AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808

Constitutional Revolution in Thailand 1932

Assistant Prof. Maher Chasib Hatem Al Fahad Imam Al-Kazim College (AS), Maysan departments Email: [email protected]

Abstract This study deals with Constitutional Revolution in Thailand 1932 which took place after the crystallization of the political thought of the young civilian and military elites in the country, which were affected by the milestones of Western democratic change, after studying and living with Western regimes during their time there, they believed in the project of political change, and this project crystallized after their return to the country, and they began urging the people to rise From their deteriorating political, economic and social reality, several factors have converged in the success of this project, among them the economic conditions left by the previous governments to rule King Bragadipok, which worsened after their interaction with the global economic crisis (1929-1933), and the accompanying policy A strict austerity of the Thais from cutting and cutting salaries, which motivated them more towards political change, ending the era of absolute monarchy and moving towards constitutional monarchy, especially after the military elite has harmonized with the civilian (represented by students who studied abroad) in the aspirations of change. Economic conditions are were not alone pushed Thais towards change, it was the policy of social and share a multitude of them ,in numerous organs of political between the legislative, executive and advisory without achieving its potential and become a burden on the country, and there was a political system that involves elites in decision - making, Rather, it was the preserve of princes and nobles, which drove away a large part of participation in managing their country's affairs, which strengthened the class in society and made the gap widen between the classes. Based on the foregoing, the military and students moved to lead the project of change, after they formed the People's Party in 1927, and they began to preach their program secretly among the members of society, and they became known as the "promoters", and after five years their revolution matured, and they managed on June 24, 1932 from Changing the political system from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, and they formed an interim government and an interim constitution that led the state during a transitional period of one year, until they enacted the election law in December 1932, and the map of change

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became clear to the people, and they were able to achieve with the previous generations that it was unable to reach at length On the system of government.

Keywords: Absolute Monarchy, Constitutional Monarchy, Revolution, Civil, Military.

Introduction Historical introduction about Thailand until the arrival of the (Chakri family Chakkri) to judge Political history in Thailand begins with the migration of the Altai tribes ( Tai( From southwestern China in the thirteenth century CE, due to Mongolian attacks led by Kublai Khan )Kublai Khan) ]1[ and their flow continued for several centuries, and the first mention of their presence in the region came in the twelfth century AD through one of the stone inscriptions in the Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia, which refers to the name "Siam "Sayam , Which means "dark brown", referring to them as followers (or servants) of the Cambodian Khmer King, but the situation did not last long, and the leader of the Altai tribe succeeded in 1238 in achieving independence from the Khmer kingdom and established their own kingdom called "Sukhothai Kingdom "Kingdom of Sukhothai Located in the Chao Freya Valley Chao Phraya. Which is located in the center of present-day Thailand, and in the fourteenth century CE, specifically in 1350, the commander Phra Ramathipudi ( Phra Ramathibodi( Who founded the Ayutha Kingdom )Kingdom of Ayutthaya( On the ruins of Sukhothai, only the Burmese forces invaded Ayutha, and its capital was destroyed in 1767, but soon two national hero leaders, Thaksin, rose )Taksin( And thank you )Chakkri They expelled the Burmese forces, and brought together the country under the Chakri family ]2[

Preparing and planning for the revolution)7299-7291(

Thailand lived under the rule of some of the kings of this family miserable political, economic and social conditions, exacerbated during the era of King Bragadipok , and some Thais have tried to address them, so the seven Thai students moved by my posture Phanomong( Pridi Banomyong( And Braun Famontmontry )Prayoon Phamornmontri( Blake PeoplesonKram (a military student) )Plaek Pibulsonggram(And Luang Sirirajmetri )Luang Sirirajmaitree( Tesnay Mitvakdi )Tasnai Mitphakdi( And now Nakanochrome )Tua Nakanukrom( And Bahuliyothin Canine )Naeb Paholyothin ]3[ Three of them were students of a military college and four students of various sciences. They held a meeting in Paris on February 5, 1927, which lasted

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in the form of meetings that spanned five days.) ]4[(They took from the Brayon Famontree Montry home the headquarters of their meetings, in which they agreed on the necessity of ending the absolute monarchy and enacting a constitution for the country, and to achieve this, in February 1927 they formed a party called the " People's Party( " People's Party )( It is called in Thai Khanna Rasder Khana Rasdr( In Paris, they pledged to put in place the necessary economic plans to revive the country's economy, provide freedom and equality among citizens, and put an end to royal concessions [15], and at the same meeting, appointed my Vanomong as interim president of the party ]6[ After their formation the party, some of its members move towards Thailand ,entered it in my Vanomong in, 1221 and was able to win new supporters for their revolution , and presided over consisting of group of )05 people ]1[ and then joined them four DDP military framework , are Colonel Phraya Phahol Vonfayeasena and Colonel Phraya Sonjsurad( Phraya Songsuradej( And Colonel Fraya Riti Akni )Phraya Ritti Akne(Colonel Fra Prasart-Whitay and )Phra Prasart Wittayayuth , )And Phraya Vahol became the commander of the revolution's military wing [8] And these colonels were known as the "Four Knights ( "Four Musketeers. ]2[ The Lieutenant Blake Bebulssonkram ,a Founder Q Yi Party , Vouselha in the same year, and lived near the headquarters of Captain Wang set up Siriungrat ( Loung Serireongrith ,)And then go Phippon artillery to the Department of the Ministry of Defense, and because of their work, he used Phippon and Wang to walk back and forth to work together, creating them a excellent opportunity to discuss and share their concerns of the situation that was experienced by the country of , and debated in the political, economic and social problems The storm in the country, and with the passage of time the confidence between the two parties increased, after they discovered that their interests were common, and then Fatih Fionp captain Luang opened the issue of joining the upcoming revolution against the absolute monarchy , so the captain agreed without hesitation, and asked him to make the matter secret even to his wife) ]15[( ,And as a result of this propaganda activity of the leaders of the party to gain supporters, they became known as "promoters( "Promoters , ) ]11[( )who were mainly divided into two different groups, the first represented by senior military officers, and the second represented by small and civilian officers with Western education. ]12[ Agreed leaders of the party to establish constitutional rule in the country, which was suffering from the crisis conditions of the global economic ,that made rice Thai - Ghali internationally and a low level of two - thirds locally, The impact so heavily on the peasants, who were unable to pay taxes and pay off loans to the government, falling per capita income A lot ]13[ .

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After the escalation of the economic crisis, the Thai king Prajadbuk moved to face it, where he took the task of economic reforms, and issued another decision to reduce government expenditures, because he was unable to purchase loans, with the export earnings reduced from rice and teak, and after the application of the decision to cut expenditures, government officials suffered from In addition, the ministries' allocations were greatly reduced in the budget, which resulted in reduced salaries and hundreds of officials again, while the princes were exempt from these measures, and taxes were imposed on aristocrats [14]. The Thai army was not immune from these measures, because the Supreme Council of State had reduced the military budget, reduced the salaries of army officers, and as a result, the prestige of the monarchy was criticized, and Prajadeebok was unable to make quick decisions to confront the crisis, and his close advisers who belonged to the family were not The owners are efficient enough to handle the crisis .The government became ineffective in terms of counting a handful of bureaucrats and army officers .Although the Braszadebok was keen to achieve constitutional reforms ,but it was thought at the same time that his country were not prepared to accept democracy after ]10[ Under these circumstances, the king left in 1931 on a medical trip to the United States of America , to carry out an operation for his deteriorating vision, and while he was there, he revealed to some journalists his intention to create a democratic system in Thailand, and gradually form a self-government , and he would start its first steps through allowing citizens elected limited and then increase their participation in the elections and the government, and then handed over the functions of local governments, and the election will be initially for field o municipal and then the mounting more and become the government more popular and fully democratic. ]16[ And after his return to his country in October 1931, confirmed the members of the State Council that must make adjustments to the system of government , and was commissioned in early 1932 , Foreign Minister Prince Devongs Varudaya to submit an outline for a constitution that allows a degree of representative government, and assured them of Aldharoroi submitted to the people On April 6, 1932, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the rule of the Chakri dynasty, indeed, some of the foreign minister’s advisors began drafting the detailed plan for the constitution ]11[ . And the efforts of vigorous ,completed advisers Foreign Minister 2 March 1932 , the draft of the scheme ,which was a general plan for political change ,and they have made in one of the meetings secret of the State Council held in March 1932, and called for ,among other things several of them, the Prime Minister 's nomination for only manage daily affairs in the country,

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and the dimensions of the king about, and will be the prime minister responsible to the legislative Assembly ,and Q have some of its members appointed and some of Ntkhbayn indirectly, while maintaining the State Council ,with the modification of its functions and the number of its members, and assured the King that "the establishment of a constitutional monarchy of Thailand It is inevitable, while some of the princes confirmed on Sold progressive policy for the application of representative governance ,and begins its first steps of the formation of local municipal councils ,and called for the postponement of the formation of the National Assembly, ]11[ King was a supporter of this proposal by saying: " It would be better for people first to take control of local affairs before trying to control the affairs of state through parliament National Assembly And I believe sincerely believe that if the implementation of the reforms gradually in this way, it is possible to apply a democratic form of government without causing damage to a large, but it must be the process gradual and carefully managed and dosage form, and if these tests failed at every step ,P possible Convincing people that democracy is not for Siam Thailand [19] , While invited some members of the Council to appoint a prime minister, immediately and without delay, and others refused to do so ,and then, there were conflicting views and did not get out of a collective agreement on the scheme representative government and, therefore ,come on April 6, 1932, it has not been announced for any constitutional political changes in the form of the government , and as a result, the king warned the members of the State Council by saying: “The inevitable outcome will be a coup and a military dictatorship ”.The king may have based this statement on a Thai prophecy that the founder of the Chakri dynasty was said to have carried out and said“ :The ruling family did not last Only 150 years, "and with that, anxiety began to control everyone ]25[. After the agreement on the plan failed ,the events accelerated quickly, so the secret meetings of the leaders of the People's Party, both civilians and military personnel, were held by informing each other, not to provoke the royal authorities and leave evidence to uncover these meetings, through which they agreed to divide the revolution's operations into three units . The first Z represents her army, which will be by the leadership of Colonel Phraya Phahol Volfayeasena( also known as the name of another is Vahun Vonfayeasena )and Song Phraya Sragij( Phraya Song Suradej( Freya Reti Akane and Major Wang Vibon Songkram)Luang Phibun Songkhram (As for the second unit , it is specific to the Thai Naval Force , which will be led by Admiral Sen Kamulanavin)Sin KamolanavinThe third is for civilians ,who will be represented by Brady Phanomayong , and all representatives of these units have agreed that Colonel Phraya Fahon will be the supreme leader of the revolution, and the duties and

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responsibilities of these units have been identified, and one of the most important of these responsibilities is to persuade more trusted people to join the revolution ]21[ Based on this responsibility, Captain Wang Siriungrat was trained in the Military Engineering Military School Department, and served as commander of the reference section( tags ,)which dimensions for military engineering, and on the basis of this , it has available for him to speak an opportunity with students e about the political aspects and regulations intergovernmental, and reviewed them democratic systems features and revealed to them the absolute monarchy defects, and began to most students understand the underlying principles of these two systems (democratic monarchy absolute) in very Sacrifice, this is calculated for the people 's Party , which brought the ideas of democracy and concepts of these elites , which Himtha and saturated Ha .As a result of these efforts and the confidence gained by Captain Wang ,became the main leaders of the revolution, who often were meeting in a house Prayoon, and in anticipation of the arrests, and the dimensions of uncertainty about them, they were demonstrating to holding cards Boadhm , the motive was out on a Nha for forums entertainment cards and not political, If the government authorities raided them or doubted them ]22[. As a result of these ongoing meetings , reached the leaders of the revolution to the line of Tin, the first confirmed on the organization of the rebels and prepare them to break into the royal palace and forced to sign the constitution be written by my Vanomong , but they turned away them ; because they fear that the result of this plan for the bloodshed and the outbreak of fighting were not ready for him, the lack of c and d forces loyal to them near government institutions Royal ]23[. They put forward a second plan that they would move to seize power in Bangkok only ,not the rest of the Thai provinces ,because it is the political, economic and financial center of the entire country, which is the center of real power, and if they control it, the rest of the Thai cities will collapse, and General Praya Song( Phraya Song ) A military plan for this, by mobilizing the important military units of the revolution ,and giving them false orders claiming that a rebellion will erupt against the government, and must be suppressed, and the leaders of the revolution occupied only the first cavalry regiment present in Bangkok because it possesses weapons and armored cars, which if they acquired it and their task will be easy to seize power .To prepare for this plan ,CNN demonstrated Colonel Vera Prasas( Phra Prasas As a professor in the General Staff School ,it is necessary for him to conduct a study on all new weapons , but its purpose is to see the weapons and equipment of the Cavalry Guard regiment ,while Phraya Song asked his ministry (Ministry of Defense) as professor and director of the educational department of the Kataeb Academy The Thai

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military has to do a parade of military training for military college students with the provision of military units with them, and that the parade is near the royal throne hall, and no specific day has been set for the parade, until the revolution leaders agree on the date of their revolution ,and this review will be a camouflage of his military plan, so these students use Alaa for power, and although these students did not know about the project of the revolution, Phraya Song and some professors and trainers at the Thai Military Academy were convinced that their students would be at the forefront of the revolutionary forces because they were imbued with democratic ideology ]24[ The leaders of the revolution realized that the military action was not enough to seize power, and they knew that the final success depended on the arrest of the main figures of the regime, and holding them as political hostages, so they were keen to hold them in the event of the revolution, and began the process of closely monitoring them, especially the prince Purifat( Boriphat , )Who served as interior minister , and a member of the Council of State, the direct heir of the king and the most powerful person Yeh in the royal family and the government after the king , and the king Braszadebok , Ivaqgua not untouchable; because they do not want to cause the wrath of the people Tai Andy them through the humiliation of the King. ]20[

Takeover of Power (June 1932(

And after the leaders of the revolution agreed during the preparation and planning stage to divide themselves into three units, namely the army, the navy, and civilians, the army and navy became responsible for the process of seizing power, while the civilians played their role in providing political support for the revolution ]26[ . And select Wa on June 24, 1932 as the date for the launch of the revolution for two reasons. First ; because the king Braszadebok was outside Bangkok on a family trip to the Palace of its" holistic as a Ng and Wen( "Klai Kangwon) Located in Hua Hin area)Hua Hin (Southern Coast , ]21[ which is a few hours by train from the capital, Bangkok , ]21[And secondly ,because the Thai police felt the movements of some revolutionary leaders, and began to suspect it, these leaders Fajhy to reveal their decision before the start of their revolution ]22[And this is what caused them to hold another meeting them on June 23, 1932 to finalize its preparations. ]35[ In a related context , there were 114 leaders of the revolution on the eve of the outbreak , but they were under central command composed of Phraya Vahul Volfaihasina , Brady Phanomong and Khwang Abhayongsi ( Khuang Abhaiwongse(And Braun Vamor Nemontree and Luang Phippon Sun Kram , apart from Fahun who was the Inspector General for Military Education,

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other leaders participated in this revolution, among which was Praia Songsur Ditt)Praya Songsuradet( General Supervisor of the Military Education Sector, and Praia Ritakhan )Praya Ritakhane( Commander of the Local Artillery Regiment. ]31[ The first steps in the revolution began when a group of revolutionaries late at night (the night of June 24) and under the supervision of Captain Wang Siriongreth cut off the lines of communication of the ministers, princes and important figures in the Bangkok government , and in the early morning hours of June 24 he left Captain Wang Phippon Sonkram his house towards the cavalry Regiment, and shortly after his arrival, he joined their commander Phraya Vahun and army officers of others , and then began the revolution ,she moved tanks, artillery and weapons under the command of Major Luang Phippon Songkram and his fellow revolutionaries and united with artillery forces, then joined the cut Pric military engineering ,led by Captain Wang Siriungrat, and after this unified military force moved to a place close to the royal throne hall, and after their arrival, I joined their military units belonging to the sixth infantry battalion led by Colonel Gwang Veraitha( Juang Virayotha, )And they were joined by the navy led by Luang Supatgrassi.Luang Supatchrasai , ) Which was waiting for more information, and existed a large group of military college students who were fully armed with soldiers near the royal throne hall, and at that time , it was not the guards hall know that they boxed me n of the revolutionary forces, and under these circumstances , he led Phraya Vahun a tank and gave Almottaghvlh troops toward the royal throne hall, to announce to them "that the people 's Party will take over the power of this absolute system, to establish a democratic government , " and read their statement , which read "in order to obtain the Royal Kingdom of Siam Constitution, should its king To give freedom and equality to his people, there will be no kings for him No inferiority ] Poor or lower layers [ There are no nobles, and there is no distinction between the classes of the people on the land of the Siam kingdom, and in light of this temporary circumstance and until future times, the army will rule this country, and I will be the supreme leader of it ]32[ After this announcement ,tanks and armored cars surrounded their soldiers, the presidential palaces and the headquarters of the government ministries , which were the heart of the government’s strength ,and it came as a surprise to the members of the ruling class, who were sleeping in their palaces, and within a few hours most of them were arrested) ]33[(They arrested the commander of the Royal Guard with (40) high-ranking officials, and detained them in the Ananlasanakan Hall( Ananlasanakan ]34[ Property in Bangkok ]30[ and arrested Prince Purevat Sukhumband ( Paribatra Sukhumbhand , )Who was the guardian of the king ,and Prince Naris a ra Novdtavunks ( Narisara Nuvadtivongs(Known as Prince Narris Naris( And

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Prince Damrong Rajanopad )Damrong Rajanubhab Known as Prince Damrong Damrong , ]36[ )and they took up the hall headquarters for their leadership, and then deployed a number of soldiers to guard Alri roads Lycée leading to their headquarters, and charged with other groups with the task of Alhva J on peace and order , and protect key strategic locations in Bangkok, such as foreign embassies, banks and telecommunications stations and other. ]31[ As for the civil elements from the People's Party, they started from the tanks and cars to distribute the leaflets of the revolution to the citizens in Bangkok, who woke up in the morning and did not know anything about the revolution, and read to them a part of the revolution statement, which is the most important thing in it. "The king’s government dealt with the people as slaves And the animals, so the citizen had to exert a lot of effort to get a little money, and the king was sleeping and eating happily, as there is no country in the world that gives as much money to the kings as we are giving, except for the German Kaiser's government, which was officially overthrown ]31[. Then I read another group of civilians , another part of the statement of the revolution ,which is a are what is in it" , when he inherited the king the current throne from his brother , at the beginning, some people are expected to govern with justice for the sake of his people, but that their hopes have not had s s, because the king was above the law , as it was the one before, appointed his relatives and supporters who do not have the qualifications necessary to fill important positions without listening to the voice of the people, and allowed the government is honest misuse of the officials of power , victims have received the bribes from construction projects and government procurement, and strive to achieve profits In exchanging government funds, and spending public funds exorbitantly And granting them privileges to oppress the common people, and the king ruled without any guideline, and as a result, he left the fate of the people in a chaotic manner, as evidenced by the economic depression, misery and hardship that people suffer, which is with Rove in general, and therefore, the king with absolute powers in Addressing these errors [39]. Civilians continued the distribution of leaflets, most of which were written by Brady Phanomong , ]45[ reaching the general public and students in schools, universities , and public entertainment places, and at the same time my orientation to the Temple Bofinufaty (Bovonnivate ,)To distribute some publications and spread the news of the revolution to the people) ]41[ However, the most urgent task for the revolutionaries was to capture the key to hope for the royal family and its financial and loyal officers , represented by Prince Nakhon Saun

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(Nakhon Sawan(Known as Purifat ,) who was the interior minister and supreme advisor of the king , and considered the most influential government figure after the king , and to accomplish this task, Commander Phraya Fahon ordered Vipon Songkram and Vera Brasas to take a truck from the soldiers and head to the Pangkor Amphrom Palace( Bangkrumphrom ,)To arrest Porevat , they succeeded in the mission, and they brought him to the Ananlasanakan Hall , and then Phraya Fahun assigned captain Wang Sirungrith to the task of guarding the prince, and to be very careful in protecting him. ]42[ After the detention of most of the prominent government officials in Bangkok, the leaders of the People's Party moved to legitimize their authority, and they asked Prince Buryevat to sign a public declaration requesting all military, civil and civil servants to cooperate in maintaining law and order , to avoid unjustified bloodshed To him , then they issued another statement in which I call that Prince Buryevat recognized the authority of the People's Party, and then sent Phraya Vahon a letter to King Bragadipok , and commissioned Phraya Song( Phraya Song( And Phraya Reethi Phraya Ritthi On the mission of sending him to the king in Hua Hin, and the most important thing in it is that " The People's Party is made up of civil and military officials, and he has now taken over the administration of the country, and has taken members of the royal family like" Prince Buryevat as hostages ,... ,and the People's Party has no desire to end the ruling The monarchy in any way, and their main goal is to obtain a constitutional monarchy system of government, so we ask His Majesty the king to return to the capital to rule again as a constitutional monarch , and based on the specific approach of the People's Party .If His Majesty refuses to accept the offer or refuses to respond within one hour after receiving this message, then the People's Party will announce the constitutional monarchy, and appoint another emir to serve as the king) , ]43[Or resort to the proclamation of Republican rule in Thailand. ]44[

The Return of the King and the Declaration of Guidelines 91-92 June 1932

Later in the morning, the king, while playing Brajdebok golf at his coastal palace in Klee Cangwon, received the Phraya Fahon message regarding the revolution , and after consulting with his advisers, he decided not to stand up to the revolution, and surrender to the demands of the revolutionaries ]40[ .(On June 25 (one day after the revolution), the King's telegram to the People's Party arrived from Hua Hin indicating that he “agreed to the end of absolute monarchy, and would return to establishing a constitutional monarchy,” and assured the army saying: “I received the message that you were You invite me to return to Bangkok as a constitutional

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monarch ,and for the sake of peace and the interests of the country and other matters, and because I have already thought about this step myself, I am preparing to draft the constitution, and I am ready to serve the country, moreover, there is a possibility, if I refuse to continue in my post king, the states do not recognize the new government, and this may cause great difficulty to them .and physically to I'm not strong, and I do not have kids Akhalafona, my life expected may not last long, and I continued Bmansbi does not mean I have a desire to continue it or grandiloquence my character, Vkdrta on the development of the country and progress is what I care about and Iqidna, and accept this sincere expression of my feelings ]46[ It is worth noting that the seizure of administrative authority on June 24 was successful in less than half a day, and it was almost a miracle that it happened without defense and without resistance and loss of life, when it was against absolute monarchy, rooted in the Shakri dynasty for a period of )105( years. It was supposed to be defended by the princes and princesses of the Chakri dynasty and the nobles, who made him promises by drinking holy water that they would be willing to sacrifice for him ,but that did not happen ]41[ After the People's Party took control, he issued six guidelines to the people that he would work to achieve ]41[. 1. Freedom and equality of people in politics, law, courts and business must be preserved. 2. Maintain peace and quiet and not harm others. 3. Achieving economic well-being and providing work for all through economic planning. 4. It must be equality between all, so it is not permissible for a certain group to enjoy special privileges at the expense of others. 5. Freedom and freedom that are not inconsistent with the foregoing in the four principles above. 6. Full education must be provided to all citizens. In addition to these six guidelines ,the People's Party has added ten additional commandments ]42[ 1- There must always be a king. 2- All measures must be taken for democracy. 3- Respect for the opinions of others. 4- Your opinions should be straight. 5- All measures must be taken to advance the country. 6- You should not be a traitor to your country.

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7- You must be honest. 8- You should never forget your background, and where you come from. 9- You must be considerate of others. 10- You must do your homework correctly.

Formation of the Provisional Government and the Declaration of the Permanent Constitution (June-December 1932)

After the king 's consent to constitutional rule , he returned together with his wife RAMP a J Barney Rambai Barni( To the capital, Bangkok, on June 26 ]05[ and issued the acquittal decree against the rebels for any illegal action occurred during the revolution, described the temporary booking family members of the royal and senior officials in the government step understood, "he added " , because he wanted to provide a constitution, but some members of the government were not accommodating to change the shape of The government, and what happened is natural, as happened in many countries, and at least that what happened in Thailand was not accompanied by violence, therefore, Thailand is the only country in the world that moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy in a peaceful and rapid manner. ]01[ . One day later (27 June), he met at the Sukhothai Palace with the leaders of the revolution .In a symbolic gesture, the king ordered the replacement of the traditional flag of the Chakri dynasty and the raising of the new Thai national flag.) ]02[(In return , the leaders of the revolution apologized to the king for the strong rhetoric in which they wrote their statements during the revolution, which was affecting him [53] And released the members of the royal family who were detained by the leaders of the revolution, including princes Dmrung and Nares, while Prince Burevat , he preferred to live outside of Thailand and the People 's Assembly passed several resolutions , including, the abolition of the Supreme Council of the State and the Committee of the Shura Council of the King). ]04[ Late the same day, they announced that local department heads and former ministers had been referred for retirement[55] ,and the People's Party Committee assumed the functions of the executive branch, formed an interim government acceptable to the king and the party, to administer the affairs of the country ,and they were appointed Praia Manobacorn Netetada (Praya Manopakorn Nititada , )A moderate judge was not the leaders of the revolution, but sympathizers president of her ministers, and his government included key figures from the leaders of the Revolution) ]06[ And after his appointment ,this government needed a

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constitution to manage the country’s affairs constitutionally, and indeed , an interim constitution was presented on the same day (27 June), which leader Brady Phanomong had hardly drafted after the success of the revolution [57], And ,as a king of Thailand , Bragadipok announced his approval of this constitution ,which will remain in effect until a permanent constitution is issued. The first important work of the new Constituent Assembly was to draft a permanent constitution. To achieve this, a special committee was formed to draft it [58]. Revolution leaders have made sure that the constitution combines western constitutional systems with Thai customs and traditions, because the country has just emerged from the old system ,in which the country's wealth has been concentrated under the control of a few families . ]02[( Then appointed the People 's Party Association national temporary composed of 70 members ,to do some Aloza Escherichia legislative ,and began its work on 28 June, taken from Ananta Hall Samajom based ,and was among its members , government officials and prominent figures , and some members of the People 's Party Some of them are independent ,and among them (10) were only officers from the leaders of the revolution, and this step came from the People's Party, to make way for everyone, to participate in the management of the country along the lines of Western parliaments studied and believed by the party leaders . ) ]65[ ( And before the drafting of the permanent constitution ,the People's Party put forward its vision for democratic construction in Thailand, and it consisted of three phases . In the first stage , it will be a temporary (transitional) stage in which a national assembly consisting of (70) members appointed by the People's Party will be formed, during which the country will be administered by The People's Party , and through an interim constitution ,gives members of the Assembly some powers ,which will be more than ever, and this stage has been extended for six months . As for the second stage , the era of political guardianship from the People's Party will be, as some provisions of the interim constitution stipulated that representatives of the people Secono of two types, the first type will be elected by the people ,and for each (100.00 )5 One representative person, or for each (50,000) one representative person if the participation rate in the elections is low , while the second type is appointed by the king, and they are known as “members of the second category”, and the third stage will be a complete political realization where democracy, because the national Assembly will be composed of members elected directly and completely from the people, this stage will start at the time of the Q in which more than half the population of the country have completed their primary education ,a and after a period not exceeding (10) years from entering the Constitution Permanent into effect .Note that the interim constitution prepared by the

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People's Party allowed the people to participate in the running of the country, and granted them some rights such as the right to vote, which allowed every Thai citizen who has reached the age of twenty, whether male or female, the right to participate in the election, provided that there is no mental imbalance or is ruled by a crime and a wanted To justice ) ]61[(. Meanwhile, the People's Party tried to improve the economic situation of the Thai people and change some of the pillars of the economic system. He organized some laws regarding the confiscation of farmers ’lands and interest in excess of debt. On October 26, 1932, he issued a decision prohibiting the imposition of high financial interest on debtors, and paying them according to the law, The debtor has the right to veto the creditor's requests if it conflicts with the laws of the state, and rather imposes a prison sentence or a fine on the creditor, if his requests exceed the limits of the law) ]62[(. After continuous sessions ,on November 16, 1932 , the Constitutional Drafting Committee presented to the Constituent Assembly a draft of the permanent constitution, and presented with him a clarifying statement, in which the chair of the committee declared that "the debate and deliberations on the constitution should take place as soon as possible, because the Thai royal astrologers had chosen on the 10th of December 1932 is the date for the formal announcement of the constitution, because it is a very blessed and auspicious day , and it should be copied into three great manuscripts. ”After that, the session was adjourned for ten days to consider the draft constitution .Indeed, the Assembly met on the morning of November 25 to discuss the draft, then An evening session was held for the same purpose ,Did not resolve the matter, and continued sessions convene until on November 29 until approved and formally endorsed on 2 December, but they waited for the day 10 of it, which he described as astrologers Balambark and auspicious ,and coming in , signed his king Braszadebok officially , the center of a big celebration, Thais called it "National Day.") ]63[ After the signing, the king said: "It seems to me that if it is recognized that one day we may have to have some kind of democracy in Siam, we must gradually prepare ourselves, we must learn, and we must educate ourselves, we must learn and test until we have an idea. On how a parliamentary government works in Siam ,and we must try to educate people to be politically aware, to achieve their real interests so that the agitators or dreamers in Utopia do not shadow them Ideal or utopia If we want to have a parliament, we must teach people to vote , and how to elect representatives who will have their interests at its core ]64[ On the 13th of the same month , the leaders of the People's Party reiterated their apologies to the king and the royal family for the insult to them during the revolution's statements. ]60[

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Thus ,an era of 692 years of absolute monarchy ended , and despite the promulgation of this constitution and the end of monarchy, the prestige and respect for the crown remained, and the king became a symbol of love, respect, hope, and ambition of Thais, and his powers were similar to those of his British counterpart, so he could veto Legislation only once, after which any legislation becomes valid if approved by the National Assembly, even if the King rejects it, and he has the right to dissolve the National Assembly, but he must call for general elections within three months, and this constitution prevents Thai princes from assuming any executive position, But he allowed them in Take up positions in the diplomatic corps, or advisory bodies .He stressed the formation of a national assembly will be half of its members elected and half appointed, consisting of two chambers, the first Senate the members of the second category ",and the right of the king appointed them after consultation with the Council of Ministers, the Council of Representatives shall elect its members indirectly through a category of voters local (learners) and some local bodies, and be the national Assembly for 4 years, then T is another other on the basis of universal suffrage, and with each election cycle will increase the number of elected deputies and at least appointed to the Assembly ]66[ Until they are fully elected ten years after their formation or until half of the eligible voters have completed four years of their elementary education, whichever comes first is applied before), ]61[ The Council of Ministers will be responsible in front of her, and even after the issuance of the permanent constitution, left Praia Manobakurn Ntiada serves as Chairman of Go Meh temporary (Prime Minister), and shall Vahun Vonfayeasena Supreme Commander of the Army, and Praia Sonjsuradat became his deputy , ]61[ and the king became president of the executive branch) ]62[ But he could not play any role unless the constitution allowed him, and with him reforms ,even the concept of national identity changed in Thailand. Before the revolution, monarchy was seen as the embodiment of Thai national identity, but after the revolution, other political and cultural matters such as the national flag, the national anthem, the name of the state, and other matters that stimulate the feelings of citizens as important pillars of the national identity. ]15[ Moreover, it has the bit constitution of citizens ' rights and duties, he stressed that the titles and ranks must not create any privilege for any citizen to another account ]11[And this Constitution , and that the king was stripped of the wide powers , but he re- his dignity ,which earned him the support of conservative elements and pro-ownership) ]12[ As a complement to the process of the constitutional structure of the State, the Constituent Assembly issued on December 21 , the law of elections, which emphasized that the right of the Thai male and female participation in the elections, provided that they are Thai citizens

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have completed twenty years of age at least ,and enjoys a voter sound mind and do not be infected with mental disabilities , and not to be a Buddhist monk or novice Balrhbnh (excluded from the elections so far), and this was a decision of the Thai court, market cM law Thailand to electoral districts ,in each of conclusive is a constituency stand -alone . Elections will be held in a way of indirect election, meaning that citizens will elect their representatives at the sub-district level, then these winning representatives will elect from among them deputies in the National Assembly, and they will stay for a single electoral period of four years, and the law obligates the provincial and National Assembly candidates with certain determinants of them , if They are not less than (23) years old, and to meet some educational requirements, and their birth or residence must be in the same district from which they nominate ,as for civil servants belonging to provinces other than the provinces in which they were born or resided, and they wanted to nominate from the province that My work where (any place job), are entitled to it, but on the condition that is not my nominated in another province ( for example , the province where they were born or resided there), and the candidates civilian staff should all resign from their jobs before Altrchi h elections, and are entitled to return for her after the duration of their session ends in the national Assembly or in the event of leaving them for membership in the Assembly , and the candidates on the sub - district level (district council) payment of financial dues (4) Pat ( Baht( And submit four pictures, while candidates at the level of the National Assembly must pay (50) bats, and each( 000 )155One representative citizen in the National Assembly (and then became 200,000 citizens for each deputy in the Assembly after the amendment of the election law issued on June 14, 1933 ,)and the names of the largest possible number of candidates at the district level will be written with a special ballot paper, and citizens will elect them within the short period 10 October-15 November 1933), and then ended the first stage of the elections ,o announce the names of the representatives of the winners of the sub - district level ,then the second phase of elections begins in the day the same which ended the first stage of the elections (ie , on November 15 , the second 1933 , ) and those winners will be elected representatives And father (be among the winners in the provincial elections) for the boycott of the National Assembly, and the distribution of seats in the National Assembly varying according to population density, as it will be for (64) County Thai one deputy in the National Assembly, there are three provinces have two deputies , a "Faranacorn( "Phranakorn ( And " Bangkok( "Bangkok( And “Ubon Ratchathani )”Ubon RatchathaniThere are only four provinces in the country that are nominated by two deputies, and the total number of deputies who won the indirect election method will be (78) deputies in the National Assembly, and representatives and deputies will

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be nominated as independent candidates, because political parties have not been allowed to be formed yet, and the number of winning deputies will appoint the king Representatives in the National Assembly. ]13[ To regulate the joints of life more, the sails of the Constitution , the People 's Party and other decisions, P issued on 21 December 1932 instructions to limit the confiscation of land peasants, and allowed them to practice their farming ,and polygamy law systems and encouraged the university education, which will be important for democratic practices ,Because the educated will become candidates for public office internally and externally, the People's Party has thus attempted to change the structure of Thai society into a modern society in the advanced Western style. ]14[. After the ratification of the Constitution, it became clear to the Thai people of the state form under the control of the People 's Party, Vanksm public opinion of Thailand towards the revolution into two teams, the first promise of an elitist and not democratic, because the rural population areas were not affected by them and did not interact with them strongly, and considered its leaders an extension of the old bureaucracy of the class The Supreme Court, which allowed the army to control Thailand rather than kings, and the People's Party’s control of the reins of government was very clear .As for the second team, it was seen as a turning point in the modern and contemporary history of Thailand, because government institutions have begun to grow democratically, and the revolution was not an end in itself ( from their point of view , ) it will take years until democracy is achieved in its final form, so the revolution French , which it took place in 1789 , followed by other revolutions (such as the revolution of 1135 and the revolution of )1141 support the T .ha , and made France more democratic, and even the Soviet Union saw the one - party control (Bolsheviks) for a period of 13 years until I got democracy to him , so is the case with the 1232 revolution In Thailand, which would be a country’s democratization process [75].

Final conclusions: 1. A group of economic, political and social factors cooperated in motivating the Thai people (especially students and the army) to think and then carry out the constitutional revolution. 2. Mismanagement of property and succession of incompetent kings helped in the revolution. Accumulated debt, lack of experience, mismanagement and extravagance were characteristic of Thai kings before the revolution.

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3. The Thai openness and study abroad helped the Thai people to extract many liberal and democratic ideas, which were contrary to what was in their country, and it was a driving force for the revolutionaries. 4. The formation of the People's Party was the seed that achieved the fruits of the revolution and changed the system of government from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, and therefore the leaders of the first party (promoters) succeeded in spreading the party's ideas. Revolution among citizens without the authorities being aware of their activities. 5. The revolution was not common in the general sense. Instead, it was elitist at the start of its launch. Students and military personnel had the biggest role in it, but most groups of people benefited from its results. 6. The preparation and planning for the revolution was very successful, as the roles were divided between civilians and the military according to their specialties, which helped the success of the revolution on the political level represented in the civilians and the army embodied by the army. 7. The date of the start of the revolution was very successful, so they took advantage of the king's journey outside the capital, Bangkok, to avoid direct collision with the king. In addition, they preceded the arrest of the police, who had recently felt their movements. 8. It limited the scope of the Bangkok revolution, which was very successful, to limit the activity of the revolutionaries in the capital according to the revolutionaries ’ability and capabilities, rather than expanding it to other provinces, which need more supporters and a greater effort, perhaps they could not do, and the authorities may discover The draft of the revolution, and its restriction in Bangkok, as the center of decision, was one of the important factors in the success of the revolution, because they know that if they expand their control over the capital, the rest of the provinces will be subject to succession. 9. The position of King Bragadipok after the success of the revolution was very wise, to preserve the lives of citizens without bloodshed, and more than that, to preserve the prestige and prestige of the monarchy remaining before the Thais, which earned the king more respect internally and externally. 10. The absence of the external role from the revolution, as there are no international interventions in helping the revolutionaries to carry out their revolution.

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11. The revolution has brought about fundamental changes in the structure of the country's political, economic and social system. On the political level, the system of government changed from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. On the economic level, laws were enacted in favor of the peasants and the poor and the cancellation of debts owed to them, on the social level, because it reduced the class differences between the people of Thai society, and other things that the revolution had achieved on other levels.

References The Books 1- Andrew Brown, Labor, Politics, and State in Manufacturing Thailand, published by Routledge Corazon, London, and New York, 2004. 2- Barbara Leitch LePoer (Editor), Thailand: A Country Study, Sixth Edition, published by the United States Government as represented by the Secretary of the Army, Washington, 1989. 3- Benjamin A. Batson, Siam's Political Future: Documents from the End of Absolute Property, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1974. 4 - The Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Southeast Asia, and the Free World Economy, Report of the Ministry of Foreign Trade, American Chamber of Commerce Committee, United States, April 1952. 5- Chris Baker and Bask Vongpikit, History of Thailand, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009. 6- David A. Wilson, Politics in Thailand, published by Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1962. 7- David K. White, Thailand: A Short History, Second Edition, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2003. 8- Dieter Nohlen and others, Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: South East Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, Vol. 2, published by Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. 9- Federal Research Division, Country Profile: Thailand, USA, 2007. 10- George Mcturnan Kahin (ed.), Government and Politics in Southeast Asia, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1959. 11- HG Deignan, Siam: Land of Free Men, War Background Studies, Number Eight, published by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1943. 12- Kenneth B. Landon, Fasting in Transition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1939.

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13- Kobkua Suwannathat - Bayan, Kings and the State: Political Development in Thailand 1932-2000, first published by Routledge Curzon, New York, 2003. 14- M. Epstein, MA (ed.), The Yearman's Year - Book: The World's Annual Statistical and Historical Review of 1932, Sixty-ninth Annual Publication. Reviewed after official returns, published by Macmillan and Co., Limited, London, 1932. 15- Michael J. Montesano and Patrick Jory (eds.), Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic Interactions on A Plural Peninsula, published by NUS Press, Singapore, 2008. 16- Patit Paban Mishra, History of Thailand: Greenwood History of Modern Nations, published by ABC - CLIO, LLC, California, 2010. 17- Thawat Mukurapong, "The Cause of the Revolution", Modern Thai Politics: From Village to Nation, Shinkman Publishing Company, Massachusetts, 1979.

Thesis and Dissertation

1- Andreas Sturm, The King's Nation: A Study of The Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand , Unpublished Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy, London School and Economics and Political Science, University of London, 2006. 2- Arjun Subrahmanyan, Reinventing Siam: Ideas and Culture in Thailand 1920 - 1944 , A dissertation Doctor of Philosophy in History, Graduate Division, University of California, 2013. 3- Chamnan Rodhetbhai, Role of Monarchy in Thai Political and Social Development With Special Reference to King Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946 - 1986 ), Unpublished Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1990. 4- James Alastair Warren, Gambling, The State and Society in Siam, C. 1880 - 1945, unpublished a thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2007. 5- Matthew Phillip Copeland, Contested Nationalism and the 1932 Overthrow of The Absolute Monarchy in Siam, Unpublished A thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, Australian National University, 1993. 6- Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, The 1932 Coup in Thailand: An account of Aparticipant in The Coup , Unpublished Thesis Master of Arts, Faculty of The Graduate College, Western Michigan University, 1983.

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7- Thanavi Chotpradit, Revolution Versus Counter - Revolution: The People's Party and The Royalist (s) in Visual Dialogue, Unpublished Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, Birkbeck College, University of London, 2016.

Articles

1- Prakan Klinfoong, The Establishment of Bureau of the Royal Household: The Reform of the Siamese Royal Court after the 1932 Revolution , Journal of the Graduate School of Asia - Pacific Studies , No. 31, Waseda University, 2016. 2- Prudhisan Jumbala, King Prajadhipok and Democracy in Siam, Newspaper Bangkok Post, 22 February 2014. 3- Richard Cavendish, Siam becomes Thailand: The Country Was Renamed on June 23 rd 1939, The Magazine History Today, Vol. 64, Issue. 6, June, 2014. 4- Suthachai Yimprasert, Funeral Books Shed Light on People's Party, Bangkok Post Newspapers, 24 June 2017. 5- Tomas Larsson, Western Imperialism and Defensive Underdevelopment of Property Rights Institutions in Siam, Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol. 8, 2008.

Newspapers

1- The Straits Times Newspapers, Thailand Coup: A brief History of Past Military Coups, May 22, 2014. 2- The New York Times Newspaper, 25 June, 1932. 3- Newspapers Bangkok Times, 21 and 22 February 1933.

References

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[1] The United States Chamber of Commerce, Southeast Asia and the Free World Economy, Report prepared by the Department of Foreign Trade, American Chamber of Commerce Committee, United States, April 1952, p. 6. [2] HG Deignan, Siam: Land of Free Men, War Background Studies, Number Eight, published by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1943, p. 9; Barbara Leitch LePoer (ed.), Op. Ibid., P. 3. [3] Suthachai Yimprasert, Funeral Books Spotlighting the People's Party, Bangkok Post Newspapers, June 24, 2017. [4] Chris Becker and Pasok Phongpechette, History of Thailand, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, p. 116. [5] Patit Baban Mishra, History of Thailand: The History of Greenwood Modern Nations, published by ABC - CLIO, LLC, California, 2010, p. 104. [6] Suthachai Yimprasert, Op. Cit. [7] Patit Baban Mishra, former reference. Cit., s. 104. [8] Suthachai Yimprasert Op. Cit. [9] The Straits Times, the Thai Coup: A Brief History of the Former Army May 22, 2014 coups. [10] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, The 1932 Coup in Thailand: An Account of the Participant in the Coup, Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Arts, College of Graduate Studies, Western Michigan University, 1983, p. 56. [11] Patti Baban Mishra, previous reference. Cit. s. 104-105. [12] David A. Wilson, Politics in Thailand, published by Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1962, p. 12. [13] Patti Baban Mishra, former reference. Cit, s. 104. [14] Patti Baban Mishra, previous reference. Ibid, P. 104. [15] Ibid. [16] The New York Times, June 25, 1932. [17] Benjamin A. Batson, Siam's Political Future: Documents from the End of Absolute Monarchy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1974, p. 82. [18] Benjamin A. Batson, op. City, p. 83-85. [19] Prodessan Jumbala, King Brajjadibok and Democracy in Siam, Bangkok newspaper Mail February 22, 2014. [20] Benjamin A. Batson, op. Cit. s. 83-85. [21] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. , s. 57.

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[22] Ibid, P. 57-58. [23] Ibid., P. 60. [24] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 58-59. (25) Thawat Mukurapong, "The Cause of the Revolution", Modern Thai Politics: From Village to Nation, Schinkman Publishing Company, Massachusetts, 1979, p. 79; Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, op. Cit. , s. 60. [26] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. , s. 61. [27] Thanhavi Chuttpradit, Revolution vs. Counterrevolution: The People and Propertyists in Visual Dialogue, Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Birkbeck College, University of London, 2016, p. 3 5. [28] Arjun Subramanian, Re-inventing Siam: Ideas and Culture in Thailand 1920-1944, Ph.D. Thesis in Philosophy in History, Graduate Studies Department, University of California, 2013, p. 2. [29] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. , s. 69. [30] Ibid, P. 61. [31] Patit Baban Mishra, former reference. Cit. s. 104-105. [32] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 61-62. [33] Arjun Subramanian, op. Cit. Cit. , s. 1. [34] Some sources mentioned this in the name of the Ananta Smakhm Hall. Ananta Samakhom (from Dusit Palace) Dusit Royal in Bangkok. Thanhavi Shotbradit, op. Cit, s. 31. [35] Patit Baban Mishra, former reference. Cit. s. 104-105. [36] Thanhavi Shotbradit, op. Cit. Cit. , s. 35. [37] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. , s. 63 . (38) Arjun Subramanian, op. Cit. , s. 1. [39] Benjamin A. Batson, op. Cit., s. 97. [40] Thanhavi Chuttpradit, op. Cit. P. 30, note 31. [41] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit., s. 63. [42] Ibid., P. 63-64. [43] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 64-65. [44] Thanhavi Chuttpradit, op. Cit. P. 3 5. [45] Arjun Subramanian, op. Cit. Cit., s. 1. [46] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 65-66. [47] Ibid., P. 67.

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[48] Michael J. Montesano and Patrick Gauri (eds.), Southern Thailand and Northern Mali: Ethnic Interactions on the Plain Peninsula, published by NUS Press, Singapore, 2008, p. 103. [49] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. , s. 75. [50] Thanhavi Chuttpradit, op. Cit. P. 36, note 41. [51] Shaman Ruddebhai, The Role of Monarchy in Thai Political and Social Development with Special Reference to King Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-1986), Unpublished Doctorate in Philosophy, College of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1990, p. . 232-233. [52] Some sources say that it was the leaders of the revolution who lowered the old royal flag from the top of the Ananlasanakan Hall building and raised the new national flag in its place). Andreas Storm, The Nation of the King: A Study of the Emergence and Evolution of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand, PhD thesis in Philosophy, London College of Economics, Political Science, University of London, 2006, p. 162. [53] Arjun Subramanian, op. Cit. Cit., s. 2. [54] Benjamin A. Batson, op. Cit., s. 9 8. [55] Patti Baban Mishra, previous reference. Cit. s. 105. [56] Kenneth B. Landon, Fasting in Transition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1939, s. 17. [57] David A. Wilson, op. Cit. s. 14-15. [58] Ibid., P. 15th. [59] Patti Baban Mishra, former reference. Cit. , s. 105. [60] However, King Bragadebok revealed the opposite of this issue after he submitted his resignation from the throne and head of state in 1935, where he made it clear that the interim constitution affirmed that any person without support does not have the People's Party to be a member of the National Assembly. Temporary. Benjamin A. Batson, op. Cit, s. 101. [61] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 76-78; Thanafi Chuttpradit, op. Cit. , P. 38. [62] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 78-82. [63] David K. Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History, 2 nd Edition, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2003, p. 239; David A. Wilson, op. Cit. , s. 15th . [64] Prodessan Gambala, King Brajjadibok and Democracy in Siam, Bangkok Post, February 22, 2014. [65] Benjamin A. Batson, op. Cit, s. 9 8. [66] Patti Baban Mishra, previous reference. Cit. s. 105-106.

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[67] George Mcturnan Kahin (ed.), Government and Politics of Southeast Asia, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1959, p. 17. [68] Patti Baban Mishra, previous reference. Cit. s. 105-106. (69) Chamnan Ruditaphai, op. Cit, s. 234. [70] Prakan Kleinfung, Establishing a Royal Family Office: Siamese Royal Court Reform after the 1932 Revolution, Journal of the Graduate School of Asia - Pacific Studies, Issue 31, Waseda University, 2016, p. 40. [71] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 78-82. [72] Bangkok Times Newspapers, February 21 and 22, 1933. [73] Dieter Nolin et al., Elections in Asia and the Pacific: Data Guide: Southeast Asia, Eastern Asia and the South Pacific, vol. 2, published by Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001, p. 266. [74] Perasant Ratanakul Serireongrith, Op. Cit. s. 78-82. [75] Patti Baban Mishra, previous reference. Cit. , s. 106.

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