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A. Types of Chords in Tonal Music
1 Kristen Masada and Razvan Bunescu: A Segmental CRF Model for Chord Recognition in Symbolic Music A. Types of Chords in Tonal Music minished triads most frequently contain a diminished A chord is a group of notes that form a cohesive har- seventh interval (9 half steps), producing a fully di- monic unit to the listener when sounding simulta- minished seventh chord, or a minor seventh interval, neously (Aldwell et al., 2011). We design our sys- creating a half-diminished seventh chord. tem to handle the following types of chords: triads, augmented 6th chords, suspended chords, and power A.2 Augmented 6th Chords chords. An augmented 6th chord is a type of chromatic chord defined by an augmented sixth interval between the A.1 Triads lowest and highest notes of the chord (Aldwell et al., A triad is the prototypical instance of a chord. It is 2011). The three most common types of augmented based on a root note, which forms the lowest note of a 6th chords are Italian, German, and French sixth chord in standard position. A third and a fifth are then chords, as shown in Figure 8 in the key of A minor. built on top of this root to create a three-note chord. In- In a minor scale, Italian sixth chords can be seen as verted triads also exist, where the third or fifth instead iv chords with a sharpened root, in the first inversion. appears as the lowest note. The chord labels used in Thus, they can be created by stacking the sixth, first, our system do not distinguish among inversions of the and sharpened fourth scale degrees. -
Year 11 Music Revision Guide
Year 11 Music Revision Guidance Name the musical instrument In the exam you will be asked to name different instruments that you can hear playing. If you do not play one of these instruments it can sometimes be quite difficult to pick out what each one sounds like. You will need to know what the different instruments of the orchestra sound like, what popular musical instruments sound like and what some world instruments sound like (sitar). It is worth you visiting www.dsokids.com or www.compositionlab.co.uk where you will be able to hear these instruments individually. Describing musical sounds For some questions in the exam you will need to describe what is happening in the music, in detail! If you are asked to comment on what is happening in the music you may need to describe what a particular instrument is doing, for example: ‘The left hand of the piano is playing ascending arpeggios’. The more detail you can provide, the better! Melodic movement You may be asked to describe what is happening in the melody of a song. Remember, this means the main tune. In popular music this is often the vocal line or in instrumental music it can be described as the instrument that has the main tune (the bit that you could whistle). It could move by STEP; this means it moves to the note next to it. It could move by LEAP; this means that the melody jumps from one note to another but misses some notes out in between. This could be a low note jumping to a high note or vice versa. -
“Chordal Command”
Musician Transformation Training “CHORDAL COMMAND” This training will cover key insights and techniques you must understand in order to get the most out of the “Chord County” program, which covers Chordal Command concepts. Chords rule in contemporary music and having a deep understanding of how to build and manipulate them is the key to excelling to higher heights. From the most basic chords to complex voicings, this resource will equip you with the formulas and shortcuts to master them all! Enjoy! -Pg 1- © 2010. HearandPlay.com. All Rights Reserved Introduction In this guide, we’ll be starting with triads and what I call the “FANTASTIC FOUR.” Then we’ll move on to shortcuts that will help you master extended chords (the heart of contemporary playing). After that, we’ll discuss inversions (the key to multiplying your chordal vocaluary), primary vs secondary chords, and we’ll end on voicings and the difference between “voicings” and “inversions.” But first, let’s turn to some common problems musicians encounter when it comes to chordal mastery. Common Problems 1. Lack of chordal knowledge beyond triads: Musicians who fall into this category simply have never reached outside of the basic triads (major, minor, diminished, augmented) and are stuck playing the same chords they’ve always played. There is a mental block that almost prohibits them from learning and retaining new chords. Extra effort must be made to embrace new chords, no matter how difficult and unusual they are at first. Knowing the chord formulas and shortcuts that will turn any basic triad into an extended chord is the secret. -
Music Content Analysis : Key, Chord and Rhythm Tracking In
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS MUSIC CONTENT ANALYSIS : KEY, CHORD AND RHYTHM TRACKING IN ACOUSTIC SIGNALS ARUN SHENOY KOTA (B.Eng.(Computer Science), Mangalore University, India) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2004 Acknowledgments I am grateful to Dr. Wang Ye for extending an opportunity to pursue audio research and work on various aspects of music analysis, which has led to this dissertation. Through his ideas, support and enthusiastic supervision, he is in many ways directly responsible for much of the direction this work took. He has been the best advisor and teacher I could have wished for and it has been a joy to work with him. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Terence Sim for his support, in the role of a mentor, during my first term of graduate study and for our numerous technical and music theoretic discussions thereafter. He has also served as my thesis examiner along with Dr Mohan Kankanhalli. I greatly appreciate the valuable comments and suggestions given by them. Special thanks to Roshni for her contribution to my work through our numerous discussions and constructive arguments. She has also been a great source of practical information, as well as being happy to be the first to hear my outrage or glee at the day’s current events. There are a few special people in the audio community that I must acknowledge due to their importance in my work. -
Figured-Bass.Pdf
Basic Theory Quick Reference: Figured Bass Figured bass was developed in the Baroque period as a practical short hand to help continuo players harmonise a bass line at sight. The basic principle is very easy: each number simply denotes an interval above the bass note The only complication is that not every note of every chord needed is given a figure. Instead a convention developed of writing the minimum number of figures needed to work out the harmony for each bass note. The continuo player presumes that the bass note is the root of the chord unless the figures indicate otherwise. The example below shows the figuring for common chords - figures that are usually omitted are shown in brackets: Accidentals Where needed, these are placed after the relevant number. Figures are treated exactly the same as notes on the stave. In the example below the F# does not need an accidental, because it is in the key signature. On the other hand, the C# does to be shown because it is not in the key signature. An accidental on its own always refers to the third above the bass note. 33 For analytical purposes we will combine Roman Numerals (i.e. I or V) with figured bass to show the inversion. Cadential 6/4 Second inversion chords are unstable and in the Western Classical Tradition they tend to resolve rather than stand as a proper chord on their own. In the example below, the 6/4 above the G could be described as a C chord in second inversion. In reality, though, it resolves onto the G chord that follows and can better be understood as a decoration (double appoggiatura) onto this chord. -
Figured-Bass Notation
MU 182: Theory II R. Vigil FIGURED-BASS NOTATION General In common-practice tonal music, chords are generally understood in two different ways. On the one hand, they can be seen as triadic structures emanating from a generative root . In this system, a root-position triad is understood as the "ideal" or "original" form, and other forms are understood as inversions , where the root has been placed above one of the other chord tones. This approach emphasizes the structural similarity of chords that share a common root (a first- inversion C major triad and a root-position C major triad are both C major triads). This type of thinking is represented analytically in the practice of applying Roman numerals to various chords within a given key - all chords with allegiance to the same Roman numeral are understood to be related, regardless of inversion and voicing, texture, etc. On the other hand, chords can be understood as vertical arrangements of tones above a given bass . This system is not based on a judgment as to the primacy of any particular chordal arrangement over another. Rather, it is simply a descriptive mechanism, for identifying what notes are present in addition to the bass. In this regime, chords are described in terms of the simplest possible arrangement of those notes as intervals above the bass. The intervals are represented as Arabic numerals (figures), and the resulting nomenclatural system is known as figured bass . Terminological Distinctions Between Roman Numeral Versus Figured Bass Approaches When dealing with Roman numerals, everything is understood in relation to the root; therefore, the components of a triad are the root, the third, and the fifth. -
Teaching Tuba Students to Be Complete Musicians Brandon E
The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Honors Research Projects College Fall 2017 Teaching Tuba Students to be Complete Musicians Brandon E. Cummings [email protected] Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Educational Methods Commons, Music Education Commons, and the Music Pedagogy Commons Recommended Citation Cummings, Brandon E., "Teaching Tuba Students to be Complete Musicians" (2017). Honors Research Projects. 577. http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/577 This Honors Research Project is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Running head: TEACHING TUBA STUDENTS TO BE COMPLETE MUSICIANS 1 Teaching Tuba Students to be Complete Musicians Brandon E. Cummings The University of Akron TEACHING TUBA STUDENTS TO BE COMPLETE MUSICIANS 2 Abstract The goal of music educators is to develop complete musicians who successfully learn and perform all musical concepts. One of the limitations of the band classroom is that performers are required to play a part that is specifically written with the needs of the ensemble in mind, and not the needs of the developing musician. -
Intro Pdf. Version
Vertical Harmony Concepts The purpose of this book is to familiarize the bassist with chord structures and to enhance his ability to solo intelligently and effectively. While many of these concepts can be applied to bass lines and fills, these exercises will focus more on soloing. The words "horn-like" are often used to describe solos that are fluid and graceful. To achieve this type of description, one needs to listen to, practice, transcribe and ultimately understand what a soloist is playing. The first step to understanding is knowing chord structures. As bassists, we typically aren't called upon to play chords. So why even know them? That is the question I get from many of my beginning students. Or, "just tell me the root, I'll figure it out from there" which usually means "I'll plod along on the root." We bassists are not only responsible for holding things together rhythmically; we are also the keepers of the harmony. If you don't understand how chords are constructed, how are you going to hold things together? Let alone solo? Playing root notes will only get you so far. Fortunately, knowing what it takes to construct a chord is easy, and by knowing the construction (quality), you should never play a "wrong" note. Intervals are what make up any type of musical structure. Everything you play will involve intervals. An understanding of intervals is essential for understanding music. An interval is the distance between two notes. In Western music there are twelve intervals. Each interval has a numerical identity. -
A Proposal for the Inclusion of Jazz Theory Topics in the Undergraduate Music Theory Curriculum
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2016 A Proposal for the Inclusion of Jazz Theory Topics in the Undergraduate Music Theory Curriculum Alexis Joy Smerdon University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Music Education Commons, Music Pedagogy Commons, and the Music Theory Commons Recommended Citation Smerdon, Alexis Joy, "A Proposal for the Inclusion of Jazz Theory Topics in the Undergraduate Music Theory Curriculum. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2016. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4076 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Alexis Joy Smerdon entitled "A Proposal for the Inclusion of Jazz Theory Topics in the Undergraduate Music Theory Curriculum." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Music, with a major in Music. Barbara A. Murphy, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Kenneth Stephenson, Alex van Duuren Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) A Proposal for the Inclusion of Jazz Theory Topics in the Undergraduate Music Theory Curriculum A Thesis Presented for the Master of Music Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Alexis Joy Smerdon August 2016 ii Copyright © 2016 by Alexis Joy Smerdon All rights reserved. -
Automatic Transcription of Bass Guitar Tracks Applied for Music Genre Classification and Sound Synthesis
Automatic Transcription of Bass Guitar Tracks applied for Music Genre Classification and Sound Synthesis Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.) vorlelegt der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Technischen Universität Ilmenau von Dipl.-Ing. Jakob Abeßer geboren am 3. Mai 1983 in Jena Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerald Schuller Prof. Dr. Meinard Müller Dr. Tech. Anssi Klapuri Tag der Einreichung: 05.12.2013 Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 18.09.2014 urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014000294 ii Acknowledgments I am grateful to many people who supported me in the last five years during the preparation of this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerald Schuller for being my supervisor and for the inspiring discussions that improved my understanding of good scientific practice. My gratitude also goes to Prof. Dr. Meinard Müller and Dr. Anssi Klapuri for being available as reviewers. Thank you for the valuable comments that helped me to improve my thesis. I would like to thank my former and current colleagues and fellow PhD students at the Semantic Music Technologies Group at the Fraunhofer IDMT for the very pleasant and motivating working atmosphere. Thank you Christian, Holger, Sascha, Hanna, Patrick, Christof, Daniel, Anna, and especially Alex and Estefanía for all the tea-time conversations, discussions, last-minute proof readings, and assistance of any kind. Thank you Paul for providing your musicological expertise and perspective in the genre classification experiments. I also thank Prof. Petri Toiviainen, Dr. Olivier Lartillot, and all the collegues at the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Music Research at the University of Jyväskylä for a very inspiring research stay in 2010. -
Intro to Figured Bass
Introduction to Figured Bass Figured bass symbols describe the vertical structure of the chord! The bass is the foundation of harmonic structure. Figured bass symbols are used to indicate the bass positions of chords. The practice is derived from Baroque keyboard music where the player read from a part consisting of a bass line and some numerical symbols that indicated what chord was to be played. It was shorthand and, consequently, allowed an element of improvisation to enter the performance. The figured bass symbols represent intervals above the bass. The notes obtained by these intervals may be played in any octave. The figured bass does not indicate open or closed spacing. The system deals only with intervals (During its period of invention, the theory of chords was not yet invented). Figured bass was used as a means to notate improvisations, teach composition, and was the fundamental means by which composers such as Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven learned their craft. The following example illustrates the figured bass symbols for triads and their inversions only. Ex. 1 (a) (b) (c) 5 6 6 3 3 4 (root position) (1st inversion) (2nd inversion) The numbers in the above example represent the "general interval" from the lowest note in each chord to each upper note. The general interval, as you may recall, is simply the number of letter names from one pitch to another (remember to count the starting pitch as 1). In (a), C-E is a 3rd, C-G is a 5th, hence the 5/3 figured bass symbol. It is important to know that each figured bass number represents an interval above the bass. -
Chapter 7 – Walking Bass Note Melodies
Chapter 7 – Walking Bass Note Melodies To be completely honest, the concept of adding walking bass notes is much easier than you might think. What you’ll be looking for here are possible notes that match the chord you are working with using the notes found within a chord in various positions. There ARE other ways to do this, but I’ve found this is the easiest and still usually provides a nice series of walking bass notes. Step 1 – Find our chord tones, in other words – the notes that are required to form the chord in question. Let’s use the Am7 chord as one chord. We’ll be playing it like this though: 5x5555 Step 2 – We need to know our major scales. If you don’t know the major scales, don’t panic. I include them for you. The first thing we are going to do is develop walking bass lines using only the chord tones, or notes required in a progression. Our progression is going to be Am7 to D9 because they aren’t too familiar. D9 in this case is played like this: x5455x Because we are only working with the triad tones, we will be using the 1st, 3rd, and 5th tones. Back to our first step. We need to know the chord tones of both Am7 and D9. Am7 is A, G, C, and E. However, we just need to use the 1st, 3rd, and 5th tones. Those would be the A, C, and E. D9 is D, F#/Gb, C, E, and A .