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The Russian Federation AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION CENTRAL EUROPEAN AND EURASIAN LAW INITIATIVE CEDAW ASSESSMENT TOOL REPORT FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION February 2006 © American Bar Association The statements and analysis contained herein are the work of the Russia Rule of Law Program of the American Bar Association’s Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative (ABA/CEELI) which is solely responsible for its content. The views expressed herein have not been approved by the House of Delegates or the Board of Governors of the American Bar Association and, accordingly, should not be construed as representing the policy of the American Bar Association. Furthermore, nothing contained in this report is to be considered rendering legal advice for specific cases, and readers are responsible for obtaining such advice from their own legal counsel. This publication was made possible through support provided by the Russia Mission of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), under the terms of the Associate Cooperative Agreement No. CA 118 G 00 99 00160. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Agency for International Development. This report was translated by Olga Vovk. For additional information about this report in English or Russian, please contact the Moscow office of ABA/CEELI: Mantulinskaya 10/2 Tel.: (095) 205-5795 Entrance 3, 2 nd Floor Fax: (095) 205-5795 ext. 201 Moscow 123100 Email: [email protected] ISBN: 1-59031-656-8 Printed in Russia Copyright © 2006 by the American Bar Association and Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative 740 15 th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 http://www.abaceeli.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………. 5 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Methodology …………………………………………………………………………………….9 Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………... 13 Article 1 Discrimination ………………………………………………………………………21 Article 2 Policy Measures …………………………………………………………………….24 Article 3 Guarantee of Basic Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ……………..33 Article 4 Special Measures …………………………………………………………………..38 Article 5 Sex Role Stereotyping and Prejudice …………………………………………….. 41 Article 6 Trafficking in Women and Prostitution …………………………………………. 46 Article 7 Political and Public Life …………………………………………………………... 53 Article 8 Representation …………………………………………………………………….. 63 Article 9 Nationality …………………………………………………………………………. 65 Article 10 Education …………………………………………………………………………. 67 Article 11 Employment ………………………………………………………………………. 76 Article 12 Health ……………………………………………………………………………...87 Violence Against Women …………………………………………………….89, 97 Article 13 Economic and Social Benefits ………………………………………………….. 109 Article 14 Rural Women ……………………………………………………………………112 Article 15 Law ………………………………………………………………………………. 118 Article 16 Marriage and Family Life ………………………………………………………120 Appendix 1: Chart of Federal-level Mechanisms for Improving the Status of Women in the Russian Federation ………………………………………125 Appendix 2: Sample Depictions of Women in Advertising ……………………………. 127 Appendix 3: Complete List of Areas of Concern ………………………………………... 129 Appendix 4: List of Respondents …………………………………………………………. 133 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people worked hard to make this report thorough, accurate and truly reflective of the on the ground realities in Russia. This report is the result of the hard work of a number of talented individuals at ABA/CEELI and other partner organizations. However, no person was more instrumental in researching and writing this report than Elisabeth Duban, Gender Issues Legal Specialist based in Moscow, Russia. Ms. Duban’s tireless dedication and intellectual energy were invaluable to the completion of this report. CEELI is grateful to Ms. Duban for all her efforts. The staff of the Gender Justice Program of CEELI’s office in Moscow deserve special thanks for their extraordinary dedication to the project as a whole. Specifically, Leah Utyasheva, Staff Attorney, contributed her exceptional research and writing skills, intellectual mastery of the subject matter and tireless energy to every aspect of the assessment. The project, likewise, could not have succeeded without the efforts of Tatiana Filatova, Program Coordinator for the Gender Program, who not only managed all the logistical details of the project but also contributed valuable suggestions and editing skills. CEELI wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Julia Antonova, a lawyer from the Gender Studies Center of Samara State University, and Liudmila Yakhontova, a lawyer and gender specialist from St. Petersburg who played crucial roles as members of the CEDAW assessment working group. Ms. Antonova and Ms. Yakhontova not only conducted significant portions of both the de jure and de facto phases of the assessment but also participated in the planning of the project as a whole, provided on-going guidance and gave valuable comments on the assessment report. CEELI wishes to also recognize the work of Natalia Sokolova, of the Samara Gender Studies Center, for her contribution to the gathering of de facto information. ABA/CEELI expresses its deep gratitude to all the respondents who participated in interviews with the CEDAW working group and offered insights into the status of women in Russia. These individuals provided critical information about the real lives of women across the country and, in particular, candidly discussed issues of women’s rights which have received government attention and also areas which have not been sufficiently addressed. Such information contributed greatly to the success of this project. Respondents are listed in Appendix 4 to this report. CEELI would like to recognize and give special thanks to the following people who greatly facilitated the gathering of de facto information by identifying experts and managing logistical details connected to travel and interviewing. CEELI is especially grateful for the significant contribution of their time and own expertise that the following individuals lent to this project: Natalia Baskova of the Informational Center in Support of Public Associations “Assistance,” Chelyabinsk; Svetlana Bazhenova of the Far East Center, Vladivostok; Angelina Belyaeva of the Regional Center for Support of Innovation, Syktyvkar; Larisa Boichenko of the Karelia Center for Gender Studies, Petrozavodsk; Oktyabrina Cheremovskaya of the Women’s Crisis Center “Gortenzia,” 5 Tver; Tatiana Dadaeva of Mordoviya State University, Department of Sociology, Saransk; Tatiana Eichman of the Union of Women of Republic of Komi, Syktyvkar; Liudmila Kabanova of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Moscow; Svetlana Karpenko of Sakhalin Initiatives, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk; Oksana Krivoschekova of the Women’s Business Center “Angara Plus,” Irkutsk; Nina Kurasova of the Informational Center “Athena,” Rostov-on-Don; Luisa Kuzieva of the Bashkir Medical University, Ufa; Natalia Lovtsova of Saratov State Technical University, Department of Social Anthropology and Social Work, Saratov; Tatiana Nesterova of the Regional Center of Social Assistance to Women “Raida,” Syktyvkar; Sariya Ponomareva of the Center for Socio-Psychological Adolescent Support “Eidos,” Perm; Pyotr Popov of the Coordinating Council on Human Rights under the Envoy of the President of the RF to the Volga Federal District, Orenburg; Svetlana Parshkova of the Regional Women’s Movement “Congress of Women of the Kola Peninsula,” Murmansk; Fedor Sinitsyn of the Perm Center Against Violence and Human Trafficking, Perm; Natalia Scherbakova of the City Women’s Council, Vladivostok; Svetlana Uralova of the Irkutsk Regional Non-Governmental Organization “Angara,” Irkutsk; Marat Utyashev of Bashkir State University, Law Institute, Ufa; Liudmila Yermakova of “Yekaterina” City Center for Women, Yekaterinburg; and Olga Zlobina of the Crisis Center for Women, Irkutsk CEELI is grateful to the Expert Group members who reviewed the assessment findings before publication. The following individuals provided essential commentary and critique about the report: Svetlana Aivazova of the Institute of Comparative Political studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Marina Baskakova and Marina Malysheva of the Institute of Population Studies of Russian Academy of Sciences; Irina Gorshkova of the International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies “The Gorbachev Foundation,” Elena Kochkina of the Institute of Social and Gender Policy; Olga Platova of the Presidential Council on the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights; Svetlana Polenina of the Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences; Elena Sereda of the Office of Ombudsman for Human Rights of the Russian Federation; and Liudmila Zavadskaya of the Moscow University of Humanities. Washington D.C. staff who provided helpful commentary and assisted in editing this report deserve special mention: Michael Maya, Wendy Patten and Jennifer Denton- Jafari. Finally, CEELI wishes to thank the Russia Mission of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), without whose support and funding of this assessment and of the Gender Justice Program of ABA/CEELI-Moscow generally this assessment could not have been completed. 6 INTRODUCTION This report examines the situation of women’s rights in the Russian Federation through an analysis of Russia’s compliance with the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). CEDAW, adopted by the United Nations in 1979, is a comprehensive articulation of women’s human rights
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