Research Articles

Diversity of Traditional Knowledge and Local Wisdom of Indigenous Chickens Farmers in Bang Krathum, Nakhon Thai, Mueang and Chat Trakan Districts Phitsanulok Province

Suphawadee Yaemkong1* Punnares Rattanapradit1 Tuan Nguyen Ngoc1 Rangsun Charoensook2 Nawannaporn Chirarat3 Usaneeporn Soipethand3 Sirikanda Yaemkong4

1Faculty of Food and Agricultural Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, Thailand 2Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand 3Faculty of Science and Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Phitsanulok, Thailand 2Faculty of Management, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit, 53000, Thailand

*Corresponding author, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

This study was conducted to understand the diversity of traditional knowledge and local wisdom of small scale indigenous chicken farming system in Bang Krathum, Nakhon Thai, Mueang and Chat Trakan districts, Phitsanulok province. Totally, 800 purposive famers were selected to be interviewed with a questionnaire. The statistics used in the data analysis were percentage, frequency, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. The findings revealed that most farmers had less than 10 years of experience in raising indigenous chicken (50.32%) and graduated from primary school (67.56%). Most of farmers relied on agricultural activities (65.01%), in which raising native chicken for selling accounted for 39.21%. In the study area, Thai-Burma crossbred was the most popular breed (70.24%). Farmers preferred to raise their indigenous chicken in integrated farms (50.72%). Paddy rice (42.55%) was mainly used as a feed and 72.2% of farmers used herbal with their chicken. Moreover, the study showed that farmerís tradition also strongly associated with indigenous chicken and can be divided into 6 sections, as follows: (1) breed and breeding, (2) feeds and feeding, (3) health and disease prevention, (4) management, (5) fighting cock, and (6) beliefs and rituals of spirits.

Keywords: Traditional knowledge, Local Wisdom, indigenous chicken

Journal of Applied Animal Science 2017; 10(3): 39-46. 40 Journal of Applied Animal Science Vol.10 No.3 September-December 2017

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Journal of Applied Animal Science 2017; 10(3): 39-46. Journal of Applied Animal Science Vol.10 No.3 September-December 2017 41

Introduction knowledge and local wisdom of indigenous chicken

Indigenous chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) farming system in Bang Krathum, Nakhon Thai, Mueang play an important role as protein sources, sport (fighting and Chat Trakan districts, Phitsanulok province. cock) and socio-culture of Thai people since the time of the Ayutthaya Kingdom over 400 years ago. They were Materials and Methods used in amusements and as offerings in various rituals and beliefs. They also play a major role as consumers in Population and Sample the rural area ecosystem by converting agro-industry Phitsanulok is a province located in the North of and agricultural by-products into valuable products as Thailand where producing about millions of indigenous meat or egg. Most farmers commonly rear indigenous chickens with nearly 50,000 small scale households. chicken under free-range system. However, in term of In this province, Bang Krathum district has 2,466 sport (fighting cock), indigenous chickens were raised in households and produces about 94,204 indigenous semi-intensive and intensive production system. For chickens; Nakhon Thai district has 4,613 households most smallholders, a low input/output system was used and produces about 159,692 indigenous chickens; according to their geography, while a few farmers raise Mueang district has 5,105 households and produces chickens semi-intensively to increase their incomes. about 202,727 indigenous chickens; and Chat Trakan

Indigenous chickens are still at the bottom of the list district has 2,946 households and produces about of farmersí economic priorities (Choprakarn and 75,784 indigenous chickens (Department of livestock

Wongpichet, 2009). However, the relationship between development, 2016). A total of 800 indigenous chicken traditional knowledge and local wisdoms of the farmers farmers in Bang Krathum, Nakhon Thai, Mueang, and have been related and practiced with raising native Chat Trakan districts (200 households for each) were chicken, and the differences of living in each area could selected for the survey. affect the purposes of farmers in chicken raising methods

(Sirindhorn and Fumihito, 2009; Yaemkong et al., Research Instrument and data collection

2017). Phitsanulok province, where located in the lower The survey was conducted to explore traditional

Northern Thailand, has various geographical areas, which knowledge and local wisdom of indigenous chicken of ranges from lowlands to highlands. The rearing of Thai farmers with a questionnaire containing three types of indigenous chickens is widely distributed in any rural questions: 1) multiple choices, 2) fill in the blank and 3) communities. Consequently, there are diversity of birds' choose all that apply. The questionnaire was pre-tested phenotype, genetic, production system, rearing randomly in thirty farms in the study area. After that, management and several utilizations. Thus, the objective it was adjusted to improve its clarity. Farmers were of this study was to understand the diversity of traditional interviewed individually. The answers in each of the 42 Journal of Applied Animal Science Vol.10 No.3 September-December 2017

questionnaire were transformed to a numeric format In general, the results of farmer's education, and then recorded for statistical analysis. careers, experience and purposes for raising chicken in

this study were similar to those reported in several

Statistical analysis literatures (Rattanapradit et al., 2016; Laenoi et al.,

Data on traditional knowledge and local wisdom 2016; Yaemkong et al., 2016). These indicated that Thai of indigenous chicken farmer were collected and analyzed farmers consider agriculture as traditional activity and in order to describe qualitative parameters including, career that they continue following their parent to live in percentage, frequency, minimum, maximum and standard the rural villages and to work on the field. However, most deviation by using Excel spreadsheet in this study. young people from these areas tend to seek a job in towns

or cities. Some of them might come back to work during

Results and Discussions crop growing and harvesting times. Most of them visited

This research was attempted to describe current home during important festivals, such as the traditional diversity of traditional knowledge and local wisdom of Thai New Yearís Day in April (Choprakarn and small scale indigenous chicken farmers in 4 districts Wongpichet, 2009). Fighting cock is still a popular

(Bang Krathum, Nakhon Thai, Mueang, and Chat Trakan pastime for many Thai men. This is an important cultural districts) of Phitsanulok province, Thailand. The results heritage from the Ayutthaya Era when King Naresuan's of traditional knowledge and local wisdom showed that cock won a fight against the Burmese King's cock

76.47% of famers were male. The level of education was (Choprakarn and Wongpichet, 2009). Normally, fighting mainly primary school (67.56%), followed by high school cock are more expensive than Thai indigenous chicken.

(22.90%), bachelor degree or higher degree (5.34%), Moreover, Klinhom et al. (2005) also reported that the and no education (4.20%) in four districts. Farmers who rearing of native chicken was not only for food but also raise indigenous chickens were agriculturist (65.01%), for source of cash. freelance (18.65%), own business (10.48%), government Thai-Burma crossbred chickens were raised most officer (4.44%), and state enterprise officer (1.42%), popularly, which accounted for 70.24%, followed by the respectively. And most of them had experience for other crossbreds (15.98%) and White-Tail Lai chickens raising indigenous chicken less than 10 years (50.32%), (13.78%). It was in agreement with many previous followed by 11-20 years (22.74%), 21-30 years (12.20%), studies. Janthong et al. (2016) stated that most farmers

31-40 years (8.77%), and more than 41 years (5.97%), raised native Thai-Burma crossbred in Mueang and respectively. The farmers in this study reared indigenous Chat Trakan districts, Phitsanulok Province (44.38%) chicken for various purposes including selling (39.21%), while Sopa et al. (2016) also reported for the same picture eating (34.02%), sport or fighting (20.92%), hobby in Central Eastern and Western of Thailand.

(5.09%) and 0.75% for showing and contesting. Journal of Applied Animal Science Vol.10 No.3 September-December 2017 43

The primarily pattern of raising indigenous (2001) who reported that 33.96% of farmers in Uttaradit chicken had been carried out in integrated systems province used mainly paddy rice as a feed for their

(50.72%), which was lower than result reported for chicken.

Mueang and Chat Trakan districts, Phitsanulok province Many farmers in study area (four districts) used

(73.41%; Janthong et al., 2016). In the study area, farmers local herbs to enhance their animal's health (72.20%) also raised chicken by free-range (37.51%) and housing The result is in agreement with Choprakarn and system (11.77%). Among all raising system, paddy rice Wongpichet (2009) who reported that farmers used

(42.55%) was mainly used as feed for their chickens, herbs to keep birds more healthy. In this study, farmers followed by broken milled rice (27.04%), corn (18.00%), used many kinds of plants as traditional herbs (Figure 1), rice bran (8.56%), other (2.36%) and rice husk (1.48%), for example Tinospora crispa (30.15%), Curcuma longa respectively. It was similar to the study of Meesiripan (17.26%), Cymbopogon citratus (13.07%), Zingiber

(1a) (1b) (1c)

(1d) (1e)

Figure 1. Herbs used for enhancing indigenous chicken health (1a; Tinospora crispa, 1b; Curcuma longa, 1c; Cymbopogon citratus, 1d; Zingiber montanum and 1e; Andrographis paniculata) in Krathum, Nakhon Thai, Mueang and Chat Trakan districts, Phitsanulok province. 44 Journal of Applied Animal Science Vol.10 No.3 September-December 2017

montanum (7.34%), Andrographis paniculata (7.02%) black bone chicken, for amusements and as offerings and the others (25.16%). The kind of plant was in various rituals and beliefs. These results suggested recommended by old people who had long experience that raising indigenous chicken is a kind of traditional in raising chicken in the region. activity in the region. It adapts to the geographical

In this study, local wisdom in Bang Krathum, conditions, knowledge, belief and rituals of local farmers.

Nakhon Thai, Mueang and Chat Trakan districts,

Phitsanulok province could be classified into 6 sections, Conclusion as follow: (1) Breeds and breeding, (2) Feed and feeding, In the study, most farmers had less than 10 years

(3) Health and disease prevention, (4) Management, of experience in raising chicken and finished primary

(5) Fighting cock and (6) Beliefs and rituals of spirits. school. The majority career of farmers was agricultural

This classification was in agreement with the previous cultivation. Most of farmers raised native chicken for report by Moongjongklang and Banchongsiri (2014) that selling in integrated farming systems. Thai-Burma wisdom of native chicken raising was divided into 6 crossbred was most popularly raised and paddy rice was parts including breeds and breeding, feeding, health a major feed for chickens. Besides, herbal plants were management, general chicken raising management, used with purpose of enhancing animal health. Moreover, ceremonies and beliefs, and methods of training fighting farmerís tradition knowledge also strongly associated cocks. In term of fighting cock, farmers used indigenous with indigenous chicken and could be divided into 6 knowledge in any steps such as nourishing, enhancing sections, as follow: (1) breed and breeding, (2) feeds and and training. These preparation processes took around feeding, (3) health and disease prevention, (4) management,

4-6 weeks before a match. According to farmers, herbals (5) fighting cock, and (6) beliefs and rituals of spirits. and instant local drugs were used to nourish fighting cocks and to enhance their health. A candidate fighting Acknowledgements cock was raised intensively in house with the velvet This research was funded by the Higher carpet to protect their feet. Finally, farmers would take Education Research Promotion under Office of the their mature birds to training ground and preliminary Higher Education Commission and National Research fight with other candidates. Based on fighting style and Council of Thailand. The author would like appreciation tricks, such as active and quick moving, Myanmar to Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University for its kind fighting cock was the most popular breed for indigenous support. Authors would like to thank the participating chicken farmers in Phitsanulok (Boontasaeng, 2002; native chicken farmers and the staff of the provincial

Klinhom et al., 2005). It was special case for Hmong livestock office of the Department of Livestock ethnic who living in Nakhon Thai and Chat Trakan Development in Krathum, Nakhon Thai, Mueang and districts. All of them used indigenous chickens, especially Chat Trakan districts, Phitsanulok province, Thailand, Journal of Applied Animal Science Vol.10 No.3 September-December 2017 45

for providing the data in this research. This research Meesiripan P. Farmer's Potential on Native Chicken was the collaborative project between Pibulsongkram Production, Uttaradit Province. Master thesis

Rajabhat University, Naresuan University and Rajamangala (Agricultural Extension). Chiang Mai University.

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