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Aarsleff, Hans, 320–21 Antoninus Pius, 30 absolutism, 9, 38, 39, 248 Antwerp, 26 accounting practices, seventeenth- Appleby, Joyce Oldham, 12, 29, 269, 290, century, 6, 76, 203–4, 265. See also 292, 316, 328, 333, 340, 342–43 bookkeeping, double-entry Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 15, 31, 57, 89 Adventurers, Irish, 109 Aragon, 30, 128. See also Spain, Spanish Aesop, 31 language, customs or thought Africa, 180 arbitrage, 151, 257, 315 African Company, 189, 202, 231, 232, 309 Ariston of Chios (called “Aristen” by agora, Athenian, 15, 270 Malynes), 33 agrarian capitalism, 163–65, 319, 328. See Aristotle (or Aristotelian thought), 4, 21, also capitalism; wage-labor 23, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37–38, 40, 49, 57, 58, Agricola, Georg, 213 67, 69, 79, 81, 90, 91, 95, 102, 104, 134, agricultural innovation. See land, 147, 159–60, 169, 172, 174, 180, 184, 186, improvement of 210, 211, 212, 224, 225, 245, 246, 253, 254, Albin, Benjamin, 131 255, 256, 260, 270, 272, 278, 279, 285, 288, alchemy, 31, 32, 56 295, 297, 318, 321, 331, 333 Alexander the Great, 79 Arminianism, 253 Allen, Robert C., 302 Arneil, Barbara, 318 Althusius, Johannes, 57, 288 Asgill, John, 113, 206, 215 Amboyna incident, 55, 284 Asgill-Barbon Bank, 206, 215, 329 America, 16, 123, 131, 141, 148, 180, 185, Ashton, Robert, 287, 292 195, 318, 319. See also individual Asia, 16, 180, 185 colonies Aspis (a serpent), 282 amour-propre, 3, 267 Aspromourgos, Tony, 117, 303, 304, 318, Amsterdam, Bank of, 139, 311; city of, 27, 321, 322, 338 54, 108, 311 Athens, 15, 324 Anglicanism, 307 Aubrey, John, 109, 300 Anne (queen of England), 223 autarky, 248 annuities, government sponsored, 219, Avery, Samuel, 284 220, 221 anonymous authors: (Britannia Bacon, Roger, 32 Languens), 74, 231; (Chaos), 23, 53, 183; Bacon, Sir Francis (or Baconian (A Compendious or Brief Examination), thought), 5, 10, 11, 24, 26, 33, 34, 39, 53, 95; (Englands Great Happiness), 74; 58, 64, 74, 89–90, 96, 108, 124, 125, (Interest of Money Mistaken), 139, 310, 128–29, 173, 174, 213, 216, 228, 256, 269, 311; (Usurie Arraigned ) 134, 183 293, 296, 303, 305, 306, 318–19, 322, 325

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balance: of interests, 182–84; of payments, 21–25, 29, 34–38, 39, 58, 59, 61, 68, 83, 84, 91–92, 294; of power, 64, 181, 230; of 91, 94–97, 102, 104–6, 111, 112, 120, trade, 5, 45, 54, 56, 58, 61 64, 70, 72, 73, 183–84, 197, 207, 224, 229, 252, 255, 277 74, 76, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89–97, 119, 121, Boisguilbert, Pierre le Pesant, Sieur de, 140–41, 144, 149, 151, 155, 159, 160, 107, 325 179–81, 185, 197, 205, 206, 207, 210–11, Bonar, James, 248, 340 226, 230–32, 243–44, 247, 248–49, 257, bookkeeping, double-entry, 20–21, 30, 57, 262, 264, 285, 293–94 78, 90–91, 119, 171, 180–81, 185, 186, 203, Baltic states, 54 229, 240, 242, 252, 255. See also account- Banbury, 188 ing practices, seventeenth-century Bank of England, 139, 205, 206, 220, 221, Book of Common Prayer, 56, 284 232, 334, 335 Book of Orders, 93 banks and banking: attitudes toward, 48, Borkenau, Franz, 303 113, 135, 137, 153, 157, 190, 202, 232–33, Bornitz, Jacob, 4 255, 261, 262, 263, 285, 339; deposit, 41, Botero, Giovanni, 4 48, 113, 153; land-banks, 113, 205, 206, Boswell, William, 284 215, 220, 301; national, 113, 220, 253; Bowley, Marian, 281, 292, 317, 330, 331 number of bankers, 132; role in foreign Boyle, Robert, 74, 101, 109, 147, 213, 215, exchange, 44, 48, 85, 190–91; social sta- 216, 318, 322 tus of investors in, 221, 335. See also Bracton, Henry de, 223 Mons pietatis; savings, linked to invest- Bramber, 206 ment; and individual banks Brandenburg, 241 Barbados, 141 Brems, Hans, 7, 117, 303 Barbon, Nicholas, 1, 5, 6, 74, 113, 184–85, Brenner, Robert, 287, 308 205–18, 247, 255, 256, 258, 260, 262, 263, Brewer, Anthony, 304 264, 265, 328, 329–34 Brewer, John, 334, 335, 342 Barebones (or Barbon), Praisegod, 6, 205, Brill, 53 215, 216 Briscoe, John, 206, 302, 329 Bartolus (Bartolodi Sassoferrato), 57 Bristol, 189, 241 Basadonna, John, 27 Bromley, Robert, 27 Basel, 32 Bruno, Giordano, 213, 215, 333 Bathurst, Ralph, 147 Buck, Peter, 321 Baxter, Richard, 23, 214, 318 bucket analogy, 327 Beale, John, 74, 75 Buckingham, ‹rst duke of (George Vil- Becher, Johann Joachim, 304 liers), 89 beekeeping, 28, 276 Buckingham, second duke of (George Beer, Max, 29, 247, 291, 293, 295, 312 Villiers), 131, 308 Berkeley, George (bishop), 215, 219, 333 bullion: attitudes toward exportation of, Bermuda, 59 54, 55, 69, 76, 78, 85, 137, 150, 152, 179, Besold, Christoph, 4 197, 254, 291, 294; bullionism (wealth Blackwall, 63 de‹ned as bullion), 83, 87, 89, 92, 120, Blaug, Mark, 290, 291, 316 144, 155, 179, 180, 186, 191, 209, 210, 247, Blount, Charles, 170 249, 254, 262, 330. See also balance, of Bodin, Jean, 4, 28, 30, 38, 51–52, 57, 70, 275, trade; coins; money, metallism; Procla- 276–77 matio contra Exportationem Bullionis; body politic as machine, 227, 254. See also statutes mechanical world view Buridan, Jean, 150, 314 body politic as social organism, 5, 11, 19, Burton, Robert, 22, 278 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 367

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Cadmus, 56 127, 131, 132, 148, 187, 188, 300, 308 Caen, 108 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 32, 276 Caesar, Julius, 79 Chaudhuri, K. N., 294 Caesar, Sir Julius, 64 Child, Sir Josiah, 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 101–2, 106, Calais (as “Calis”), 27 113, 130–46, 148, 149, 156, 163, 175, 176, calendar systems, 30, 275 187, 191, 205, 208, 210, 223, 247, 256, 258, Calvinism, 12, 253, 271. See also Protes- 259, 261, 307–13, 337, 339 tantism Choksy, George D., 326–27 Cambridge. See Oxford and Cambridge, Christendom, 15, 30, 34, 48, 69, 72, 73, 82, colleges of 288, 289, 290 Campanella, Thomas, 214 Christianity, 35, 180, 255, 282, 295. See also Cantillon, Richard, 317 speci‹c branches and sects of Christianity Canute II (the Great), 276 Churchill, John. See Marlborough, ‹rst capitalism, 4, 11, 17–18, 20, 47, 161, 162–65, duke of 170, 226, 246, 248, 253, 255, 319, 320 (see Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 30, 33, 57, 253, 288, also agrarian capitalism; wage-labor); 321 capitalist Geist, 11–12, 15–25, 132, 175, cities as the heart (circulating pump) of 203, 265, 271 the society, 207 Carleton, Sir Dudley (‹rst Viscount Civil War, American, 67 Dorchester), 55–56 Civil War, English. See English Revolu- Carlyle, Thomas, 19 tion and Civil War (or Royalists and Carolinas, Lords Proprietors of, 148 Parliamentarians) Carroll, Lewis, 263 Clarendon, ‹rst earl of (Edward Hyde), carrying trade, attitudes toward, in trade 128 balance theory, 85, 92, 180, 312 classical economics, 107, 263, 290 cartography, use of, in economic tracts, Cleves, 53 32–33 Clitherow, Sir Christopher, 291 Casaubon, Meric, 174 Cockayne, William (Alderman), 27, 46, Cassandra, 219 54, 63, 280, 283 Castaing, John, 222, 335 Cohen, I. Bernard, 297, 300, 324 Castile, 128 coins: clipping and culling of, 71, 85, 150, Catalonian Revolt, 253 151, 155, 194, 198, 201, 207, 257, 258; data Catholicism, 4, 22, 150, 213, 253, 255 on metal content, 314–15; data on sup- Cato, Marcus Porcius (the elder), 15, 30, ply, 53, 155, 201, 257; devaluation 57, 91, 155, 173, 212, 224, 271, 276, 279, 294 through debasement or depreciation, Cavendish, Thomas, 32 42, 52, 68, 75, 87, 93, 149, 151, 154, 206–7, Cecil, Robert, 27 239, 257–58, 328, 330; gold and silver, Challis, C. E., 279, 283 special qualities of, 43, 120, 150, 190, Chalmers, George, 341 239; hoarding, 71, 85, 113, 198–200, Chamberlen, Hugh (the elder), 302, 329 201–2, 211, 257, 261; milled versus ham- Chamberlin, Edward Hastings, 288 mered, 150, 201, 257–58; recoinage of Chancery Lane, 205 1561, 26, 42, 53, 75; recoinage of 1696, Chancey, Karen, 284 132, 149, 150–51, 154–55, 201, 206, 219, chaos, fear of, 2, 23, 24, 39, 67, 97, 250. See 220, 223, 236, 257–58, 340; troy weight also logos versus avoirdupois, 41–42, 279. See also Charles I (king of England), 56, 64, 79, exchange, rates and gold-silver pars; 101, 102, 108, 114, 130, 181, 284, 298 money, metallism Charles II (king of England), 6, 109, 114, Coke, Roger, 74 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 368

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Coke, Sir Edward, 78 Court versus Country ideology, 222–23. Coke, Sir John, 284 See also Whigs versus Tories Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 228, 248, 337 Cout, Pieter de la, 4 Cole, Charles Woolsey, 337 Cowen, Tyler, 331 Coleman, D. C., 9–10, 269, 340, 342–43 Cowley, Abraham, 215 Collins, Stephen L., 3, 267 Cranston, Maurice, 313 colonies, attitudes toward, 29, 31, 33, 123, credit, de‹nitions of and attitudes 141, 144, 195–96, 217, 231, 232, 250–51, 318 toward, 207–8, 222, 226–27, 240, 246, Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, 57 261, 262, 315–16. See also corruption; Comenius, John Amos, 124, 305–6 humanism commodities: ad victum (food) contrasted Creedy, John, 341 with ad vestium (clothing), 40; arti‹cial Cromwell, Oliver, 56, 108, 109, 114, 284 (manufactured) contrasted with nat- Cromwell, Richard, 109 ural, 40, 68, 81, 83–84, 90, 134, 210, 212, Cromwellian Army, 198 256, 260, 278; necessary contrasted with Cudworth, Ralph, 149 luxurious, 40–41, 74, 77, 80–81, 115, 128, Culpeper, Thomas, 310 135, 156, 180, 211–12, 238, 265 Commons, House of, 28, 76, 149, 225, 291. Danby, earl of (Thomas Osborne), 128, See also Parliament 308 Commonwealth, the, 5, 56, 131, 215, 293, Darius of Persia, 79 299. See also Interregnum, the; Protec- Darwin, Charles, 17 torate Davanzati, Bernardo, 75 communalism, 30, 39, 270 Davenant, Charles, 1, 3, 5, 6, 181, 185, compass metaphor, 73 219–46, 247, 253, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, Comte, Auguste, 17 262, 264, 313, 334–42 conatus, 298 Davenant, Sir William, 6, 222, 237–38 Congregationalism, 131 David, Jacob, 312 congruence. See macro-microcosmic Davies, K. G., 309, 312 analogy Davis, Ralph, 311 Constantinople, 187 Death, Thomas, 325 Cooper, Anthony Ashley. See Shaftes- debentures, 109 bury, ‹rst earl of Dedalus, 32 Copernicus, Nicolas (Copernican Cos- Dee, John, 32 mos), 2, 33, 34, 102 Delft, 55, 56 Cordell, Thomas, 75 demand, 43, 46, 200, 211–12, 264–65; elas- corpuscular hypothesis. See mechanical ticity of, 149, 160–61, 166–67, 216, world view 244–45, 265. See also domestic con- correlation con›ated with causation, 136, sumption, attitudes toward; tariffs, 160 used to reduce domestic consumption corruption, 81, 88, 156, 185, 223, 224–25, demographic revolution, 4 227, 238, 239, 246, 278, 336. See also Denmark, 143, 210, 312 credit, de‹nitions of and attitudes Deptford, 63 toward; humanism Descartes, René (or Cartesian thought), cosmography or cosmology, 2, 3, 253. See 5, 10, 11, 102–3, 105, 106, 147, 169, 172, also under Copernicus, Nicolas; 190, 213, 215, 254, 267, 297, 304, 318, 325, Ptolemy (Ptolemaic Cosmos) 333 Couchman, John, 27 Devereux, Robert. See Essex, second earl Counter-Reformation, 4 of index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 369

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Dewar, Mary, 296 economic nationalism, 95–97, 155, 197, Diana (Artemis), 16 230–31, 241, 248 Dickson, Peter George Michael, 334, economics as household management, 91, 335 252 Digges, Dudley, 55 economic sectors con›ated, 225–26 division of labor, productive, 12, 21, 122, education, public, 124–25, 135, 144, 168, 164, 304–5; social, 17, 21, 66, 255 250, 256. See also religion, civil Dobb, Maurice Herbert, 20, 29, 294, 312 Edward III (king of England), 31 Dodoens, Rembert, 79 Ekelund, Robert B., 249, 288 domestic consumption, attitudes toward, Elizabeth I (queen of England), 42, 53, 75, 59, 82–83, 84, 94, 142, 143, 144–45, 241, 109, 287, 337 243–44, 247, 250, 251, 313; domestic Elliot, J. H., 307 market, size of (especially compared to Elyot, Sir Thomas, 38, 79 foreign trade), 63–64, 132, 144–45, 226, empiricism, 32, 167, 215, 254, 267. See also 287. See also demand; tariffs, used to Bacon, Sir Francis (or Baconian reduce domestic consumption thought); Locke, John Donne, John, 267 employment, 10, 45, 81, 82, 144, 249, 310. Dowman, Dr., 134 See also poor, attitudes toward the Drake, Sir Francis, 32 enclosure, 31, 318 Dublin Philosophical Society, 110, 172 Encyclopédie, 299 Duke of York’s Playhouse (or Theater), Endres, A. M., 300, 338 222, 300 English Revolution and Civil War (or Dunn, John, 320, 321 Royalists and Parliamentarians), 16, Durkheim, Émile, 17–18 101, 108, 130, 147, 174, 184, 237, 253 Dury, John, 149 engrossing, 142, 251; bankers seen as, 157; Dutch Church in London, 26, 273 de‹ned, 281 Dutch Wars, 131, 143, 253 Enlightenment, the, 219. See also Ency- clopédie Eagly, Robert V., 7 Enniscorthy, 109 East India Company, Dutch, 55, 84. See Ephesus, 16 also United Provinces, Dutch lan- equilibrium, economic. See self-regulat- guage, thought, or customs ing systems East India Company, English, 4, 9, 55–56, Erasistratus, 277 62–65, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, espionage, merchants’ role in, 26, 27, 82, 85, 92, 130, 131, 132, 137, 141, 142, 152, 55–56 163, 165, 175, 220, 221, 223, 231, 251, 257, Essex, second earl of (Robert Devereux), 261, 265, 277, 288, 289, 291, 292, 294, 312, 27, 53, 205 315, 335 Euclid, 30 Eastland Company, 287 Euripides, 295 economic activity delineated, 92–93 Europe, 4, 16, 17, 21, 30, 32, 48, 54, 62, 63, economic actors: interchangeability of, 69, 73, 77, 85, 95, 136, 148, 180, 181, 185, 237, 244, 340; understanding of links 213, 219, 230, 248, 253, 255, 288, 334, 335. between, 77, 82–83, 84, 85, 159, 184, 186, See also Christendom 196–97, 198, 236, 263–64 Evans, G. Heberton, 341 economic liberalism, 4, 5, 15, 29, 218, 247, Evelyn, John, 109, 132, 300, 309 325 exchange: bills of, 4, 42, 44–47, 48, 69, 114, Economic Man (economic rationality), 5, 146, 151, 153, 190; discounting for 105–6, 145–46, 166, 256, 265 “usance” and “double usance” seen as index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 370

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exchange: bills of (continued ) Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 213, 215, interest, 45, 257; “discrepaunce and dis- 332 tance” (allowance for not judged inter- Forbes, John, 284 est), 44, 70; par pro pari, 28, 44, 46, 54, forestalling, 41, 251; de‹ned, 281 55, 60, 65, 70, 77, 87, 89, 134, 152, 256–57, Forset, Edward, 22, 23, 24, 103 289; rates and gold–silver pars, 27, 28, Fortescue, Sir John, 31, 223, 283 29, 30, 32, 36, 40, 42, 44–47, 52, 57, 59, Fortrey, Samuel, 123, 310 60, 66, 68, 69–70, 85, 86–87, 151–52, 232, Fouquet, Nicolas, 337 251, 259, 279, 280, 281, 285 France, French language, thought, or Exchequer, 6, 27, 148, 153, 155, 214; stop of, customs, 3, 4, 11, 30, 32, 42, 48, 56, 69, 115 77, 84, 108, 115, 127, 128, 148, 150, 180, Excise, Board or Commission of, 6, 220, 181, 220, 230, 236, 245, 253, 265, 291, 222 337 Exclusion Crisis, 5, 148, 185, 187, 222, 231, franchise, quali‹cations for (actual or 233 proposed), 127, 182–83, 234, 307. See also Exeter House, 205 Putney Debates freedom of the seas, 95–96 faction: political, 58; religious, 127, 129, free trade: debates over or meanings of, 131, 150, 174 62, 65, 67, 142, 232, 251; freedom of factor (partnership by agency), 27, 75, entry into trade, 142, 146; natural free- 188–89 dom/liberty of trade, 54, 62, 68, 69, factory system, 164 70–71, 72, 73, 228. See also interlopers; fear of goods, 334 professions, government regulation of Feavearyear, Sir Albert, 314 entry into Federal Reserve System, U.S., 21 Freeman, Sir Ralph, 64 Fenton, Roger, 133, 134 Friendly Society of London, 206, 309 Fenton, Sir Maurice, 110 Friis, Astrid, 283, 288 Ferdinand I (of Tuscany), 75 Fronde, the, 253 Ferguson, Adam, 16, 270–71 Furniss, Edgar Stephenson, 305 Ficino, Marsilio, 35 Fifth Monarchy Men, 215 Galba, Servius Sulpicis, 79 Filmer, Robert, 133–34, 135 Galen, 32, 36, 102, 111, 147, 277, 297, 339 Financial Revolution, 219–22 Galileo (Galileo Galilei), 2 ‹nite cosmos versus in‹nite universe, 2–3, Garraway’s (coffee house), 335 89, 122, 166, 186, 191, 195, 213, 216, 253, Garroway, Alderman, 27 254, 256. See also in‹nite, meanings of Gassendi, Pierre, 296 Finley, M. I., 270, 305 Genoa, 30, 61, 189 Fisher, Irving, 51, 112 Gentleman, Tobias, 79, 276 ‹shing industry as economic battle- gentry, role of (actual or proposed), 6, 37, ground and model, 28, 58, 72, 84, 96, 142, 143, 158, 182–83, 186, 193, 240–41, 119, 276 253, 328 Flatulentine ambassadors, 276 Georgio, Filippo, 27 Fleet Street Prison, 27 Gerhard (or Gerardus), Albert, 213 Fleetwood, Lieut.-General Charles, 108 Germany, German language, thought, or Fletcher, Andrew, 16, 185 customs, 4, 19, 42, 54, 59, 70 Florence, 61, 75 Ginzburg, Carlo, 32 Fludd, Robert, 32 Giotto, 56 Flushing, 53 Glanvill, Joseph, 213 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 371

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Glorious Revolution, 5, 132, 148, 185, 187, Griselda (Patient Griselda), 276 188, 225, 228, 231, 233, 253, 308 gross domestic/national product, 51, 176, Gloucestershire, 222 226, 230, 238. See also national income God, 2, 3, 15, 16, 24, 35, 38, 39, 58, 66, 94, Grotius, Hugo, 57, 79, 95, 96, 169, 213, 215, 95, 104, 111, 122, 162, 166, 167, 168, 169, 254, 285, 295 180, 181, 213, 215, 216, 218, 237, 255, 256, Gunn, J. A. W., 337–38 321 Gunning, Sir Robert, 187 Goddard, Jonathan, 147 Godfrey, Michael, 220 Hackney, 54, 75 Godolphin, ‹rst earl of (Sidney), 188, Hadden, Richard W., 303 220, 223 Hague, the, 55–56, 284. See also United Godwin, William, 16 Provinces, Dutch language, thought, goods versus services, contrasting atti- or customs tudes toward, 126, 142–44, 158, 238, 242, Hale, Sir Matthew, 214 261, 262 Hale, William, 329, 333 Gould, J. D., 283 Hales, Sir John, 296 Gournay, Jean Claude Marie Vincent de, Halley, Edmund, 215, 333 307 Hamilton, E. J., 51, 282 government: Aristotelian typology of, 39, Hammond, Elizabeth, 296 77, 181, 224, 255, 324; by councils, 127–28, Harrington, James, 16, 110, 111, 182, 183, 228; as employer, 221, 235; proposed role 184, 185, 225, 301, 324, 335 of, 37, 38, 47, 50, 58, 59, 66, 72, 78, 81, 86, Harrington (or Harington), John (second 88, 91, 96, 134, 150, 156–57, 183–84, 192, Baron Harrington of Exton), 27 201, 231, 239, 248, 250, 251, 252, 255, 257, Hartlib, Samuel, 28, 108, 109, 113, 121, 122, 262, 272 124, 125, 128, 149, 307 government ‹nances, 53, 78, 220, 221, 334. Harvey, William, 5, 11, 36, 88, 102–3, 104, See also national debt; spending, most 106, 108, 109, 111, 147, 184, 197, 207, 214, advantageous patterns of, 118–19 296, 297–98, 299, 301, 324, 327 Grassby, Richard, 203, 204, 307, 309, 312, Hebrew, use of, 57, 79, 275 325, 327 Heckscher, Eli, 248, 269, 280, 334, 337, 342 Grafton, Richard, 31 Henri IV (king of France), 253 Grampp, William Dyer, 29, 248–49, 294, Henry IV (king of England), 42 312 Henry VI (king of England), 42 Graswinckel, Dirck, 4 Henry VII (king of England), 31 Gratian, 15 Henry VIII (king of England), 42 Graunt, John, 110, 214, 299, 300–301, 312, Henry, Prince (son of James I of En- 333 gland), 53 Gray’s Inn, 205 Herillus of Carthage, 33 Great Chain of Being, 2, 34, 88, 125, 213, Hermes, 35 332 Hermeticism, 4, 32, 35, 213–14, 253, 255, Great Instauration, 108 297, 333 Greaves, Richard L., 306 hierarchy, linked to order, 2, 34, 39, 58, 66, Greek, use of, 30, 57, 79, 275 128, 213, 250, 254, 263, 273. See also status Green, Anne, 108 Hill, Christopher, 297 Gregory, James, 341 Hill, Thomas, 276 Grell, Ole Peter, 273 Hilton, R. H., 20 Gresham, Sir Thomas, 285 Hinton, R. W. K., 286, 287, 295, 313 Grey, Thomas, 139 Hirschman, Albert, 3 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 372

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history of economic thought, approaches interest: commercial differentiated from to, 6–12, 268, 275 consumer, 40, 49–51, 259; de‹ned as a Hitchcock, Captain Robert, 79 gain on money, 45, 49, 113, 133; depen- Hobart, Sir Henry, 64 dent on volume of trade, 114, 259; Hobbes, Thomas, 3, 5, 11, 17, 18–20, 103–6, linked to money supply, 51, 139–40, 108, 140, 145, 169, 171–72, 173, 175, 211, 160, 260, 316; linked to pro‹t, 134, 224, 236–38, 245, 254, 255, 256, 264, 269, 191–92, 208–9, 260, 266, 313; linked to 271, 272, 296, 297–98, 321, 322, 331, 339, purchase price of or return on land, 340, 342 160, 191, 196; positions on government Holland. See United Provinces, Dutch regulation of, 134, 135, 138–39, 140, 147, language, thought, or customs 149, 156–57, 190, 259; as price of goods, Holinshed (or Hollingshead), Raphael, 31 209, 260, 330; as the price of money, 51, Holy Roman Empire, 19. See also Ger- 53, 134, 135, 137, 139–40, 260; rate of, 9, many, German language, thought, or 48, 69, 114, 130, 135–40, 142, 145, 148, 149, customs 153, 156–57, 190, 191–94, 208–9, 232, 251, Homer, 57 259; as rent on money, 134, 191, 196, Hongar, Hans, 27 208–9. See also exchange; pawnbroking; Hooke, Robert, 109, 214 usury Hooker, Richard, 21, 23–24, 25, 37, 43, 169, interlopers, 65, 72, 76, 85, 231. See also free 256 trade, freedom of entry into trade Hopkins, Shiela V., 283 Interregnum, the, 185. See also Common- Hoppit, Julian, 338 wealth, the; Protectorate Horace, 30, 32, 57, 276 “invisible hand,” 71, 333 Horne, Thomas A., 319 Ireland, Irish language, thought, or cus- Horse‹eld, J. Keith, 329 toms, 53, 101, 108, 109, 110, 127, 139, 141, Hoskins, W. G., 63–64 241, 252, 287, 301, 307 Houblon, John, 220 Ireton, Colonel Henry, 183, 324 Houghton, John, 75, 233, 338 Irish survey (Petty’s), 109, 122 Hueckel, Glenn, 305 Irwin, Douglas A., 295, 312, 331 Hull, Charles Henry, 298, 299 Israel, 324 Hyde, Edward. See Clarendon, ‹rst earl Italy, Italian language, thought, or cus- of toms, 4, 18, 30, 49, 56, 61, 75, 76, 102 humanism, 3, 4, 11, 15, 22, 57, 82, 169, 173, 185, 223–28, 235, 236, 246, 252, 253, 255, Jacob, James R., 74, 183, 278, 303, 322, 332 256, 271 Jacobites, 223 Hume, David, 29 James I (king of England), 16, 32, 38–39, Hutchison, Terence Wilmot, 7, 298, 303, 47, 53, 64, 78, 90, 91, 275, 284, 287 312, 330, 337 James II (king of England), 6, 109, 131, 132, 148, 149, 187, 188, 222, 224, 308, Icarus, 32 336 India. See East India Company, Dutch; Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 188, 222 East India Company, English Jennings, Alvin R., 20 in‹nite, meanings of, 58, 215–16, 331–32, Jerome, Saint, 89 333. See also ‹nite cosmos versus Jevons, William Stanley, 7, 243, 341 in‹nite universe; Hermeticism; plenti- Jews, 131, 145 tude Johnson, E. A. J., 9, 247 Innistioge, 109 joint-stock companies, 4, 62–65, 72, 142, Intendant system, 128 231, 250, 286, 288; social status of index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 373

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investors in, 64, 132, 221, 253, 287, 309, Laud, William (Archbishop), 16, 56, 270, 335. See also individual companies 284 Jolley, Nicholas, 321 law: civil, 15, 31, 253 (see also individual Jonathan’s (coffee house), 335 civilians); common, 31, 174, 225, 253 (see Justinian, 283 also Saint German, Christopher); inheritance, 135; lawsuits and lawyers, Kearney, H. F., 306 attitudes toward, 72, 78, 83, 158, 174–75, Kelly, Patrick Hyde, 314, 315 238; merchant, 28, 135, 251; natural, 11, Keohane, Nannerl O., 3, 267 29, 42–43, 162, 165, 167, 169, 213, 256, Kepler, Johannes, 2, 3, 25, 215, 265, 322, 333 316, 320; of reason, 43; reform, 128, Kerridge, Eric, 295 174–75 Keynes, John Maynard, 1, 7, 9–10, 268, Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 213 269, 318 Leicester, Mayor of, 274 King, Gregory, 64, 228–29, 238, 241–42, Lethieullier, Sir John, 325 243–44, 264, 338, 341 Letwin, William, 10–11, 29, 190, 194, king, role of. See government, proposed 309–10, 313, 316, 321, 327, 328, 330 role of Levant (or Turkey) Company, 6, 75, 76, King-Davenant Law of Demand, 229, 186, 187, 188, 189, 202, 277, 292 243–44, 341 Levellers, 65 King William’s War, 6, 206, 220, 221. See Lever, Thomas, 15 also William III (king of England) Levy, David M., 271–72, 333 Kipper-und-Wipper Zeit, 54 libertins, 267 Kirshner, Julius, 275 Lincoln’s Inn, 205 Koyré, Alexandre, 215, 333 Locke, John (father of John Locke), 147 Krailsheimer, A. J., 3, 267 Locke, John, 1, 5, 6, 8, 48, 101–2, 106, Kuhn, Thomas, S., 6–7, 268 147–70, 173, 174, 175, 176, 184, 190, 191, 194, 201, 202, 207, 218, 219, 223, 224, 225, labor: contribution of, to national wealth, 232–33, 239, 244, 245, 247, 254, 255, 256, 116, 121, 123; as a factor of production, 258, 259, 260, 261–62, 263, 264, 265, 289, 161–62, 340. See also land-labor par; 304, 313–21, 322, 326, 327, 328, 340 value, labor theories of Locke, Nicholas (grandfather of John Lake, Sir Thomas, 64 Locke), 147 Lambe, Samuel, 310 logos, 23, 39, 264. See also chaos, fear of Lancashire, 26 London, 26, 107, 132, 165, 180, 187, 188, 217, land: affect of interest rates on purchase 233, 241, 284, 309, 315; great ‹re of, 111, price or rent, 159–60, 259–60; connec- 137, 205, 301; versus outports, 64–65. See tion (or lack of ) between rent and pur- also speci‹c districts in London chase price, 196–97; contribution of to Lords, House of, 225, 311. See also Parlia- national wealth, 116, 121; improvement ment of, 4, 33, 84, 121–22, 123, 143, 195, 214, lotteries, government sponsored, 220, 221 217, 254, purchase price of, 124, 136–37, Louis IX (king of France), 48 186, 196, 302; rent, 93–94, 294–95 Lovejoy, Arthur, 213, 333 land-labor par, 116–18, 262–63, 303. See Lower, Richard, 147 also value, labor theories of Lowndes, William, 28, 207, 314, 315, 316, Langholm, Odd, 314 330 Laslett, Peter, 313–14 Lowry, S. Todd, 305, 331 Latin, use of, 30, 57, 78, 79, 108, 275, Luca, 61 288 Luddites, 17 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 374

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Lutheranism, 271 Mayerne, Sir Theodore de, 32 luxury. See commodities, necessary con- Mayhew, N. J., 282–83 trasted with luxurious; corruption Mayr, Otto, 182, 293–94 Mazarin, Jules, 128, 223, 228, 334, 337 Macfarlane, Alan, 20, 272 McCann, Charles R., 248 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 53, 225, 230, 246, McNally, David, 303, 328 276, 336, 337, 342 mechanical world view, 5, 11, 42, 68, 80, Macpherson, C. B., 8, 18–20, 126, 163, 182, 101–6, 147, 171, 211, 253, 254, 260, 263, 271, 272, 324 296–98, 321 macro-microcosmic analogy, 34–36, medicine, links to economic thought, 6, 44–45, 58, 84, 88, 91, 95, 97, 101, 102, 155, 11, 36–37, 40, 88, 102, 130, 147–48, 158, 173, 184, 205, 210–12, 229, 230, 240, 252, 184, 205, 206, 207, 214, 255, 289, 327 254, 255 Meek, Ronald L., 8, 303 Madre de Dios, (Spanish ship), 27 Melechen (possible origin of Malynes), Malestroit, Sieur de, 28, 51–52 274 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 81, 107 mercantilism, 1, 7, 8, 9, 29, 65, 218, 247–52, Malt Lottery Loan, 220 269, 286, 288, 294, 342–43 Malynes, Gerard de, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 25, Merchant Adventurers Company, 54, 55, 26–53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 65–66, 69, 56, 62–65, 66, 67, 69, 231, 284, 296, 308 72, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, merchants: de‹nitions of and attitudes 94, 95, 96, 104, 111, 112, 134, 136, 144, 152, toward, 4, 6, 9, 15–25, 37, 47–48, 61–62, 171, 175, 184, 194, 207, 238, 247, 253, 254, 77, 78, 92–93, 126 132, 142, 158, 179, 181, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 274, 280, 284, 183, 202, 212, 238, 242, 255, 265, 270, 273, 285, 289–90, 291, 293, 294, 297, 323, 330 306, 323–24; education of and skills Manly, Thomas, 136, 310, 311 required by, 29–31, 56–57, 78, 79, 275, Marescoe, Charles, 325 325; handbooks for, 28, 79, 203, 277; market: cosmology versus cosmography wealth of (actual), 309 of, 245; market economy versus market Merchant Taylors, school endowed by, 57 society, 3, 6, 12, 61, 81, 126–27, 219; mar- Merrye, Sir Thomas, 64 ket values, 2, 5, 19, 136, 219, 222, 246, Mersenne, Marin, 172, 175, 296, 322 259; natural market, 157–58, 159, 255 microcosm, man as. See macro-microcos- Marlborough, ‹rst duke of ( John mic analogy Churchill), 220 Middle Ages, 17, 19, 20, 24, 29, 30, 34, 169, Marseilles, 30 173 Marshall, John, 319, 321 Milan, 42 Martin, Julian, 128–29 Mile’s (coffee house), 10 Martinez de la Mata, Francisco, 4 Mill, James, 325–26 Marx, Karl, 7, 17, 107, 117, 272, 303, 304, millenarianism, 5, 107, 215, 254 317, 319 Milles, Thomas, 2, 28, 38, 45, 95, 96, 285 Mary of Modena, 187 mining, 30, 84, 119, 210, 212, 213–14 Mary II (queen of England), 148, 154, 188 Mint, Royal, English, 75, 87; in Paris, Masham, Damaris, 149 51–52. See also coins, recoinage of 1561, Masham, Sir Francis, 149 26, 42, 53, 75; coins, recoinage of 1696, mathematics, mathematical world view 132, 149, 150–51, 154–55, 201, 206, 219, (especially contrasted with metaphori- 220, 223, 236, 257–58 cal), 2, 5, 30, 56, 101, 107, 169, 171–75, Misselden, Edward, 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 25, 28, 215–16, 254, 255, 303, 322. See also under 46, 54–73, 74, 75, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, “number, weight and measure” 96, 112, 130, 136, 144, 175, 238, 247, 254, index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 375

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256, 257, 259, 275, 283–90, 293, 294, 306, joint-stock companies; regrating; regu- 313, 330 lated companies Misselden, Samuel, 57 Mons pietatis, 49, 50, 59, 75 mixed monarchy, 181, 225, 255 Montaigne, Michel de, 35, 267, 277 Moleyn, John du (possibly father of Montagu, Charles (later Earl of Halifax), Gerard de Malynes), 273; without 336 name, 26, 75 Montagu, Sir Edward (later Earl of money: as “common denominator,” 252; Sandwich), 131 con›ated with capital, 1, 92, 159, 161, Montagu (or Montague), Sir Henry 204, 253, 278; denominational (later Earl of Manchester), 64 de‹nitions, 41, 50, 201, 206–8, 249, Montchrétien, Antoine de, 4, 111, 252 328, 330; as determined by interest Montesquieu, Baron de la Brède et de rate, 192; as determined by volume of (Charles de Secondat), 3 trade, 65, 198; as economic lubrication, Moore, Sir John, 187 112, 240, 227; forms of paper, 4, 41, 153, Moravia, 124 155, 185, 220, 253, 311, 334; market val- More, Henry, 174, 213, 333 ues of money commodity, 42, 44–45, More, Sir Thomas, 15, 32, 39, 57, 68, 270, 120, 149; as “measure of trade,” 239; as 276, 288, 289 medium of exchange, 41, 49, 105, 134, Moses, 35 150, 152, 206; metallism (de‹ned as Moucheron, Pieter van, 27 metal content of coin), 6, 8, 9, 10, 41, Muchmore, Lynn, 28, 46–47, 279–80 42, 60, 65, 66, 105, 140, 150, 151, 152, Muffet, Thomas, 32 154–55, 161, 190, 194, 198, 201, 202, 239, Mun, Anne (daughter of Thomas Mun), 244, 249, 257, 258–59, 261–62, 314, 317, 76 340 (see also bullion, bullionism; Mun, Edward (elder brother of Thomas coins); modern de‹nition of, 41; Mun), 75 money seen as blood or vital spirits, Mun, John (also John Monnes, grandfa- 36, 59, 69, 86, 87, 104–5, 111, 134, 184, ther of Thomas Mun), 75 233; most advantageous path of circu- Mun, John (father of Thomas Mun), 75 lation, 88, 106, 111–12, 114, 118–19, Mun, John (eldest brother of Thomas 153–54, 156–60, 174, 233, 238, 242, 250, Mun), 75 261, 317; as “nervi bellorum,” 53, 69, 134, Mun, John (son of Thomas Mun), 76–77, 226; as “publica mensura,” 43, 45, 46, 51, 78, 79 52, 53, 70, 86, 87, 116, 150, 154, 196, 202, Mun, Margaret (mother of Thomas 258; quantity theory of, 1, 29, 51, 87, 93, Mun), 75 111, 112–13, 147, 149, 156, 161, 176, 316, Mun, Mary (daughter of Thomas Mun), 317, 318; as a store of purchasing power 76 or value, 41, 152, 190, 262; supply as Mun, Thomas, 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 25, 28, 54, 55, affected by exchange rates, 60, 65, 85; 56, 84–88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 112, 130, use of transferable credit instruments 144, 175, 205, 210, 238, 247, 254, 256, 257, to supplement, 137 259, 289, 290–96, 313, 317, 330, 338, 339 Monmouth, duke of ( James Scott), 222, Mun, Ursula (wife of Thomas Mun), 76 335 Mun, William (uncle of Thomas Mun), 75 Monmouthshire, 189 monopoly, de‹nitions of and attitudes Naples, 27 toward, 65, 66–67, 72, 157–59, 206, 231, national accounting, 119–21, 176, 185, 191, 236, 244, 247, 248, 250, 251, 259, 275, 281, 226, 229–42, 243, 255, 264, 304. See also 288. See also engrossing; forestalling; political arithmetic index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 376

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national debt, 53, 78, 109, 185, 220, 221, 227, numerology, 30, 31 234, 235, 334–35. See also government ‹nances Oates, Titus, 148, 313 national income, 52, 234, 334–35. See also Of‹cer, Lawrence H., 280–81 gross domestic/national product Ogilvy, John, 241 natural law. See law, natural Oldys, Sir William, 29, 274 Navarrette, Pedro Fernández, 4 oligopoly, 68, 255 Navy, Royal, 108, 109, 130, 131, 221, 308 Olson, Richard, 289, 304 neo-Platonism, 4, 35, 213, 297 Oresme, Nicholas, 150, 314 neo-stoicism, 4, 35, 169, 173 Origen, 295 Nero (Claudius Caesar), 79 Ormuz, 64 neschech, 282 Osborne, Thomas. See Danby, earl of Netherlands, the. See United Provinces, Otterbridge, 76 Dutch language, thought, or customs Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), 31, 57 New, John F. H., 324 Overton, Mark, 336 New England, 131, 141 Oxford and Cambridge, colleges of, 26, New Jerusalem, 107, 254. See also mil- 32, 57, 108, 147, 148, 187, 222, 313 lenarianism Oxford Experimental Philosophy Club, Newton, Sir Isaac, 7, 219, 263, 315, 322, 341 109, 147 Nicholas of Cusa, 35 Nine Years’ War, 334 Pace, Richard (as “Pacius”), 57 noli altium sapere, 32 Pacioli, Luca, 20–21, 203 nominalism, 11 Page, John, 131 North, Ann Gunning (wife of Sir Dud- Palavicino, Sir Horatio, 27 ley North), 187, 188, 189 Palliser, D. M., 279 North, Charles (brother of Sir Dudley Papillon, Thomas, 131, 187, 308, 309 North), 186 Paracelsus, Philippus Aureolus North, Dudley, fourth baron (father of (Theophrastus Bombastus von Sir Dudley North), 186 Hohenheim), 26, 32, 35, 37, 129, 173, 255, North, Edward, ‹rst baron (ancestor of 276, 304 Sir Dudley North), 186 Paris, 51–52, 108, 237 North, Francis (Baron Guildford; brother Parliament, 4, 16, 38, 53, 55, 56, 64, 73, 91, of Sir Dudley North), 186, 187, 189 108, 109, 114, 128, 130, 139, 140, 141, 147, North, Sir Dudley, 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 163, 184, 148, 154, 180, 184, 187, 193, 205, 206, 220, 185, 186–204, 207, 247, 256, 258, 259, 223, 225, 228, 234, 246, 287, 288, 291, 292, 260, 261, 264, 325–29 307. See also Commons, House of; North, John (brother of Sir Dudley Lords, House of; statutes North), 187 Parsons, Talcott, 269 North, Montague (brother of Sir Dudley patents, attitudes toward, 33, 135 North), 187 pawnbroking, 40, 48, 72, 259. See also North, Roger (brother of Sir Dudley interest; Mons pietatis; usury North), 187, 188, 190, 194, 197, 325, Pell, John, 108 326–27, 328 Pepys, Samuel, 131, 308 Norton, Thomas (of Bristol), 32 Perkins, William, 21–22, 22–23, 25, 37, 180, Norway, 312 181 “number, weight and measure,” meanings Perlman, Mark, 248 of, 33–34, 110–11, 171, 172, 173, 175, 202, Persia, 72, 73 255. See also mathematics Pett, Sir Peter, 338 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 377

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Petty, Anne, 110 political arithmetic, 107, 110–11, 223, Petty, Charles, 110 228–29, 241, 251, 338. See also national Petty, Elizabeth, 110, 330 accounting Petty, Henry, 110 political economy, 81, 91, 111, 116, 184, 241, Petty, Sir William, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 34, 247, 252 101–2, 103, 106, 107–29, 130, 140, 143, poor, attitudes toward the, 31, 49, 59, 82, 144, 145, 147, 149, 156, 158, 170, 171–73, 85, 135, 144, 184, 194–95, 224, 240, 174, 175, 176, 184, 185, 197, 202, 206, 207, 241–42, 250, 265, 310, 320. See also 209, 213, 214, 218, 226, 228–29, 233, 235, employment; Mons pietatis; statutes; 237, 238, 239, 241, 245, 247, 252, 254, 255, wages; workhouses, proposals for or 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262–63, 264, 289, against 297, 298–307, 312, 313, 316–17, 318, 321, Popkin, Richard H., 3, 267, 277, 296 322, 330, 338 popular culture, 31 Petty, Sir William, unnamed “natural” population, actual and theories of, 31, 33, daughter of, 300 52, 119, 123–24, 127, 135, 144, 195–96, 214, Phelps Brown, E. H., 283 217–18, 238, 239, 240, 241–42, 243, Philip IV (king of Spain), 180 250–51, 255, 336, 341 Philip de Valois, 48 Portsmouth, 130, 131 Philip of Macedon, 79 Portugal, Portuguese language, thought, Philip the Fair, 48 or customs, 30, 64, 180, 253 philosopher’s stone, 31. See also alchemy Potter, William, 113 Physicians, Royal College of, 32, 102, 108, Prall, Stuart E., 323 205, 214 prerogative, royal, 32, 38, 39, 280 Physiocrats, 7, 117, 303. See also individual prerogative courts, 174 economists Presbyterianism, 23, 56, 131 Pincus, Steve, 323–24 Pribham, Karl, 11, 269, 325 Pindar, 32 price: debasement theory of, 28, 51–52; plagiarism in economic tracts, 29, de‹nitions of (see value); in›ation 31–32, 38, 50, 57, 171, 276, 277, 285, 295, praised, 137–38; price controls, 228, 338; 309–10 price-level data, 52, 153, 235, 283; price Plato, 15, 30, 34, 35, 39, 57, 91, 270, 333 revolution, 5, 52–53, 93; prices affected Plattes, Gabriel, 128, 213–14, 215, 228, 307, by recoinage, 68; price-setting riots, 93; 332 prîs, linked to wirde, 19; treasure theory pleasure-pain principle, 167–68, 320–21 of, 28, 30, 51–52 plentitude, 185, 205, 212–14, 216, 218, 253, prince, role of. See government, proposed 255, 266, 332, 333. See also Hermeti- role of cism; neo-Platonism Privy Council, 27, 55, 56, 127, 128, 307 Pliny, the elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), Proclamatio contra Exportationem Bullio- 30, 57, 276 nis, 55, 78. See also bullion, bullionism; Plotinus, 213 money, metallism Plutarch, 15, 30, 271 Procopius, 30 Pocock, J. G. A., 3, 225, 229, 246, 269, 336, product dumping, 312 342 professions, government regulation of Poland, 54 entry into, 125–26, 231. See also free Pole, Margaret (Countess of Salisbury), trade, freedom of entry into trade 22 pro‹t: best distribution of, 48, 158, 261, Polin, Raymond, 314 317; understood as wages, 133, 204, 265, political anatomy, 111, 121 309 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 378

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property, theories of and attitudes Ricardus (Richard of Middleton), 295 toward, 33–34, 162–63, 181–83, 225, 316, rich, attitudes toward the, 31, 52, 59 318 Richelieu, Duc de (Armand Jean du prosperity as prodigality, 75, 211–12 Plessis), 128, 223, 228, 337 Protectorate, 56, 215. See also Common- Ripley, Sir George, 32 wealth, the; Interregnum, the Roberts, Lewes, 28, 74, 277 Protestantism, 27, 150, 169, 253, 255, 256; Robinson, Henry, 135, 136, 137, 174, Protestant ethic, 18, 82. See also indi- 309–10, 313 vidual sects of Protestantism Roll, Sir Eric, 1, 9, 247, 289, 294, 303, 325 Pseudo-Dionysius, 332 Romanticism, 17 Ptolemy (Ptolemaic Cosmos), 2, 34, 35, Rome, 42 58, 102, 253 Romsey, 107, 108 Pufendorf, Samuel, 169, 254, 319 Roncaglia, Alessandro, 300, 304 purchasing power parity, 257, 280–81 Roover, Raymond de, 29, 46, 273–74, 275, Puritanism, 39, 306. See also Calvinism 285, 290, 291 Putney Debates, 183 Roseveare, Henry, 325 Pym, John, 78 Rota Club, 110 Pyrrho (Pyrrhonic skepticism), 4, 33, 277, Rothbard, Murray N., 8–9, 248, 268 296 Rotterdam, 56 Pythagoras, 2, 30, 33, 255 Routh, Guy, 7, 8, 117, 303, 325–26 Royal Exchanger, of‹ce of, 28, 46–47, 77, Quesnay, François, 129, 304 257, 281, 288, 291 Quinn, Stephen, 314–15 Royal Society, 74, 110, 140, 147, 183, 213, Quir, Ferdinand de, 32 214, 300, 322, 333 Russian Company, 202 Rabanus, Maurus, 31 Rabb, Theodore K., 3, 267, 287 Sacksteder, William, 298 Rabelais, François, 267 St. Breavil, 189 Rainsborough, Colonel Thomas, 183 St. German, Christopher, 31 raison d’état, 248 St. Helen’s Church, Bishopsgate, 76 Raleigh (or Ralegh), Sir Walter, 215 St. Martin’s in the Fields, 205 Ramus, Petrus, 57, 306 Salamanca, economic school of, 4, 286 reason: inductive versus deductive, 171–72 Salter, Thomas, 308 (see also Bacon, Sir Francis); Descartes, salus populi, 104 René); law of, 43; right, 253 (see also Sandison, Helen E., 276 Cicero, Marcus Tullius) savings (“superlucration”), linked to Reformation, the, 4, 101, 205 investment, 113, 229, 261 regrating, 251, 281. See also engrossing; Saxony, 241 forestalling; monopoly, de‹nitions of Scaliger, Joseph, 57, 286 and attitudes toward Schmoller, Gustav, 248 regulated companies, 59, 62–63, 64–65, Scho‹eld, R. S., 52, 283 66, 142, 231, 250, 286, 288, 292. See also scholasticism, 11, 29, 32, 40, 57, 87, 147, 150, individual companies 154, 160, 173, 174, 193, 255, 275, 315, 325 religion, civil, 236, 238, 307. See also edu- Schumpeter, Joseph A., 8, 10, 11, 25, 29, cation, public 117, 298, 303, 307, 317, 318, 330 Renaissance, the, 35 Scotland, Scottish language, thought, or Restoration, the, 23, 109, 114, 131, 185, 215 customs, 16, 42, 101, 127, 139, 223, 307 Ricardo, David, 7, 107, 129, 303 Scott, James. See Monmouth, duke of index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 379

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Scotus, Duns, 31 Spelman, Henry, 329 Sebonde, Raymond de, 35 Spence, Robert. See Sunderland, second seed-time analogy, 92 earl of seignorage, 198 Spiegel, Henry William, 29, 117, 288, 290, self-interest, attitudes toward (especially 303, 304, 315, 325 as opposed to duty), 40, 61, 67, 72, 85, Spinoza, Baruch, 254 89, 105, 136, 145–46, 162, 163, 175, 212, Sprat, Thomas, 174, 322, 323 224, 265–66, 267, 320 Sreenivasan, Govind, 272, 320 self-regulating systems, 5, 54, 73, 74, Staffordshire, 241 182–85, 186, 189, 198, 217–18 Starkey, Thomas, 22 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 57, 95, 173, 253, States-General of the United Provinces, 295 55 Sertorius, Quintus, 31 Statistical Man (especially as contrasted Seven Bishops’ Case, 149, 188 with “Economic Man”), 5, 105–6, 124, Sextus Empiricus, 33 145, 256, 264 Shaftesbury, ‹rst earl of (Anthony Ash- statistics: proposals for a government ley Cooper), 6, 148, 187, 220, 313 of‹ce of, 127; science of, 110–11 Shakespeare, William, 26 status, 41, 58, 72. See also hierarchy, linked Shannon (river), 109 to order Shapiro, Barbara J., 3, 267, 322 statutes: of Apprentices, 37, 67; authoriz- Ship Money controversy, 114 ing campaigns in Ireland, 109; autho- ship of state metaphor, 66 rizing Exchequer Bills, 334; controlling Shorter, John, 131 the number of looms per concern, 142; Sidney, Algernon, 188 of Employments, 60, 65, 85, 289; Skinner, Ephraim, 325 Licensing Acts, 185, 219; Mutiny Acts, Smith, Adam, 3, 7, 16, 71, 74, 107, 122, 129, 228; Navigation Acts, 143, 180, 228, 231, 247, 251, 252, 271, 304, 326 251; Poor Laws, 162, 194–95, 250; pro- Smith, Sir Thomas, 296 hibiting the export of bullion, 73, 78, Smyrna, 187 79, 92, 141, 150, 314; prohibiting the social contract theories, 34, 37, 39, 104, export of undyed woolen cloth, 67; 120, 172, 209, 224–25 regulating interest rates, 138–39; Survey Solon, 23 Act, 299 Somers, John, (Baron), 149 Stigler, Stephen M., 341 Somerset, 147, 163, 189 Stilling›eet, Edward (Bishop of Worces- Southwark, 131 ter), 219 Southwell, Sir Robert, 305 stock exchanges: in England, 4, 220, sovereignty, 32, 38, 104, 141 221–22, 253, 335; in the United Spain, Spanish language, customs or Provinces, 139 thought, 4, 30, 35, 59, 66, 69, 81, 128, 131, Stone, Jeanne C. Fawtier, 310 152, 181, 189, 201, 230, 253, 288, 291, 294. Stone, Lawrence, 273, 310 See also Aragon; Castile Strabo, 30 Spanish Company, 288 Straccia, 57 Spanish Succession, War of the, 220, 253, Strauss, Erich, 298, 299, 300, 305 334 Stubbe, Henry, 170 Spanish War (under Elizabeth I), Stubbs, Mayling, 74–75 287 Suetonius (Caius Suetonius Tranquillus), Spanish West Indies, 81, 128 30 Sparta, 226, 323, 336 suit of mill, 67 index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 380

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sumptuary laws, attitudes toward, 59, 69, supply, 65, 112, 207; defined as a circula- 80, 81, 156, 200, 224, 233, 234, 235, 236, tion of money rather than of goods, 244, 251, 264, 265 104–5; as dependent on the interest Sunderland, second earl of (Robert rate, 138; as an exchange of super- Spence), 128 fluities, 190; as necessary for interna- Supple, B. E., 9, 54–55, 279, 283–84, 291 tional harmony, 37–38, 60–61, 77, supply, price-elasticity of, 265 94–95, 290; as necessary to dispose of surplus product, 263, 265 excess supply, 217, 226, 264; as the Suviranta, Bruno, 293, 294 touchstone of a kingdom’s prosperity, Sweden, 210, 312 80; volume of, 71 Trade Boards, Commissions, Commit- Tacitus, 57, 253, 337 tees, or Councils, 6, 26, 27, 28, 55, 76, tariffs: data on actual, 114–15; prohibitive, 90, 131, 139, 148, 149, 179, 274, 284, 291, 156, 212, 234, 251, 331; proposals to elim- 293 inate on re-exports, 142; protective, 60, trade depression: of the 1620s, 5, 46, 54, 71, 80, 143, 212, 234–45, 251, 262; used to 63, 283–84; of the 1690s, 150 reduce domestic consumption, 94, 142, trade histories, 299 236, 235, 244, 251, 264, 265 Treasury Department, 27 Tawney, Richard Henry, 11–12, 29 Tribe, Keith, 319 taxes: English compared to French, 335; Tuck, Richard, 296, 298–99 excise, 114–15, 135, 142, 220, 234, 235, 246, Tucker, G. S. L., 317 339 (see also Excise, Board or Commis- Tully, James, 162, 164, 318–19, 320 sion of ); hearth, 114, 115, 234; land, 220, Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 307 234; poll, 115, 118, 234, 302; problems in Turkey, Turkish language, thought, or collecting, 114; progressive, 115, 116, 118, customs, 5, 63, 72, 73, 75, 82, 187, 189, 235; proportionate to productivity of 202, 337 economic sector, 116, 118; role in circu- Tweed (river), 16 lation debated, 118–19, 233–36, 303–4; Tyrell, Captain John, 308 scot and lot, 116; tax farming, 235, 114, 339 United Provinces, Dutch language, Temple, Sir William, 113, 174 thought, or customs, 4, 30, 41, 42, 46, Thames (river), 206 53, 55–56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76, Thirsk, Joan, 313 78, 79, 84, 108, 113, 121, 135, 137, 138, 139, Thirty Years’ War, 54, 55, 56, 253, 284 143, 145, 148, 180, 192, 193, 209, 226, 230, Thomas, Keith, 19 253, 288, 291, 301, 310, 311, 315. See also Thomson, Thomas, 333 various cities in Thynne, Commissioner of Excise, 222 United States of America, 164 Tillyard, Eustace, 277 Usher, Abbott Payson, 334 tobacco, trade in, as example, 59, 81, usury, 16, 26, 39, 48–51, 72, 138; equated 144–45, 265 with all forms of interest, 45, 50–51, 133; Todd, Margo, 271 equated with a particular form or rate Toland, John, 170, 219 of interest, 48, 49, 50–51; a question of Tollison, Robert D., 249, 288 brotherhood versus otherhood, 282; as Tonti, Lorenzo, 334 a matter of intent rather than form, tontine, 219, 220, 221, 334, 335 133. See also interest; Mons pietatis; Toth, Kathleen, 324 pawnbroking Toulmin, Stephen, 3, 267 Utrecht, 205 trade: as the blood or nerves of the body value: cost accounting theories of, 116; politic, 58, 233; as controlled by money diamond–water paradox, 305, 330; index.qxd 03/09/2000 8:37 AM Page 381

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exchange rate theories of, 56, 294; ductive capacity meaning (labor and interest rate theories of, 137; intrinsic resources), 119, 123–24, 143, 185, 195, 209, quality theories of, 43–44, 66, 88; labor 238, 239; related to power, 248, 249, theories of, 8, 116–18, 143, 149, 161–62, 252 169, 216, 225, 320 (see also land-labor Wear, Andrew, 297 par); money supply theories of, 93–94, Weber, Max, 12, 18, 20, 132, 175, 271 244, 280; moral theories of, 75, 84, 88; Webster, Charles, 299, 305, 307 scarcity theories of, 45, 191, 237, 244; Westfall, Richard S., 297 subsistence theories of, 117; trade bal- Westminster, 147, 241 ance theories of, 93; utility and scarcity Weston, Sir Richard, 121 in combination, 160, 208; utility theo- Whewell, Wilhelm, 243 ries of, 159, 237 Whigs versus Tories, 131, 132, 148, 170, Varro, Marcus Terentius, 294 187–88, 208, 219, 220–21, 222–23, 231, Vaughn, Karen Iversen, 316, 317, 322 233, 308–9, 331. See also Court versus Venice, 30, 61, 273 Country ideology vent contrasted with demand, 317 White, Harold Ogden, 285 Vermuyden (or Vermaiden), Daniel, 274 Whitteridge, Gweneth, 297 Vermuyden, Guillam, 27 Wiles, Richard C., 247, 249, 331 vertical integration, 300 Wilkins, John (later Bishop of Chester), Vesalius, Andreas, 108 109, 121, 147, 214, 303 Vickers, Douglas, 1, 218, 247, 318, 326, 328, William of Malmesbury, 31 330 William III (king of England), 6, 148, Vilar, Pierre, 247, 311 150, 151, 154, 182, 188, 206, 220, 221, 228, Villiers, George. See Buckingham, first 230 duke of; Buckingham, second duke of Willis, Thomas, 108, 299 Viner, Jacob, 8, 89, 248, 272, 278, 293, 295, Willsford, Thomas, 180 319, 330, 331, 342 Wilson, Charles Henry, 268–69, 280, Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), 30, 57 334 Virginia (colony), 59, 141 Wilson, Thomas, 16, 49–50, 282, 323 Virginia Company, 287 Winch, Donald, 269 Windebank, Sir Francis, 284 Waddell, D., 336 Wintour, Mr. (of Gloucestershire, a wage-labor, 163–65 friend of Charles Davenant), 222 wages: as affected by price level, 94; Wither, William, 115 higher or lower levels preferred, 94, 118, Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 31 123–24, 138, 146, 196–97, 209–10, 235–36, women as investors, 221 243, 263; as related to interest rate, 311; Wood, Neal, 163, 316, 319 as related to population, 306; as requir- workhouses, proposals for or against, 59, ing government regulation, 124 125, 135, 144, 195, 228, 250, 256, 264, 337. Wales, 119, 276 See also poor, attitudes toward the Walwyn, William, 174 Worsley, Benjamin, 310 Walzer, Michael, 271 Wren, Matthew, 109, 182, 303 Watt, James, 16 Wrigley, E. A., 52, 283 wealth: best distribution of, 39, 83, 89, 174, 216; defined as bullion (see bullion, Xenophon, 270, 305, 331–32 bullionism); defined as purchasing power, 120; as dependent on money Yelverton, Sir Henry, 64 supply, 136; national wealth defined as aggregate of individual, 209; as pro- zero-sum analogy, 312