Cultural Frame and Translation of Pronominal in

Qianqian Geng1a

Abstract

This paper explores the relationship between cultural HISTORY: knowledge and the specific meaning of a pronominal in legal English where Chinese translators need to get the Received June 2018 correct translation in their venture into translating the Received in revised form July 2018 language of law. On the one hand, relying on the relevant Accepted August 2018 Available online September 2018 legal cultural knowledge functioning as domain-general reference within a community or jurisdiction, translators, especially those non-lawyers, may find out the common grounds for decoding the meaning of linguistic expressions in source legal English and adopt such commonalities as bases for further exploring the specific meaning of a KEYWORDS: pronominal adverb, which would let translators, no matter a professional lawyer or not, get the general sketch of the Culture meaning thereof. On the other hand, such efforts to consult Frame the general sense cultural information need further Referent extraction. Since the framework information out of such Legal translation extraction would be organized into a systematic structure Pronominal adverbs and lead to their final determination of the translation with efficiency.

© 2018 IJSCL. All rights reserved.

1 PhD Candidate, Email: [email protected] Tel: +86-181-56052306 a Southwest University, China

114 Cultural Frame and Translation of Pronominal Adverbs in Legal English

1. Introduction specific meaning of a pronominal adverb within a specific context so as to make the final ranslation of legal English is a very determination on the exact meaning and get the difficult, if not impossible, task for most desired translation in an efficient and correct T Chinese translators. In strengthening its manner. Previous studies have highlighted the professionalism and specialization, legal significance of culture functioning as a general language adopts arcane, peculiar and unusual reference to the correct realization of translation words, expressions, and structures which can be (Mousavi, Farahani, & Arizavi, 2014; Šarčević, very difficult to translate. Pronominal adverbs 1985) and emphasized the importance of frequently employed in legal texts, for most cultural difference in translation (e.g., translators, are no other than such peculiar Kuhiwczak, 2014). Few studies (e.g., Ogbu, expressions. Therefore, Chinese translators need 1993), however, embarked upon making further to try to develop a correct understanding of their analysis and organizing the general cultural meaning in order to do an accurate translation. information into a compact whole so as to take it In such situations, what translators usually do is as a holistic unit of reference for further to consult open resources such as dictionaries processing of translation. To increase the efficiency (including the authoritative BLACK LAW of translation, more detailed, organized and DICTIONARY) and corpora like BNC or compact referent cultural information is needed COCA to get the words’ literal meanings in a to be taken into consideration. general way. What they get, as a result, is a general paraphrased answer to the pronominal 2. Theoretical Framework adverbs’ meanings in the forms expressed as prepositional phrases, with the prepositions in Research has been conducted to deal with the the exact same appearances with the relevant problems of translating specialized parts within a pronominal language like the language of the law in English. adverb. Yet, they cannot meet their actual Generally speaking, as for studies devoting demands dependent on the variety of contexts attention to the ‘pure’ (Holmes, 1988) aspects of only by the general answer gained from legal translation studies, most researchers, under consulting dictionaries and corpora. Besides, no the influence of traditional linguistics, kept on matter semantic or cultural, searching, collecting, concentrating on the linguistic features of the and sorting out referent information from language of the law, regarding legal translation various public resources remain challenging and as decoding the special language of the law (e.g., time-consuming. Most translators still cannot or Chu, 2002). Among this trend, some researchers, will not get the correct meaning of a specific from historical perspective or that of structural expression like a pronominal adverb in a linguistics or generative grammar, kept focusing specific context effectively and proactively on the special appearance or features of while avoiding acquiring the relevant information individual words, expressions (e.g., those arcane, from the above-mentioned resources in an old, Latin expressions), or grammatical structures overloaded way. for demonstrating characters of the language of the law (e.g., Chu, 2002; Olsen, Frances, Lorz, With regard to this, the present paper suggests & Stein, 2009), which implies that those who try these translators regard the cultural information to do a correct translation should start from underlying various semantic annotations as the clarifying the linguistic features of the language. invisible setting supporting the reasonableness, Some went further to larger ranks, emphasized or even the existence thereof, adopt it as a the importance of text typologies and functions reliable background reference in a general sense of special-purposes texts for legal translation and at the higher level of the concept, then (e.g., Cao, 2010), and took text as a larger unit further extract the conceptual cultural framework for translators to consider. Some deemed legal out of it with the purpose of specifically translation as an act of communication (e.g., applying such framework to the inference of the Sarcevic, 1997), putting emphasis on the

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judgment and state of acceptance within the of cultural information for accurate referents to target legal language. Others were process-oriented, position a specific meaning (Straub, Loch, seeking to propose a translation model appropriate Evaristo, Karahanna, & Srite, 2002). In other for an integral translating process (Prieto Ramos, words, emphasis on the functioning of culture in 2011).These studies drew people’s attention to a general sense alone is not enough for the the importance of the linguistic features of the clarification of a specific meaning corresponding source language for legal translation and allowed with a specific context. Translators would do people to take notice of the communication better by incorporating the above different and purpose and translating processes of legal actually inherently relevant translation-ontological translation. However, complexity of legal approaches and going further to explore the translation requires more factors to be explored. necessity to organize the accessible cultural information in a regular manner, so as to make a As for studies devoting attention to the ‘applied’ precise decision on the exact meaning realized (Holmes, 1988, 2004) aspects of legal translation in their desired way. With regard to this, the studies, some advocated a combination of legal present paper seeks to combine the referent translation and the teaching and learning of legal functioning of the general-sense cultural English(e.g., Januleviciene & Kavaliauskiene, information with the theoretical notion of 2004)in order to make the two facilitate each cognitive frames together, and further explores other by such incorporation or cooperation. the necessity of cognitive processing of the Other researchers emphasized the significance abstract and huge amount of general cultural of corpora and internet searches (e.g., Biel, information into regularly organized conceptual 2009), thinking such translation aids would help structure or framework, so as to adapt to the with the development of legal translation. These specific needs for decoding and de-conceptualizing studies explored the value of legal translation in the specific context-restrained meanings for the sense of its application to the other relevant legal translation. fields and detected the momentum to legal translation development by such cooperation or 3. Culture and Translation blending. However, researchers soon found that focus on translation by itself and its relationship Since the Bassnett and Lefevere’s (1990) with other disciplines need further expanding to volume called Translation, History and Culture, make legal translation studies into a holistic a “cultural turn” became prevalent in translation picture. studies interested in dealing with problems arising during translation processes and practices Different from the above-mentioned studies from a cultural perspective. The importance of centering around the factors of translation by culture in translation attracted the attention of themselves(e.g., SL, TL, translation process) or many researchers in pinpointing the referent the interactions between translation studies with functioning of culture for the possible realization the relevant disciplines in terms of application, of correct translation. Different from the natural culture-oriented translation studies went beyond science, the science of law has boundaries. such factors and interactions and focused on the Different regions under different cultures and domain-general referents commonly applicable jurisdictions have different legal systems, laws, to the SL or TL environment or community. and legal languages. Translation of legal English While most of such oriented research trends into Chinese involves far more than simple paid their attentions to culture’s reference decoding of the source legal English into the functioning for positioning specific categories or target Chinese law language. It also calls for a meanings within specific contexts for translation complex processing involving communications, in its general sense (e.g., Jordan, 1997; Šarčević, conflicts or concessions between different legal 1985), few ever went further to think about what cultures and systems inherent respectively in was actually needed for translators’ specific English law and Chinese Law. Ignoring cultural practice in their searching among a huge amount differences while relying upon the legalized

116 Cultural Frame and Translation of Pronominal Adverbs in Legal English

meanings in law dictionaries alone could even However, researchers soon found out incur mistranslations out of deficiency in its dependency on such semantic information, as reasonable referents. mentioned earlier, was not enough to meet various requirements for defining multiple 3.1. Cultural Information and Semantic meanings within the source language in Information for Translation translation. Even in a case when literal contexts were taken into consideration, translators would According to traditional linguistics, for still fail to make a final determination on the preparation to start translation, knowledge meaning of what they were translating. With concerning meanings of words mainly includes regard to this, there were other views that descriptions concerning such words’ parts of emphasized the important roles played by speech or the lexical meanings of such words domain-general cultural concepts commonly acquired from prevalently available resources known by almost everyone within a community. like dictionaries, textbooks, or websites, rather According to such ideas, the meaning awaiting than universally applicable abstractions generalized translation could not be achieved by relying on from such various sources. In correspondence the literal semantic information alone. In most with such a trend focusing on grammatical occasions, it involved a more complex process aspects of individual linguistic units, most combining all necessary and possible information studies conducted with a view to solving for consultation together with the exact aim to translation problems of the language of the fulfill a correct understanding and translation. law— especially those special words that, while Among all such necessary and possible sharing the same forms or appearances with information, culture would play an important those in ordinary English, are encoded into very role in defining meanings for translation. To be professionalized meaning in the genre of law more specific, no matter how special the language—would concentrate on highlighting the meaning of a term in law language is, to characteristics of their meanings different from approach a specific meaning of a word in legal the ordinary one(s) that most of us have been English, translators could take a try from the familiar with (e.g., Cao, 2007). Some scholars higher-level cultural information as well. In may even go further to make comparisons correspondence with this, translators might, in a between the two in terms of usage (e.g., Song, top-down manner, find out the referent cultural 2004). Besides, most college students in China, information where the meaning waiting for for instance, in attempting to understand special translation was originated, visualized, and put terms or vocabulary of the language of the law into another form of the target language. in English, usually seek to get more semantic information from some authoritative law 3.2. Extraction of Cultural Information for dictionaries like BLACK LAW DICTIONARY, Reference Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, Duhaime’s Law Dictionary, and Wex, and try their best to As we know, the amounts of cultural commit each word’s meaning interpretation to information were so large that when the specific memory. Despite the fact that such information meaning consistent with the specific context dooffer huge amounts of semantic data for needed adoption of cultural referents for translators to consider, they would soon find that translation, it was against the principle of translation of a special meaning of a word in the economy to achieve effective translation language of the law cannot be started effectively practice within limited period of time required by concentrating on its distinctiveness in a in practice. As you cannot expect to gain a good meaning which is separate from the command of a word’s correct meaning by mere commonly-shared cultural knowledge reliance on mechanic memorization of every prevalently known by most people within a dictionary annotations, neither can you, at the specific circle of community. higher level of cultural information relatively commonly shared by almost everyone within a

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community, meet your expectation of realizing 3.3. Frame and Translation your precise translation by merely focusing on such cultural concepts in its general sense alone. So, what should be extracted from the foregoing Even after you have had a detailed list general cultural information? As mentioned describing concepts or categories that may be above, translation of words or other linguistic involved within a cultural setting or background, units requires interpreters to go beyond not only as for the specific problems like “how does such independent or separate meaning annotations, category represented by a specific pronominal but also higher levels of cultural concepts and adverb function as a constituent within a special further through single concept abstraction to cognitive cultural context and the more concrete view the specific object waiting to be translated context therein?” or “how to ensure the correct by reference to the interactive pattern within translation of the meaning of a pronominal which such an object interconnects closely with adverb compatible with the specific context other related components in formation of a where its general cultural referent information is holistic structure (e.g., Dascal & Weizman, 1987; applicable?”, you would find that you cannot get Entman, 1993). In line with such claims which the precise answer in an instant manner without look at an individual meaning waiting for taking further detailed cultural information that translation within an interactive pattern or can be organized into a unit for economic and structure, this paper plans to resort to the notion efficient cognitive processing into consideration. of ‘frame’ (Fillmore, 1975, 1976, 1985) in trying At least for some words such as those calling for to articulate the processes that may occur during preciseness or accuracy required by professional a translator’s dealing with the special legal law language, you need to go further to view cultural information of the source legal English such objects of translation with consideration to and the corresponding meaning of the special the specific contextual information they are in words in such language of the law. for gaining their adequate and sufficient references (e.g., Carnine, Kameenui, & Coyle, Pursuant to the frame theory, a frame or certain 1984). Over-reliance on general or vague sketch schemata or frameworks of concepts linking of the cultural concepts represented by a word in together as a system would impose structure or law language still cannot meet the demands of coherence on some aspects of human experience such precise legal translation. and may contain elements which are simultaneously parts of other such frameworks In such occasions, translators had better go (Fillmore, 1975). In this sense, a frame would deeper and further to extract organized cultural function as a basically presupposed reference information or cultural structure on the for starting cognitive activities during a conceptual level so as to detect the specific translation process such as the comparison or category functioning as a component thereof alignment between SL and the known and representing the specific meaning within knowledge of a translator, and both categories such structure for a correct translation, rather (concepts) and the interactions between these than take the cultural information for granted, categories within a specific frame should be even ignore it, while merely focusing on the taken into consideration when conducting a peculiar forms or appearances of the law translation of a specific meaning from SL to TL. language, or immerging themselves in an To take Fillmore’s classic “commercial event” immeasurable quantity of general cultural frame as an example, the meaning of the information forever, without proceeding toward BUY can be conducted with consideration to a the exactly specialized meaning encoded in an setting where the 4 basic or elementary categories expression within an organized cultural structure BUYER, SELLER, GOODS and MONEY interact and, more concretely, the special context of the closely with each other into a holistic-structure language of the law. representation of a commercial event (Ungerer & Schmid, 2013). No matter how distinctive the name of a buyer or a seller appears, as long as

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the interactive categories conceptually 4. Illustration representing these various appearances keep on consistently functioning in holding their 4.1. Meaning and Concept of a Pronominal relationship structure, the underlying frame will Adverb not change, acting as a stable and reliable reference for inference of the meaning of a word As far as the information concerning the representing a role within the frame. Furthermore, meaning of a pronominal adverb, what most some expressions as adverbials in the form of a people can know from both publicly accessible prepositional phrase, like to somebody, or for a resources and their personal experience mainly certain amount of money, are still likely to be includes three categories of information: (1) pinpointed as long as their meanings representing descriptions of words such as those annotations one of these concepts are along the interactive or explanations in dictionaries, websites, corpus, paths within the same frame. In line with this, or databases (see Table 1); (2) conceptual translating the meaning of the word BUY from knowledge that can thus be abstracted and perspective of a frame can be deemed as universally stored in almost everyone’s mind considering the category BUY within the frame accompanying their growing experience; and (3) of [BUY], the framework of a commercial event the cultural information invisible but prevalently stored as an organized structure commonly functioning within such knowledge or descriptions known by almost everyone with normal mentioned in (1) and (2). Considering the sequence experience of social life. You can also get the of translators’ regularity in their cognitive meaning referred to by other related words like processing of inputting information, this section seller and goods, or even prepositional adverbs will first focus on a discussion and analysis over like to, in, after, as long as they are framed as the first categories. such and have a role to play within one same With the first category, the general meaning of a event-frame. pronominal adverb can be paraphrased into a From the above-mentioned, we can get that “preposition (P2) + this/that/which…” phrase, there seem to be so many benefits of extracting and the preposition (P2) paraphrased from a cultural information into a well-knit structure pronominal adverb corresponds with both the mentioned in the above paragraph. To translate form and the meaning of the latter prepositional the specific meaning of a word, translators, apart adverb (P1) within the pronominal adverb, while from the semantic information in accessible the “this/that/which …” part corresponds resources, may as well try to look further and semantically to the former higher at the concept within a cultural (here/there/where) within the pronominal adverb. framework. Such cultural framework can be Besides, it can be seen that in such paraphrased extracted from the commonly known and expressions, the last part “…” whose specific presupposed cultural information in its general meaning indicated by the this or sense functioning like a grounding fixating the that within the phrase “this/that/which …” calls specific meaning of a word. By focusing on for more relevant contextual information for its such cultural frame thus extracted, translators precise interpretation, which indicates, to put it can at least get the specific role played by each in a simple way, that the meaning of a key component therein, the relationship they pronominal adverb is not fixed, but may change need to know and other key components within as it is employed in different contexts. one same frame, and possibly even the With the second category, we can, from the positioning of other elements- no matter paraphrased prepositional phrase (“preposition + fore-grounded or not- along the paths holding this/that/which …”) mentioned before, induce close interconnection between these components. that the concepts represented may, as prepositions usually are in ordinary English, be a kind of relationship between one thing and

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another, or may, as adverbs always do, be a way translators to start from common-grounds to or manner the are directly modified. analyze the conceptual relationship represented Despite the differences among the meanings by such prepositions or prepositional phrases, it usually denoted by prepositions in ordinary is impossible for translators to achieve the English and those by prepositional adverb parts correct translation by depending on such in pronominal adverbs in legal English, such commonality alone. They cannot just equate induction demonstrates that there is a unequal meanings in different contexts by mere domain-general element inherent within all such reference to the commonality at the level of the semantic information. Take the “thereof” with concept. From a basic domain-general concept its paraphrased phrases “of that …” for instance, to the specific referent, translators’ mere no matter how distinctive the appearance of a concentration on the word and the related pronominal adverb and that of its paraphrased linguistic units in an ontology-like manner, no phrase is in terms of word classes or specific matter in terms of semantic meanings or referents, a domain-general concept of possession conceptual notions, would inevitably disregard or generation indicated by “of” always exists other important factors such as cultural accompanying such differences. Such a information and the cultural frames extracted relationship of possession or generation of one therefrom that also have tremendous influences object (“…” in the paraphrased phrase) within on translation. another (that is usually directly followed by such a pronominal adverb and a past participant, 4.2. Relevant Cultural Information e.g., the terms and conditions thereof), taking people’s commonly known experiences into With the third category mentioned above, take consideration, can act as a general essence the pronominal adverbs frequently adopted in overarching such semantic information listed in one of the most frequently encountered English the aforesaid first category. agreements entitled Sales Agreement (See Appendix I) and able to be searched almost Nevertheless, while such commonality inducted everywhere on the Internet as an example. from semantic information can function as a hub Translation of such pronominal adverbs cannot connecting differences together, depending on be accurately fulfilled by relying on the vague such commonality alone is not enough to or fuzzy copying of what is annotated in achieve a correct translation of a specific dictionaries or other accessible semantic meaning. Higher concepts, though broader in resources alone. In this Agreement, twenty nine range, are poorer in content at the same time pronominal adverbs were adopted with twenty (Les & Les, 2003). To be specific with the four here-type ones, four there-type ones and meaning of a pronominal adverb in legal one where-type one, which are shown in Table English, although it seems plausible for 1.

Table 1 Pronominal Adverbs Used in Appendix I Frequency of Adoption of Pronominal Adverbs Exemplary Sentences Pronominal Adverbs in in Sample Agreement in this Agreement Such Sample Agreement Agreement, made this … day of …, 2000, between seller company (hereinafter called hereinafter 4 “seller”), and having an office at … and … Here-type buyer of … (hereinafter called “buyer”). PRICE: hereof 6 Subject to increase as provided in paragraph 7 on the reverse side hereof.

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In addition to the purchase price, Buyer shall pay Seller the amount of all governmental taxes, exercise and/or other charges (except taxes on or measured by net income) that Seller hereunder 10 may be required to pay with respect to the production, sale or transportation of any material delivered hereunder, except where the law otherwise provided. Payment shall be made on demand, without discount. Seller reserves the right, among other herein 2 remedies, either to terminate this Agreement or to suspend further deliveries upon failure of Buyer to make any payment as herein provided. This Agreement contains all of the hereto 2 representations and agreements between the parties hereto. As used in this Agreement, “contract year” shall There-type thereof 4 mean a twelve-month period ending on … or on any anniversary thereof. If Buyer furnishes proof to Seller that Buyer can purchase from a manufacturer in any contract year any of the aforesaid materials produced within the United States, of the same quality, upon similar terms and conditions, in approximately the same quantity as the then undelivered quantity hereunder during such Where-type whereupon 1 contract year, and at a lower price than is then in effect under this Agreement, then if Seller shall not reduce the price hereunder to such a lower price for the aforesaid quantity, Buyer may purchase such quantity from the other manufacturer, whereupon Buyer’s commitment under this Agreement shall be reduced by the quantity so purchased.

These exemplary sentences indicate that no fair and justified; (3) the specific area or matter which type of pronominal adverbs is location where the agreement is established awaiting translation, the exact meaning of each consistent with its corresponding legal culture pronominal adverb cannot be simply processed and jurisdiction; (4) the stage deemed within into a prepositional phrase without consulting which the agreement is going through; and (5) more necessary legal cultural information other matters omitted in appearance though, still prerequisite to the validity of the Agreement by functioning in effective operation of such itself. Such cultural information, if considered agreement. In line with this, there seems to be a for relevance, may, among other things, at least great deal of cultural information relevant to the include: (1) the general legal doctrine understanding and effective establishment of an concerning principles establishing an agreement; agreement in terms of legal validity, and as we (2) the reasonableness concurred by parties know, sharp differences exist in terms of these within the specific community and jurisdiction principles or standards of reasonableness by which law concerning agreement is equal, contingent on or varying with different cultures

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overarching different areas or jurisdictions. In collect, but also such information’s interactive some cases, even different regions within the relationship with other key elements within a same country have different laws for handling specific context. and regulating these issues. With regard to this, cultural information is undoubtedly important In postulating that a pronominal adverb’s and significant. However, on the other hand, to specific meaning would have to be adjusted to collect all such cultural information would be a its interaction with other related elements huge project for translators, especially those toward formation of the internal structure of a without any pre-known knowledge concerning holistic framework, translators, based on their legal system information of the source daily experience of the possession or generation agreement, since practical transactions would relationship extracted from and represented by require jobs to be done within a limited period the meaning of the paraphrased prepositional of time. Taken both the necessity of cultural phrase from the pronominal adverbs, may take a information referents and practical requirements step further to position the precise referent of concerning time limit into consideration, the pronominal adverb by extraction of the translators still need to go further to conduct general and huge amounts of cultural extraction work over such cultural information, information prevalently accessible from various so as to make an optimal and efficient use of this resources. Consider the pronominal adverbs in referent information with the aim of achieving the exemplary sentences in Table 1.Take the first accurate determination of the exact meaning one as an example: Agreement, made this … corresponding with specific context like the day of …, 2000, between seller company whole Agreement illustrated as Appendix I (hereinafter called “seller”), and having an illustrated above the exemplary sentences office at … and … buyer of … (hereinafter therein. called “buyer”). Initially, it can be found from many available sources (e.g., dictionaries, 4.3. Cultural Concepts Framed websites, …) that the adverb hereinafter, as an adverb always does, functions as an adverbial Then for the sake of decoding the specific modifier of a verb in its representation of the meaning of a pronominal adverb within a concepts like the place, manner, or the way by specific clause or sentence in a legal text, which an agent (omitted in appearance) translators need to make further efforts to performs an act. achieve a more precise determination. On the other hand, as mentioned before, the cultural Second, as for the exact meaning of the adverb information in its general sense cannot allow “herein” in this sentence, we would soon find translators to make accurate identification of the despite the fact that it can simply be paraphrased meaning of a pronominal adverb commensurate into a prepositional phrase like “after and in with the specific context within which it is used. this …”, and the domain-general concept thus Although domain-general concepts extracted extracted provides an important clue for from semantic information remain consistent translators to proceed their work, the specific and stable - no matter what kind of text a referent or entity “…” indicated by the pronominal adverb is in, the specific meaning this within the paraphrased adopted as appropriate for a distinctive domain, meaning interpretation “after and in this …” or or more specifically, for a specific holistic event “after and in this law, contract, document …” framework may vary with the context within still remain indefinite, which requires that which such a framework is constructed translating the specific meaning and reasoning, (Coulson, 2001). Context-dependency of a rather than mechanic copying without thinking word’s specific meaning calls for translators’ for determination of such meaning of hereinafter consideration of not only the semantic could not be realized by counting on such information and concept of the adverb plus the concept alone, but viewing it as unfixed and general cultural information a translator can varying upon the particular context where it

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interacts with other relevant concepts also cognitive reference framework, which could be needing consulting cultural information to be illustrated in the figure 1 as follows: positioned to form a holistic structure as a stable

Figure 1 Agreement between a Seller and a Buyer

Figure 1, together with the actual exemplary by different laws, rules and regulations. There sentences mentioned above, reveals that there shall be different principles and standards set by are many elements waiting for further these different laws according to which parties’ verification in the [AGREEMENT] frame acts shall be judged as being with according to the cultural background, reasonableness. With regard to this, it should be specifically within the cultural framework, presupposed what translators need to consult to where it is originated. To be more specific with clarify the meaning of “hereinafter” in this the exemplary sentence, admittedly, it would be sentence at least includes the following a much easier job to translate the pronominal information within the corresponding cultural adverb “hereinafter” into such Chinese framework: the area and the jurisdiction within characters as “ 在下文” in accordance with which the sample Agreement is established, the English-Chinese Law Dictionaries like An standard by which parties to the agreement English-Chinese Dictionary of Legal Terms deem as reasonable and justified, the legal (Song, 2005). However, the exact referent system as basis for legal transactions involved in denoted by the first part of “hereinafter”, i.e., an agreement and the prerequisite to the here still remains unclear according to such establishment of an agreement according to the translation. Translators need to conduct detailed law in the corresponding areas or jurisdictions, identification through more detailed and and the prevalent usage of pronominal adverbs organized consultation of cultural information in such areas. Equipped with such information, which also needs further being organized into a translators could possibly develop their well-knit set of information structure for understanding and inference based on the efficient adoption. Since sciences of law do have known information already provided in the boundaries, agreements established in different exemplary sentence and the agreement by itself. regions under different jurisdictions shall abide Otherwise, mechanic copying from dictionaries

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or guessing without proper holistic consultation needed to be conducted to help more translators leads to none but misinterpretations or wrongful achieve a better legal translation. In a word, translations. translation is a complex process requiring translators to put huge amounts of time and 5. Concluding Remarks efforts into taking as many relevant and multi-dimensional factors as possible into This paper attempted to highlight the consideration, so as to make the translation importance of cultural information for the realized in a desired way. realization of correct translation which mostly emphasizes the significance of culture in its References general sense (e.g., Mousavi et al., 2014), and some influenced by traditional mode of Biel, Ł. (2009). Corpus-based studies of legal processing, tends to pay over-emphatic attention language for translation purposes: to lexical items, literary meaning and Methodological and practical potential. In dictionaries translators could access (e.g., C. Heine & J. Engberg (Eds.), Chromá, 2013). A hypothesis of starting from, Reconceptualizing LSP : On-line rather than going to the extreme by negating, Proceedings of the XVII European LSP translators’ known knowledge concerning semantic information of a pronominal adverb in Symposium 2009 (pp. 1-15). Aarhus : LSP. law language, combined with consultation of Chromá, M. (2013). Legal translation and the cultural information through extracting or dictionary (Vol. 122). Berlin: Walter de abstracting therefrom the cultural information in Gruyter. an interactive pattern and organized manner was Carnine, D., Kameenui, E. J., & Coyle, G. proposed in this article. Compared to mere (1984). Utilization of contextual consultation or collection of semantic information information in determining the meaning for reference, further consultation of cultural of unfamiliar words. Reading Research information and extraction of such cultural Quarterly, 19(2), 188-204. information into an organized referent structure Cao, D. (2007). Translating law. Clevedon: would be in conformity with the efficiency Multilingual Matters. requirement for translation practice and can Cao, D. (2010). Legal translation: Translating promote positioning of the meaning of the legal language. In A. Johnson (Ed.), The pronominal adverb awaiting translation. Routledge handbook of forensic linguistics (pp. 106-120). London: Routledge. Admittedly, apart from frame extraction out of Chu, R. T. (2002). Comments on the cultural information for efficient reference, mistranslated terms in English for the further research needs to be conducted to make legal profession: Some basic rules of a detailed analysis over the extraction of the translation of legal terms of art conceptual information from the semantic [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 3, 1-20. information concerning the pronominal adverb Coulson, S. (2001). Semantic leaps: Frame-shifting by itself, which would also promote the and conceptual blending in meaning realization of correct translation by making construction. Cambridge: Cambridge optimal use of the known knowledge translators University Press. pre-store in their minds. Besides, since meaning Dascal, M., & Weizman, E. (1987). Contextual of a pronominal adverb without referent basis is exploitation of interpretation clues in text so vague like an abstract concept without a understanding: An integrated approach. In definite boundary as a clear-cut standard to M. J. Verschueren, & M. Bertuccelli-Papi determine where it can be deemed as absolutely (Eds.), The pragmatic perspective (pp. right, studies concerning other aspects such as 31-46). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, attention, grounding, or subjectivity that may be Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward involved within the translation process are also

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