northward from Deeaalee that suppon late fall hill looking for caribou where the river salmon runs. The warmer waters at the spawning comes out {from the mountains or Denali]. At the head of the river the grounds often remain ice-free during the winter. glacier is like this [gestures). Around Two sites known from ethnographic acoounts are there where the canoou would be found, we would go annually. Then we [would on the Toklat River at Knight's Roadhouse and come) back over to ToyaD' Kok'e [on the Moose Creek, tributary of the Bea.rpaw River. McKinley River] and we would stay there [Joseph 1982-83:T4, pI]. Such spots were ext'ff'1t;ngly important in earlier times. Sometimes they provided the sole means [We would stay all summer under the hill. in the mountains). There is a glacier on of survival during very cold or sparse winters this hill ... it isn't safe to go over this because of the waterfowl, animals, and fish that hill around here because of the ice. There is nothing but ice around there and flocked to the open water (Charlie 1988:113). it is kind of like the ice that piles up on It may have been easier to fish at the end of the river when the ice goes OUL . . . People can't go over the [mountain or the hunting season rather thaD interrupt summer hill) down below the glacier because of hunting, but the following aca>unt by Abbie the ice that forms [from the glacial waters). It is real dangerous to travel Joseph alludes to fishing both the summer and around there - no good around there. fall runs, with the fall being tile more importanL The only people wbo can travel around there are those who really know about There were a lot of fish around there, that son of thing, about that kind of ioe. KbuteDal'ee No' [Moose Creek), at that because it looks like there is ground time. So they would go there and make around there but underneath . . . are dry fish [in the summer). Then they holes. that are concealed by the moss and would also put away frozen fish after cb'adeyoo' [reindeer lichen] that are on freeze up. Just during the freezing up top [Joseph 1982-83:T10, p7). month [October] the last of the salmon would (X)me with their faces all worn Fall. Summer and fall hunting may have away from traveling over rocks and so on. blended together for some Koyukon groups, with They also used to fish for those with hooks or spears. They used to pick out no break in the activities until late September the good ones. They would split them through October when the fall chum and coho and hang them up [fall dry fish method). [The place] is called Cb'euok'et ["mineral runs are at their peak. Perhaps pan of the Birch 25

lick"]. So that was a really good area. [it] oooperative activity as it must have been for the provided us a good living (Joseph 1982- Koyukon before firearms were inUOduced. One 83:T4. p3]. oooperative method that some groups used Caribou were hunted at any time during the capitalized upon the knowledge of sheep behavior. year. but the fall migration was probably the most Teams of hunters stationed themselves above the important of the annual hunts for the Koyukon. sheep while others below frightened the animals just as it was for the Upper Kuskokwim people. which then instinctively fled upwards into the Caribou migrations varied from area to area. The arrows of the waiting hunters (Reckord 1983:24- Denali herd might begin to move in August and 25). After the advent of firearms, however. it was continue until October (Murie 1944:146). Aside possible to hunt sheep independently as the from the remains of a fence at Rex. and the following account about Abbie Joseph's father name Khuyh Tibek ("winter caribou fence") in demonstrations. the upper Toklat River area. there is no There was a big bend . . . on the information about commuruu drives. seasonal Deeualee (McKinley River?] going down camps. fences or corrals. Brush or pole fences river. Way up there where the trail goes . . . he would go. . . . [My dad] built a have not been ~poned in the Kantishna and house to hide in, in a rock. a lookout, on Deuali National Park area. although they surely a level place at the end of the trail. It was nice in there. He put poles this way must have existed. In other areas. some fences and that way, and then braced rocks are known to extend for miles; corrals over a mile around it. He also put rocks partially over and fixed it so he could sit in it. He in diameter have been noted (Hosley 1966:98; would hide in there ... [He] had a place McKennan 1965:31.47). A large group effon to rest his gun. The sheep travel back and forth hugging the steep mountainside. would certainly be needed for such ventures. as It was from there, when he saw a few would a large. temporary settlement. There is animals. he would kill them. Dad would check his position very carefully [to evidence though. that Upper Kuskokwim people detenninej where the sheep would fall. conducted their can"bou hunts on a much smaller He would shoot them and they would fall scale. They may have utilized shoner fences of here and there. They would fall in a flat area below where they were shot and simple construction with snares placed at would not roll down the hill [Joseph 1982-83:1'9B; T6,plJ. intervals. The hunters. operating from nearby Winter. In seasonal camps. would check the snares daily late fall people descended from (Stokes 1985:129-130). It appears that by the the highlands in time to panicipate in the last salmon run that ended in late October. There is tum of the century the need for oooperative no information on whether the Koyukon hunts was superseded by small family groups equipped with firearms. constructed boats of moose or canoou hides like the Upper Kuskokwim did to transpon supplies. Sheep hunting was an imponant fall activity. The McKinley River is not conducive to such Among other groups. it was definitely a travel; but the Foraker might be. In later times, 26

maybe only after dog traction was introduced, the the mountains. Whether these were summer or cached meat and berries were relayed to main winter villages is not explained. An abandoned camps after snow cover made travel easier. When village that Abbie considered old in 1910 was elevated caches were built, they became imponant situated near the headwaters of Cosna River, K'os staging points along main trails. Transporting of n'o; its existence probably coincided with the supplies was a major winter activity especially in caribou herd that once flourished there. a year when a family hosted a potlatch as Abbie The Koyukon did not stay in one place for Joseph descnbes: the whole winter. The elderly were cared for in I had taken all this stuff out to the semi-subterranean houses at pertnanent sites. But lake at Minchumina where I got all the it was necessary for others to hunt The Denali things ready [for my father's potlatCh in 1912). Then we went back over to Noo herd has been known to winter in the lowlands Gbuyat'au'denh [on the McKinley River] around Lake Minchumina. but the follOwing story after freeze up. There was another cache back at the canyon. I started hauling (which relates to a time before 1900) indicates stuff from there also. My dad said to me, some hunters traveled to the bills for canoou in "My child, did you get most of the stuff now?" I said, "Yes. There is a little winter. more at Noo Gbuyat'au'denh at the After [my] dad's parents lost the cache. We'll just pick that up." I would strength in their legs and became unable haul it over the overland trail to Birch to travel around for hunting was when Creek. I also hauled things from [there they [were) moved to Birch Creek to Minchumina]. I would oome home to [mouth]. There, across the river on the [my parents] afterwards. I made five trips other side of the hill, was an underground [Joseph 1982-83:T11, p9]. house. ... They [were cared for) there. Winter settlements were probably situated on When someone would pass by to see them. they would get that person to stay lakes or tributaries of major streams close to one with [the grandparents) . . . so my dad or two secure resources such as freshwater fish could then go up into the mountains [to hunt]. . . . They would go up Toyan' and caribou (Hosley 1966:95). FIShing took on Kok'e [on McKinley River]. We went all greater imponanceduring the leaner and oolder the way back to where there is a canyon [Joseph 1982-83:1'2, p25J. days of winter. Gordon ooncluded from his visit Forbearers were trapped in fall and the early with the Koyukon at Lake Minchumina in 1907 pan of winter when pelts were prime, or as the that their winter village was southwest of the opportunity presented. Beavers were an lake. Herron noted the location. a small lake, on imponant winter food for the Upper Kuskokwim his map in 1899 (Gordon 1917:69; Herron 1901). people and it is presumed the Koyukon as well. It probably correlates with Abbie's More time was devoted to trapping after about DODcb'eelakhdenh. The area is also near caribou . 1900 when the eoonomic significance was realized. wintering grounds. In addition. Gordon Trapping became an "independent" activity, detennined that previously there were many more whereas the spring muskrat and beaver hunts villages around Minchumina and on streams in 27 remained. or became, communal and social affairs. Indian trail from the Toklat to the Nenana River.... We pulled up on the But trapping was not necessarily always profitable bank among the tents of half a dozen for the Koyukon, who remained somewbat naive families of Indians from Minchumina Lake, who were encamped there. . . . and removed from the more urbanized Indians These Indians had been to Nenana. where near trading posts and missions, as Charles they had remained for some time with the Mission Indians [Sheldon 1930:282, Sheldon explains in his January, 1908, meeting at 283]. Toklat Springs: The Minchuminas had brought their mSTORY year's catch of furs and on the trail had met the Nenana Indians, who induced them to According to archeological evidence people trade their furs for tin crosses and other have lived in Alaska's interior for over 10,000. wonhless trinkets obtained in Nenana. ... [Returning to Minchumina, the men) had put However, their presence in the Kantishna region out a few traps and that morning had caught has not yet been documented beyond about 2,.500 a wolverine [Sheldon 1930:283.28). years ago (Dumond Im:4O; Holmes 1986:ili). Ptarmigan, hare, other small game and bears Some researchers consider the people who lived were additional resources that helped the in the interior about 6,000 years ago to be the Koyukon through the winter. Bears were fat and ancestors of Athabaskans. Archeologists refer to desirable by late fall before they entered this period as the Northern archaic tradition. But hibernation. Men watched for black bears while there is no argument among archeologists that hunting other large game. They were also taken people living 1,000 to 1.500 years ago were throughout the winter at their dens. Old dens ancestors of modem Athabaskans (Dumond were often reoccupied and hunters searched these Im:54). A more complete analysis of the familiar areas while at the same time looking for interior regional prehistory may be found in tell-tale signs of new dens (Nelson 1983:176-177). Holmes 1986, Dixon 1985, and Griffin 1990. Winter was also a time when potlatches were held. Families would travel long distances for the Population and disease. The Kantishna native month-long gatherings which Were held in population is thought to have been quite large at December and January. Abbie Joseph and one time. But frequent wars between Tanana and Charles Sheldon briefly mention such trips: Koyukon Athabaskan groups (or others) may have 1 was in Nenana for a little while during the Christmas season. We used to stay been responsible for reducing the numbers during there, with my parents and my unde. It the Nineteenth century (A. Starr, personal was at the time when 1 was still a child [1894 to 1898] [Joseph 1982-83:1'3, pI]. communication 1979). A general decline continued into this century due to epidemics. A January 27, 1908: . . . we reached the open water of the Toklat at a place called few of the better documented epidemics are listed the Cutoff [Toldat Springs near Knight's here; undoubtedly there were many more. Roadhouse], the beginning of an old 28

Measles struck the upper Kuskokwim area in 1900 Lake Minchumina people gradually dispersed to and Nenana in 1942; diphtheria swept the same Cos Jacket and Telida. Groups at Bearpaw and region in 1906-07; intluenza hit at Nenana in 1920 the mouth of the Toklat River moved to Nenana as it did Birch Creek and other lower Tanana or Minto. There were only a few permanent River villages in 1923 (Stuck 1988:28, 312, 359; families in the western pan of the Kantishna area Nenana.. City of; Tanana.. City of). Tuberculosis in 1921, although more people came seasonally. also caused the death of untold numbers of In deference. to the descendants of these families, people and has not been eradicated to this day. some of whom continue to live in the Tanana Beginning in 1900 the U.S. census included Valley, and to future social scientists, the names people in pans of interior Alaska. The native of these families are induded. At Lake population can only be estimated, however, Minchumina there was only Andrew, his wife because census takers enumerated people only in Abbie Duddia, and her niece Helen (Abbie villages or individuals they met along main rivers Joseph's uncle. aunt, and sister). Roosevelt John and well-traveled winter trails. Early explorers lived at Birch Creek with his first wife and Abbie sometimes listed people they encountered. but it Joseph's twO daughters. Abbie had moved to Cos would have been impossible for anyone to rount Jacket after her husband's death .in December, all the small bands of Athabaskans that were 1920. Andrew died at I...ake Minchumina about scattered across the landscape. The population of 1923. Abbie Duddia and Helen remained until Telida in the fall of 1899 was 15 (Herron about 1936 when Helen drowned. Abbie Duddia 1901:67). In the summer of 1907, seven people then moved to Telida where she spent her last remained at Lake Minchumina while the rest of years. Roosevelt John and all of his family had the group. estimated to be about 25, hunted in passed away by 1945. the mountains (Gordon 1917;65, 69, 74). The The population at Bearpaw and the mouth next winter, six families from Lake Minchumina of the Toklat rose briefly and then fell. By the tra\'eled to Nenana. They were reponed to be early 19405, most families bad moved to larger nearly all the remaining members of that band villages to be near relatives, schools, and the (Sheldon 1930:281-183). The 1910 census opponunity for wage employmenL As the enumerated SO people at Cos Jacket in January Athabaskan population deaeased., Kantishna's during a potlatch. but 18 of those appear to be non-native population, ronsisting of trappers, from the upper Kuskokwim area. The next winter prospectors, and roadhouse operators, increased. Archdeacon Stuck counted 16 people at Lake Minchumina. six each at Telida and Cbedolothna Early Explorers and Adveaturers. Explorers (StUCk 1988:312). generally bypassed the Kantishna region until Small groups rontinued to endure throughout 1899. They did, however, return with rumors of the Kantishna area until the early 19405. The a river that was reponed to be ·panly the means 29

of communication between natives of the lower them on a winter trek across Lake Minchumina to Tanana and the upper Kuskokwim" (Allen the Cosna trail and Cos JackeL From there they 1887:85). It was understood the Tanana Indians: made their way to Fon Gibbon (Herron 1901). ftunite for war only with those living on the Herron is credited with putting Lake Minchumina Koskoquien [Kuskokwim] and a band called the on the map, but the Kantishna River, which he

Too-clok [T0klat] who live on a river of the same never ~w, remained misnamed. Herron gathered name, which empties into the Tananah [Tanana] many native names of geographic features that he from the west, about 150 miles from its mouthft encountered on his trip. Some of these names (Schwalb 1885:95). have been incorporated into this repon (Figure Even Lake Minchumina was alluded to, though 30, 36). He also opened the way for the incorrectly, in 1843 when the RUSSian explorer explorers and adventurers that soon followed in Zagoskin reached the Nowitna River: his footsteps. The Naggoyya River flows out of a Alfred Brooks, of the U.S. Geological Survey, large lake which connects with many was the first of many geologists to study the others, and flows into the Yukon from the left side, that is, from the south.; it is Kantishna. Brooks was an explorer-scientist, who up to 50 sazhens in width, and the point by 1903, had already covered thousands of square where it leaves the lake is a day's journey, which means about 30 miles. There are miles of the territory when he was appointed head a great many native winter houses at the of U.S.G.S.'s Alaska work. In 1898, he descended river's exit from the lake; indeed. a good many people live along the banks of the the Tanana River. In 1902, he crossed the lake itself, which is well supplied with nonhem foothills of the Alaska Range, but did fish [Zagoskin 1967:174]. not descend to the lowlands. He saw Lake Legend has it that prospectors Densmore and Minchumina from a great distance and noted the King ascended the Kantishna River (or perhaps smoke from fires (Brooks 1953:284; the Cosna) in 1889, and found the ponage to the Inman 1911:215). The maps and notes of aU the early Kuskokwim River (Brooks 1900:443). But the geologists provide valuable information on a wide river was either misnamed (Toklat), ignored. or variety of topicS including transponation routes, misplaced on maps by numerous government geography, natives, and of course mining geology. explorers, including Allen (1885) and Brcoks Some of the earliest and most detailed (1898), until the early 19005. information on Kantishna area natives comes In 1899, a U.S. Army expedition became lost from Judge James Wickersham. He recorded his near Telida while searching for an overland route information in 1903 during his attempted climb of from Cook Inlet to the Tanana River. Chief ML McKinley. Local non-native people must Sesui (of Telida) rescued Lieutenant Herron and have been knowledgeable of the Kantishna region his men. The women of the village clothed them. even if outsiders were not, because Wickersham After a delay of several months, Sesui guided was able to hire the Steamer Tanana Chief to take 30 his pany up the Kantishna River. He even Thousands of people stampeded to the area encountered three trappers who, having already in a few months. Towns were quickly constructed. spent at least one winter in the area, were able to Sawmills even provided milled lumber. Roosevelt provide him with some information about the and Square Deal appeared on the Kantishna geography (Wickersham 1938:220; 235). But River, Glacier City on the Bearpaw River. and Wickersham benefited most from his chance Diamond at the mouth of Moose Creek. But meeting with three groups of Athabaskans. At within a year they were desened. The creeks each camp he found people who were familiar were not rich enough. A few dozen or so miners with the geography of the area leading towards have remained in the area to this day. Ore Mt McKinley. Through hand drawn maps and minerals mined besides gold include galena (ore visual clues, Wickersham was advised of the best of lead), tetrahedrite and related minerals (ores route to reach the glacier that descended from the of silver), scheelite (ore of tungsten), sphalerite mountain, although his judgement in undertaking (ore of zinc).. and suonite (ore of antimony) such a venture was questioned (Wickersham (Bundtzen 1978:152, personal communication 1938:229, 237-238, 256-257). 1990; Nome Semi Weekly Nugger March 1, 1906; "Anotoktilon" was the last native camp Wells 1933:353). Wickersham visited. It was near the mouth of The U.S. Geological SurYq' continued to send the Bearpaw River. The people there said their geologists to the region over the next few decades. summer home was at Lake Minchumina. Their Their main purpose was to help develop the leader was 'Chief Shesoie", the same person who mining industry which would then suppan the rescued LL Herron near Telida four years earlier. growing uansportation facilities. Many fine This chance remark. along with linguistic data. geological maps and reports resulted, but mineral indicate _ territorial boundaries with an Upper production never really thrived. Kuskokwim presence at Minchumina. The Kantishna area was still not well-known Wickersham inadvenently staned the even after the gold rush. When the Gordon Kantishna gold rush of 1905. He disoovered gold brothers poled up the river in 1907, the only on Chitsia Creek during his attempted climb and information they had of the area came from some registered his claims at Rampan upon his return Kantishna prospectors and Wickersham in (Pearson 1953:13). Joe Quigley was then induced Fairbanks., and a hand-drawn birchbark map from to go to the region. By June 1905, Joe and his Chief Henry in Tanana. Herron's 1899 map, panner, Jack Horn, had staked claims on Glacier published in 1901, was unknown to them (Gordon Creek. Joe Dalton and his panner, Stiles, entered 1917:18, 23, 24, 26). the area from the east, and staked claims on George Gordon's trip was sponsored by the Eureka Creek without ever knOwing about University Museum in Philadelphia. His interest Quigley until they all met in July. lay in the native inhabitants that he hoped to 31

meet. not in mapping unknown territory (Gordon about native people. settlements, and historical 1917:20). It is fonunate he made his nip, events. His maps in the Rand-McNally Guide to because he met relatives of Abbie Joseph at Lake Allzskll include Indian trails and native names of Minchumina and rea>rded valuable Iillguistic water bodies (Figure 6). Foster is not a well­ information. His shon word list provides the known Kantishna historical figure. Had it not evidence for making critical distinctions between been for his eccentric character and questionable Koyukon dialects (Gordon 1917:81-82, 210; judgement. nothing might be known about the Krauss, personal communication 1989). man behind the maps and photographs. But Charles Sheldon was a hunter-naturalist who because of his eccentricity and the vigor with visited the Kantishna region in 1906, and again in which others wrote about him, it has been 1907-08. His intent was to study the Dall sheep. possible to piece together a summary of his life in He traversed a wide area of the northern foothills the Kantishna. The summary may be found in during his visits, particularly the Toklat River Appendix B to this repon. drainage. His few encounters with Athabaskans were carefully noted in his book, The Wilderness Tl'8DSportadoo. The Kantishna region appears to of Denali. His comments about the natives, be significant in interior Alaskan history as a however. lacked the jUdgement and understanding place that people passed through on their way to he applied to his animal studies. someplace else. There were fur-bearers. large Sheldon's greatest accomplishment was the game, and some mineral resources, but none was establishment of Denali National Park - the pivotal in attracting a large population. The Indian name he proposed from the beginning. In region lies between two major drainages, the 1908. as chairman of the Game Committee of the Tanana and the Kuskokwim, and their respective Boone and Crockett Qub, Sheldon began his nine communities of Fairbanks/Nenana and McGrath. year quest for congressional approval of the So it was natural that the Kantishna became a creation of an Alaskan game preserve (Pearson transportation corridor. 1953:24, 25). In February, 1917, Congress Transportation to the Kantishna was limited formally established Mount McKinley National to two main forms until the late 19205. During Park. the summer, people and supplies traveled by Stephen FostD'. Stephen Foster was a trapper, water. In the winter everything was carried by photographer, and game warden who lived in the dog team. Sometimes, summer trails led over dry Kantishna area from about 1905 to 1922. His ground. But walking was frequently difficult photographs and maps provide critical details because of extensive marshy areas, especially in about some of the place names in this repon as the lOWlands. Neither was foot travel satisfactory well as Kantishna history in general The for transponing large loads. captions on his photographs contain information 32

..... v'" ""NK

MUSlCII"TS

IEAV'"

MOOSE

W_II_ w... ,., r,.... S-,T,.., I .... r,. .. S-R-. ~...... IE&.I.- u.s. T ...... • ...... , ~0IIr Figure 6. Mount McKinley Region. Alaska from Rand McNally, 1922. 33

Nenana to McGrath Winter Mail Trail Before Roadhouse, Lake Minchum.ina, Telida and other 1922, mail was transponed to the McGrath area prominent locales of that era (Figure 7). Mail along the Iditarod trail in winter. In the summer was carried over the trail from 1922 to 1930. it went by boat up the Kuskokwim River. The The first Nenana-McGrath mail contract was lditarod connected Seward with Nome by way of let in 1922 to E. Coke Hill of Fairbanks who had Cook Inlet and Rainy Pass. But service was poor, never been over the route. The Alaska Road and people began pressing for an alternative, Commission normally handled the construction of - - faster route (Gudgel-Holmes 1979:104). trails and roads, and was surpriSed at the Post The Kantishna miners and trappers hauled Office's awarding of the contract. But the route supplies over a winter trail that went from Rex proved so successful in transponing large volumes (Kobe) on the Nenana River to Knight's of freight and travelers the first winter, that the Roadhouse on the Toklat River. From Knight's, Alaska Road Commission promptly began there were many trails that led to the mining improvements the next year. Travel time from areas. One main trail made a loop from Knight's McGrath to Nenana was about one week. E. up to Wonder Lake and then down Moose Creek Coke Hill was awarded the contact again in 1923. and back towards Knight's. this time for three years. He used five carriers, in The trail from Rex to Knight's was originally relays. and received $1,022 per round trip. a native trail Members of the Nenana-Toklat During its eight years of operation. 350 to 500 band used the trail each fall to reach the late people and 30-40 tons of freight were transponed salmon run at Toklat Springs before proceeding over the trail annually (Brown 1980:88). up the Toklat River for several months of caribou The trail often followed native trails. In hunting. Other native trails crisscrossed the some instances the Commission merely improved Kantishna region from Bjrch Creek to Telida. It or brushed out the existing path. Other portions was a natural conclusion that McGrath's mail were newly constructed. Mile post signs, some of problems should be solved with a· winter uail which are still standing, and other guides were connecting Nenana and McGrath. erected (Figure 8). But mail drivers occasionally Nenana was a vital transponation hub in the lost their way during the first winter of operation. days before aviation. The railroad that connected Roadhouses, about a day's journey apart, Seward with Fairbanks was completed in 1923, sprang up to service the drivers, their dogs, and and it went right through Nenana. Freight from other travelers. Those at Telida, Slow Fork, and the railroad left Nenana (and still does) on barges Nikolai were operated by natives (Brown 1980:39- destined for points all along the Yukon and. 40, 87-89). Sometimes the Road Commission Koyukuk rivers. The winter sled route that was aided travelers by paying people to construct finally selected to service the Kantishna region shelter cabins at strategic spots between went from Nenana to McGrath through Knight's roadhouses (Jim Brooks 1988:155). The foUowing 34

is a panial list of roadhouses, cabins, and their Welcome" (White n.d.). distances along the trail, as published in the Air transponation developed rapidly, and the Kusko Times, June 15, 1929: Alaska Road Commission was not slow to become

Location ~ involved. Throughout the late 19205 the Nenana 0 Commission entered into cooperative agreements Tavern RH 17.5 Knight's RH 23.5 to build air fields in larger communities. Even 19 Mile cabin 58 small communities received air fields,particularly Diamond RH 76 Roosevelt 89 if they occupied critical locations between larger Lake Minchumina 115 towns. Lake Minchumina was midway on the Trapper's Cabin 132 Lonestar RH 150 route from Fairbanks to Takotna and McGrath. Telida RH 169.5 In 1926, Minchumina had a 1,500 foot long Slow Fork RH 187 East Fork RH 206 emergency field that was built at the mouth of Berry's Landing RH227.5 the Foraker River near the roadhouse that was Big River RH 241 McGrath 263 still serving the mail drivers (U.S. Board of Road Air Traruportation. The Nenana-McGrath Commissioners for Alaska 1926:71). mail trail was in use only two years before the Post Office began experimenting with airmail service to McGrath. In 1930, the Post Office awarded its Nenana-McGrath contract to an airline company (Brown 1980:89, 100). Traffic on the trail dropped drastically. Travelers had to "break trail" themselves, whereas before the mail carrier had kept it open (Schneider 1984:24). Residents who lived along the trail did not receive mail for months. Petitions were circulated requesting the Alaska Delegate to Congress to reestablish the trail as a winter mail route. But it never was. As a result. the roadhouses were forced to close. People who sold fish for the once numerous dog teams were left without a means of livelihood (Brown 1980:89). There were hard feelings towards the new technology of aviation. The most obvious scapegoat was the pilot As business declined, signs appeared at roadhouse doors announcing" Aviator's Trade Not 35

Figure 7. Kroll 19401 map of Alaska. showing winter trails, shelter cabins (sq, Alaska Road Commission cabins (ARC), and roadhouses (RH) " ·':l Mile Post 90 0'" ... ~ !r Nenana-McGrath f • winter mall trail ~, " O~~. ", /' " .J -I' / ~ /' ~ 9..,. .• ~,w 0 /' --'r-\.0\ / b ~~ /' ~ ~ / fA '(/b //~~ ·~o / ~ ~ I 0 / q,'t I / I ~ ~ I o Miles I I I b Km. I ~ / , , JJP From USGS "I Ml.McKiolev 04 Map I / 4J I'

l <- Figure 8. Winter trail and mile post sign through Muddy River lIats/Lower Birch Creek area. 37

KANTISHNA NATIVE PLACE NAMES Orthography. An orthography is the writing Lower Tanana and Upper Kuskokwim speakers system of a language. It contains a set of symbols use Wm", while Koyukon speakers tend to use ~w that correspond to each sound of that language. and also am". In addition, the possessed suffix All languages do not contain the same sounds; seems to vary between -e' and -a'. No attempt when one attempts to write an orthography for an has been made to standardize this variation (e.g. unwritten language it may be necessary to invent the possessed form of lake is -bene', -bena', symbols to represent the additional sounds. Such -mena'). a situation exists when English is used as the Place Name Generics. It is common to find medium to represent Athabaskan, because it recurrent stems in place names. Stems often contains sounds not found in English. designate a geographical feature such as river. or A pronunciation guide usually accompanies an island. The follOwing list contains stems that orthography to aid a non-speaker in the occur most often in the place names in this pronunciation of words. But when the unwritten repon (d. Karl and Fall 1987:33). language contains additional sounds not found in Stem Translation the written language, the guide can only -neek'e, neek'a sueam (rarely used) -no' sueam approximate the actual sound system. -chaget, -chU'et sueam mouth James Karl of the Alaska Native Language -benh, -bene', -bena' lake K: totel ponage Center has used a slightly modified orthography T: toteth ponage for writing the Koyukon (K) and Lower Tanana noo island, peninsula, lobe toyan', -toyana' straight suetch of river (1) place names in this repon. This system uses K: sci, seddle', -yedle' ridge the following congruent symbols where waaw in T: seth, -yeddha' ridge denh at a specific place Koyukon is written in this repon as wa w: K: did. -dlele', -dlela' mountain Joint KoyukonfflllUUUl Usual EqnivaIeats T: ddhel, 4dhela' mountain System lor this report: lor Tauaoa & Koyukon: T: a = K: aa (lOW front vowel) Format. The place names are descnl>ed in 11 T: 1m = K: h (VOiceless uvular sections according to the nearest river drainage. fricative) Each section covers one or two drainages. The The place names in the Upper Kuskokwim place names are numbered consecutively in the language are written in the orthography developed descriptions and on the accompanying maps. by Collins and Collins (1966) although some word Numbers in parenthesis represent names that are divisions have been standardized. not shown on the maps. A general index map In the Kantishna drainage there is a variation (Figure 9) shows the area each section covers with in the use of the Proto Athabaskan bilabial ·w. the corresponding figure numbers. Place name descriptions contain basic Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 , I J I I I I I I I 0 Km. 50

Figure 9. Index of figures showing place name loc:alioDS. 39

information common to each name. This includes Tanana. The name appears in boldface as do all the translation, general location or established Athabaskan words throughout the report. map name, U.S.O.S. quadrangle map where the Athabaskan names taken from historical name is located, and initials of persons supplying references are found in brackets [ J or otherwise information about the name. In most instances, are so noted The translation of the name is in the names are accompanied by comments from single quotation marks. Beneath the translation people familiar with the location or area; Abbie is the established map name, if one exists. or its Joseph's comments make up the majority of those location. given. All of Joseph's material has been When the location of a name is not certain, transcribed and translated from Koyukon by Eliza the words wlocation unconfirmed W appear. Even Jones of the Alaska Native Language Center. when a location is tenuous, a map location is

Other native elders used English when approximated. It should be kept in mind, contributing their comments. however, that rivers change their courses A few non-native place names are included frequently. Meandering streams make new because, in most instances, the person who channels every few years and old channels dry up. assigned the name is still alive to give the The physical geography of rivers today is not the historical perspective. Most non-native names same as it was in 1900. Cultural resource included in this repon emanate from Florence Specialists would be wise to employ an Collins and Florence Weber who conducted interdisciplinary approach in any effon to locate geologic field work on sand dunes in the place names. Eroding river banks have also Kantishna area in 1956. When historical or other contributed to the destruction of physical features sources are used to annotate the names they are that once may have been associated with the referenced accordingly. An example of the place names. name format is explained below. The degree of certainty about a location is K: DeenaJee reflected in the location itself. A location T: Deenadhee assigned to a general segment of a 1:250,000 U: Denaze 'the high, tall one' quadrangle map is far less certain than one Mt. McKinley, Denali allotted a section number within a township and Map: Mt. McKinley A2 T21S, R18W, FM Cultural Affiliation 1900: K range. The one inch to the mile map on which Data from: AJ, MK, CS, Jette 1926, and others the name is found is listed after the 1:250.000 The letter K. T. or U represents the Athabaskan map. This is followed, whenever possible. by language in which the place name is written: section, township, range. and meridian. Question Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim. If marks are used frequently to record the the name is not preceded by a letter. then it is uncertainty of assigned locations. The elevation understood to be the same in Koyukon and of a lake or hill. but not river, follows the map 40

coordinates. JJ Julius Jette The entry under "cultural affiliation" is an MJ Margaret John, Nenana attempt to define the dominate cultural group(s) JK Jim Kari, Fairbanks (Koyukon. Lower Tanana, Upper KuskOkwim) SL Solomon Luke who used the area of the place name in the late EM - Elsie Mahaynay, Clear 1800s and early 1900s. This information may be NPS Nationa! Park Service. Anchorage of use to cultural resource specialists who should CP Celia Peterson, Nenana feel free to amend the affiliation when future data AS Alfred Starr, Nenana dictate. PS Paul Starr, Tanana The "data from" entry includes the initials of MT Matthew Titus, Minto people who contributed to the name. Abbie Joseph's comments, taken from interviews in 1982 and 1983, are referenced by tape, and transcribed page number (e.g., Joseph 1982-83 T4, p2 or A.J T4. p2 refers to Joseph's tape number four and Eliza Jones' transcribed page two for that tape). Transcriptions are held by Jones at the Alaska Native Language Center. University of Alaska. Fairbanks. Place Name Contributors. Many people contributed to the place names in this section of the report. Their initials, \\ith their names spelled out below. appear with each place name entry under the heading "data from". Other references may be found in the References Cited section. BA Ben Alben. Minto EC Eli Charlie. Nenana FC Florence Collins, Minchumina RC Ray Collins. McGrath PD Percy Duyck. :'IIenana HE Hester Evan. Fairbanks LE Lizzie Bau. Nenana PG Paul George. Nenana AJ Abbie Joseph. Tanana 41 TANANA RIVER Mouth 10 Tolovana River, part of Yukon River 1 K: Yookkene T: Yookena '-?- River' Yukon River Map: Tanana Cultural affiliation at 1900: mixed

2 T: Tth'eetoo' K: Tene No', Tenene 'major stream', 'suaight stream'; 'trail river' Tanana River Map: Tanana, Fairbanks Cultural affiliation at 1900: mixed Data from: JK.

(3) Tena Don'a 'trail upriver' Tanana River Valley

(4) Tozee Cbak'et 'water ?? mouth' Tozitna River mouth Map: Tanana AS Sec.27, T4N, R24W. FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: Al:T4. p12 The 51. James Episcopal Mission which was a crucial time: "My dad was gone at that time originally near the mouth of the Tozitna River. [when my mother bro.ke her back in an accident). In the late 18905, a new Mission of Our Saviour He was staying down in the school down at Tozee . was built a few miles north. opposite the mouth Cbak'et. He was gone for a whole month" of the Tanana River. Abbie Joseph's father was (Joseph 1982-83:T4. p12). familiar with the area. She relates his trip during

5 Noochu Gboloyet 'point of big island or river peninsula' Area at mouth of Tanana River Map: Tanana A4-5 T4N, R22W, FM Elev. 300 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AlT12. p3A ® CD

@

Fish LQU

@ ®

From USGS Kantlshna River o Miles 5 I I & Tanana Maps I I o Km. 5

t; Figure 10. Localion map (or Yukon-Tanana river place names 1/ 1-14. 43

6 Bugbu Nelagbeedelenee 'that at wbich streams meets' Mission Hill Map: Tanana A4-5 Sec.10. T4N, R22W, FM Elev. peak 852 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T12, p3A Noocbo Gboloyet was the site of the summer the tribes meet in spring to trade (Dall 1970:930). trade fair at the mouth of the Tanana River. Abbie Joseph lived the latter part of her life Annual celebrations are currently held in the in Tanana. She describes the area as she draws a town of Tanana. William Dall, traveling up the map: "Down this way is where the Tanana [River] Yukon River in June, 1867, reponed: goes all the way down like this; this is where it To the east the broad mouth of the Tananah River was seen. where it joins bits the Bugbu Nelagbeedeleoee. The lower the Yukon. The latter curves abruptly to point of the mountain is called Noocbu Gboloyet" the left and between them lies the low . land, forming a point or island. This is (Joseph 1982-83:T12, p3A). Nuklukahyet, a neutral ground where all

7 Noneelenbdenb 'where current flows across' On Yukon River below Chaltsedze Map: Tanana A4 ?T4N, R20W, FM Elev. 300 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T13, p9

8 Cbaltsedze 'swallows' Cliff swallow bluff on Yukon River about 20 miles from Tanana River Map: Tanana A3 Sec.34, T5N, R19W, FM Elev. 300 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T13, p9

9 Neeghoneelenhdenh , 'where current flows toward shore' On the Yukon River near Chaltsedze Map: Tanana A3 TSN, R19W, FM Elev. 300 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T13, p9 Eliza Jones notes in her Koyukon there is a cliff swallow bluff called Cbaltsedze. The rock clift laying against Ethnogeography (1986:46) that Cbaltsedze is the hill sUd off and now its gone. It was placed about 50 miles below RamparL Cliff a big rock that was on the side of the hill Up above it was soft mud and that Swallow Creek is nearby. Abbie describes the was where the cliff swallows nested. So area thus: the big rock at Cbaltsedze sank. Way across from there and a bit downriver Neegbooeelenbdenb is above [the town where the current flows through the of Tanana on the Yukon River]. Across island is Noneelenbdeob (Joseph 1982- 83:T13, p9). 44

10 Mendas Bene' 'lake with sand bar in it' Fish Lake off lower Tanana River Map: Tanana A3 TIN, RI9W, FM Elev. 300 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: A.J:Tl2, pS; JJ 1910

Abbie Joseph lived at FISh Lake with her na Cb'oneeieoh [Cosna Bluff) .... The bluff parallels the river coming down second husband for several decades beginning in river like this and jUts out into the_ river. the mid-I92Os. While drawing a map, she It goes around like this and like tbis. Now here is an island and here is a place descnDed the area: [FISh Creek]. Here is the Tanana River. Here is Hot Springs, here is K'os Cbak'et Here is the Yukon River... and Mendas [Cosna River mouth]. And here is a place called Bene' (Joseph 1982-83:TI2, pS).

11 Cb'edena Cbak'et 'someone or something's cbild/young river mouth' Chitanana River mouth Map: Kantishna River D4 Sec. 12, TlN, R20W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: A.J

12 Nzakh Chonh detonhdenh 'where slush ice rains' Two miles below Cos Jacket Map: Kantishna River D3 Sec 20 or 29, TIN, RI9W, FM Elevation: 350 ft. Cultural aflIliation at 1900: K Data from: EC, HE, Nenana linguistic workshop

13 K'os Cbak'et 'polishing storie (river) mouth' Cosna River mouth. Cos Jacket village Map: Kantishna River D3 Sec.4, TlS, R19W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: A.J:TI2, pl,s; TI, p2,.3; Tl, pU,18 Abbie Joseph describes an activity that Cbak'et. We got the fishwheel aU ready to tum. So, it was while I was at a occurred between 1913 and 1918: fishcamp above K'os Cbak'et at the lower With my first husband we had two end of an island, that [my husband] went children [by the time] ... my father died. down river [to the potlatcb at Cos Jacket] We would go out to a place called K'os (Joseph 1982-83:1'3, p2-3). 45

14 K: Tla Cb'oneelenb 'where current flows out from bluff Cosna Bluff Map: Kantishna River D3 Sec.3O?, TIN, RI8W, FM Elev. 4OO-H)OO ft Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI2, p5 Abbie Joseph's familiarity with the area is across like this and it goes toward K'edz.aye No' [Zitziana River). Here is reflected in the map she drew to accompany a Hot Springs; here is K'os Chak'et [Cosna story: River mouth]. And here is a place called Tla Ch'oneelenb where the~ current flows This is Kantishna [River). I am away from the bluff. The bluff parallels drawing a map of my country but I can't the river coming down river like this and see very gOOd. . .. Nenana River goes juts out into the river. Then here is Tla like this. Then there is a river that goes Ch'oneelenb (Joseph 1982-83:TI2, pS).

(IS)Den Ts'ena 'the land side' Area between Alaska Range and Yukon River Cultural affiliation at 1900: mixed Data from: Jette 1926:7 Den Ts'ene is a regional name for the whole Eliza Jones notes this name would be in area between the Alaska Range and the Yukon. opposition to Ots'ene, 'outer land'.

16 K'edzaye Dokak'et 'heart mouth' Zitziana River mouth Map: Kantishna River D2 Sec.25, TIN, R15W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: JJ 1910

17 Noch'eltlek No' 'game leaps across creek' Baker Creek Map: Kantishna River D1 Sec.30, TIN, R14W. FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K. T Data from: EC

18 K: Tla DeneJdel Dlele' 'red rock mountain' Rock Crossing on Tanana River Map: Kantishna River D1 Sec.22, 25, 26, TIS, R13W, FM Elev. 300 ft Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. T Data from: EM, HE Rock Crossing is on the Tanana River across 1920s and 3Os, or earlier, people from the from the mouth of the Kantishna River. In the Kantishna River as far up as Bearpaw would ® ®

o Miles 5 I I From USGS Kanllshna River Km. & Fairbanks Maps & ~ 8\ Figure 11. Location map for Tanana River place names " 15-21. 47

travel to Rock Crossing to fish for salmon with Young John Evan, Johnny Duyck. Dick Thomas, fishwheels (c. Ketzler 1988:50). Every family who Old Alben. and sometimes Joe Justin (Alben regularly fished there had a special fish site. 1988:72-73; P. Duyck 1988:53, 56). Some of the families who fished there were

19 K: Khenteel Dochaget T: Khenteeth Dochaget 'mouth of Khenteeth' Kantishna River mouth Map: Fairbanks C6 Sec.10, TIS. R12W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, T Data from: JJ

20 Tolbo No' or Tolba No' 'grey water river' Tolovana River Map: Fairbanks 06 TlN, RII W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, T Data from: AJ:T9, pI; TlO, p5; JJ 1910 Abbie draws a map of her territory that a river that goes up this way and that is Tolbo includes the Tolovana River: "Here is the mouth No''' (Joseph 1982-83:TlO, p5). of the Kbenteel No' [Kantishna River]. There is

(21)Neenano', Neenayh No' 'stopping while migrating river' Nenana River Map: Fairbanks Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: PG, MT, and others Abbie Joseph was familiar with the area a potlatch that she attended with her parents in around the community of Nenana. In 1983 she the mid 1890s or early 1900s (Joseph 1982-83:TI. included Nenana on a map that she drew of her pI; TIl, pI). territory. Her first recollection of Nenana was of 48 TOKLA T RIVER Mouth to headwaters; winter trail from Rex to Toldat River

22 TK: Tootl'o Khuno', Tootl'ot No' V: Tutl'ot Hwno' 'headwaters river' Toklat River Map: Kantishna River, Mt.McKinley, Fairbanks Cultural affiliation at 1900: T, K

23 Tootl'ot, Tood'ot Khudochaget 'headwaters', 'headwaters river mouth' Mouth of Toklat River Map: Kantishna River Bl Sec.27, T5S, RI4W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: 1(, T Data from: AJ:TlO, p5; TI2, p3.8; Tl, p9; 1'2, p3; MK; CS; Kari and Fall 1987:34 Ferdinand von Wrangell collected information knowledgeable about the Toklat River area, but on the geography and people of Russian Alaska also on friendly terms with groups who mayor while he was governor between 1830 and 1835. may not have been related to them: There is a map in his repan (1839) that was This is the place they used to call Bearpaw. Way down here is Tood'ot No'. compiled from his information and from sketch This is where we customarily stayed while maps derived from information from natives. fishing. Here is the mouth of the Khentool No' (Joseph 1982-83:TlO. pS). Kari believes that one name reponed by a In the tributary that goes into Khentool Tanaina-speaking person refers to a village at the No' [there is] a place called Tood'ot; the people there asked my dad for medicine. mouth of the Toklat River. Titlokat appears on So he stayed there for awhile too (Joseph Wrangell's map in the general direction of the 1982-83:T12, pS). Toklat River. The exact location of this name Abbie's father was a medicine man, so it was not can not be verified, although it clearly refers to unusual for people to request aid from him. In the Toklat River, according to Kari. the above incident, he was returning home from The following two examples, by Abbie Joseph, a trip to the Tanana River mouth. indicate that Kantishna Koyukon were not only

24 Tootl'ot Khodoteeneetonbde 'where headwaters trail descends' Location unconfirmed; trail leading to the hills generally along TOklat River Map: Fairbanks A6 '?T9-lOS. R12W. FM Elev. begins about 800 f1. Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: Nenana linguistic workshop; PD Percy Duyck believes the most likely location Bear Creek is west of the Toklat River at for a winter trail along the Toklat River to the Knight'S Roadhouse. A map of the Kantishna hills would be about a mile west of Bear Creek. region in the 1922 Rand McNally Guide to Alaska From USGS Kantishna River, Mt.McKinley & Healy Maps

,

J - ,I I I ( /

,. .... 'IS.~ "" " ~\#,..., ...... r ....

0 Miles 5 I I I I 0 Km. 5

®

Figure 12. Location map for Toklat River area place names # 22-38. 50

and lhe Yukon shows a winter trail ascending west Athabaskans to travel to the bills to bunt for the of the Toklat River. The route of a summer trail winter. After exploiting the late fall run of would probably be east of the Toklat River along salmon at Toklat Springs, hunters walked to the the hills, according to Percy; oral tradition hills in the upper Toklat River region. They supportS the eastern location. Earlier this century periodically descended to bring supplies to the it was customary for the Nenana-Toklat larger group who remained camped at the Springs.

25 K'eeyb Ddhet 'birch mountain' Totek Hills Map: Fairbanks A6 Sec.2. T8S, RI2W, FM EIev. peak 1370 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: LE. PO, MT, FC Birch Hill or mountain was a landmark on Lake. This should not be confused with Birch the new (19205) winter trail from the Toklat Creek that enters the Kantishna River near the River to Nenana. People usuaUy traveled to the Muddy River. Totek Hills is the local name Toklat River in the faU over the Rex-Toklat trail, applied by geologists Aorence Weber and but in March they returned to Nenana by way of Aorence Collins in 1956. It is a combination of the trail that passed by Birch Hill. Other names the words Toklat and Teklanika. associated with the hill are Birch Creek and Birch

26 Cbooyb No' 'rosehip creek' Creek west of Teklanika River along Rex-Toklat winter trail Map: Fairbanks A6 Sec.lS. T8S, RlOW, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: SL. PO . Chooyb No' is a major place name along the main trail as it crossed Chooyh No'. The stream winter trail from Rex to the Toklat River. By the is noted for its grayling; it drains to the Teklanika late 19105 Solomon Luke's family had their year­ River (locally known as Middle River). The area round cabin up in the valley two miles off the is close to caribou hunting grounds in the hills.

27 T: Gukh Udooz No' 'rabbit droppings creek' Creek on the Rex-Toklat winter trail west of Teklanika River Map: Fairbanks A6, Sec.22. TSS. RI1W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: SL, PG This creek is always mentioned when Nenana elders list the major places along the winter trail 51

from Rex to the Toklat River. It is just west of this creek as they made their way along the trail the Teklanika River crossing and drains to the in the late fall towards Toklat Springs. Teklanika Nenana-Toklat people would cross

28 Menh Eejedhet 'booking place lake' Lake on Rex-Toklat winter trail Map: Fairbanks A6 Sec.28, TSS, Rl1 W, FM Elev. 800 ft. Data from: PO, SL. MT Cultural affiliation at 1900: T This is the smaller of the two major lakes towards the Toklat River. that are crossed when traveling on the winter trail

29 Bek'eteegheetonee 'the one on wbicb there is a trail' Large lake on Rex-Toklat winter trail Map: Fairbanks A6 Sec.31, TSS, RllW, FM Elev. 750 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: PO, SL, MT This is a large lake that is a significant There is tbe belief that. if the wind is blOwing. a landmark along the winter trail from Rex to person should travel on the side of the lake that Toklat Springs. It contains large pike and drains is opposite to the direction of the wind (lee of to the Teklanika River. There is a legend the shore) where the trail would not be drifted as associated with the lake. Solomon Luke relates much and where a traveler would be less exposed that there are no trees around the lake; to the wind. sometbing Iceeps tbe vegetation from growing.

30 Det'onee No' 'hawk creek' Creek five miles east of Toklat River on winter trail Map: Fairbanks A6 Sec.36. 1'85. R12W. FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: SL. PO Det'onee No' is crossed when traveling on the Nenana elders list the significant landmarks along winter trail from Rex to the Toklat River. It is the winter trail. It drains to the Teklanika River. one of the places tbat is always included when / / I / / ./ I 0~( I ® I I ./ ® f I / / I I ./ / ./ @ 1---- .... I ./ I .... ~) I " - ,/ ./--" \ /, - I - "., " ~.... / ., .. 1~\. "., --- ~@ ~tfE.~ "., ..... - - " ~\~.,,-- - " /" ./

o Miles 2 I I I I ' o Km. 2

From USGS Fairbanks A6 Map

• =Roadhouse

Figure 13. Enlarged section or location map ror TokJat River •. ~ight's Roadhouse place names. S3

31 T: Notbdlaghee No' K.: Notdlaghee No' 'fall chum salmon creek' Creek just east of Toldat River on winter trail Map: Fairbanks A6 1'8-95, R12W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: PG. HE Notbdlaghee No' is also known as Chinook only because of the extensive run of kings, but Creek. It receives one of the largest king salmon also because the late run of coho that arrive with runs in the Kantishna drainage. The Fairbanks the fall chum tum red and tend to look like king office of the Alaska Depanment of Fish and salmon. Reddish-colored salmon could also be Game refers to Notbdlagbee No' as Banon Creek. chums that are close to the spawning stage Louis Banon, a fish biologist. has studied tbe (Andrews 1988:72-73: Banon, personal salmon runs of the Toklat River for many years. communication 1989). Notbdlagbee No' is a very It is not known if Athabaskan groups exploited long tributary of the Toklat River that heads in this king salmon run to the extent they did the the mountains and parallels the Sushana River for fall runs of chum and coho. The name 'Chinook some distance. Creek' may have been applied to the stream not

32 Kbotolnodenh 'where water surges up' Area of spring-fed waters near Sushana River mouth on Toklat River Map: Fairbanks A6. ?Sec.6. T9S. R12W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: LE, MJ. SL. PG. Nenana linguistiC workshop

33 T: Ttha T'okh No' K: Tla T'okh No' '~neath rock creek' -Sushana River Map: Fairbanks A6 T9-1OS. RI2W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: LE. PG, SL Ttba T'okh No' is also known as Knight's the area may stem from observations made only Creek. Knight's Roadhouse was at the mouth of in September or October when water levels were this river where the winter trail crossed the Toklat low. However, O. J. Murie, writing about the River. Lizzie Esau describes Ttba T'okh No' as physiography of the Toldat River region in the place that people tum off to go to the canyon December. 1920. noted that the water in the (and to 12-Mile Camp in the upper Toklat River Toklat River a few miles above Knight'S area). She says the creek is mainly gravel with a Roadhouse practically disappeared underground. little water here and there. Her recollections of It reappeared at the roadhouse. Water from the 54

Sushana River was warm. and free of ice in It was so cold the fish would freeze soon after winter. As a result it caused open water on the they were landed; they were then stacked like cord Toklat River for a few miles below the Sushana wood for later use as dog tood. The best ones mouth (Murie 1920). were saved for human consumption. The above three place names are grouped The area was first mentioned by Charles within a generalized area near the mouth of the Sheldon, a naturalist-adventurer, in January. 1908, Sushana River. The winter trail from Rex leads while spending the winter fanber up the Toklat directly to this area which is alternately referred River. Sheldon came upon a group of six Indian to as Toklat Springs. the, Cutoff, (Sheldon families from Lake Minchumina at the spot 1930:281) or more recently as Knight's known as the Toklat Cutoff, which he describes as (roadhouse ). the beginning of an old native trail that led to the The Toklat Springs is a generalized area of Nenana River. This trail was also used by the spring-fed waters that is a spawning ground for a Kantishna miners during the early mining days late run of churns and coho salmon (L Banon (Sheldon 1930:281). 1989 personal communication). The waters of the The area is also referred to as Fish Camp by springs stay open all winter. The water and some people, but should not be confused with the spawning fish attract ducks, bears, eagles, and Fish Camp noted on some early maps on Moose people. Creek. a tribUtary of the Bearpaw River, which The springs are legendary among the also supports an imponant fall salmon run. Nor Athabaskans of the area as a place where food should it be confused with the Fish Camp off the could be obtained during very cold winters when Muddy River which is an imponant freshwater people were starving. Eli Charlie's father told fishing site and spring camp area. him how the springs attracted people from as far Richard Knight established a roadhouse on away as Kokrines and Salcha during hungry times his homestead at the Toklat River croSSing in - before people bad guns. People who were almost 1909 (Knight 1909); his nephew, Henry Knight, too weak to travel would come and spear left continued to operate it after Richard's death in over fish and other game (Charlie 1988:113). At 1929 until the early 19405. The roadhouse was an one time there may have been a village near the imponant stop along the Nenana to McGrath Springs where people stayed year round (R Titus mail trail in tbe 1920s. Before the mail trail was 1988:141). established. the roadhouse served native people, Earlier this century. it was customary for Kantishna miners, and an occasional traveler members of the NenanaiToklat band to travel (StUCk 1914:14). over the native trail from Rex (Kobe) on the In the early pan of this century. some of the Nenana River to the Springs in time to catch the older boys from the mission school at Nenana last of the salmon in late September and October. would come to Knight's while out hunting for the 55

mission. The Knights are remembered today by the cabins were built on poor soil during winter. Nenana elders for their kindness, good food and The village, known as Toklat Village, became especially their donuts (Schneider et a1 1984:55; uninbabitable within two years as the cabins M Titus 1988:119). Only a few of the elders in shifted and eventually sank. Nenana recall the traditional names around tbe Toklat Village is sometimes confused with the Toklat Springs area; the area is now referred to settlement at the mouth of tbe Toklat River. A as Knight's Roadhouse, or simply Knight's. place simply named 'Toklat' was enumerated In the early 1930s, six to nine native families during the 1930 and 1940 census. It is highly attempted to establish a permanent village just unlikely this refers to Toklat Village; it must refer below Knights Roadhouse between the Toklat to the settlement at the mouth. However, only an River and Nothdlaghee No'. Logs were cut for examination of the actual census schedule will the cabins; milled lumber and window glass was resolve the question. The 1930 schedule will be hauled in from Nenana. Logs 40 feet long were released for examination to tbe public in tbe year cut in preparation for a community halL Henry 2002. John bad applied for a native allotment near tbe The Toklat Springs is one of the most village sometime earlier, in 1932. be relinquisbed historically significant areas in the Kantishna in his claim because be said tbere were nine families tbe Twentietb century due to its resources and at the village, and he really wanted land at his location on a major transportation route. It is summer fisb camp (Henry John 1932). Frank well-documented in the oral and historic record. Jacob's family built at tbe Springs in 1933. He A prehistoric component to the Springs is highly repons that tbe decision to make the village was likely. based on the good fisbing at the Springs and the In 1982. National Park Service archeologists desire to get away from the social problems of the investigated the 1930s village site just downstream larger towns (Jacob 1988.:100). Paul George says from Knight's Roadhouse. The area was selected the people decided to build cabins -at the Springs as an historic 14(b)(1) site as a resuh of Alaska because tbey were there so mucb of the time they Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. The land wanted to be comfonable (George 1988:22). But may currently be in private ownership.

34 Ts'eba T'okh No' 'under spruce creek' First creek west of the Toklat River on the winter trail Map: Kantishna River Al Sec.12. 1'95. RI2W. FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: PG. LE S6

(3S)Ts'eba T'oghe 'beneath the spruce' Location unconfinned: near Ts'eba T'okh No' Map: Kantisbna River Al Sec.I2, T9S, RI2W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Ts'eba T'okh No' is known by several names. for the late run of chum and coho salmon. One is Bear Creek, not to be confused with Bear Spring-fed waters cause this stream to remain Creek in the Bearpaw drainage. The Fairbanks open all winter. This stream is within the office of the Alaska Depanment of Fish and historically significant area referred to by_Sheldon Game refers to it as Geiger Creek. It drains into (1930:282) as "the Cutoff' or the TOldat Springs. the Toklat River and is a major spawning stream

(36)T: Khuyb Ttbek 'winter caribou fence' Location unconfirmed; hunting site possibly up the East Fork of the Toldat River Map: Mt. McKinley Dl? T11-12S, RI3W, FM?, or Healy D6 Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: PG, MT, Nenana linguistic workshop

(37)T: Khuyb Tthek No' 'winter caribou fence creek' Creek near winter caribou fence place Map: Mt. McKinley Dl? Tll-12S, RI3W, FM?, or Healy D6 Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: Nenana linguistic workshop Khuyh Tthek and Khuyh Ttbek No' refer to communication; Schneider et al 1984:76). a creek and winter caribou fence site used by The caribou fence site may possibly be 12 Nenana-Toklat people. The Toklat Springs served miles upstream from Knight's at 12-Mile Camp. as a staging point for .families who hunted in the However, caribou fences were usually placed in a hills during the winter. Hunters would continue canyon or adjacent to a natural feature that up the Toklat River on a trail to 12-Mile camp helped funnel the animals into the fence. No

to hunt caribou or sheep. Some hunted at 'Dog such feature appears to exist 12 miles from Ass' canyon (Lee Tthedlet) wbich is believed to be Knight's. It is more likely the fence existed in a either up the East Fork of the Toklat River, the canyon farther up the East Fork of the Toklat Savage or Teklanika River (locally known as the River, or even in a canyon in the upper Teklanika Middle River). Sheep were hunted at the canyon River area. For a more detailed description of by driving them off a ledge. Hunters would the Toklat-Nenana band's seasonal cycle see periodically return to the Springs with food for Griffin 1990. the rest of the group (S. Luke 1989 personal 57

38 Cb'edzaye 'hean' Chitsia Mountain and Kantishna Hills; also known as Moosehean Mountain Map: Mt. McKinley 01 TllS, RI4W, FM Elev. peak 3862 ft Cultural affiliation at 1900: T, K Data from: Wickersham 1938 Judge Wickersham traveled up the Kantishna It is believed the name Ch'edzaye refers not River in 1903. As he pushed toward his goal of only to a specific mountain peak but all of the Mt. McKinley, he learned the names of Kantishna Hills. Frequet:ltly throughout geographic features from natives he met along the Wickersham's travels in late May he refers to the way. At the native camp of TUktawgana on May Chitsia range or hills: 23rd, he inquired about the hills to the east and After consultation with the Indian chief and his aged hunters we have determined wrote: to cache our boat at this place, up the In these hills, and rising above the small slough a mile or two, and go across the range which extends into the great valley Chitsia hills towards the base of Denali. and divides the Toclat [Toklat] watershed They advise that course and we accept from the Kantishna, is a small but their judgement [Wickersham 1938:256]. prominent mountain which the Indians See also Ch'edzaye No' under Bearpaw tell us they call Chitsia, or Hean River. Mountain, because its peak resembles the point of a moose hean [Wickersham 1938:239].

KANTISHNA RIVER Mouth to Birch Creek

39 T: Khenteeth No' K: Khentool No', Henteel No' UK: Hintus No', Hintes No'· 'river ? river' Map: Kantishna River and Mt. McKinley River Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, T. UK Data from: AJ:Tl. p2.2; 1'2. p24-5; TI, p2.5; TIl. p9; T12. pl,3; JJ, MK, CS The etymology is uncertain; oo:ee variation in mislocated on several of the early maps. Lt stem vowel is curious. Jette (1910) reports a folk Allen in 1885 wrote Dugan River on his map. but translation of "big river" for this name. and also then wrote about the Toclat River with Ivan suggests (1926) that teel is an "intensive form of (Evan) and his followers at a native camp two taal, broad. wide. expanded." However. Tanana miles downstream. In this instance, Toelat may form with final th makes this a false etymOlOgy refer to the Cosna River with Dugan being the (Kari 1989 personal communication). Kantishna (Allen 1887:85-86). LL Herron (1901) The Kantishna River was mislabeled and wrote "'foelat- for the Kantishna River on his 58

1899 map, but recognizing the possibility of error, Kantisbna River got its name. A summary of added in parenthesis "Con-tay-th-no', which is Eli's comments folloW'S. The Mississippi River close to the Tanana pronunciation of Khenteeth and Kantishna River received their names for No'. similar reasons, Eli believes. Mississippi means Abbie Joseph tells about how her father's bead of water, father of water. The Kantishna brother. Roosevelt John, got his English name; in got its name because all the lakes and creeks doing so she leaves no question as to the native from the hills and mountains drain to the river. name of the Kantishna River: From both sides every creek comes down to join We used to tease him because he tbe river. The river drainage has meant happy used to tease us all the time. That was days for the native people from a long time ago when the [town] called Roosevelt was established right down below us [from and from far away. From Tanana and Ruby our home at the mouth of Birch Creek] people would come overland and by boat to the on the Khentool No' (Joseph 1982-83:17, p6). Kantishna. In winter during hard times people Eli Charlie spoke at the 1989 Nenana would travel long distances to the Toklat River linguistic workshop (tape 4A of 4) about bow the (Springs) to get fish.

40 [Nachereah's Camp] Map: Kantishna River Cl. ?Sec.4, T4S, R13W, FM Elev. 350 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: Wickersham 1938 & Diary May,I903 Nachereah was the first of three native camps of the Toklat River on the south bank of the that Wickersham encountered in May. 1903 during Kantishna River. Personal names mentioned in his travels up the Kantishna River toward Mt. the text and diary are: Nachereah (moose hunter). McKinley. About 50 natives were cainped here Abram (Kudan), Simon (Rayede?), Olyman Cheah on their return to the lower Tanana River area (the wise). Abram may possibly be Abraham after having been on a late winter and early Alben who resided with his family at the mouth spring hunt in the hills (possibly up the Toldat of the Bearpaw River throughout the early River). Their spring camp had been at the mouth decades of this century.

41 Tontsukh No' 'yellow water creek' On Kantishna River 2 miles above TOklat River mouth Map: Kantishna BI ·!Sec.28. T5S. RI4W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: CP at Nenana linguistics workshop tape IB of 4 East Twin ~.~~ Lake "'". ~. O-.. ::" .~...

o Miles 5 I I i I o Km. 5

From USGS Kantishna River Map

Figure 14. Location map for lower Kantishna River place names #39-46. 60

42 Nogbuya Bene' 'frog lake' Location unconfirmed; former lake off Kantisbna River Map: Kantishna River Bl ?Sec.28, TSS, RI4W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: CP at Nenana linguistic workshop tape IB of 4 Tontsukh No' is on the right hand side going near here just after she was married to Frank upstream on the Kantishna River about two miles Justin in the early 19405. Nogbuya Bene' was above the mouth of the Toklat River. Celia across the Kantishna River from Tontsukb No'. Peterson's family had their home at Tontsukh No' Changing river channels caused the lake to drain. in the 1920-30s(?); Elsie Mahaynay also lived

43 Ts'at'ana No' 'grayling creek' On east side of Kantishna River abOve the mouth of the Toklat River Map: Kantishna River Bl Sec.8, T6S, RI4W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: T Data from: LE, Nenana linguistic workshop Ts'at'ana No' is also referred to as Oear Avery remains a very popular figure among the Creek. Slim Avery and his wife Julia (Mabel older native residents of Nenana and Minto Charlie's grandmother) lived at the mouth of this (Figure 19). creek on the south side in the 1930s or 405.

44 T'ukb T'ogbee 'that which is beneath nest' Site on west side of Kantishna River Map: Kantishna River B2 Sec.28, T6S, RISW. FM EIev. 600 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: MJ. LE, Nenana linguistic workshop Wickersham may have camped here May 22- husband Hank have a native aUotment and home 23, 1903. on the east side of the river at an at the site. Caroline's mother (Margaret John) Indian camp he describes as Tuktawgana. Ben and grandfather (Young John Evan) also resided Alben describes T'okb T'ogbee as being on the in the vicinity in earlier days as did trappers such first bluff on the west going up stream past the as Billy Hawk and George Allen. Toklat River mouth. Caroline Ketzler and her 61

&SI- ,aoO I."

EXPLORATIONS IN ALASKA. 1903 - The Kantishna River Route to MOUNT McKINLEY - 1IAP lNwtac ,1M Kaa".... Il'", Tral' ,...... II" 'M ...ICII ...... fan" ,. ,1M H•••• ala· e...... 'M_ _ II.... UcK ... .;, ... en. '1M ...... , • .... ,.. IIcKaall" r.... ••• ,.. Ita"..... IUww. aa ,1M ... _r.. Uti: ~ 'nil 1M et1..... _. _. ,. ,1M ~., ....I a.cn...... wtea &au. .. o...w 11. lItL

IS.· .aoO 14410 Figure 15. Wickersham's route to ML McKinley, 1903 (Wickersham 1938:3(8). 62

5 10 15 . From USGS Kantishna River Miles ~ iii i' i I & Ml Me Kinley maps Km. o 5 10 15

Figure 16. Wickersham's rcconstruaed 1903 route. 63

@

BEARPAW Mr.

(~ John

o Miles 5 I I I I Km. /' o 5 I ~ / ~I' / I I fl I ..:j.'~ '" / I / ;- I'

From USGS Mt.McKinley & Kantishna River Maps

Figure 17. Location map for middle Kantisbna River place names #4749. 64

45 [Tuktawgana J Native spring camp site Map: Kantishna River BI-2 ?Sec.27, T6S, RI5W, FM Elev. 400 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: Wickersham 1938 de Diary May, 1903 This is the seoond of three native camps that slough on the easL To the east and south was a Wickersham visited in May, 1903. It was on the clear lake-like slougb. The camp consisted of east side of the Kantishna River about 15 miles summer tents, bark houses, drying racks with meat above the Toklal River mouth, possibly in the and fish (inCorrectly identified as salmon), fishnet same area where caroline Ketzler currently has drying racks, hide scraping and tanning poles, and her native allotment (see T'ukb T'ogbee). an area where birchbark canoes were being Tuktawgana is the name Wickersham wrote for constructed (Wickersham 1938:238-241). this site; he was not a linguist, but the name may The route that Wickersham traveled and the have originally been T'ukb T'ogbee (beneath the locations of the native camps he encountered have nest). The site is described as the spring camp of been abstracted from notes in his diary and book a blind elder named Koonah. his two wives, and (Fignre 15). These were oombined with recent an undetermined number of additional people. geological information (Collins 1985: 12, 18) and The camp was situated on high, dry ground on knowledge of the area in order to reoonstruct his the lower end of an island formed by the route on current maps (Figure 16). Kantishna River on the west and a wide marshy

46 [AnOtoktilOD J PO" Native spring camp site Map: Kantishna River BI-2 ?Sec.S, T8S, RI5W, FM Elev. 500 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: UK.. K Data from: Wickersham 1938 de Diary May, 1903 This is the last of three Indian camps was at Lake Minchumina -Chief Shesoiew (the

Wickersham encountered aD his trip up the same Sesui who helped LL Herron at Telida in Kantishna River. Although his book descnbes the 1899) was among those at the camp, but camp as being at the mouth of Moose (Chitsia) apparently Wickersham did not make the Creek it is believed he was actually at an oonnection even though he was aware of Herron's unnamed creek that headed on the east side of trip. Also mentioned is old Ivan (Evan or John) Chitsia Mountain (Cb'edzaye). His maps and who Wickersham says hunted for many years at diary notations indicate he crossed Chitsia Creek the heads of streams approaching Denali. The a few days later higher in the bills. members of the camp are said to be mainly from 1 At Anotoktilon. which was on a big slough Tanana under the leadership of Chief Henry. on the south side of the Kantishna River, he met Activities at the camp are described as being a group of natives who said their summer home similar to those at Tuktawgana: boat building and 65

hide tanning. Shesoie and Ivan pointed out to mountain and traced other geographical features Wickersham the best course for reaching the great as well.

47 KhuteDa Diet 'hidden mountain' Bearpaw Mountain Map: Kantishna River A3 Sec.2, TIOS. RI8W. FM Elev. peak 2026 flo Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data From: AJ:Tl3. p3.15; TlO. p4,s; T5. p4; T2, pIS; BA at Nenana linguistic workshop Abbie Joseph tells about when her father was why the dolls went out after [searching for] (who was a shaman) was away on a trip to the my dad who was traveling on the Yukon at that mission at the Tozitna River in the mid to late time. There is a mountain called Khuteuaree on 1890s. Her mother had sustained a major injury the Khented No' [Kantishna] where they [doll's so the spirits contained within her father's spirit spirits] found him" (Joseph 1982-83:TI3, p3). dolls were requested to go and find him: "So that

48 Kantishna Lake John Hansen Lake Map: Kantishna River A3 Sec.19, TlOS, RI8W, FM Elev. 600 ft. Data from: BA at Nenana linguistic workshop John hansen Lake was known as Kantishna farm at the lake until his death about 1920. His Lake earlier this century. At times it was referred brothers, Einer and Emil. were known in the late to as Fish Lake. John Hansen came to the 1940; and early 50s for their talent as river pilots United States and then to Alaska in about 1909 on the tonuous Muddy River. They worked on from Denmark. He was the oldest of three the barges that brought supplies to the Civil brothers, all of whom trapped in the area. It is Aeronautics Agency station at Lake Minchumina likely the men prospected as well John had a fur (Gudgel-Holmes 1979:110).

49 Neeldmdagheeleabdenh 'wbere streams join' Confluence of McKinley River, Muddy River. and Birch Creek Map: McKinley D4 Sec.ll.12,19, T12S, R21 W, FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA, CP at Nenana linguistic workshop Earlier this century the mouths of these three the Kantishna River wbere the three streams streams may have been closer together where they enter is known as Neeldzadagheelenhdenh. joined the Kantishna River. The general area of 66

BEARPAW RIVER and TRIBUTARIES Bearpaw River and Moose Creek drairuzges

so T1'ukh No' 'sedge creek' Side channel of Bearpaw River near the mouth on the west Map: Kantisbna River A2 Sec.4, TIOS, RI6W, PM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA Ben Alben's family had a cabin about two would set his fish nets. It is also called Hot miles up the Bearpaw River for several decades Slough. There may also be a lake associated with beginning in the 1910s. Ben reports there were this place name - Tl'akb Belle'. a lot of fish in T1'ukh No' and that is where he

51 Alexander Creek Map: Kantishna River A2 Sec.1S,I6, TlOS, RI6W, PM Cultural aif'lliation at 1900: K Data from: PO, BA Alexander Creek is the local name of the first creek going up the Bearpaw River on the easL

52 Sandless Lake Map: ML McKinley 02 Sec.1S, TUS, RI6W, FM Elev. SSO fL? Data from: FC Sandless Lake received its name in 1956 from around the lake were composed of silt (F. Collins Florence Collins and Florence Weber, geologists, personal communication, 1989). who noted during their field work the banks

53 Ses Chaget 'black bear river mouth' Bear Creek mouth Map: ML McKinley 02 Sec.U. TUS, RI7W. FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: EC

54 Ses No' 'black bear stream' Bear Creek Map: MLMcKinley 02-3. TllS, RI7W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: This stream is a tributary of the Bearpaw River. Percy DU)'dt has a native allotment at its mouth.. 67r------____ ~~ ______

Figure 18. Slim Carlson (1886-1975) in 1972 with MUlL

Slim Avery and George Hilleary. Kantishna trappers. Stephen Foster Collection. Alaska and Polar Regions Depanment. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. ~~ ~ ®

o Miles 2 I I I I o Km 2 @ ! . ~ .'" -""'~ ...... f. ~. I . _ .••• (' ~. cfJ .' .- &!1 A/ilia Lakes .~ . f)~ . From USGS Kantishna River A2 Map

g; Figure 20. Location map for lower Bearpaw River place names #50, 51, 57. 69

55 Oner Creek Map: MLMcKinley D2 Sec.35, TllS, Rl7W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA

Ben Alben's family would make their spring and beaver. In the fall, they camped again at the camp on Oner Creek. They hunted muskrats creek and fished for salmon.

56 Sawmill Creek Map: MLMcKinley D2 Sec.4, TIZS, Rl7W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA Sawmill Creek is the local name for an rush in 1905. At least one sawmill. the Manley­ unnamed tribUtary of the Bearpaw just Kellogg, was in operation in the winter of 1905 downstream from the old gold mining town of (Gudgel-Holmes 1979:96). It is possible the logs Diamond. The name suggests it may have been for the sawmill came from Sawmill Creek. associated with the mining activity of the gold

57 TK: Ch'edzaye No' U: Cb'idraya No' 'hean river' Moose Creek and lower Bearpaw River Map: MLMcKinley and Kantishna River Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tl, p3; T1l. p5; MK, CS

(58)Cb'edzaye Cbak'et 'hean mouth' Bearpaw River mouth. possibly mouth of Moose Creek Map: Kantishna River A2 Sec.33, T9S, Rl7W, FM Cultural aff'lliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T8. p9; Wickersham 1938 Abbie Joseph clarifies in the following story [My grandfather's wife) was from the Minto area. . . . But she didn't like it that Ch'edzaye No' and Kbutenal'ee No' are the around there, so she came all the way same stream, although it is not entirely clear if back to Birch Creek with us, and lived with us at the mouth of Kbutenal'eedeoh. Ch'ed.zaye Cbak'et is at the mouth of the Bearpaw That is where they used to live and the River or Moose Creek. Kbuteual'eedeuh is place is also called Ch'edzaye Cbak'et. From way up at the canyon it goes like believed to be the site of Neech'ooIakbdeoh which this around a bend like this and that is is marked "FISh Camp" on Moose Creek on many where Kbuteaal'eedeah is aL There was also [a place called) Neech'oolakbdeah. early maps; in that case, Cb'edzaye Cbak'et may Oh, that was a dangerous place because be the mouth of Moose Creek. the big game-old living things (brown bears] used to go there for the dead fish ~ , ~~~~& ®

~\S~~~ #'~ Kantlahna (Eureka) /

o Miles 5 From USGS Mt.McKinley & Kanlishna River Maps I I I I o Km. 5 Wonder L. @ ~ Figure 21. Location map for Bearpaw River place names #52-64. 71

that were up there (Joseph 1982-83:1'8, p9). McKinley Park, mentioned that Chitsia Creek was There are discrepancies in the literature called Moose Creele. On modem maps Chitsia is concerning Moose and Chitsia creelcs. At least a very smaIl creek downstream from the Bearpaw one early map of Alaska (Kroll 1914) showed River that does not appear to even enter tbe Moose Creek extending all the way to the Kantishna River. After examining Wickersham's Kantishna River. Wickersham was advised by 1903 diary and sketch maps, it is believed during natives to ascend Chitsia Creek, also called Moose his ascent, he never reached the Bearpaw River or Creek, in order to reach Denali. He described even the Chitsia Creek that is marked on teday's Chitsia as a tributary of the Kantishna River maps. Rather, he left the Kantishna River near (Wickersham 1938:255). Even Grant Pearson Folger's Slough, went overland towards Chitsia (1953: 12), former superintendent of Mt Mountain, and crossed Chitsia Creek when he reached the foothills.

59 Khutenal'ee No' 'hidden creek' Moose Creek and lower ponion? of Bearpaw River Map: Kantishna River and Mt. McKinley Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI3, p16; TI2, pI; 1'3, pI; 1'3, p4 Abbie Joseph specifies again that Moose Here is Khutenal'eedenh where we used to camp. We went there to fish Creek and the Bearpaw River (perhaps only the when there was a lot of [summer] chum lower segment) have the same name. In the and fall chum. Here is Ch'edzaye, the one we call Ch'edzaye. It [Kantishna foUowing passages Abbie describes the map she Hills?] extends this way, down this way. drew of the area and some of the important This is the place they used to call Bearpaw (Joseph 1982-83:TlO, p4-5). activities that took place along the waters. [It was the last nomadic hunt my father Going up Birch Creek ... across this went on before he died in 1913.] So we way is T'egbeI Tal Dohudeekanhkhu camped at the canyon. There's a trail (where the flat cottonwood slid down). going out that way-way across there on The trail goes across this way under the the other side of that area is a river foot of hills. . . . It extends toward called Kbutenal'ee No'. It's also called Khutenal'ee No' (Joseph 1982-83:TI2, the Ch'edzaye No' (Joseph 1982-83:Tl, p3). p2-3).

60 Khutenal'eedenh 'hidden place' Location unconfirmed; probably on Moose Creek Map: MtMcKinley 02 Sec.2, Tl3S. RI8W, FM Elev. 630 ft? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI3, p24; TlO, p5; 1'8, p9; 1'2, pll,25; T4, p3; T5, p14 72

.~ \

,

:-1':~'..' : I

\ \ \ \

, , '. Figure 22. "Fish Camp· on Moose Creek. From Capps. USGS B-687 (1919). 73

61 Cb'enok'et 'mineral lick' Location unconfirmed; near Khutenal'eedenh Map: MtMcKinley 02 ?Sec.2, T13S, R18W, FM Elev. 630 ft? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: AJ:T4, p3 Khutenal'eedenh and Ch'enok'et are Khutenal'eedenh. That was where we used to camp for fishing every year. associated with KhutenaJ'ee No'. They are located in an area where a late run of salmon spawn. There were a lot of fish around there, Khutenal'eedenh. So they would go there The area was apparently significant to Abbie and make dry fish [in the summer]. Then Joseph's family because a potlatch was held there they would also put away frozen fish after freeze up .... It is called Ch'enok'et. So for her grandparents sometime during the first that was a really good area--provided us decade of the Twentieth century. Abbie's a good living (Joseph 1982-83:T4, p3-4). comments of other events, which took place about [Some of the places that we used to 1913 or earlier, help place these names on Moose go around Birch Creek. ...] well. way down [from] there is the first place my Creek: dad and them had a memorial potlatcb. rA forest fire burned the underbrush Up tbe road [trail or river?] from there is making travel easy, smooth like on a sand a place called Khutenal'eedenh. That was bar.] We would just travel back and where they used to go for fish (Joseph fonh around there for [fun] on this wide 1982-83:1'2, p24). road that was like a mail trail. There was an area around there that the After my mother was able to walk whitepeople used to call Diamond.. The around with a cane [after breaking her place called Diamond was a little ways back ] . . . my dad and them staned to back from there [inland]. So you'd go have a memorial potlatch for their over the ponage [trail] from there and parents, for their dad and them, at there was the place called Khutenal'eedenh ... (Joseph 1982- 83:TI3, p24).

62 Neech'oolakbdenh 'terminus of fish run' A place on Moose Creek Map: MtMcKinley 02 Sec.2. T13S. RI8W, FM Elev.630 it Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T8, p9

63 Gal NeeJekh No' 'creek which king salmon swim to' Location unconfirmed; on Bearpaw River perhaps at Caribou Creek Map: Mt.McKinley C2 ?Sec.I2. T14S. R18W, FM Elev. 1000 ft? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA The site of Neech'oolakhdenh is believed to be tbe same as "Fish Camp" marked on early 74

maps (Figure 22). Denali Park cabin inventory River receives king, coho, summer and faIl chum rea:>rd #86 noted in 1981 the presence of fish runs while Moose Creet currently hosts king, drying racks at this spot, along with other coho, and fall chum.. It is possible that a summer buildings. An archeological investigation of this chum run existed in earlier times. King salmon site should reveal an early historic or even proto­ have been seen in the Bearpaw River near the historic component. and an historic component mouth of Caribou, Rock, and Beauty creeks in from the gold rush era of 1905. This name is late July and early AugusL In mid-October large associated with several others in the same vicinity: numbers of chums are found on the Bearpaw Khntenal'eedenh, Ch'enok'el, and possibly Gal between the old towns sites of Diamond and Neelekh No'. Glacier, and on Moose Creek from five to twenty Ben Albert, a former resident of Bearpaw miles above Diamond (Banon 1989, 1990 village, reports that Khntenal'eedeah is eight personal communication). The latter information miles above Diamond and that it is called FISh fits well with the description of Camp. He describes the salmon spawning area as Neecb'oolakhdeah, 'terminus of fISh run', on being on both sides of the stream above which Moose Creek. The former information may three creeks enter the main stream.. Modem provide a due to the location of Gal Neelekh maps show three streams entering Moose Creet No'. in the southeast quadrant of Sec.2, TI3S, R18W The area of Neecb'ooIakbdenh on Moose which is just upstream from the proposed site of Creek should be considered highly significant, Neech'oolakhdenh. archeologically, because of its long history and Moose Creek and the Bearpaw River are clear imponant salmon resources. Site locations for water streams; this is in contrast to the Toldat many of the above place names may be confirmed River which is glacier fed. The Alaska when additional information on the distn"bution Department of Fish and Game surveyed the and migration habits of Bearpaw salmon bea>mes

Bearpaw drainage throughout the l~ for available. numbers and enent of salmon. The Bearpaw

64 Ch'edzaye Bene' 'hean [river] lake' Wonder Lake? Map: Mt.McKinley B2 Sec.32, TI6S, RI7W, FM Elev. 2000 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TlO, p4,5 Wonder Lake drains to Moose Creek. It is 1903. He also named a series of lakes south of the most probable location for Cb'edzaye Bene' the Bearpaw River mouth Alma Lakes. because Moose Creek and at least pan of the Cb'edzaye Bene' should not be confused with Bearpaw River were called Ch'edzaye No'. another lake by the same name 'hean lake', Wickersham (1938:273) named this Lake Alma in K'edzaye Bene', that drains to the Zitziana River. 75

McKINLEY RIVER and BIRCH CREEK Mouth to foothills

65 K: Kbented No' 11'0 T: Khenteeth No' TI'0 U: Hintus No' Dikats' 'upper Khenteeth' McKinley River Map: ML McKinley Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: AJ, MK, CS, The Kantishna and McKinley rivers are old man who had outlived three wives. His only classified as one stream. The McKinley River was children, two sons, had just died of the measles in a dominant feature in the territory of the Birch Nenana. He rode the train to McKinley station Creek-Bearpaw people from as far back as Abbie where rangers sealed his gun. Then he walked Joseph's grandfather's time (in the 1880s?). It alone through the Park to the McKinley River remained the focus of seasonal activities for the and down the trail to his Birch Creek home last permanent residents of that band until the (Mahaynay 1988:176; Duyck 1988:55). 19405. Today, descendants of those residents still The McKinley River traiI was the route used consider the river to be within their trapping in winter and summer to reach the canoou and territory (Bishop 1978:14-15; A Starr 1983 sheep hunting grounds in the mountains. There personal communication; Joseph 1982-83:T14, may have been two trails along the lower pan of pI7). the river, one for summer, and one for winter Roosevelt John was Abbie Joseph's father's travel in areas too wet for summer use (P. Starr brother. His main. residence during the last 1988:151). At a certain elevation, there is several decades of his life was at the mouth of reponed to be dry ground east of the river in old Birch Creek. One of his traplmes and its three river channels tbat provides easy walking. cabins were along the east side of the McKinley Wickersham (1903:June 27) returned via this River. Each cabin was about 10 to 15 miles route after his unsuccessful climb of ML apan; the first was 15 miles from Birch Creek; McKinley in 1903. His diary contains a map with the middle one may have been located at 900 feet remarks about the old river channels. Two days elevation; the last was near Eagle Gorge (A Starr after leaving the channels Wickersham came upon 1983 personal communication; P. Starr 1988:151). a native trail near the mouth of the McKinley The last time Roosevelt John traveled the River. He followed this well-marked trail for a McKinley River trail was in August or September day. He believed it was a winter trail. While of 1942, a few years before his death. He was an Wickersham was still near the headwaters of the 76

McKinley River around Wonder Lake he noted describing in her stories. Eliza is trying to the existence of a native camp with a meat drying understand the location of cenain names. rack amid caribou antlers (Wickersham 1938:275). Through this interchange it is made clear that the These observations on native use of the river fit McKinley River has the same name as the well with the oral traditions included throughout Kantishna River. Previously to this discussion it this section. was thought the Kbentool No' referred only to Abbie Joseph talks about the mouth of the the Kantisbna River as it is delineated on modem Kantishna River in several stories. At times it maps. does not appear that she means the river mouth Eliza asks, "Where is Toyan' Kok'e from Khentool No'? as it enters the Tanana River because the distance from the Tanana to her original point of Abbie replies, "It is around there. Canyon [Eagle Gorge] is also around Khentool No'. reference in her stories would be too greaL It is therefore concluded that occasionally Abbie refers "Is Noo Gbuyat'an' on the Khentool No'?" to the mouth of the McKinley River as the mouth "Yes: says Abbie, "you can see Noo of Khentool No' as she does in the following Gbuyat'an from there." story which occurred between 1910 and 1913. Still trying to locate the place Eliza asks, "Is When [John Evan] first Slaned staying it a hill, a big hill?- with [married] me, up that way, towards Toyan' Kok'e [on the McKinley River] we "There is no hill. It is nothing but timber or [would] go .... So down there at the spruce. From there we can travel down to Birch mouth of the Khentool No' they took us Creek [mouth] in one day" (Joseph 1982-83:1'7, across in a little boat there, and then we pl,2). went out from there [walking]. We Slaned following the beach back from there, then back to that place at Noo Ghuyat'an'denh (Joseph 1982-83:T1, p22). The follOwing discussion is between Abbie Joseph and Eliza Jones about places Abbie was

(66)K: Deenalee T: Deenadhee U: Denaze 4the high. tall one' Mt. McKinley Map: ML McKinley A2 T21S. R18W, FM Elev: peak 20,320 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: mixed Data from: AJ. MK. CS. Jette 1926, and others There are numerous legends about DeenaJee language. He collected place names and other among diverse Athabaskan groups. Fr. julius information from all who passed his way. In Jette was a noted authority on the Koyukon 1926, he answered Park superintendent Ralph 77

Carlson A Luk e f!:;)1

Roosevelt John·s 2nd • McKinley River cabin ?

o Miles 5 I I j I o Km. 5

From USGS Mt.McKinley Map

Figure 23. Location map for ~fc~nley River and Birch Creek place names #65-92. 78

Mackie's request for information on native place is said to be one of Deenalee's children (Jette names. Mackie's interest lie in preserving the 1926:8). original nomenclature for geographical fe~llures in The name for ML McKinley in other the Park. Jette reponed the legend connected Athabaskan languages is: Denadbe (Holikachuk). with Dinale (DeenaJee) concerned a giant called Deugadh, Dengadhiy (lngalik) (Kari and Fall the "tall thing" (not a person). The root of the 1987:149). word "nal", reponed Jette, meant long or tall (cenain Athabaskans today insist that Deenalee means long, not tall, as is so commonly written). ML Foraker was called Dinale mo-'ot (DeenaJee's wife) or Soitan, the woman. The other mountains in the range are said to be the other wives of the gianL Mission Hill at Tanana village

(67)Ch'e'ot, Deenalee Be'ot 'the wife' Mt Foraker Map: Talkeetna D3 1'22S. R20W, FM Elev. peak 17,395 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: mixed Data from: AJ:T13, plO

(68)Henteetb (No') Loa' 'Henteeth [Kantishna] River Glacier' Muldrow Glacier Map: Mt. McKinley A2 T19S, RlS-16W, FM Elev. 3400-6000 ft. Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: JK

(69)Kbudeetsed1a Toyana' 'narrow straight stretch' Peters Glacier Gorge, formerly Hanna Glacier Map: Mt. McKinley A2 T19-2OS. R18W, FM Elev. 3400-5000 ft Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: JJ 1926 Glaciers are mentioned indirectly by Abbie comes out [from the mountains). At the head of the river. the glacier is like this Joseph. They were clearly a formidable obstacle, [gestures1. Around there, where the yet she and her family hunted near them each caribou would be found. we would go annually. Then we would go back over summer. to Toyan' Kok'e [McKinley River); we Way up we would move over another would stay there (Joseph 1982-83:T4, pI). hill looking for caribou where the river 79

Abbie was asked where she went to get sheep. where we used to make camp [stay]. We would stay there all summer. Up this Her reply seems to indicate a place well within way into the hill that goes like this, we Denali Park near glaciers, but the exaa location would go. There is ice on this hill . . . On both sides of this hill, it isn't safe to is unclear. Todadtonb Beae' may refer to a lake go over this hill around here because of (at a lower elevation) that was somewhere along the ice. There is nothing but ice around here and it is kind of like the ice that the route to the sheep hunting area. Kantishna piles up on the river wben tbe ice goes old-timer Slim Carlson referred to an area in OUL People can't go over the [mountain or hill] down below the glacier because front of the Muldrow and Peters glaciers of the ice that forms [from the glacial (extending nonh about ten miles) as the "sheep water] It is real dangerous to travel around there; no good around there. The hills". This area is east of where Todadtooh only people wbo can travel around there Bene' is suspected of being by about 30 miles (F. are those who really know about that son of things, about that kind of ice, because Collins, personal communication 1990). it looks like there is ground around there, Here is Todatltonb Bene' [Live Trap but underneatb . . . in between this ice Lake?]. . . . Up above the canyon are holes that are oonceaIed by the moss [perhaps small canyon on Foraker River] and ch'adayoo' [reindeer lichen] that are . . . right here is here the overland trail on top. The ice spreads across as wide as goes. . .. Back here under the hill is this river (Joseph 1982-83:TI0, p7).

70 T'egIlei Tat T'ogutdenh 'top of cottonwood flat hill' T'eghel Tat Dohudeekanbkbu 'where the cottonwood flat slid down' Location unoonfirmed; near trail across nonhern foothills Map: ML McKinley B4 T17S, R21-22W; C3 TI5S, RI9W, & T16S, R20-21W; C2, FM Elev. 1()()()"2000 fL? Cultural affiliation at 1900: 1(, UK Data from: AJ:T12, p3; T13. p18. The location of tbese names is unconfirmed. Some early maps of the area, such as Kroll 1930 It is suspected they refer to an area where a trail Standard Map of the Territory of Alaska, show a extends along the nonhern foothills, above or trail across the foothills extending from the near timberline around 2,000 feeL It is also TOklat River to Moose Creek, and then westward possible the trail extends east of Moose Creek to Telida following the natural features of the and may have been the same trail used by the hills in a semicircular pattern (Figure 24). The miners in 1905. Ben Alben reports that the early shape of the trail on the map helps place its miners used a native trail along the foothills to location in the foothills rather than in the reach Moose Creek. One of Abbie Joseph's lowlands. It is logical to assume, therefore, the descriptions clearly places the trail west of Moose place names (above) that are associated with it Creek; the first one, however, is ambiguous and are also in the vicinity. Abbie describes the area could indicate a trail in either direction. or both. in the follOwing two accounts: Figure 24. Kroll map of Alaska 1930? showing trail along foothills. 81

Going up the Birch Creek. the It was six years after [my mother] got canyon is right about here. . . . Right hun that we came back over the here is Noo Gbuyat'ao'denh [on the mountain [from the Telida area). We McKinley River]. I wonder if myoid came back as far as Noo Gbuyat'an'denh. grandpa's cache is still up there? . . . We stayed all summer at a place called Right around here is KhutenaJ'ee No' Teg.bee1enhdenb. Only my dad would go [Moose Creek]. Going across this way is funher up in the hills to a place called T'egbel Tal Dohudeekanhkhu. The trail T'egbel Tal T'ogutdenh. . . . We would goes across this way under the foot of the stay down at the foot of this mountain hills [parallels the hills}. The trail goes where there was a stand of spruce trees across paralleling [?] the T'egbel Tal and a little river. Tleedeelenh (Joseph T'ogut like this. It extends toward 1982-83:T13. pI9). KbutenaJ'ee No'. Then there is another Local residents who travel in the upper little river around here, I forgot the name. . .. Here where the Kbentool No' McKinley River region note the existence of an [Kantishna] connects to the other creeks old cairn four and a half miles west of Brooker it is like this [makes a scratching gesture]. And here is the head of the Tood'ot Mountain (Sec.34. Tl6S, RI9W). The cairn [Toklat]. You can see way back to the appears to serve as a guide. keeping westward­ end (Joseph 1982-83:Tl3, p3, 3A). bound travelers from crossing a small. but densely thicketed stream (F. Collins personal communication, 1990).

71 Lonely Lake Map: Mt. McKinley C3 Sec.16, Tl6S, R20W, PM Elev. 1350 fL? Data from: FC Lonely Lake is the name given by the Collins Slim was born in Sweden in 1886. He spent the family of Lake Minchumina. The ashes of better pan of six decades as a trapper and Kantishna old-timer Slim Carlson were placed at prospector in the Kantishna drainage. the lake in 1975 by Dick and florence Collins.

72 Grayling Creek Map: ML McKinley C3 Sec.21, Tl6S. R20W, PM Data from: FC Grayling Creek is the local name of this and nearby cabin were used by old-time Kantishna Slippery Creek tribUtary. The Collins family of trapper Slim Carlson beginning about in the 1920s Lake Minchumina named this creek. The area (F. Collins personal communication. 1989).

73 Toyan' Kok'e 'on the straight stretch' On McKinley River, old river channels Map: Mt. McKinley C4 ?T14S, R21W. PM Elev. 750-850 fL Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tl2, p3; Tl4. p17; 17, pI; TH. p6; T4, p2; TI, p6.25; Tl, p22.25 82

74 Noo Ghuyat'an'denb 'place where it is visible through the island' Place on McKinley River along trail in dry river channels; near Toyan' Kok'e Map: Mt McKinley D4 ?Sec.20, Tl3S, R21W. FM or 2 miles upstream Elev. 700 ft Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tl4, pI7; Tl3, pl9; Tll, p3; TI, p2,3,25; T6, p7; Tll, p8-9; TlO, p4; JJ 1926:9

75 Tegheelenhdenh 'where current flows to the side (slough)' Location unconfirmed; along Slippery Creek or the McKinley River. Map: Mt. McKinley C4 ?Sec.3l, Tl4S R21W, or TlSS, R21W, FM Elev. 800 ft? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tl3, p19: T6, p8

76 T1eedeelenh 'Where current flows downward (to main stream)' Location unconfirmed; possibly along a tributary of Slippery Creek or McKinley River Map: Mt. McKinley C4 ?T14-1SS, R21W, FM Elev. 800-900 fL? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tl3, p19. The McKinley River figured prominently in of Lake Minchumina to a stream that connects the seasonal cycle of Birch Creek-Bearpaw band Slippery Creek with the McKinley River (Figure earlier this century. It was a major route to the 25). Twelve Mile Slough could be mountains where the critical sheep and caribou Tegheelenbdenb or Tleedeelenb. According to the hunting grounds lay. Toyan' Kok'e and Noo Collins family (personal communication 1990). the Ghuyat'an'denh. along the MCKinley River, are upper ponion of Twelve Mile Slough is dry. two places mentioned most frequently in Abbie Downstream of section 32 (Tl4S, R21 W) there is Joseph's stories. This is a clue to the significance water in the creek from a tribUtary stream. These of the river in her seasonal round of activities (or details fit well with Abbie's description. a cenain period of time. perhaps 1900 to 1920. There is an old cache along the slough that is Her stories indicate that her grandfather also used thought to have belonged to Slim Carlson (Sec.29. the area. The following excerpts help locate the Tl4S, R21W). However, the cache may be the names and reveal the attraction the area held (or same one mentioned frequently in Abbie's stories. her. TegheeJenhdenb and T1eedeeJenb are briefly Slim Carlson may have used the native cache after mentioned in conjunction \\ith Toyan' Kok'e and it was abandoned, or the site may have been used Noo Ghuyat'an'denh. All (our names are repeatedly because of its good location (F. included together here because o( their apparent Collins, personal communication 1990). Jette association. recorded the name Nuroyat'an (Noo Gbuyat'an'] McKinley Slough or Tv,:elve Mile Slough are in 1922 from native informants. local names given by Miki. Julie. and Ray Collins [Noo Gbuyat'an'denh) is over on the other side on the river at Toyan' Kok'e. 83

There is an island with water running on time ago (Joseph 1982-83:T14, pI7). both sides of it That is the one that is called Noo Gbuyat'an'denh. . . . At the Meanwhile [while the elderly parents Toyan' Kok'e there is a place where there stayed at Birch Creek in the underground is a big bend in the river and the island house] they would go up into the has son of an inlet in it. And at that mountains. They would go up Toyan' place the island is real narrow and you Kok'e. We went all the way back to can see from one side of the island to the where there is a canyon [Eagle Gorge] other. That is why it got its name. The (Joseph 1982-83:1'2, p2S). place where there is son of an inlet in the island is where the bank is washing You can see Noo Ghuyat'an' from away. Right below that island is where [Toyan' Kok'e] .... There is no hill. It is we used to camp all the time. There is a just nothing but timber or spruce. And cache way up in the middle of a spruce from there [Noo Ghuyat'an'] we travel tree at that camp (Joseph 1982-83:T7, down to Birch Creek in one day .... It is pI). a place where the current or river runs on both sides, except there is current only There's a stream that runs out ... all on one side of this stream and the other the way down [from] Deenalee. It came side is dry (Joseph 1982-83:T7, p2). out right below [our place at the mouth From that camp [Noo Ghuyat'an'] it used of Birch Creek]. There's a long stretch to take us one day to move up to a place where the water is wide, Toyan' Kok'e, called TegheeJenbdenh where there was a like some put their hand down on top of cache. . . . When we were moving while it [flattened it?]. We used to travel my mom was sick it took us two days to around there also (Joseph 1982-83:1'2, move up there from Noo Ghuyat'an'denh p6). where the river rechanneled. We walked among rocks where there was little or no [Toyan' Kok'e] is up on the Khentool water. Then from there No' [MCKinley River], up this way. Right [Tegbeelenhdenh) to [the] canyon, under around about here, around here where the canyon. it took one more day (Joseph river made itself a new trail 1982-83:T6, p7). [rechanneled] .... Right here is Noo Ghuyat'an'denh. I wonder if myoid It was six years after [my mother] got grandpa's cache is still up there (Joseph hurt [that] we came back over the 1982-83:TI2, p3). mountain [from Telida]. We came back as far as Noo Ghuyat'an'denb. We stayed Noo Ghuyat'an'. This is the place we all summer at a place called go overland with packs. We pack on the Tegheelenbdenh. Only my dad would go road [trail or dry river channels). Only funher up in the hills to a place called around here is water. Around here is no "regbel Tal T'optdenh. . . . We would water (Joseph 1982-83:T10, p4). stay down at the foot of this mountain where there was a stand of spruce trees 'It is dangerous to cross [the river] and a little river, T1eedeelenb. We were there with a boat: he [or she] said. That here and the water ran all around us is the reason why they tnade packs and [island]. Then there was another stream walked back that way, all the way to Noo that came down and that was our river. Ghuyat'an'denh, where the tundra comes That was where we got our [drinking) out to there and there is a stretch of the water from. Right around here it was dry river Toyan' Kok'e. My late grandpa. my where the river bed used to be (Joseph dad's dad, had built a cache there a long 1982-83:T13, pI8). 84

o Mi les 2 ( I i J I o Km. 2

Figure!S. Twelve Mile Slough connecting Slippery Creek and McKinley River. 85

77 Comer Lake Map: Mt McKinley C4 Sec.22. Tl4S. R22W, FM Elev. 768 ft Data from: FC Comer Lake was named in 1956 by Florence The name was applied because the lake appears Collins and Florence Weber, geologists. who were to have squared-off comers (F. Collins personal conducting field work in the area on sand dunes. communication, 1989).

78 Gaga Too' TS'adanee'odenb 'place of object that enends out from beaver [or creature] water' Hadotleeneetonhdenh 'place where the trail crosses the river' Location unconfirmed; probably on McKinley River near Noo Ghuyat'an' Map: Mt McKinley D4 ?Sec.17,20,29.,31. or 32, Tl3S. R21W, FM Elev.700 ft? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T7, pI Gaga Too' TS'adanee'odenh and Noo Ghuyat'an'denh is a place where the river runs on both sides of the island., Hadotleeneetonhdenh are closely associated with except the other side is dry. . . . this is the other place.names on the McKinley River and where the winter overland trail begins. Little ways down river from there is the trail that leads up into the hills. The Collins where we cross in the summenime, where family of Lake Minchumina notes that one the river forks, little ways above where the current runs into each other. This is feasible place to cross the McKinley River today where we cross, up this way and across is at section 18 (Tl5S, R20W), just upstream of this creek there is little water, we cross there. [That is] called Gaga Too' the head of Twelve Mile SlOUgh (F. Collins, Ts'adanee'odenh. It is also called personal communication 1990). However, this Hadotleeneetonhdenh. There is a sandbar there. We usually traveled out on the appears too far upstream on the river to fit edge of the sandbar. The current runs Abbie's description of Hadotleeneetonhdenh. around here and we come into the creek here and go over the portage [trail] this Abbie mentions the names only once. The way. Up this way up to the spit, right to approximate locations are drawn from her the point of the spit at Gaga Too' TS'adanee'ocIenh, that is also where we follOwing description: come out to the river, down river from there on the edge of the [long stretch of the river] .... [We traveled around there at the long stretch.] That is where the trail lies (Joseph 1982-83:T7, pI). 86

79 K; K'eeyh Le'oab No' U: K'esh Zi'og No' 'creek of birch in a clump' Birch Creek Map: ML McKinley B4. D4 Cultural afilliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: AJ:T10. pS; 'li. p10-11; T4, pl2; T2. pIS; TI2, p2; 1'2, p9; MK, CS

80 K'eeyb TI'ot No' 'birch headwaters creek' Location unconfirmed; creek at head of Birch Creek Map: ML McKinley B4 T17S, R22W, or T1SS, R21 W, PM Elev. 2400-2600 fL? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: AJ:TI, p9

81 K'eeyh TI'o Beab 'birch headwaters lake' Location unconfirmed; lake near headwaters of Birch Creek Map: ML McKinley B4 ?T17S, R21 W, or TI8S, R21 W, FM Elev. 1250-2000 fL? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T7, pll.

82 Noo Cbukb Vee Nododelenb No' 'creek where current flows back into island or peninsula' Location unconfirmed; probably Hot Slough or area west of lower Birch Creek Map: ML McKinley D4 T13S. R22-23S, or TI2S, R22W, FM Bev. 700 fL? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:'li, pll.

83 Noldlaghee Neelakhdenh 'where fall silver salmon swim to' Location unconfirmed; on tributary of Birch Creek, probably Hot Slough area; possibly Slippery Creek Map: Mt. McKinley D4 ?TBS, R22-23W, FM or C4 Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T7. pH; T2, pIS; TIl, p6. Abbie Joseph rarely- used K'eeyb Le'onh No' Neelakhdenh narrow tbe location to the Birch when referring to Birch Creek; rather, she said, in Creek drainage. There are probably many sites English, Birch Creek. Her family's home was at where spring-fed waters in the Kantishna drainage the mouth of Birch Creek, so the creek and other suppan a fall run of salmon. Unfonunately few places associated with it were imponant to her. of them have been identified The ColliDs family Several names are incorporated in this Birch of Lake Minchumina reportS that old-timer Slim Creek section because they are obviously located Carlson knew about a fall salmon run in Hot in the vicinity according to Abbie's descriptiOns. Slough. Evidently natives came to the area for Some of the names can not be located precisely, salmon during the first few decades of the however. century. There is also reponed to be a salmon Abbie's descriptions of Noldiaghee spawning area just west of the McKinley River 87

(Paul Starr 1989 personal communication). Below Around here is Birch Creek. ... And then there is another little river up this are excerpts from Abbie's stories which describe way [up Birch Creek) and that is the the relationship between the names and allude to place that is called Noo Cbukb Vee Nododelenb No'. Coming from [to?] their imponance in her life: Minchumina is K'ota! No'; so it goes From here [place on Muddy River] together like this [rivers come close it is a little ways to Birch Creek. . . . together?]. . . . Birch Creek runs up like There is a hill right here, kind of a big this around a bend and another bend like hill. The river flows around it There is this. Jben way up ..._ is where the trail current going around this place called comes out to the river. Then over that K'eeyh Le'onb No'. Right here is Mud way - land, land ... then up this way is River. So this K'eeyh Le'onb No' and a place called K'eeyh TI'o Denb. Then Mud River flow into each other-right at there is a creek coming down this way up the point of this hill (Joseph 1982-83:17, here and it used to be called Noidiaghee pl0). Neelakbdenb. There are a lot of lakes around here and the river runs through Abbie Joseph describes the route that her them. K'eeyb Le'onh No' flows this way relative, Sesui, took when he came to visit her and they [Birch Creek and NoidJaghee Neelakbdenb?] flow into each other right family at the mouth of Birch Creek in the early here. Khentooi No' runs right around 1900s: here and it runs down river this way (Josepb 1982-83:17, pH). He would stan off from way down near Telida. He would come up this way We went up to Mentadlee, behind from under the mountain up to the head there to the long stretch. We stayed and of Birch Creek, where there are creeks hunted canbou at Toyan' Kok'e. We curving right behind one another. caught some caribou and dried the meat Around there he would cross them. Then There a cache at Noidiaghee finally he would make his way into the was Neelakbdenb at the end [bluff or slope] K'eeyh TI'ot No' area. Now, there was of a hill at a place called Mentadlee an old, beat up canoe around there. He Ghoyet We put up the cache the spring would put that into the water. He would before when we had gone up that way, up take it down from where it hung, repair river (Joseph 1982-83:TH, p6). it with pitCh, and then travel [down to the mouth] (Joseph 1982-83:T2. p9).

84 Mentadlee Gboyet 'current lake ridge' Birch Hills, local name for hills east of Carlson Lake Map: Mt McKinley 04 T13S, R22W, FM Elev. 1000 f1. Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tll. p6,12 88

85 Mentadlee, Bentadlee 'current lake' Lake near Mentadlee Ghoyet, possibly Carlson Lake Map: Mt. McKinley 04 T13S, R22W, or Tl2S, R21 W, PM EIev. 700 fL? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T13, pI5,16; TIl, p6; T12, p2

86 Tseesh Hoolanh No' 'ochre exists creek' Location unconfirmed; probably Hot Slough or pan of Foraker River Map: Mt. McKinley 04 Sec.20, T13S, R22W, or T15-16S, R23W, FM Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T12, p2

(87)Noo Chukh possibly 'above Noo Chulch Yee' Location unconfirmed; near Noo Chukh Yee' Map: Mt. McKinley 04 T12-13S, R22W, PM Elev. 650-700 ft.? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tll, p18

(88)Noo Chukh Vee 'in the big island' Location unconfirmed; near Noo Chukh Map: Mt. McKinley 04 T12-13S, R21-22W, PM EIev. 650-700 ft.? Cultural affiliation at 1900: Data from: AJ:Tll, p12

(89)K'uyeda Khulogha 'end of willows' Location unconfirmed: possibly between Foraker River and Birch Creek Map: Ml. McKinley 05 T12-13S, R23W, FM Elev. 650 ft.? Cultural affiliation at 1900: Data from: AJ:Tll. p16.19 The hunting trip which Abbie refers to below up the cache the spring before when we had gone up that way, up river (Joseph occurred between 1910 and 1920. Besides Abbie, 1982-83:Tll, p6). other members of the group included her first husband. and an aunt and two uncles. The I went up that way up past Noo Chukh Vee [crossing a river, or open second hunt she recounts occurred before 1911. tundra. and then upstream], across that The third incident happened in the mid to late way. Oh gosh! I had forgotten to take a gun. So I came out to this stretch of 1890s. the river at Mentadlee Ghoyet I came out to this stretch of the" river there, and ... We went up to Mentadlee, behind then right out there were three caribou there to the long stretch. We stayed and hunted caribou at Toyan' Kok'e. We (Joseph 1982-83:Tll, pI2). caught some caribou and dried the meat. There was a cache at Nofdlaghee . .. [my father] came home on the frozen Neelakhdenh at the end of a hill at a ground [after freeze up in the fall]. He came in a boat as far as Birch Creek. So place called ~entadlee Ghoyet We put 89

he went overland from Mentadlee Ghoyet. transpon some supplies. It usually took the aged all the way over to Dechenand [Swift aunt and uncle two days to travel from Abbie's Fork of the Kuskokwim] way up at the canvon where . . . we were staying house to theirs, which was near a river. (JoSeph 1982-83:T13, pll). Abbie began her journey to their house and Coming down [from] this way, Birch spent the first night at the uncle's tent camp near Creek is K'eeyh Le'onh No'. Right along a cache. The next day she passed Noo Chukb Yee side of it is Mentadlee. Here is Tseesh Hoolanh No'. The river forks here, son along the way to Mentadlee Ghoyet. There, she of (Joseph 1982-83:Tl2. p2). discovered three caribou., but had forgotten her Noo Cbukb Yee and Noo Cbukh are probably gun. She ran to her uncle's house which wasn't located near Noo Cbukb Yee Nododelenh No' in far away, borrowed one, and returned to shoot the lower Birch Creek area or west of there them. After spending the night at her uncle's, towards Lake Minchumina. Abbie mentioned the she returned to the tent camp and cache, which names only once. They appear to be located near was near an old river channel overgrown with a winter trail. In another story, Abbie talks about willows; not far away was an area where the wind a winter trail from Birch Creek to Lake often blew down from a hill among the willows. Minchumina that begins at some point up Birch She returned to her parent's home the next day, Creek (Joseph 1982-83:T13, pIS). K'uyeda passing K'uyeda Kbulogha along the way. Before Khulogba is mentioned twice in conjunction with arriving home her trail crossed, or continued on, the other names. It refers to the edge of a a summer trail that led to a point on the river growth of willows along a river bend and may (Birch Creek or Kantishna?) where boats were possibly only be a descriptive term rather than an customarily used to cross. actual place name. The following is a summary Abbie began another round trip a day later of her story in which the names occur. The and killed a moose along the way near the tent incident took place before- 1911. camp. After completing the second trip to her When Abbie was a teenager. about 15 or 16 uncle's, she returned to the area of the tent camp years of age. she hunted for ber elderly parents. to bring in the moose. From the site of the crippled sister. and occasionally for her aunt and moose kill to her parent's home, her trail crossed uncle. It is not cenain whether she w.lS living at the K'otal No' (Foraker River) and K'uyeda the mouth of Birch Creek. at Lake Minchumina, Kbulogha (Joseph 1982-83:T12, p12-19). or in an upland location during this one panicular winter. Abbie's uncle wanted her to 90

(90)K'eeyh T'ogheelenhdenh 'where current flows aeainst birch' Location unconfirmect-along Birch Creek at mouth or fanher upstream Map: Mt McKinley D4 ?'f12S, R21 W, or Tl3S, R22W, FMElev. 650+ ft? Cultural affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T2, p14 K'eeyh T'ogheelenhdenh is located along apply to a location midway on the stream: Birch Creek. but whether it is at the mouth or From Denali down this way . . where the hills slope down, we stopped fanher upstream is not known. Abbie mentions and caught a caribou. . .. My dad was the name in reference to a winter hunting trip in sick at that time. That was when his strength was really starting to fail him.. the hills that she and her husband took in 1910 . . I bad mom on the sled myself. . . . or 1911. Her elderly parents could not withstand Where the river goes down. in that area there are some smaller rivers.... We the hardships of the long trip and so were taken brought him back down. way down to back downstream to K'eeyh T'ogheelenbdenh K'eeyb T'ogbeelenbdenh. . . . So we left them on a hill at a big river bend that where there was a place for them to stay. Abbie's flows along the hill. I left them on that description appears at first to refer to the mouth hill last faU too. [That was onl K'eeyb Le'onb No' [Birch Creek]. There is a big of Birch Creele then upon questioning, she refers peninsula formed by a big bend up at the to a big bend at the head of the river which could bead of tbe river. 1bat's what they call K'eeyb Le'onb No' (Joseph 1982-83:1'2, pIS).

(91 )Noneelenhdenh 'where current flows across' Location unconfirmed: place along lower Birch Creek perhaps along a winter trail Map: Mt McKinley D" ?TI2S. R21W, or Tl3S, R22W, FM Elev. 6S0-700 ft? Cultural affiliation at 19UO: K Data from: AJ:'r-. p16: TI2. p8

The name ~oneelenhdenh is mentioned in Apparently the people there [from down the Kantishna Rivet and Birch reference to Ihe Birch Creek-Minchumina area as Creek) moved to K'et'ukb [at well as to the Yukon River. The first description Mincbumina) as the medicine people appears in a legendary story about a war tbat found out about the war ahead of time. So tbey moved to TI'ooyhk'a up there. occurred around Lake Minchumina. It is possible They crossed over the river the war may be the same one that is often told in Noneelenhdenb on the way. And they settled at the inlet at Minchumina conjunction with the founding of Telida. The (Joseph 1982-83:T2. pI6). second lime Abbie mc:ntions the name is in So it was from the head of Telida that reference 10 her mOlhc:r's accident in the mid to [my father] traveled around bere again that late 18905. time. He traveled by canoe up the Bircb Creek to a place called Noneelenbdenh where the current flows across the river(?) (Joseph 1982-83:T12, p8). 91

(92)K: Cb'etleeyan' 'bald headed' Location unconfirmC

MUDDY RIVER Mouth to Lake Minchumina, North Fork of the Kuskokwim River

93 TK: Neetsootalee Cbak'et, Neetalee Cbaget U: Necbutale Cbagit 'water ouzel mouth' Muddy River mouth Map: Mt. McKinley D4 Sec.12, T12S. R21W, FM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T2. p5; HE. MK. CS

94 KT: Neetsootalee No', Neetalee No' U: Nechutale No' 'water ouzel creek' Muddy River Map: ML McKinley, Kantishna River Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T7, p4; MK. CS, Nenana linguistiC workshop Neetsootalee Cbak'et and Neetsootalee No' The Muddy River drainage figured are the full names for the mouth of the Muddy prominently in the Koyukon's seasonal round of River and the Muddy River; Neetalee Cbaget and activities. It was an exceedingly imponant area Neetalee No' are shonened forms of the same that provided several resources during the lean names. spring season. Whole families came from as far 92 as Cos Jacket and Tanana to set up spring camps several lakes to a few likely locales, but they for two or three months among the numerous a>uld not be reronci1ed with U.S.G.S maps. lakes surrounding the river. People were drawn It is not unusual to find mistakes on early to the area because the lakes supplied a reliable maps. One common mistake involves the Muddy and abundant source of freshwater fish, muskrats, River and Birch Creek. Gordon wrote beavers, and, by late April or May, migratory Nutchitalichaket River, which is close in form to waterfowL Elders today remember spring camp as Neetsootalee Cbak'et, but placed it where Birch a happy time when friends and relatives a>uld be Creek should be. He drew the Kantishna River together and visit during the warmer and longer all the way to Lake Minchumina and did not have days of spring. Each family or group might have a separate name for the Muddy River (Gordon a favorite lake that was revisited year after year. 1917). It is easy to mix up the name Neetsootalee Some families spent the major pan of the Chak'et (Muddy River mouth) with the mouth of year along the Muddy River or at the mouth of Birch Creek, because the mouths of both streams Birch Creek. Roosevelt John had cabins and are very close together. The mouth of Birch camps at several places throughout the area. One Creek is often referred to as the place where was used as a spring fish camp; othelS were Roosevelt John lived and where there was a small winter camps that served his trapline. village. But never is the name K'eeyh Le'oob Each of the hundreds of lakes may have been Cbak'et (Birch Creek mouth) used; it is always named. but only a dozen or so are recalled today. Neetsootalee Cbak'et. Some current residents of It is very difficult to match these names with the the area consider Birch Creek to flow into the proper lakes for several reasons. Not many elders Muddy River which then joins the McKinley can read a map. nor can hand-drawn maps be River about a mile downstream to form the easily correlated with U.S.G.S. maps. In the Kantishna River. However, other residents. spring. melting ice and snow causes flooding that including the late Slim Carlson. think of the distorts the shape of shallow lakes. Neighboring Muddy River as entering into Birch Creek. lakes merge; shon portages are temporarily Abbie Joseph normally spoke in English when created. The result is a landscape that is far referring to the Muddy River. She called it Mud different than that ponrayed on modem maps. River. But she left no doubt as to its native

The maps of spring camps that elders have drawn name when she drew a map and said, W ••• Mud from memory have helped narrow the location of River - Neetsootalee No' - is downstream from Minchuminaw (Joseph 1982-83:17, p4). 93

95 Dets'eae Yekh, nets'en YeekuDo 'geese house', 'geese house' Legendary site off Muddy River in cliff rocks of Roosevelt Hills Map: ML McKinley D4 Sec.6, TllS, R20W, PM Elev. 1350 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA. NPS, AS, LE nets'eue Yekh corresponds to the site of a stained water. That is why Raven is colored legend that tells about how the waterfowl received black. An another name for this site, according their colors. In summary, the legend revolves to the legend., is Ch'edeetseyhdenh. 'place where . around how Raven painted all the waterfowl something is ochre colored'. The site was different colors. When it came Raven's turn to investigated in 1981 by C. Holmes and C. Davis. be painted, he was dissatisfied with all efforts, and and by the National Park Service with Doyon. Inc. so was painted again and again. Finally, the other representatives in 1982 birds got angry and threw Raven in the charcoal-

96 T: Cb'elkogbee Yedle', 1(: Cb'eIk'oba Yedle' 'fish (species undetermined) ridge' Hills surrounding Lake Chilcbukabena; locally known as Roosevelt Hills Map: ML McKinley D3,D4 Tll-I2S, R20W, Kantisbna River A3-4, PM Elev.800- 1947 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI2, pi

97 T: Cb'elkogbee Bene', K: Ch'elk'oba BeDe' 'fish (species undetermined) lake' Chilchukabena Lake Map: ML McKinley D3-4 TI2S, R20W, FM Elev. 626 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T12, pi; li, p11; Nenana linguistic workshop

98 T: Cb'elkogbee Cbak'et, K: Ch'eIk'o Chak'et. 'mouth of fish (species undetermined) creek' Mouth of creek from Chilchukabena Lake Map: ML McKinley D4 Sec.8, TI2S, R20W. PM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T13, piS

99 K'eeyh T'okb Bene' beneath birch lake Lake under hill near Birch Creek mouth Location unconfirmed Map: ML McKinley D4 Sec.ll or 12. TI2S. R21W, PM Elev. 650 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:li, plO 94

o Miles I I o Km. I

Birch Creek Village C

From USGS Mt.McKinley 03-4 Maps

Figure 26. Location map for lower Muddy River place names #93-103. 9S

100 Neegboneeleu.hdenb 'where current flows toward shore' Location unronfinned; near Birch Creek mouth Map: Mt McKinley D4 ?Sec.l, TI2S, R21W, FM Elev. 650 ft? Cultural AffIliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:1i, pll; T13, p9

101 Cb'eok'a, Cb'enk'a Khujede 'fishing hole' 'big fishing bole' . Location unronfirmed; near mouth of Muddy River Map: Mt McKinley D4 ?Sec.l.2,ll, or 14, T12S, R21W, FM Elev. 650 ft Cultural AffIliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:1i, pll,12 Several plaCe names occur near the mouth of This Cb'e(k'o" Bene' is like this [points to map and indicates a the Muddy River. They are rombined here semi-circle?]. Right along under it flows because they are described together in Abbie's the Mud[dy] River. Right around here is called Cb'enk'a. Then there is a place stories. According to Eliza Jones, Abbie referred called Neeponeelenhdenh, where the to this site as Cb'eIk'o" Bene': current flows towards the beach and that is the ... Mud[dy] River. Around here Way up here is Cb'e(k'o" Yedle' is Birch Creek (Joseph 1982-83:1i, pll). mountain. See how I made it son of a semi-circle or loop [hills]? Then down So Mud River and Birch Creek run below there are also hills. There is into each other right here. And there is nothing but hills down around there. a hill around here. Right at the point of There are lakes amongst them here and the hill is where the rivers meet It goes there (Joseph 1982-83:TI2. pI). like this and right here is Cb'eok'a Khujede (Joseph 1982-83:1i, pI2). [My dad's spirits went searching for him after my mother's accident; they met So this Kk'eeyh La'ODbno and Mud him] at a place called Khutenai'ee. [My River flow into each other, right at the father left and started traveling home.] point of this hill that is roming upriver Coming up from there, up from the place this way. There is a hill that goes out called Roosevelt and over to Cb'e(ko around this way. Then there is a big lake Chak'et where the creek comes out, he up here. Here is K'eeyh T'okb Bene'. spent the night He didn't make a very And this is Cb'eIk'oba Bene' (Joseph good camp he just son of rovered himself 1982-83:1i, pl0). up with his roat, even though it was rold in the fall and dark (Joseph 1982-83:TI3, pIS).

102 Nodoleetdenb 'where current swirls' Location unronfirmed; fish net site on lower Muddy River Map: Mt McKinley D4 Sec.12 or 14. TllS, R21W, FM Elev. 650 ft Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI4, pl3-15 Q05) 4 ~-~ Q06) (l o~.. ·· ! .. '.~ fA.. .. ~: .. ~

o Miles I I o Km.

From USGS MI.McKinley 04, Kanlishna River A4 Maps ~ Figure 27. Location map for middle Muddy River place names (I 104-11J6. 97

103 Nodoleel BeDe' 'swirling current lake' Location unconfirmed; lake near Nodoleeidenh, near Duck/Geese House Map: Mt. McKinley 04 Sec.l or 12, TllS, R21 W, FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA It is fairly cenain from reading Abbie's stories The first boat that we [my husband and 1] had was made for [by?] us. It was that Nodoleeldeah is situated between the Muddy covered with baric. It wasn't painted; it River and Cb'elkoghee Yedle'. Ben Alben was just natural. Then we came out in it to NodoleeideDh. There we were staying mentioned Nodoleel Beae' (and possibly on the hill. a nice place like this, like NodoleeideDh) in connection with a creek that someone had cleared. It was like that naturally. . . . Here is Birch Creek here leads to Dets'enee Yekh from a site near the and Cb'eIk.'oba Yedle' bill. It goes around mouth of Birch Creek. This is the second clue like this and you can see the bare rocks, here. Here is NodoleeideDh with its bill that would indicate NodoleeideDh is between the surrounding it. And way up this way is a Muddy River and Cb'elkoghee YedIe'. Paul Starr stream of water coming into it from other lakes above. So there are a lot of fish in reports there is a long grassy lake along the west it (Joseph 1982-83:TI4, piS). side of Cb'elk.oghee YeelIe' about two miles from We were staying at Nodoleeldenh. the mouth of Birch Creek that may possibly be We were staying on the other side of this the creek that Ben says leads to the Geese House. lake at the mouth of this creek. There was a little creek that went up this way. This creek probably leads to Nodoleeldenh. All the people set fish nets around there. Einer Hansen at one time had a cabin near a lake They put fish nets across the creek here and there (Joseph 1982-83:TI4, pI4). (Section I, TIIS, R21 W) which could be Nodoleel BeDe'. Abbie's descriptions follow.

104 Lee Kbungbasb No' - _ 'dogs? creek', 'dog testicles creek', 'where dogs activate their testicles (breed) creek' Location unconfirmed, probably creek draining Wien Lake Map: Kantishna River A4 nos, R21 W, FM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI0, p4; TI, pl2

105 K: T'eghel Tal 'cottonwood fiat' Location unconfirmed; between TIents'e Nodelenhdenh and Birch Creek Map: Kantishna River A4 ?Sec1s., nos. R20W, FM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI, plO Paul Starr believes Lee KhIlDgbuh No' may name for the stream that runs out from Wien possibly refer to Deep Creek, which is the local Lake. Deep Creek received its name because it is Qo3)

'% ,0", ~1\I1'

AO~

\~ ® IfjII , tJ ~'I"'" (\ old cabin ...

, o Miles \ I , From USGS Mt.McKinley 04, Kantishna River A4 Maps o Km.

~ Figure 28. Localion map (or Muddy River place names /I 107-12U. 99

exceedingly deep. Abbie's descriptions. below, Right at the point of the hill is where the rivers meet [Birch Creek and Muddy place t.ee KhDDgbasb No' near TIents'e River] .... Right here is Fish Camp Lake Nodelenbdenb. The most likely location is to tbe and the hills all meet each other. So the creek [river?] runs out right between the east. The translation of l.ee Khungbub No', hill and the lake. Right around here is wwhere dogs breed creek-, might imply the creek l.ee KbUDputsb No' (Joseph 1982-83:Tl2, p7). was used in the spring time. This fits with the general pattern of use for the area TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' ... the ridge way up around the lak:e. -... Then Abbie mentions T'egbeI Tal only once. The goes down . . . right here is where the river location is tenuous because one of the reference comes together. Coming from down river or down this way is a river called points for this name, t.ee Kbllneba"iib No', also t.ee KhlJDlbasb No'. Right here is a little has an unconfirmed location. It is suspected that level high ground. Up above here is a place called T'eghel Tal [EJ: cottonwood it is near t.ee KhDDgbasb No', and has been river]. Then it goes across this way . . . assigned a similar location. and around the edge.... From here it is a little ways to Birch Creek (Joseph 1982- FISh Camp Lake . . . right around 83:17, pl0). here is t.ee Khungbash No'. Right at the end of it here is another big lake (Joseph 1982-3:Tl2, pl-2).

106 TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' 'lake where current winds back on itself' Fish Camp Lake; three connecting lakes draining to Muddy River Map: Kantishna River A4 Sec.23-26,36, TIOS, R22W, & Sec.30,31, TIOS, R21W; Mt. McKinley D4, Sec. 1, TlIS, R22W, FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T7, plO.l2;- W. p8

107 TIents'e Nodeleohdenh 'where current flows back on itself' Outlet of llents'e Nodelenh Bene' at Muddy River Map: Kantishna River A4 Sec.31. TlOS. R21W, FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJT9, p8; T7, p4.10

108 Ts'abeel No' 'snare stream' Location unconfirmed; stream near TIents'e Nodelenhdenh Map: ML McKinley D4 ?Sec.4, TIIS, R22W, & Kantishna River A4 TlOS, R22W, FM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI2, p3; T7, p4.12 100

(109) K'uyb YeedaDeelenhkbu 'where it flows into willows' Location unconfirmed; possibly nOnh of TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' Map: Kantishna River A4 T1OS, R21-22W Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA at Nenana linguistic workshop tape 2B of 4

TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' is a confirmed Camp Lake": location; it is locally known as FISh Camp Lake. Here is K'otal No' [Foraker). Right around here is Mud River. On down.this The lake, and one of its two outlets, are way - this way, . . . here is FISh Camp associated with a long history of seasonal use by Lake. Water enends into the hill like an inlet [hills are close to the waters edge?) a variety of Athabaskan-speaking groups, (Joseph 1982-83:17, p4). KoyukoD, Tanana, and probably Upper There is a hilL there are a lot of hills Kuskokwim. The lake has been used continually like that. that go down [to water?) from as a spring camp site for over 100 years supplying the ridges. Ridges go all the way along this way and under there is Fish Camp freshwater fish, muskrats, beaver, and waterfowL Lake, under the hilL Then there area It was also used as a winter camp by Roosevelt bunch of lakes that are connected by creeks. From MinchwniDa there is a hill John to service his trapline. Roosevelt had a that goes this way. It goes in son of a (Spring?) fish camp site at TIents'e Nodelenhdenh semicircle down around TIents'e NodeJenbdeah and down on below there where the outlet of the lake meets the Muddy (Joseph 1982-83:17, pIO). River. TS'abeet No' is a tn'butary of the Muddy In the spring of 1923 there was an influenza River, but just where is not certain. Abbie's epidemic that is often referred to as the Birch descriptions point to an area near TIents'e Creek flu. It affected people in villages all along NodeIenb Bene', most likely to the west. The the lower Tanana River, but apparently not in suspected location for Ts'abeet No'is known as Nenana. About two dozen people. at spring Clear Creek by local residents (F. Collins camps along the Muddy River died. Many of the personal oommunicatioD, 1984). deceased. including Eli Charlie's mother, were [Where did I draw) FlSb Camp Lake? from Cos Jackel. The disaster is said to have [Here is] nents'e NodeIenbdenb. Here are inbetween ones [lakes?1. . . . There significantly reduced Cos Jacket's population are creeks around here that oonnect to (Gudgel-Holmes 1987). the lake and that is where there are fish net places. Then here is Ts'abel No' The area should be oonsidered highly (Joseph 1982-83:Tl2, p3). significant in terms of prOviding information on Right around here is one, two, three cultural history data on changing lifeways and lakes all in a line. That is where we used land use patterns from about 1880 to present. to fish. Right up this way along Fish Abbie's deScriptions of the lake follows. She Camp Lake is a hill It goes around like this and way up there is a place called frequently refers to the lake in English as "FISh TS'abeet No'. That's wbere the Ts'abeel 101

No' comes OUL Going up stream there is somewhere behind Fish Camp Lake with lots of a hill there, and a big hill back up and water in it that is called Willow Creek. The around here (Joseph 1982-83:17, pI2). native name is K'uyb Yeedaneelenb.khu. Ben Alben repons there is a little creek

110 TonelkDn' Bene' 'clear water lake' Location unconfirmed; large clear lake nonhwest of Birch Creek mouth Map: ML McKinley D4 ?Sec.9-1O, TllS, R21W, FM Elev. 650 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from.: BA

111 K: Noo LdIo Bene' ? 'lake full of islands' Starr Lake Map: ML McKinley D4 Sec.21-22. TllS, R21W, FM Elev. 650 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from.: BA. Nenana linguistic workshop

112 Dzenh Ts'edeebeeyb Bene' 'lake which muskrats swim into' Location unconfirmed; lake nonhwest of Birch Creek mouth &: south of TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' Map: Ml McKinley D4 ?Sec.21, TllS, R21 W, FM Elev. 650 fl Cultural AffIliation at 1900: K Data from:BA

113 K: Kalt'odIe Bene' 'water lily lake' Location unconfirmed; lake nonhwest of Birch Creek mouth &: south of TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' Map: ML McKinley D4 ?Sec.19, TllS, R21W, FM Elev. 650 fL Cultural AffIliation at 1900: K Data from: BA. LE

114 Tsnghuf Bene' 'merganser lake' Location unconfirmed; lake south of llents'e Nodelenh Bene'; also known as Loon Lake Map: Ml McKinley D4 '!Sec.17, TllS, R21W, FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from.: BA

115 TS'adanee'oyee Bene'. T: Ttba Danee'oyee 'linear Object (log) extends out lake', 'rock that extends' Location unconfirmed; may also be known as Long Lake; possibly Billberg Lake Map: Ml McKinley D4 ?Sec.6, Tl1S, R21 W, FM Elev. 650 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: EM, Nenana linguistic workshop Haystack Mt.

o Mil.es 5 I I I I o Km. 5

From USGS Mt.McKinley 8. Kantishna River Maps

Figure 29. Location map for area nonh of Muddy River place names # 94. 96. 104. 106, 108. 135. 103

(116) Tseeyb Bene' 'ochre lake' Location unoonfirmed; lake nonhwe5t of Birch Creek mouth & south of TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' Map: ML McKinley D4 T11S. R21W. FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA

(117) Needmgb Bene' '? lake' Location unoonfirmed; lake nonhwest of Birch Creek mouth & south of TIents'e Nodelenh Bene' Map: Mt. McKinley D4 rT11S. R21 W, FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA

118 Kbocbogbeebel Bene' 'slides down lake' Black Bisquit Lake, local name of lake at this location Map: ML McKinley D4 Sec.6, TllS, R21 W, FM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: HE. BA The nine lakes named above are located west spring in the area and whose grandmother was

of Birch Creek's mouth and south of the Muddy Abbie Joseph, ~ded in the selection of these River. Most of them can not be located precisely locations. His personal experience, and his for the reasons stated at the beginning of this reoollections of his mother and fathers activities, section on the Muddy River. They were provided invaluable supplemental data that helped important for the resources they provided in the narrow down the locales. spring. Families would set up camps in the Uttle is known about the individual lakes. spring in late March or early April. As the However, Kbochogbeebet Bene' (Black Biscuit ice melted. they oould easily canoe from one Lake) was one of Elsie Mabaynay's spring camp nearby lake to another during the period of high sites. It was named after her unsuccessful attempt water. Spring camp lasted until the ice left the to make biscuits there. Ben Alben thinks this is main rivers in May. Some families did not leave the site where timber was sawed for making for summer fish camps or uplands canoou canoes. He says it is on the left going up the hunting until June. Muddy River just before FISh Camp Lake. Ben Alben supplied most of these names Kalt'odIe Bene' should not be oonfused with because he hunted muskrat and beaver in many of Big Uly Lake on current V.S.O.S. maps. The these lakes. Although he drew a map of his lake at Sec.19, TllS, R21W is the site of one of route that traversed several lakes, it oould not be Roosevelt John's cabins. However, it is not extrapolated to a U.S.O.S. map. The locations of certain whether the name Kalt'odle Bene' belongs the lakes have been estimated from the best to that lake. possible information. Paul StarT, who traps each 104

(119) I.ee Got No'

120 Beaverlog Lakes Map: Mt. McKinley 04 Sec.2, T11S, R22W, FM Elev: 632 ft. Data from: FC Beaverlog Lakes were named by two The name was selected because numerous beaver­ geologists, Florence Collins and Florence Weber, cut logs lay on the east slopes of the peninsula in 1956 while engaged in field work in the area. between the lakes.

COSNA RIVER Mouth to headwaters, and Chilanana River

121 K'os '0'0 'polishing stone headwaters' Location unconfirmed; Cosna River headwaters and old village site Map: Kantishna B4 ?Sec.27. T5S. R21 W, or C4? Sec.5, T4S. R2QW, FM Elev. 600 or 400 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tll. p7

122 K'os No' 'polishing stone river' Cosna River Map: Kantishna River Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: f\J:T10. p5: T12. p2 -

M'S8IoIv. l4!w'I-!t'ttll-o-woit Poi nt. C~

<,' j . ~ ...... C '(\\-1(.'::: :~~::> .... ' ...... ,.. ~.~...... : , ......

o

Figure 30. LL Herron's 1899 map - Lake Minchumina to Tanana River. Mooseheart Mt. @

@ Bitzshtini Mts

o Miles 5 I I I I o Km. 5

From USGS Kantishna River Map

Figure 31. Location map for Cosna River place names # 121-134. 107

123 Teyb Gbudegeyee 'the one that extends high above the other hills' Location unconfirmed; possibly peak of Bitzshtini Mountains Map: Kantishna River B4 ?Sec.20, TSS, R22W. FM Elev. peak 3186 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T12, p2

124 Neenots'eeybleyaybdenh 'place where canoes are left' Location unconfirmed; point on ttail at Cosna River where canoes are left Map: Kantishna B4 ?Sec.27, TSS, R21W, or C4 ? Sec.S, T4S, R20W, FM Elev. 600 or 400 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T4, p5; T12, p2; EC

125 K'os No' DoDge 'upland from polishing stone stream' Location unconfirmed; hill on Cosna River where boats are left Map: Kantishna River B4 Sec.27, T5S, R21 W or C4 Sec.5, T4S, R20W, FM Elev. 600 or 400 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900= K Data from: AJ:T4, p5; T12, p2; EC

126 K: NeeIts'atleegbedetonbde 'where trails divide' Location unconfirmed; point on Cosna River trail Map: Kantishna River C4 ?Sec.5, T4S, R20W, FM Elev. 400 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA The headwaters of the Cosna River and the Herron was guided to Ft. Gibbon along the Nonh Fork of the Kuskokwim River are very Minchumina-Cosna trail in 1899. Archdeacon close together. They form the watershed between Stuck used the ttail in 1911. In 1915 he traveled

the ~ges of the Tanana and the Kuskokwim it again, bu~ went a different route in the rivers. A trail leads from Cos Jacket, along the headwaters: Cosna River to a spot wbere the trail divides, On Saturday, the 25th of February [1911], after climbing a rather stiff hill [in NeeIts'atleegbedetonbde. One path leads to the the Cosna headwaters), we passed Muddy River and Bircb Creek mouth. The other temporarily out of Yukon into Kuskokwim waters, for the tributaries of goes into tbe Kuskokwim headwaters and on to these two great drainage systems interlock Lake Minchumina. Old maps of the area indicate in these hills. . . . We crossed a considerable mountain pass ... much of there were once two trails from the headwaters to it was above timber, and when it took us Minchumina. The trails were used in winter and through woods the blazes on the trees were so bleached with age as to be fall. In addition, canoes were taken up the Cosna difficult of recognition. The Indians have River to a panicular spot called the RShipyard- or used this trail for generations; but few white men have ever passed along it. Neenots'eeyhleyayhdenb. From there, people (Stuck 1988:300-301.) walked to the Muddy River. Abbie Joseph used the Muddy River-Cosna (IE)

o Miles 5 I I I I o Km. 5

Q

From USGS Kantlshna River Map .... / / A ll~ Figure 32. Locallon map for Cosna-Chilanana place names II 129-130. 109

trail as recently as the 19205 or even late 1930s. down near an old village called K'os 11'0 Eli Charlie and other Cos Jacket and Tanana - where the trail forks from where it goes overland.. There was a big camp, people traveled the trail frequently in the 19105 and they met them on their way up to Minchumina (Joseph 1982-83:Tll, p7). and 19205 to make their spring camps along the Muddy River. Alfred Starr took his family over Around here, right around here is Dechenano' [North Fork of Kuskokwim the trail from Tanana to Roosevelt John's place River]. . . . here is K'os No' [Cosna in the later 1930s or early 40s (Bishop. personal River] where it comes out to the river [Tanana] .... there is Teyb Gbudegeyee communication 1990). near [pause] K'os 'ITo. Right around Abbie makes a reference to an old village in here is Decbenaano', it ends here.... You can see it goes right here and then the Cosna headwaters. The village was considered there is the hilL There is a place called old in the 19105 when the rest of the events of Neenots'eeybleyayhdenb. Here is where the trail begins and it goes over the hill her story occurred. It is very likely the village to the other side. From the Dechenano' was situated to take advantage of the canoou that is a trail that goes over the hill to the other side. The trail up the hill once existed in the Cosna uplands: goes right here and over the hill to We staned out to K'os Cbak'et with Decbenano'.... Here is the trail that the news of the potlatch. There was a comes from Minchumina Right around trail down there. We staned out, but here is K'os 11'0. Here is where the trail people had heard about the potlatch used to fork [NeeIts'atleegbedetoohde?]. earlier. So they met them coming up. Below [downstream] is the mouth of the Cosna (Joseph 1982-83:T12, pl-2).

(127) K: Betel tenayee 'crossing trail one' Up the Cosna River; mountain in Bitzshtini Mountains

(128) Bedzesb Tene 'caribou trail' Location unconfirmed.; trail in Bitzshtini Mountains Map: Kantishna River B4 T5S. R22W, FM £lev. peak 3186 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: AJ:TI2, p7, EC Abbie was asked for name of hill that she Betel tenayee. When we used to travel over the hill we always used to traveled over from Birch Creek towards the North camp on top of iL And [we WOuld] stay Fork of the Kuskokwim River. After answering, there for a long time. There we lived real well. It was pretty [scenery and she then described the area. The translation. wildlife]. The person [my daughter 'caribou trail', indicates an important resource Lizzie] whose home [birthplace] used to be at the foot of that hill is the one that that once was in the area. died. leaving Alfred Starr [alone]. That was where she was born (Joseph 1982- 83:1i, pI2). 110

129 Ch'edeoano' 'someone or something's childlyoung river' Chitanana River'; also called Redlands Cree1c/River Map: Kantishna River 04 & C5 Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: EC, AJ

130 Cb'edena Dlde' 'someone or something's cbildlyoung mountain' Chitanatala Mountains Map: Kantishna River C5 T4S, R23W, FM Elev. peak 2911 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:Tl2, p2,5 Cb'edenaDO' and Cb'edena Dlde' appear on the hill to the other side [towards Tanana Riverj. Here is where the trail used to Herron's map as Chitanana River and Chitanatala fork. Below [downstream] is the mouth Mountains. Eli Charlie reports that a long time of the Cosna. Down on the lower side is the hill called Ch'edeua Dlde' (Joseph ago the meaning of Cb'edeuano' was 'fISh', but 1982-83:Tl2, p2). Here is the Yukon that it has been shonened through time. More River, [pausej ... and Macias Bene', and a ridge coming out this way to the river recently it has come to mean an area where game is Cb'edeDa DIeIe'.... There is a river trails exist on both sides of the river (Nenana coming out this way. Across there are lakes, small lakes here at foot of Linguistic Workshop tape 3B of 4, 4A of 4). Cb'edeaa Dlele'. A creek [or river] goes Abbie Joseph was familiar with the area from her like this and at the foot of the hill is where the old winter trail use to be. It travels. She describes it as she draws a map: goes at the foot of the hilL The trail is Right around here is DecIleDaDO' blazed [marked by posts). That is where [Nonh Fork of Kuskokwim River). It they use to travel in the winter time on ends here [headwaters] . . . there is the nomadic hunts (Joseph 1982-83:Tl2, pS). hill .... The trail begins and it goes over

131 Tots'elguts Bene' 'water oozes lake' Wien Lake Map: Kantishna River B3 T6-7S, R19W, FM Elev. 1001 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: BA, Nenana linguistic workshop Tots'elguts Bene', according to Ben Alben. people. Jette's (1926:7) "Tokeletuts-menaw means thunder lake. Alfred Starr (1983 personal probably refers to Tots'elguts Beae'. He notes communication) reports that people used to hunt there was a story connected to the lake about a at Wien Lake. but they did not live there. There devil at the Jake who was a water fiend. He are several versions of a legend that are caused an empty basin to fill with water which associated with the lake. They all involve a large then became Tots'elguts Bene'. fish that comes out of the water and swallows 111

132 K'edzaye No' 'hean river' Zitziana River Map: Kantishna River Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T1, p3; TI2, p5; JJ 1910

133 K'edzaye Bene' 'hean [river] lake' Lake west of Moosehean Mt. draining to Zitziana River Map: Kantishna River 03 Sec.4, TIS, RI8W, FM Elev. 704 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI2, pI

134 K'edzaye 'hean' Moosehean Mountain Map: Kantishna River C3 T2S, RI7-18W, FM Elev. peak 2136 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: JK The map that Abbie Joseph drew of her territory includes the Zitziana River and lake. This is Kantishna [River]. I am drawing a map of my country but I can't see very good. ... Nenana River goes

like this. Then there is a river that goes across 1982-83:Tl2, p4).... Then K'os Cbak'et like this and it goes toward K'edzaye No'. Here down this way and right about here is a is [Manley] Hot Springs, here is K'os Cbak'et place called K'edzaye Bene' (Joseph 1982- (Joseph 83:Tl2, pI).

LAKE MINCHUMINA· Lake to foothills

135 Menbmugh Melle', Meucho Mene' 'lake large lake' Lake MinchumiDa Map: Mt. McKinley OS TI2S. R24W, FM Elev. 642 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: AJ:T14, pIS, and others

136 U: Mats No 'gull island' Moose Island, local name of the island in Lake Minchumina Map: Mt. McKinley 05 Sec.19, TI2S, R24W, FM Elev. peak 750 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: MK. CS

LAKE MINCHUMINA

([~)

.A~t- 4°"- ~

Holek l..IJke

o Miles I I I o Km. I / From USGS Mt.McKlnley 05 Map -N Figure 33. Enlarged location map oC Lake Minchumina area place names # 135-142. 113

137 Yo 'rukb 'sky nest' Yutokh Hill at Lake Minchumina Map: Mt. McKinley D5 Sec.13, TI2S, R24W, FM Elev. peak 1105 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:T2, p17,22; 17, p4; Tl4, p2; Herron 1901:map

138 Yo T'ukh Bene' 'sky nest lake' Location unconfirmed; probably Holek Lake at Yutokh Hill Map: Mt. McKinley 05 Sec.24, TI2S, R24W, PM Elev. 650 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI4, p2; TI0, p2; 17, p4; 1'2, p17,22

(139) Tso' Cb'ekan' 'beaver lodge' Location unconfirmed; probably near from Yutokh Hill Map: Mt. McKinley 05 7T12S. R23-24W, FM Elev. 650 ft.? Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:TI0, p3

(140) K'et'ukb 'nest' Location unconfirmed; possibly near Yutokh Hill Map: Mt. McKinley D5 ?Sec.13, Tl2.C;, R24W, PM £lev. 650 ft.? Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:1'2, p16

(141) Ts'ekbugb Bene' 'lake behind another place (lake)' Location unconfirmed; a lake near Lake Minchumina Map: Mt. McKinley 05 Tl2S, R24W. PM Elev. 750 ft.? Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:17, p8; T2, p18

(142) TI'ooyhk'a or TI'ooI tl'agba 'tying (snare) place' Location unconfirmed; possibly near Lake Minchumina Map: Mt. McKinley 05 TI2S, R24W, FM Elev. 650-750 ft.? Cultural Aff"Iliation at 1900: K Data from: AJ:1'2, p16; T13, pS; T11. p7 Lake Minchumina is a major landmark within towards the greater amount of cultural resource the Kantishna region that has been a focal point work has been done at the lake. Undoubtedly for native seasonal activities for over 2,500 years other areas were equally important if not more (Holmes 1986). It is not known whether the area so. Only funher research will prove this to be a really was more strategic than other places within real or imposed inequity. the drainage, or whether this conclusion is biased Several historical documents suggest that the 114

Minchumina area was fundamental to the Arriving at the opposite side [of Lake Minchumina] we rounded a long narrow Koyukon in winter as well as summer. Herron point of low land covered with trees and plotted a winter settlement at Donts'oIab Melle' saw an encampment consisting of three brush tents, the summer camp of a band just south of the lake on his 1899 map. of Indians. (Gordon 1917:64-65.) Wickersham (1938:256) was told by "Shesoie", a Here is rotal No' [Foraker River}. native he encountered in May, 1903 on the The lake [Minchumina] is over this way. Kantishna River near the Bearpaw, that his .•. Here is Yo 'rukb. ... Here is the spit. A long spit goes out this way group's summer home was at Lake Minchumina. (Joseph 1982-83:1/, p4). Gordon (1917:69) met a few members of the On the down river side of the Yo "Minkhotana" at the lake in July, 1907; the others T'ukh. way across there [Roosevelt John were hunting in the hills. Archdeacon Stuck had a hOuse]. My late uncle also had a house across there at this long spit that traveled to the lake in 1911 and 1915. Both sticks way out; [he bad it1 right back times he came to proselytize to the natives at there under the bank where the spit begins.... There used to be three houses their winter village. there. . . . The whi.tepeople ruined that There are two prominent features at the lake: place. They built a radio station [FAA station] above there. All the the spit, near the current airfield, and Yutokh smokehouses and houses that were down Hill. Gordon, Stuck, and Abbie Joseph all below there are all gone (Joseph 1982- 83:1'2, p22). comment on the spit. Abbie mentions Yo T'okb several times in close association with other place Here is the one called Yo T'ukb Bene'. Here is a hill that extends this names, as well as in conjunction with the war way [southwest]. Here is a river going legend. Uitoh Hill on Herron's map is Yo 'roth. this way. Here is a river and a lake. There is Yo T'ukh Belle' [south of Yo Current residents of Lake Minchumina suggest T'ukh). . . . and around here is the translation of Yo T'ukb. 'sky nest'; refers t6 Cb'eseet5'agba. Right around here is where they sawed timber for [the) boat the eagles' nests that have been prevalent on the (Joseph 1982-83:T10. p2). hill and around Holek Lake for many years. They One of the things they cooked at the also note that the Foraker River once flowed potlatch was bear meat. I bad three toward Lake Minchumina but entered into the children at the time. •.• lbat's when we stayed out in spring at a place called Yo Muddy River. thus giving the appearance of 'rukb at Menhcbu Meae'. They would entering from a downward direction. This fits. go back in the woods to saw lumber for they believe, with Abbie's comment below a boat (Joseph 1982-83:T14, p2). regarding a stream coming from a "downward On the river [Foraker?) this way, here is the one we call Tso' CI!'eJum'. It is direction' (F. Collins. personal communication way down there and it son of comes from 1990). Following are comments about the a downward direction. Right around here is a river--Mud[dy] going out of the lake forgoing place names and key landmarks by (Joseph 1982-83:TIO. p3). Gordon and Abbie: 115

Little by little [I hauled the meat in]. medicine people there (Joseph 1982- FIrst I hauled it to Tso' Ch'ebn'. I 83:17. pS). They were on oonstant look hauled food there-some dry meat we had out for the war party. . . . So they were gone hunting for in the hi1Is the summer way over around Tso' Ch'eIuuI' when they before. All that I brought to Meach came in oontact with the war party. They Mene' for the potlatch- (Joseph 1982- came to the river down below Mencbu 83:Tll, p7). Meae' at Doncb'eelakhdenh. Then! They came upon their tracks . . . Then the Abbie talked about the legendary war several whole war party was gone. Only a few different times. Her various segments have been survived. Those ones went up to the Ts'ekhugh Bene' (Joseph 1982-83:1'2. p17- combined here because they describe what little is 18). known about some place names that are believed TI'ooyhk'a and TI'ooI tragba may refer to to be around Minchumina two different places according to Abbie's They heard that a war was planned descriptions. One oould be up Birch Creek. The against them. They and their medicine people got prepared· for it at Menhchu other is around Minchumina and in one instance Mene' at the inlet, where there is a long is associatedwi~ the war legend. SpiL ... Then some went over the hill of Yo T'ukh where it stuck way out into the [When my mother broke her back lake (Joseph 1982-83:T2, pI7). one of the spirits went to find my dad Apparently the people there [from who had gone to the Yukon River. After down the Kantishna River and at Birch the spirit found him at KhuteDal'ee, my Creek?] moved to K'et'ukh as the dad all the way from there] to Birch medicine people found out about the war Creek without stopping, paddling in the ahead of time. So they moved to dark. ... My oousin was sleeping in the TI'ooyhk'a up there. . . . They settled at canoe while dad paddled. When he got the inlet at Meachu Meae'. It is like a to TI'ooybk'a he made a cache-like place parking lot for cars there, [smooth] just with poles across. He turned the canoe like this. at the spit there (Joseph 1982- upside down on top of it and left most of 83:T2, pI6). his stuff there. He only took some of the things home (Joseph 1982-83:TI3, Across from Yo T'ukh there was this pS). place called Tso' Ch'ekan'. All the Before the potlatch [my father] would people were at the foot of the hilL From practice singing his potlatch songs. It was there the medicine people would keep after freeze up in the fall [1911-1912]. each other informed about things they He stayed at a place called Tt'ooI saw such as where the war party was aL tI'...... He stayed up there all by So some of the war party went up to a himself, hunting and trapping. When he place called Yo T'ukh and around it and came home he got sick. after freeze up also then across to some people there. [the next fall?] (Joseph 1982-83:Tll, p7). Up Ts'ekhugb Bene'. they left two

143 U: Tr'etJ'o Mina' 'rear canoe lake' Snohomish Lake Map: Mt. McKinley D5-6 Sec.25, T13S. R26W, & CS-6 Sec.36, TI3S, R26W. FM Elev. 789 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: MK. CS 116

I / /

Live Trap lAJc~ ~

CASTlE ROCKS

o Miles 5 I Km.

From USGS Mt.McKinley Map

Figure 34. Location map for Lake Minchumina area place names # 143-158. 117

144 K: Doncb'eeJakh No' U: Donts'olah No' 'stream where fish accumulate' Deep Creek at Lake Minchumina Map: Mt McKinley D5 Tl2S, R24W, & T13S, R25W, FM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: AJ:TI3, plO; MK. CS

145 U: Donts'olab Mene' 'fish accumulate lake' Slim Lake Map: Mt. McKinley D5 Sec.31, TI2S, R24W, FM Elev. 650 ft Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: MK. CS Herron was guided through Tr'etJ'o Mina' in Herron's map indicates that Donchelochno 1899. He noted the lake on his map drains to a native village situated by a small lake (Tucaomina). Rand McNally's map of the very near Lake Minchumina. Carl Sesui told Kantishna area in 1922 shows the lake as Michael Kruass that Donts'olab Mene' was the Tukomina. native name for Slim Lake. It is also well-known A sueam, Donchelochno, connectS Tr'etJ'o that a year-round native village existed near the Mina' with Lake Minchumina on Herron's map. outlet of Deep Creek (A Starr, personal It is drawn with a sweeping cwve to the east communication 1983). Therefore, Herron's village Today it is named Deep Creek. Modern maps could either be next to Slim Lake, or at a lake show a Donchelok Creek draining from Nonh that is no longer in existence along Deep Creek Snohomish Lake to Minchumina. It curves to the near its outlet. west. While it appears logical to assume Abbie mentioned Donch'eeJakh No' once Donchelok Creek is Doncb'eeJakh No'. in reality when discussing geography: "Donch'eeJakh No' is Deep Creek is. Onh (1971:263,280) reportS that towards Telida [from MinChumina?]" (Joseph Donchelochno is the variant name for both Deep 1982-83:T13, p9). In the war legend that has Creek and Donchelok Creek. U.S.O.S already been described above, Abbie refers to a undoubtedly made a mistake by not making place, Donch'eelakhdenh. It must be near the Donchelock the name for what is now Deep stream and lake of the same name. Creek. 118

146 U: Sbisr Ghoyi Mina', Sbisr Gboy YIsa' Mlaa' 'bear ridge lake' 38 Mile Lake or Fish Camp Lake Map: ML McKinley C6 Sec.2O, Tl4S. R26W, or Sec.14, T14S, R27W, FM Elev. 750 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK, RC. CS, FC

147 U: Sbisr Ghoy Yisa' 'bear ridge' Snohomish Hills Map: ML McKinley C6,D6 T13S, R27W, FM Elev. 750-1786 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK, RC. cs Shisr Ghoyi MJDa', according to Stokes his way to FL Gibbon in November, 1899. (1985:336), is 38 Mile Lake. Florence Collins Today's maps show a winter trail from Telida to believes it is Fish Creek Lake. Both lakes are Lake Minchumina which passes just west of 38 very close together, and both drain to the Mile Lake. Sbisr Ghoy Yisa' and Herron's Kuskokwim River. Either lake could be Herron's Shissloyso Hills appear on leday'S maps as Lake Kluklatsodomino which he traveled over on Snohomish Hills (Stokes 1985:336).

148 U: Ts'ima l.ok' Mina' 'spruce fish lake' Sprucefish Lake (Lonestar Lake) Map: ML McKinley C6 Sec.3S-36, TI5S, R27W, FM Elev. 831 it. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK., CS, RC Ts'ima l.uk' MilIa' is Sprucefish Lake on Texan. It was in operation in the 19205 to serve today's maps (Stokes 1985:336). Previously it was the Nenana-McGrath dog team mail drivers. AI listed as Lonestar Lake because of its proximity 10 Ban.lett and Herman Olsen of Lake Minchumina the Lonestar Roadhouse. The roadhouse is may have been employed in the management of believed to have been staned by Bob Stone, a the roadhouse.

149 U: MiDtih 'among lakes' An area of many lakes south of Lake Minchumina Map: ML McKinley C5 TI5S, R2SW, FM Elev. 850 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. CS, FC carl Sesui's reference to Mente is believed to the name was meant to encompass the region include the area of lakes around Spectacle Lake south and east towards Otter and Big lake. at the head of Deep Creek. It is not known if 119

150 U: Hozrigbe Mina' 'blackfish lake' Blackfish Lake Map: Mt. McKinley C6 Sec.18-19, T15S, R26W, FM Elev. 838 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: Fe. MK, CS Blackfish were taken primarily during lean Nikolai resident characterized the resource this times. They were not nutritious enough to way, blackfish "make the dogs get skinny' (Stokes sustain people or animals for long periods. One 1985:287).

151 Big Long Lake 152 Uttle Long Lake Map: Mt. McKinley CS Sec.17-19, T16S, R25W, FM Elev: 976 & 1012 it. Data from: FC Florence Collins and Florence Weber named on current maps is misplaced.; the name was these lakes in 1956 while doing geologic field intended for the lake southwest of Big Long Lake work elsewbere in the vicinity. Uttle Long Lake and CX)nnected to it by a small stream.

153 U: Hwlda DziI 'standing dry timber mountain' Castle Rocks Map: Mt. McKinley BS Sec.13, Tl2S, R24W, FM Elev. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK, CS Castle Rocks was not mentioned by Abbie foothills. Castle Rocks Lake is near Hwlda DziI. Joseph, _at least not by this name. It was Although Carl Sesui did not repon the name of undoubtedly known to her and must have been this lake, it most likely was known as Hwlda Dzil close to one of the main trails that crossed the Mioa'.

(154) Ts'ak'obea '?? lake' Location unCX)nfirm~ in foothills along winter route from Telida to McKinley River Map: Mt. McKinley SW section Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K, UK Data from: AJ:T6, pS Ts'ak'oben is about three days journey So we traveled two days from Telida and then stayed at this place one more eastward from Telida. Abbie mentions the name week. [We] left from there again [and) in reference to a trip her family took several years came down close to a place called Ts'ak'obea and camped again (Joseph after her mother broke her back (in the mid to 1982-83:T6, p5). late 18905). Her mother was still not able to travel very far nor for very long. The season of travel is not indicated. 120

155 Foraker Pond Map: Mt. McKinley C5 Sec.9-10, TI4S, R24W, FM Elev. 749 ft. Data from: Fe Foraker Pond was named in 1956 by Florence waterbody originated because of its proximity to Collins and Florence Weber while doing geologic the Foraker River. field work on sand dunes. The name of the small

156 K'otal No' possibly 'flat arrowhead stream' Foraker River Map: Mt. McKinley D5,C5 Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: AJ:17, p4; Ttl, p6,I9; MK. CS

157 Seyb Khoolanh No' 'stream where life exists' Foraker River, alternate name Map: Mt McKinley C4-5, B4 Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: AJ:17, pH

158 Todadtonh Bene' 'enclosed lake, without outlet' Location unconfirmed.; possibly Uve Trap Lake Map: Mt McKinley C5 Sec.18, TI6S, R23W, FM Elev. 1006 ft Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: AJ:Tl, p24; TlO, p6; T13, p16 Seyb Khoo)anh No' and K'otaI No' appear on It is well-known that there was a native trail several early maps with various spellings and on the east side of the Foraker River leading to locations. The Foraker River is listed as Kwalana the foothills from Lake Minchumina. The 1922 on Gordon's map, Shisolotina on Rand McNally's &nd McNiJlly Guide to AIIlSka and the Yulw" 1924 map, and the East Fork of the Sbisolatina includes the trail on their map of the Mt on the 1927 Kroll map. The Herron River is McKinley area. Abbie also mentions a trail that named Gotothna on the 1924 Rand McNally map, 'comes out to the river". It is suspected she is and Shisolatina on the 1927 KrolL Abbie helps referring to the Foraker trail. The lake without sort out part of the problem. She says the an outlet that she mentions in association with Foraker has two names, Seyh Khoolanh No' and the Foraker River and trail is thOUght to be Uve K'otal No'. She does not indicate a name for the Trap Lake: Herron River. From the creek that runs into the lake [MinChumina), it runs back up this 121

way and that is called K'otaI No' (Joseph We had gone hunting in the hills and 1982-83:TI, p4). had returned. We had gone to Noo Ghuyat'an'denh. We left things there. There is another little river up this At that place was a cache that my way [up Birch Creek] . . . called Noo grandpa, my dad's father, had made. So Chub Vee Nododeleah No'. Coming from we stayed there for two weeks. [After] Minchumina is K'otaI No'. So it goes the meat was all dry we put it up in the [close?] together like this. There is Seyb cache. We were so high [when in the Khoolanh No'. It is named two ways [has cache] we could see the long stretches of two names]. There is a lake off to the the rivers off in the distance. . . . Way side. Birch Creek runs up like this across there you could see another river. around a bend and another bend. . . . another long stretch. Around there going Then way up here on the up river side of downstream was a river called K'otal No'. K'otal No', they are like this to each This river jOined the other one. Down other [close?]. That is where the trail below there is Birch Creek (Joseph 1982- comes out to the river (Joseph 1982- 83:Tll. pS). 83:17, pll). Abbie responds to a question about where While we lived on the hill [upland she went to hunt sheep. She begins by describing area] my dad would go up in the hills. a route that may be along the Foraker River: He would go out to Todadtonh Belle' to get some tent poles because there no WHere is Todadtonh Bene'. This way here, is the sticks [where we were camped] (Joseph hill. Up above the canyon ... right here is 1982-83:T13, p16). where the overland trail goes. So we pass by up The following hunting trip took place above this lake here. Here is where we goW between 1910 and 1912: (Joseph 1982-83:T10, p6).

SWIFT FORK of the KUSKOKWIM RIVER Mouth to foothills

159 Dena Dochak'a 'mouth of our people's river' Location UDCOnfirIned; along or near Swift Fork; possibly another name for Highpower or Sbmlona Creek Map: Medfra B1 ?Sec.1O or 17, T24S, R30E. KM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: K. UK Data from: AJ:Tl2, p4

160 K.: Decheuano', Decbena Neega, Decheoa Neek'a U: DichiDa NeAt' 'river in trees' North Fork of Kuskokwim River & Kuskokwim River; possibly part of Swift Fork (McKinley Fork) Map: Medfra, Mt McKinley, Kantishna River Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK, K Data from: AJ:T1, p1,10.29; T2, p7; 1'3, p11; TI2, pl,2,4,7; MK, CS, Stokes 1985; Herron 1901 122 NO. Fx.. Spirit Lake KUSKOKWIM -RIVER Q70)

,- ..- .... .; ,- " ;" ,\\~ ", "" I .\ / $~"- i Q64) / I I " / J .;

From USGS Medfra & Mt.McKinley Maps

o Miles 5, I , I Km. o 5

Figure 35. Location map for Swift Fork of tbe Kuskokwim River place names # 159-170. 123

161 TodzoI No' 'water? river' Swift Fork of Kuskokwim River, perhaps only lower portion Map: Medfra, ML McKinley, Talkeetna Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. RC, cs

(162) DeenaJee Too' & Deenalee'rob 'the high one-water " 'beneath the high one' Location unconfirmed; probably headwaters of Swift Fork of the Kuskokwim River Map: Mt. McKinley A5, or Talkeetna 05 Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK. K Data from: AJ:T13, pIS

(163) 1(: Telayde Kbntl'ot 'headwaters of broad whitefish' Location unconfirmed; probably headwaters of Swift Fork of Kuskokwim River Map: Talkeetna 05 T22S, R25W, FM or possibly ML MCKinley A5 Elev. 2400 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK. K Data from: AJ:T13, pIS; T12, p20 Abbie refers to the Kuskokwim River many find a canyon that fits Abbie's description, it is times. It is clear from her descriptions that she necessary to back track into the mountains near

was familiar with different branches of it in two the Swift Fork' headwaters. Dena Dochak'a may widely separated localities. She describes the refer to the mouth of a stream that enters the route she traveled to its headwaters from the Swift Fork somewhere along its upper course, Muddy River, as well as another path her father perhaps Highpower Creek. It also could be took to the Swift Fork across the foothills from possible that the Swift Fork from Telida Birch Creek. The Swift Fork is known locally as downstream was called Dechena Neek'a, while the the McKinley Fork. On Herron's map it is area above was called TeJayde Kbntt'ot labeled Tatlathno. In Stokes (1985:334) it is The most obvious location for Deenalee Too' Todzolno'. Some early maps spell it Tatlathna or - would appear to be the headwaters of the Tatlohtbna It is not known why Abbie did not McKinley River because it emanates from the use a similar name. At times her descriptions Muldrow Glacier straight from ML McKinley. seem to indicate she used the same name for the However, Abbie Joseph clearly places this name Kuskokwim River and the Swift Fork. At other around the upper Swift Fork area times she used Deenalee Too' and Telayde This is the portage [from Minchumina ?]. This is the Dechen8Do', Khutl'ot for the Swift Fork. A fInal concern it flows around here. It goes down involves the lack of locational information for the stream like this and this is Telida. . . . Here is the McKinley (Fork]. Here is vital place name Dena Doc:hak'L where it is called the 'Mouth of the It is logical to assume Dena Dochak'a is the People's River'. It is called Dena Dochak'a. So the mountain goes as far mouth of the Swift Fork. However, in order to as there. It is as if the mountain juts out 124

or enends right down into the water here at the canyon ... up where there is water coming and there. That's where it is called Dena from Deeualee. . . . [The aame of the canyon is) Dochak'a (Joseph 1982-83:T12, p4). Telayde Kbutrot. The water that oomes out. comes from DeeDaJee. It is sometimes called It was at the head of the Telida, DeaIaIee Too' (DeeaaIee water). It is sometimes where it runs into the Decbeaa Neek.'a, called Deeaalee 1"ob (under Deeaalee). That's that's the place where mother got hun where we would go when we traveled (hunted) in (Joseph 1982-83:Tl, pI). So it happened the mountains. We would be able to look all down at the bead of the TeJayde on a over from around there (Joseph 1982-83:Tl2, steam that runs off of Deeaalee, where pIS). there is a canyon. a little ways down the stream where there is a stretch of river I never saw her [Roosevelt John's right below that with hills across on the mother). She was from down Decbeaa Neega. other side. There is a place where the Down at the place they call Telida (Joseph river rechanneled and that is where we 1982-83:Tl, p9-10). used to live. That was where mom got hun. It glaciers over there (Joseph 1982- Right up this way along FISh Camp 83:1'2, p21). Lake is a hilL It goes around like this and way up there is a place called (My father was down on the Yukon Ts'abeeI No' .... Going up stream there when mom got hun. He came home to is a hill there and a big hill back up and us} ... in a boat as far as Birch Creek. around here. The ridle peak runs around So he went overland from Meatadlee here. Here is another kind of high hill Gboyet [hills on lower Birch Creek) all that lies this way [opposite?}. We used the way over to Decheoaao' way up at to go over that one and into the the canyon (Joseph 1982-83:T13, pH). Dechenano' (Joseph 1982-83:17, pI2). We stayed at this place for four years, up

164 V: Ts'ima Yidaztonh 'spruce log is there' All of Bellen Lakes or Spruce Lake nen to Bellen Lakes Map: Medfra C1 T22S, R28E, KM Elev. S50 (L Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK., RC. FC CS Carl Sesui gave this name to Michael Krauss, Spruce Lake or the BelleD I..ates in general but it is unclear whether the name applies to just

165 V: TUayidi MiDa 'broad whitefish lake' Lower Telida Lake Map: Medfra B1 Sec.1O, 1'245. R29E, KM Elev. 629 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. RC. CS 125

166 U: Hiclighidi MilIa' 'next to next lake' Upper Telida Lake Map: Medfra Bl Sec.l. 1'245. R29E, KM EIev. 638 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. RC, c:s

167 U: TaJaydi 'broad whitefish place' Telida village Map: Medfra Bl Sec.28, 1'245, R29E, KM Elev. 625 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: Upper Telida Lake is Lake Kinkutumina on upstream of the outlet to the lower lake on the Herron's map. The lower lake is not listed. The north bank of the Swift Fork. Around 1915 the legend concerning the founding of Telida is village established its current location on the summarized in the section on territory and band south bank of the Swift Fork about five miles movements. The abundant whitefish resource below the outlet to the lower lake. played a signiijcant role in Telida's development. LL Herron and his men spent over two Three different locations have been recorded months in Telida in 1899 after being rescued by for Telida village. The earliest was a site on the Sesui His personal diary or field notebooks north bank of the Swift Fork just below Lower would provide a wealth of information on early Telida Lake. Sometime before 1915 it moved just historic Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan life. Unfonunately neither has ever been discovered.

168 U: Mintsad', Mintsade K; Mentladlee 'the thing that has been chopped (shaped by axe)' Telida Mountains Map: Medfra Bl, Cl Elev. peak 2981 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: AJ:Tl. p29; MK. RC, cs Two different places in the Kantishna Mountains as well. Meutladlee is the same as drainage have the name Meutladlee. One is the Herron's Munsatlee Mountains. In Stokes group of hills on lower Birch Creek (described in (1985:334). the name is translated as "rock scraper the McKinley River/Birch Creek section). The mountains". In this instance rock saaper refers other refers to Munsatli Ridge, the hills north of to a semilunate-sbaped women's knife similar to Telida Mountains. and possibly the Telida the Eskimo's ulu. ."" .-:>:-. ~.;~:~~:\- ":.:';.. ' .. '

'. '. ~

.; : ~...... ' ...... : ....: \" I ••••.• , : ".

. '. , ...... ,'~"'''' .. ' ...... ' .... ,

"'\

::"

i::

" "~"'"

;.. :.::::::::.\ . , ...... ',. "', .... 127

169 U: TS'at'asr Nek' 'charcoal river' Highpower Creek Map: Medfra Bl T23-24S, R30E, KM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. CS, RC Ts'at'asr nek' was not mentioned by Abbie. in the Swift Fork, their numbers are too small to However, it is a likely site for summer and fall have been significant in the aboriginal season fish camps because of its abundant and varied fish cycle. Freshwater fish are particularly plentiful in resources. There is one major run of salmon. Ts'at'asr net', especially sheefish, and whitefISh coho, that ascends the Swift Fork to Highpower (Stokes 1985:210,220,266,285). Creek. It occurs from late August to late September. While chinook and chum are present

170 U: t.wk'a Tsnnt'a Mina' or Lbuk'a Tr'nnta Mens' 'fish ?? lake' Spirit Lake Map: ML McKinley C6 Sec.23, T14S, R28W, FM Elev. 785 fL Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MC, RC, CS, FC, Stokes 1985:334 According to the brief archeological mysterious legend associated with the lake, but investigations by Hosley in 1962 and Holmes in has not been able to ascenain the details. 1981, there was once a village at Spirit I..ake. In the 193Os, Herman Olsen had a trapllne The prehistoric site is located on the west side of that went through Spirit Lake. He had a cache the outlet, along Fish Creek. The site consists of and tent frame on the north shore. In 1941 he house and cache pits and contains stone artifacts built a small cabin. After his death in 1944. and some bone. It is not known if it was used in Kenneth Granroth operated the trapline. It now winter or summer. Local tradition supports the is in the hands of Walter Maakestad (Bishop. archeological evidence of a village at the lake. personal communication 1990). Ray ColliDS of Mc:Orath reports there is a

EAST and SLOW FORKS OF THE KUSKOKWIM RIVER East Fork Hills to foothills

171 U: Sbisr Nu No' 'bear island river' Slow Fork of Kuskokwim River north of Grayling Hill Map: Medfra Bl rus, R30E, KM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. CS, RC 128

Figure 37. Sesui's son. Carl Sesui and wife. 1919. Stephen Foster Collection. Alaska and Polar Regions DepanmenL Univensty of Alaska, Fairbanks. 129

10 20 I I I I I I I o 15 25

From USGS Medfra, Mt.McKinley, Kantishna River maps

Figure 38. Herron's reconstructed 1899 route. ~

{6

Hoyle Lake 'b Q7~ ~MOOSe Hill

o Miles 5 I I I Km. I o 5

From USGS Medfra Map "'=' I ~

Figure 39. Location map for East Fork of the Kuskokwim River place names 1/ 171·176. 131

172 U: Higbitigbodlno' K: Kbeghetegbodl No' 'stream of ??' Middle Creek of Slow Fork of Kuskokwim River Map: Medfra Bl 1'25S, R29-30E, KM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. FC, CS

173 U: Tilayidi Ts'inododl No' Telidaside Creek Map: Medfra Bl 1'25S, R29-30E, KM Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: MK. RC, CS Sbisr Nu No' is the Slow Fork of the Kuskokwim River just north of Grayling Hill (Stokes 1985:331; Carl Sesui). It is also the thought to apply to Tonclonukna Creek Shissnona River on Herron's map. Carl Sesui (ToaeI'ODo'). The U.S.G.S maps available to reponed the name Higbitigbodlno' to Michael Krauss in 1962 were, and still are, inaccurate and Krauss. It is suspected to be Herron's misleading. The name was switched to Telidaside Hitzeecolochna. Sesui also reponed TUayidi Creek when the mistake was realized. TIJayidi Ts'inododl No' to Krauss. Originally it was Ts'inododl No' is most likely Telitzototelno River on Herron's map.

174 K: Ch'edotl'ooI No' U: Ch'idotl'uI No' 'braided rope river' East Fork of Kuskokwim River & Big Tonzona River Map: Medfra AI-2 Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: RC

175 K: Ch'edzohtanee 'bean' U: Ch'idrohtanedinh 'bean place' Moose Hill or vicinity near East Fork Kuskokwim Map: Medfra A2 Sec.17, T28S, R26E. KM Elev. peak 925 ft. Cultural Affiliation at 1900: UK Data from: AJ:Tl2, p4,8 Ch'edotl'ooI No' is the East Fork of the pan of the East Fork. The East Fork and Kuskokwim River and the Tonzona River. It Tonzona are in reality one stream. In 1899, appears as Chedotlothno River on Herron's map. Herron correctly identified the Tonzona River The name, Tonzona River, was mistakenly applied which is a tributary of the South Fork of the by Brooks earlier this century to what is actually Kuskokwim, not the East Fork. Unfortunately,

---- -. - ---- 132

Brook's map was distributed widely. The mistake This is the ponage. This is the was oontinued by other map makers. To remedy DecheDaDo'. It flows around here. It goes down stream like this and this is the situation, Herron's Tonzona River was Telida. Goes down stream like this and here is Cb'edzohtaDee. . . . There is a renamed Little Tonzona (Stokes 1985:324). place called-oh, I forgot the name. The Abbie was familiar with Cb'edzohtanee white people use to have a name for it through her father's relatives. She knew the too [Nikolai or McGrath). That's where the dog race trail from Anchorage used territory, or at least about it., as far downstream to go through there (Joseph 1982-83:Tl2. p4). as the Iditarod trail. She also makes it clear, in her stories, that the people from Ch'edzohtanee Well, at Telida, while we were there spoke a different language. She imitates the [after my mother had her accident] people came from a place a little ways language as she draws a map. below called Cb'idrohtaoedinh. Also from funher down, medicine people who spoke differently, came (Joseph 1982- 83:TI2. pI8).

MISCEllANEOUS NAMES Outside the Kantishna drainage

(176) l.ooghunh Ta Village in Kuskokwim Mountains on tributary of Nonh Fork of Innoko River Cultural Affiliation at 1900: Ingalik or Holikachuk Data from: AJ:T2. plO; Snow 1981:615 map; Zagoskin 1967:356 Abbie alludes to an area that is far removed He [Sesui] staned from [was born or came from] downriver, from around from her territory. Her relative, Sesui. came from t.oogbDDb Ta. Then he- settled down Loogbunb Ta which is the same as TIegon (Snow there at Telida. He was married there once. I think that one died. It was after 1981:6i5 map). The TIegon people are also [being widowed] that he staned to travel mentioned by Zagoskin (1967:356) who explored up [to Telida) (Joseph 1982-83:1'2, pl0). the middle Kuskokwim River in the early 18405.

(177) Sasootno', Sasoodeno' 'sand river' Susitna River Map: Talkeetna Cultural Affiliation at 1900: Tanaina Data from: AJ:T13. pIO; CP Abbie Joseph's knowledge of place names even though she probably never traveled there in extended to the south side of the Alaska Range her youth. In the following story she mentions 133 family relations from south of the range. It is out from under the Ch'e'ot. It runs out from there. It comes all the way down, called SasOotno'. all the way down to SasootDo' where the One of the people from SasootDo' land flattens OUL Tben there are hills all used to live down there at Telida. ... He around this way. Then from that was related to my parent's dad and them. direction--from there is Anchorage They were all related. ... The water runs (Joseph 1982-83:TI3, pl0). 134

APPENDIX A

Julius Jette

Julius Jette was a scholar and missionary of area of the interior. When the superintendent of the Society of Jesus, a teaching order within the Mount McKinley National Park wrote Jette in Catholic Church. He was born in Montreal, 1926 requesting native geographical names, Jette Canada in 1864. His educational background was able to respond. His letter, which follows, included studies in Canada and France in the includes several names that match those from the humanities, philosophy, theology, natural sciences, oral record. Jette's spellings may vary from the and advanced mathematics. He volunteered for current orthography, but there is no question the the Alaska missions and arrived in Nulato in names are the same. Although Jette published 1898. He mastered the Koyukon language in a widely, his oollection contains much unpublished very short time. He was interested in the material. The letter to the Park superintendent language because of its application to his work is one example. It is presented because it bas and also for what he could learn about native never been published before and because it is culture. He gathered incredibly detailed relevant to this report. It is also an example of ethnographic data during his nearly 30 years in how local geographic knowledge extended across the territory. He wrote numerous articles and language and territorial boundaries. Such manuscripts on folklore, language, geography and knowledge was disseminated either by word of place names. His notes on geography were not mouth, or directly by natives traveling great confined to the area of his missions at Nulato, distances. Kokrines, and Tanana, but encompassed a wide F"aiAJ_*,. aL_lt'a 'U.. ~'. JfZt' }nt/ -;r atl"'- fP: ma~~(c, n/~ K4'"'cr O'.... k, Qt_k••

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APPENDIX B Stephen Foster of the Kantishna River Stephen Foster may have rome to the historical information. Kantishna during the 1905 gold rush. The Nome Archdearon Stuck came to Minchumina in Semi Weeldy Nugget (March 1, 1906) in a reprint 1915. He visited Foster at his cabin seven miles from the Fairbanks Times, reponed that a Mr. from the lake, but his visit was not a social call. Foster was in charge of Hamilton's store at The Fairbanks paper reponed Foster had been Glacier. However, this rould refer to Ernest murdered by the Indians because he had poisoned Foster who later became a rommissioner for the faxes. But Foster, with yet another panner, Kantishna recording district. The name S. Foster Walter Ames, were alive and well. Foster appears in 1911 as the panner of Lee Raymond admitted to the poisoning, and said he had done Dice, Deputy Fur Warden for the U.S. Bureau of it because he needed the skins and had never Fisheries at Tanana. Dice and Foster traveled up trapped before. He promised not to do it again the Cosna River to the North Fork of the (Stuck 1915:February 21). Kuskokwim River -where they were to have spent Stuck wrote in his diary that Foster was an the winter. Dice rontinued down the Kuskokwim incessant talker, full of schemes. Foster in the spring, but Foster stayed (Dice 1912). rontinued to envision himself as a game guide By 1914, Foster, with a new partner, Nels and reson operator. He may have actually built Henderson, had a fox farm and trading post at part of a trail, very straight and 13 feet wide, Lake Minchumina. The Fairbanks Daily Times from his cabin toward Mt. Foraker (current

article of July 11, 1914 mentioned the men were trappe~ at Minchumina romment on cenain areas going to act as guides for big game hunte~ and of old trapping trails that are broad and that they were going to take a camera to the lake exceedingly straight). But Stuck didn't think on their next trip ~ order to photograph the Foster had the eastern ronnections to attract the animals. Six days later another anicle reponed patrons (Stuck 1915:February 21). There is no the men were on their way in Henderson's boat indication Foster ever realized his dream. with four tons of supplies. The only truth in the Foster eventually developed a strong interest anicle appears to be about the camera. Foster in game ronservation, and was appointed a did indeed purc11ase a camera, but his territorial game warden in March, 1917. by photographs in the Archives of the Unive~ity of Governor Strong. He proudly proclaimed in a Alaska. Fairbanks rarely show anjmals, Instead. letter to Stephen Mather, Park Commissioner in they are of scenery, towns, and people, Washington D.C. in 1918, that even though he panicularly native people. Pictures taken at Lake had nearly eliminated the market and big game

Minchumina have captiOns that include dates, hunte~ in MCKinley Park, the game was still not native place names. pe~nal names. and other being protected. He believed that moose came to 146 the Park from breeding grounds near Lake Minchumina, but he understood enough to know MInchumina. His ooncern was that many young that Foster's ideas were absurd and that he was moose were drowning in boggy areas in the unfit to act as game warden (Sheldon 1919). lowlands. He also felt native hunters from Foster is listed as a game warden in the Rand Tanana were taking a toll on unborn calves. His McNally's 1922 Guidt to AlIZskll and Yukon. solution was to put wire fences around the bog Foster was a major oontn"butorto the. book. In holes and station a game warden (himself) at the it he describes Kantishna's scenery and wildlife, lake in order to respond more quickly to game and even includes the intricacies of reaching Lake violations there. Minchumina. He undoubtedly supplied a great Foster also had an idea to attract and keep deal of information for the excellent maps that migratory waterfowl closer to the Lake accompany the guide. The tnaps oonWn native Minchumina area by planting wild rice around the place names, roads, Indian trails, and major lakes. If more waterfowl stayed closer to where animal resource areas (Rand McNally 1922:81). they oould be protected (by the game warden) Foster's character and ideas may be suspect, but then their numbers would increase, he belieVed. his maps and photographs are a significant He also thought the rice would help feed the contribution to Kantishna history. What became moose and perhaps the natives (Foster 1918). of him after 1922 is a mystery. Mather wisely checked with Charles Sheldon about Foster before proceeding. Sheldon'S experience in the Kantishna did not include

Figure 40. Stephen Foster with Kantishna area natives. 1920. Stephen Foster Collection. Alaska & Polar Regions Depanment. University of Alaska. Fairbanks. 147

APPENDIX C Koyukon Atbabaskan Dialects of the Kantishna Region, Alaska Michael Krauss Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks

Krauss bas defined the Koyukon language as Koyukon is also very unusual amongst the tbat in which the Proto-(ancestral) Athabaskan Atbabaskan languages in preserving some word­ ts-series of consonants has developed into a tI­ final clusters as in "fishhook" geltl (Upper series. This unique trait thus delineates the Koyukon jell/; compare Upper KUskokwim jis or Koyukon language (and excludes from it therewith older jilh, Lower Tanana jeth), or "I sneeze" e.g. the language of· Holikachuk). He further yetl'luk (Upper Koyukon yerl'wch, Upper divides Koyukon into three major dialects: Lower Kuskokwim and Lower Tanana yetl'usr). It is in (Kaltag-Nulato), Central (all the rest except this trait tbat Southern Upper Koyukon differs Upper), and Upper Koyukon, which includes the from Northern, having lost these clusters, again dialect of the area here in question. Krauss maJrj0g it still more like Upper Kuskokwim and further divides the Upper Koyukon dialect into Lower Tanana, thus Crossjacket and Bearpaw­ twO subdialect areas: 1. Northern Upper Koyukon Minchumina "fishhook" jel and "I sneeze" yetl'us. ("Mission" Tanana, Rampart [some speakers], Finally, Bearpaw-Minchumina (Upper Stevens Village, South Fork: [moved to Koyukon 2b) can in turn be distinguished from Allakaket)), and 2. Southern Upper Koyukon, Crossjacket (Upper Koyukon 21) by one further itself further divided into twO sub-subdialectS: a. trait it shares with Lower Tanana, the shift of Crossjacket, and b. Bearpaw-Minchumina. Proto-Atbabaslcan front k-series in non-initial The main trait distinguishing the dialect of position to a k-series (thus merging with the k­ Upper Koyukon from all the rest is that the sounds from Proto-Atbabaskan q-series, originally Proto-Atbabaslcan front k-series of consonants has pronounced much funher back in the mouth). By developed into a ch-series (a trait it shares - as this trait "blueberries" in Bearpaw-Minchumina is might be expected by the geography - with more juga like jega in Lower Tanana, unlike jeeja in interior varieties of Atbabaskan, such as Lower Crossjacket or Upper Kuskokwim. "Plate" in Tanana. and Upper KUSkokwim). lbus"a tail" in Bearpaw-Minchumina is tl'ok (like tth'ok in Lower Upper Koyukon is ch'echll' (as in Upper Tanana, unlike tl'och in Crossjacket or nh'och' in Kuskokwim and Lower Tanana) while in Lower [older] Upper Kuskokwim). Bearpaw-Minchumina Koyukon it is k'e/cQ'), or "plate" in Upper is the variety of Koyukon which is the most Koyukon (1 and 21) is tl'och (other Koyukon similar to (or influenced by) Lower Tanana. t['ok), "blueberries" is jeeja (other Koyukon guga). 148

A further qualifying word about the identity suffices for us to pinpoint that the Minchumina of Bearpaw-MinchumiDa. In 1962. Krauss did dialect was different from Crossjacket and like fieldwork in Nenana with speakers from Bearpaw in this way, so that it was either Cross jacket and Bearpaw wbo best remembered identical with Bearpaw or in any case closest of the dialects of those former bands. such as Mabel all to Bearpaw. Thus. Krauss has classed it as Evan and Eli Charlie. In that way, Krauss was pan of the "Bearpaw-Minchumina- sub-subdialect able to establish the main traits of the Upper of the "Southem" subdialect (with Crossjacket) of Koyukon subdialect closest to Minchumina. the Upper dialect of the Koyukon Atbabaskan Unfonunately, already by 1962 there was no one language. living who had ever spoken the Mindlumina dialect (except in a sense for Abbie Joseph, with whom Krauss had no contact). Krauss went carefully through the very meager documentation of the language at Minchumina from earlier authors (mainly Herron. Wickersham. and Gordon). Of these three, Gordon probably had the most or best contact with the Minchumina people. It is a pity he did not publish a long word list for Minchumina as he did for Kuskokwim Yup'ik (and no such list has so far been located amongst his papers). Nevenbeless. including a simple list of thirteen numerals (Gordon 1917:201-2). his book is most imponant in providing the needed diagnostic· item, -roW'" written tenu. Because Gordon in this (orm writes -k-. it ~ the Minchumina word for "four" was denge (as e.g. in Bearpaw) aDd not denje (as e.g. in Crossjacket). Since by all reports of memory from those who bad heard the

Minchumina dialect, it was not very different from that of Crossjacket or Bearpaw. and siDa: the meager data we do have from Minchumina accord with that point. this one diagnostic item from Gordon 149

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ALPHABETIZED INDEX TO PLACE NAMES

Name Pale NmK fm 51 Alexauder Creek 66 153 Hwida Dz8 119 120 Beaverlog Lakes 104 113 Kalt'odIe Bene"! 101,103 29 Bek'eteegbeetonee 51 134 K'edzaye 111 8S Bentadlee 88-89 133 K'edzaye Bene' 111 128 Bedzesb Tene 109 16 K'edzaye Dokak'et 45 127 Betel tenayee 109 132 K'edzaye No' 111 151 Big Long Lake 119 25 K'eeyh DeIbel SO 6 Bngbo Nelagbeedelenee 43 79 K'eeyh Le'oab No', K'esb ZI'og No' 86-87 8 Cbaltsedze 43 81 Keeyh 11'0 Beob 86-87 ll.£b'edena, Cbak'et 44 80 K'eeyh 11'ot No' 86-87 130 Cb'edena DleIe' 110 90 K'eeyb T'ogbeeIenbdenb 90 129 Cb'edeoano' 110 99 K'eeyh T'okh Bene' 93,95 174 Cb'edotl'ooI No', Cb'idotl'aI No' 131-132 140 K'et'Dkb 113-115 38 Cb'edzaye 57 172 KhegbetegbocU No' 131 64 Cb'edzaye Bene' 74 19 Kheateel Docbaget 47 57 Cb'edzaye No', Cb'idraya No' 69,71 65 Khenteel No' TI'o 75-76 175 Cb'edzobtaDee, Cb'idrobtanedinb 131-132 19 Kbeuteedl Docbaget 47 10 1 Cb'enk'a, Cb'eak'a Kbojede 95 39 Kbeoteedl No' 57-58 61 Cb'enok'et . 73 65 KbeDteedi No' 11'0 75-76 67 Cb'e'ot 78 39 Kheotool No', 57-58 97 Cb'elk'oba Bene', Cb'eIkogbee Bene' 93,95 118 ~ Bene' 103 98 Cb'eIk'o Cbak'et, Cb'eIkogbee Cbak'et 93,95 32 .KhotoIDodeab 53-55 96 Cb'elk'oba Yedle', Cb'elkogbee Yedle' 93,95 69 KbIJdeetsedla Toyaaa' 78-79 92 Cb'etIeeyaD' 91 47 Khntma Diet 65 26 Cbooyb No' 50 60 Kb1deDaPeedeah 71,73 77 Comer Lake 85 S9 KboteDal'ee No' 71 160 Decbenano', Decbena Neega. 36 Kbayb TdIek 56 'fedlena Neeka, Dicbina Nek' 121,123-124 37 Kbayb T1bek No' S6 162 Deenalee Too' & Deenalee T'ob 123-124 13 K'os Chat'el 44 159 Dena Dochak'a 121,123-124 122 K'os No' 104,107,109 66 Deaalee,. Deenadbee, Denaze 76,78 125 K'os No' Doage 107,109 67 Deaalee Be'ot 78 121 K'os 11'0 104.107,109 15 Den TS'ena 45 156 K'otIII No' 120-121 30 Del'onee No' 51 89 K'uyeda Kbalogba 88-89 95 Dets'ene Yekb, Dets'en Yeekano 93 109 K'ayb Yeedaaeelenbkbn 100-101 144 Doncb'eelakb No'. Donts'oIab No' 117 119 l.ee Got No' 104 145 Donts'olab Mene' 117 104l.ee Kbnnpasb No' 97,99 112 Dzenb Ts'edeebeeyb Bene' 101,103 152 Utde I.oac Lake 119 78 Gaga Too' Ts'adanee'odeab 8S 71 Lonley Lake 81 63 Gal Neelekb No' 73-74 176l.oogbDDll Ta 132 72 GrayliDg Creek 81 170 l.wk'a T51IIIt'a MiDa', Ulnk'. Tr'anta Mens' 127 27 Gukb Udooz No' SO-51 136 Mats No 111,113-115 78 Hadodeeneetonbdenb 8S 10 Mendas Bene' 44 39 Dented No', Hintas No', Hintes No' 57-58 135 Meahch.... Mene', Meacbn Meue' 111,113-115 68 Denteetb (No') Loo' 78-79 28 Meab Eejedbet 51 166 JIidigbidi Mina' 125 8S Meatadlee 88 172 Higbitighodlno' 131 84 Meatadlee Gboyet 87-89 65 Hiotas No' Dikats' 75-76 149 Mindb 118 150 Hozrigbe Mina' 119 168 Mintsatl', Mlntsatle, Mendadlee 125 157

~ Page Name Page 93 Nechotale Cbagit 91-92 33 11a T'oth No' 53-55 94 Nechutale No' 91-92 76 TIeedeeleah 82-83 62 Neecb'oolakhdeDh 73-74 106 TIeats'e Nodeleab Bene' 99-101 117 Needmgb Belle' 103 107 'neats'e Nodeleuhdeu.h 99-101 9 Neegboneeleahdeah 43 142 11'ooybk'a or 11'001 IF"" 113-115 100 Neegboneeleu.bdeah 9S 50 11'ukh No' 66 49 Neeldzadagbeeleabdenh 49 158 Todadtonh Bene' 120-121 126 NeeIts'atJeegbedetonhde 107,109 161 TodzoI No' 123-124 21 Neenano', Neeaayb No' 47 20 Tolbo No' or Tot.. No' 47 . 124 Neenots'eeyhleyaybdenh 107,109 110 Tonelkun' Bene' 101,103 94 NeetsootaJee No', NeetaJee No' 91-92 41 Tontsukh No' 58.60 93 NeetsootaJee Cbak'et, Neetalee Cbaget 91-92 22 TootI'o KbUDo', TootI'ot No' 48 17 Noch'eldek No' 45 24 TootI'ot KbodoteeneetoDbde 48.50 103 Nodoled Bene' 97 23 TootI'ot, Tood'ot Kbudocbaget 48 102 Nodoleeldenh 95,97 131 Tots'eJgnts Bene' 110 42 Noghuya Bene' 60 73 Toyan' Kok'e 81-83 7 NoneeleDhdellh 43 4 TOlIee Chak'et 41 91 NoeeIenhdenh 90 143 Tr'etI'o MilIa' 115-116 5 Noochu Gboloyet 41,43 108 Ts'abeeI No' 99-101 87 Noo Chukh 88-89 115 Ts'adaaee'oyee Bene', Ttha Danee'oyee 101, 103 88 Noo Chukh Vee 88-89 154 Ts'ak'obea 119 82 Noo Cbukh Vee Nododeleab No' 86-87 43 Ts'at'ana No' 60 74 Noo Ghuyat'an'denh 82-84 169 Ts'at'asr NeIr.' 127 111 Noo Ldlo Bene' 101,103 35 Ts'.1"ogbe 56 83 Noldlagbee Neelakbcleah 86-87 34 Ts'. T'okh No' 55-56 31 NotdJagbee No' 53 86 Tseesh Boolanh No' 88-89 31 Nothdlaghee No' 53 116 Tsee,b Bene' 103 12 Nzakb Chonh detonhdenh 44 141 Ts'eIr.h.... Bene' 113-115 55 Otter Creek 69 148 Ts'_ 1.Dk' Mina' 118 52 Sandless Lake 66 164 Ts'ima YIdaztonb 124-125 177 SasootDo', Sasoodeno' 132-133 139 Tso' Ch'eIuua' 113-115 56 Sawmill Creek 69 114 Tsngbul Bene' 101,103 53 Ses Cbaget 66 33 Ttba T'okh No' 53-55 54 Ses No' 66 2 Tth'eetoo' 41 157 Seyh Kboolanb No' 120-121 44 T'ukh 1"oghee 60 146 Shisr Gboyi Mina', Sbisr Ghoy Y'1S8' Mina' 118 22 Totl'ot Bwno' 48 147 Sbisr Gboy Ylsa' - 118 1 Yookkeae 41 171 Shisr No No' 127,131 1 Yookeoa 41 75 Tegheelenhdenh 82-83 137 Yo T'ukh 113-115 105 T'eghel Tal 97,99 138 Yo T'ukh Bene' 113-115 70 T'egheI Tal Dohudeekaobkbu, 79,81 70 T'eghel Tal T'optdenh 79,81 163 Telayde Kbutl'ot 123-124 3 Teoa Don'a 41 2 Teoe No', Teaeue 41 123 Teyh Gbudegeyee 107,109 167 TIlaydi 125 165 TiJayidi Mina 124-125 173 TIlayidi Ts'iDododl No' 131 14 Tla Cb'oueelenh 45 18 Tla Deneldel Dlele' 45,47 , " --.• > .~'';''.'~ "T')

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the DepartmP.nt of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned publlc lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv­ ing the environment and cultural value of our national parks and histor'ical places, and providing for the enjoy­ ment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mtneral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The D~partment also has a major responsi­ bility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live' in island territories under U.S. admini­ stration.