The LUMUN Spirit For 16 years The LUMS Model UN Society (LUMUN) has pioneered the innovation towards one of the most popular public-speaking platforms in the world; Model-UN. However, amid bringing new ideas to our conferences, we have forgotten what it really meant for Model-UN to impart on students taking part in them: a sense of responsibility and accepting that the onus is on us to be the forerunners of change. This change, nonetheless, is coupled with empathy, compassion, understanding and diplomacy. Competition in its current form, and the pursuit to win an Outstanding Diplomacy award has blinded us to the purpose we came to serve – to understand what it means to be an ambassador of a country, representing its foreign policy. Consequently, this pursuit has also made us forget that each year LUMUN provides a unique platform to delegates from different parts of the country to mingle with each other and be exposed to the kind of cultural diversity that exists in our nation that cannot otherwise be peacefully achieved – and this often goes unappreciated. Henceforth, we are trying to change that since LUMUN XV. Carried forward from LUMUN XV, this year we reintroduce the idea of the ‘LUMUN Spirit’ at LUMUN XVI. As we impart on our journey towards revamping Model- UN, the ‘LUMUN Spirit’ is an idea that we aspire to incorporate in the entire LUMUN experience: from the Host Team, to an expectation that we will have from the delegates as well. The ‘LUMUN Spirit’ is not an abstract concept – it is a vision that should embody the behavior of every delegate in every committee. Inside the committee or out; the enthusiasm to meet other people, present arguments in a true ambassadorial manner and the idea to enjoy LUMUN should never be forgotten. In this very essence we will be able to represent what it means to simulate a true world model; an actual representation of the United Nations. We continue to strive and ensure, that the outlook of LUMUN XVI is what we laid a foundation for last year - to not be an average Model-UN conference anymore. We expect you to strive for effective conversation and debating, consequently integrating the ‘LUMUN Spirit’ within you, and propagate it in the best way possible. Join us, in pioneering this change.

Dear Delegates, It is my immense pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 16th iteration of the LUMS Model United Nations Conference. My name is Nikhat Fatima, and I will be serving as the Secretary General for this year. As the pioneer of Model UN in , LUMUN holds immense responsibility for encouraging dialogue, critical thinking and developing young minds for a better tomorrow. With the dynamic climate of global issues, it is important that we remain cognizant of our role as contributors in this society. The theme for this year “Seek Justice, Cultivate Peace” comes from our continuous struggle for making the world a better place for all those around us. It aims at making us not only aware of how we must stand as the flag bearers of human rights, but also emerge as future leaders who are ambassadors of peace. Under this theme, we aim to encourage dialogue on issues that think of a better tomorrow, and our role in that future. From understanding how we can embark on a journey for justice, to ensuring its longevity and maintaining peace – our committees will be engaging you in different aspects of the plethora of issues that the global community currently faces. To add on to this, I hope that you remember LUMUN 16 for you is more than just a Model United Nations Conference. It is an opportunity for you to interact with ideas from places different from yours and open your hearts and minds to learn new things. And most importantly, I hope that we continue to build on the foundation of the “LUMUN Spirit” – engage and empathize. Because in our everyday life, we need to see what everybody goes through; it is our choice about what kind of world we want this to be, and whether we are the future, or the history. You can always reach out to me and my entire Secretariat in-case you need any help. We look forward to welcoming you all this December. Nikhat Fatima Secretary General LUMUN XVI

Dear Delegates, I, Hira Farooq, am delighted to serve as an Under-Secretary General at the LUMUN Conference this year. I am an Economics and Political Science junior at LUMS, and my passion for public speaking and global issues has translated into the choice for my major. Other than public speaking, something I have been engaged in from as far as I can remember, the things that bring me happiness include painting, brownies, rom- coms and spending time with my friends. The vision behind simulating Provincial Assemblies this year at LUMUN is to allow the discussion of certain pressing, province-specific issues that often get neglected within general discourse. Delegates from all over Pakistan are expected to come together and brainstorm practical and thorough frameworks to overcome structural problems that are deep-rooted within the provinces and are impacting the social, economic and political development in the provinces and consequently, the country as a whole. We hope that delegates understand this purpose and treat all issues with sensitivity, consideration and respect, and demonstrate the art of diplomacy while negotiating with other delegates. While Model UNs can become extremely competitive and a race for awards, the platform we aim to offer at LUMUN is one where delegates understand and empathize with global predicaments. Take this opportunity to not just add another award to your shelf, but to grow as a student, as a debater, and most importantly, as a human being. Come this December and together, let us make this an experience worth cherishing. Best, Hira Farooq Under Secretary General LUMUN XVI

Greetings Delegates! Welcome to the largest of the four Provincial Assemblies, Punjab Assembly. My name is Mishaal Alvi and I will be serving as your Committee Director. Currently, I am majoring in Economics and Political Science (and hope to minor in History). I have been MUN-ing since I was in 9th grade. I am quite passionate about travelling, meeting new people, exploring new things and places. Introduced as a committee for the first time ever at LUMUN, the simulation of Punjab Assembly will primarily focus on promoting a greater understanding of how Punjab - and Provincial Assemblies in general - functions, the power and responsibilities it holds. I personally chose this topic because I feel it is a highly vital issue that needs to be discussed and stressed upon more. The question of Southern Punjab has been raised several times in the past but to date, there has been a failure in resolving and dealing with it adequately. In this committee, you are expected to debate upon all the aspects – historical, economic, socio-cultural, constitutional, developmental and political – that comes under this issue in a great detail. In the end, the fate of South Punjab lies in your hands, that is, whether you want to create it as a separate province or offer viable alternatives instead. I highly encourage you all to extensively research upon the topic beyond what is given in the study guide as the purpose of the study guide is just to offer you a direction in which you are ought to proceed. I would recommend you to research using academic articles, journals, news articles and blogs (please don’t let the bias affect your speeches though). Secondly, you are required to be equipped with acuity, perseverance, critical thinking, analysis and comprehensive frameworks. An ideal speech, in my opinion, is a perfect balance between rhetoric and content (including relevant information, analysis and solutions). The essence of the discussion would only be achieved if you engage with the issue in great depth and with passion. I would also highly emphasize on using the LUMUN spirit throughout the conference – it is truly important to be professional, diplomatic, and kind to one another. I hope that you will leave this conference with a broader perspective, greater decision-making ability, wider scope of learning and awareness regarding the eminent issues at hand, being well-informed and more empathetic to the ethnic ethos. Lastly, I truly hope you have a wonderful experience and you make the best of memories. A tip: focus on giving your best and believe in yourself because you are fully capable of achieving anything that you want to! Very excited to see you all! Good luck! Mishaal Alvi Committee Director LUMUN XVI

created a political party in 1970 and went on to compete in the subsequent History of the Region 1972 general elections, winning 4 seats. The movement consisted primarily of powerful individuals who were Punjab, known prior to the disenfranchised from the power of the Muslim expansion into India as Sapta princely state after the One Sindhu, is a vastly irrigated and fertile Unit Policy of 1955. The idea of greater land hence a very populous one too. A regional identity and opposition to Ayub center of administration for the Delhi Khan’s federalism would gain more Sultanate, the Mughals and for imperial traction from a based socio- India, Punjab has enjoyed administrative cultural movement. Although less and bureaucratic stronghold for powerful than the Bahawalpur political centuries and has played key roles in movement, the idea of a Multan based shaping the national landscape of the province for the Seraiki diaspora gained two states post partition, Pakistan and more traction. India. The Seraiki Movement as a For Pakistan, Punjab has been political entity only emerged in the essential as an industrial stronghold, 1980s. In the 1960s, Seraiki as a occupying 48% of the total industrial language had garnered wider appeal as factories in the country. With a Seraiki literature was being translated at population of 11 million, it is one of the rapid rates and more print technologies most populous regions in the world meant a wider reach for political works under a unitary federating unit. This, relevant to the Seraiki movement. The coupled with various historical, linguistic, Seraiki literary meeting in 1975 would cultural, economic and political reasons prove to be a turning point, as prominent has resulted in a growing discourse for authors would share ideologies and reform in the region, including the idea discourses. For example, prominent of a separate province of South Punjab. author Ashiq Buzdar organized various Whilst a Seraiki ethnic movement literary festivals in his town of Rajanpur. has existed prior to partition, the idea of In the 1980s, the Seraiki Movement a separate federating unit for the Seraiki would take a more political narrative, people and people of South Punjab is a pressing for the demands of a separate relatively new phenomenon. Two distinct province, creating the idea of Serakiki 1 movements emerged in the 1970s that Sooba Mahaz . shape the current discourse on South Punjab. Firstly, the movement of the Bahawalpur Muttahida Mahaz, that

1 Faiz, Asma. “What Lies behind Demands for a Magazine, 6 Nov. 2018, Separate Province in South Punjab.” Herald herald.dawn.com/news/1398695

Province Movements (ii) Seraiki (i) Bahawalpur

There are several local parties who Bahawalpur was one of the 625 are working for the rights of Saraikis and princely states at the time of partition. the liberation of Saraiki Speaking Areas The Bahawalpur State was annexed from Punjab. They include Pakistan with Pakistan in 1951 after agreement Saraiki Qaumi Ittehad, Pakistan Saraiki with the Nawab of Bahawalpur. Party, Saraikistan Youth Parliament, However, it retained its constituent Saraiki Qaumi Movement etc. assembly and provincial status. When The Saraiki nationalists trace origin One Unit was formed, Bahawalpur was of Siraiki identity back to the annexation merged with West Pakistan’s Unit, its of Multan province with the provincial status was taken away. After province in 1818 by Ranjeet Singh the one-unit system was dissolved, (Langah, 2005). The Saraiki nationalists Bahawalpur was made part of Punjab. thought that Saraiki Identity is being After this, Punjab government did not merged with Punjabi and they started focus much on Bahawalpur. The this movement as an attempt conserve economic deprivation in Bahawalpur led it. This movement also emerged as a to the start of the Bahawalpur Movement reaction of British Development Projects for a Separate Province. The which targeted Lahore only and South Punjab didn’t take any advantage from Bahawalpur State has a history of 225 it. The canal colonies built under the years. The Bahawalpur State used to be British Raj were mostly Lahore.3 a rich state in the past.2 The Bahawalpur Region is currently a big producer of The Saraiki National Movement is cotton, but the revenue generated by it still alive. There are people who are this is not spent on it. movement. This movement didn’t succeed to give Saraikis a new Bahawalpur Province Movement is province. However, it succeeded in supported by most of the people in giving a separate identity to Saraikis. Bahawalpur. The mission of this Saraikis are counted separately now Movement is to restore the provincial with Baloch, Pushtoons, Sindhis and status of Bahawalpur. Punjabis.

2 Movement for Bahawalpur Province, n.d. Prospects and Challenges, n.d. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue- http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/P pdf/Movement for Bahawalpur Province.pdf. DF_Files/13_V-30-No2-Dec17.pdf. 3 “Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society .” The Siraiki Province Movement in Punjab, Pakistan: Social-Cultural Reasons Saraiki culture do exist. Sangh Mela is Vaisakhi Fair celebrated during March and April in by people who The language spoken in most of from all Jhang and Faislabad. It is the parts of South Punjab is Saraiki. celebrated at the time of wheat Saraiki, an Indo-Aryan language, is one harvesting and it is also known as of the oldest languages spoken in Basant is some areas. Mela is Pakistan. Saraikis constitute 8.38% of all also another festival that is celebrated the ethnicities in Pakistan. The people of for ten days in February. It is celebrated the areas Bahawalpur, Multan and Dera at the shrine of Hazrat Pir Adil. National Ghazi Khan speak Saraiki as their first horse and cattle show are also merged language. Saraiki is a rich language. It with it sometimes. has its own literature, folks and poetry. There are different tribes in Some people consider Saraikis as a Saraiki areas but the major ones are dialect of Punjabi, but Saraikis regard Jutt, Rajput and Baloch. Their sub themselves separate from Punjabis. castes include Arain, Ansari, Dhareja, Saraikis want themselves to be Khosa, Leghari, Bhatti, Malik Chisti etc.4 recognized separately and aspire to have a separate identity as possess a different culture. The Linguistic Conflict More than 40,000 years ago, the Saraiki region formed part of the Indus Valley Civilization. The region where A conflict arose between the Saraiki is spoken has been captured by scholars of Saraiki and Punjabi the people of the west including Aryans language when the Punjabi scholars and the Greeks. The influence of the refused to accept the independent Persian Language remained strong in status of Saraiki Language and this region that it can be seen today in regarded it as a dialect of Punjabi. This the art, poetry and architecture. This started a battle between the scholars of region was captured by Muslims later both sides. This controversy triggered a and Islam spread out in this region. In new debate where the scholars of the past, all the Saraiki areas were part Saraiki Language also started calling of a single administrative entity called Punjabi as dialect of Saraiki. As a result Multan. of this dispute, Saraikis gathered up for The festivals in celebrated is the perseverance of their linguistic Saraiki areas are mostly the Islamic but identity and started a movement of a few festivals that are specific to the separate province in Pakistan.

4 “Saraiki Culture.” Saraiki Culture, n.d. https://historypak.com/saraiki-culture/. Although Saraiki is being taught conflict will continue until they get a new as a language in different universities in province in the form of South Punjab. South Punjab, Saraiki Activities claim Economic Reasons that since they don’t have any representation and their language is not recognized by the state, it is very difficult to preserve the Saraiki Literature. They Whilst Punjab has been the most say that Punjabi has been given the economically developed province of importance and it is included in the Pakistan, contributing to 57.5% of the curriculum to some extent in Punjab, but GDP, South Punjab as a whole has this has not been the case with Saraiki. suffered from economic disparity to Saraiki Activists say that Saraiki Poets varying degrees. This has been multi- and Singers are not called to different faceted. There has been a great amount events being organized in Lahore and of economic reforms related to South they are subjected to discrimination by Punjab. In the 1960s, South Punjab’s people of Lahore and Upper Punjab. economy was exclusively based on cotton picking and manufacturing of The controversy between Saraiki cotton products, which were often and Punjabi reemerged again when exported. During PMLN’s tenure from Saraiki was called a dialect of Punjabi in 2013 to 2018, there was a large shift in th Pakistan Studies Grade 12 textbook of sugarcane processing and outsourcing Punjab Board. The curriculum was of the sugarcane to South Punjab developed by people of Upper Punjab occurred in large numbers. Even during and they declared Saraiki as a dialect of PPP’s tenure (2008-13) there were Punjabi. The teachers teaching that industries built in Rahim Yar Khan, book in South Punjab refused to accept Rajanpur, and Sanawaan to process this. This gave another opportunity to sugarcane. During PMLN’s tenure, there activists in South Punjab to demand a has been greater focus on building separate province where they will have motorways in South Punjab. The Abdul their own Educational Board and the Hakeem-Khanewal extension being the developers of the curriculum designers latest example5. will not be biased towards a specific group or a language. However, South Punjab hasn’t always shared in the development. The conflict between Saraiki and Poverty rates remain high, and there is Punjabi is still alive today. The poets large rural-urban migration into Multan and singers of both languages keep and Muzzafargarh as agricultural land competing with each other through their increasingly becomes infertile, often due work. Saraiki Activists say that this to shifting patterns of climate change. Additionally, education, in particular

5 Anon, (2019). [online] Available at: punjab-changing-rural-political-economy/ https://tribune.com.pk/story/1025752/south- [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. higher education in South Punjab also region. The service sector has suffers from a lack of funding, with most expanded considerably over the last few medical colleges, universities and decades including several legal aid technical institutions are in North Punjab clinics and human rights groups. Hence particularly in Lahore and Faisalabad. there has been an increasing sense of awareness around the concept of In terms of infrastructure, again human rights, and NGOs have been South Punjab has been neglected to a more active in the region in recent fair extent. Under PMLN’s tenure, times.6 Lahore was the epicenter for all new development projects, particularly Furthermore, the economic woes nascent large infrastructure projects. and high poverty rates have increased The recent Orange Line Train is an hyper militarism and jingoistic rhetoric in important example, as it has been a Punjab. The military Southern Punjab significant step towards expanding intra was once known for a tolerant society, city public transport. For cities in South but over the past few decades, state Punjab, there is a lack of intra city public support for jihadist proxies, financial transport and other civic facilities. Many support from foreign, particularly Saudi prominent experts on the subject have and other Gulf countries, combined with referred the misallocation of funds as an explosive mix of political, socio- the prime reason for this disparity in economic, and geostrategic factors, has civic facilities. enabled jihadist expansion there. Bordering on insurgency-hit and lawless The economy of South Punjab regions of the country and also sharing has also expanded as a result of a shift a border with India, it has long provided from municipal corporations running the a convenient base where these outfits affairs of a town. By upgrading several can recruit, train and plan and conduct small towns to the sub-divisional level, terror attacks. Although jihadist groups this has allowed more autonomous still harbor a fringe minority in a region economic decision making in where the vast majority follows a more conjunction with wider, provincial level tolerant, syncretic form of Islam, their economic proliferative reforms. ability to operate freely is largely the Additionally, several sessions courts result of the state’s policy choices, have been developed in these small particularly long reliance on jihadist towns, leading to a marginally more proxies to promote perceived national accessible justice system for the local security interests. The absence of rule- population. of-law, combined with political Additionally, the nonprofit sector dysfunction and inept governance, also has also grown exponentially in the

6 : MIR. (2019). South Punjab – Neglected and https://www.mironline.ca/south-punjab- Politicized. [online] Available at: neglected-and-politicized/ [Accessed 11 Nov. 2019]. Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz has been largely in opposition to a separate allows these organizations to exercise province of South Punjab until recent influence disproportionate to their size times. PMLN has been the ruling party and social roots. of Punjab several times and opposition With state sponsorship and a members have accused the provincial pervasive climate of impunity enhancing governments to be discriminatory in jihadist groups’ recruitment potential, the diverting of funds, mismanagement and risks of joining are far lower than the general rhetoric against South potential gains that include employment Punjab. Punjab Assembly passed a and other financial rewards, social resolution for the creation of a new status and sense of purpose. These are province in Punjab, but no practical all the more compelling in Punjab’s steps have been taken afterwards. largely rural and relatively poorly PMLN was in government in Punjab developed southern regions, where from 2008 to 2018 in Centre from 2013 perceptions of exploitation by the to 2018 but no progress towards the industrialized central and north Punjab, creation of a separate province in referred to by southern Punjabis Punjab was seen. The leaders of PMLN as Takht Lahore (throne of Lahore), are were seen multiple times talking about high, the result of political creation of a new province but nothing marginalization, weak governance, could be seen through their actions. It economic neglect and glaring income has in 2010, when the 18th Amendment inequity.7 was tabled, opposed in parliament the creation of a Seraikistan. However, in

recent times in 2018, Political Concerns

Stances and Stakes of Major

Political Parties leader of the Opposition, Shahbaz

Sharif, has joined Foreign Minister Shah The Opposition Parties: Mahmoud Qureshi in the idea of a South Punjab province. However, Shahbaz

has also officially proposed of a 1. PMLN separate Bahawalpur province, distinct

from a future Seraiki province, Critics

7 Mitra, Joy, Joy Mitra, Yun Sun, Yun Sun, Fizza Voices, October 18, 2018. Batool, Fizza Batool, Mayuri Banerjee, and Mayuri https://southasianvoices.org/pakistan- Banerjee. “What the Case of Punjab Says about counterterrorism-punjab/. Pakistan's Counterterrorism Policy.” South Asian have labelled it as a political ploy to Punjab province. The 2010, 18th and delegitimize the constitutional 19th Amendments would serve as prerogative that exists for a Seraiki important yardsticks for future province. amendments related to provincial autonomy. In particular, Yousaf Raza

Gilani’s election campaign as PPP party member based itself on Seraikistan. However, there is a criticism as to the Bill by PMLN in 2012 lack of focus on South Punjab as Gilani became prime minister. However lacking a 2/3rd majority and being a coalition On May 2012, Punjab Assembly government with a vocal opposition, the passed the resolution on creation of creation of South Punjab was an unlikely Bahawalpur and South Punjab province event. In 2018, Farhatullah Babar, PPP which was proposed by PMLN. The party member tabled a bill for South signatories of the bill were Mr. Ahsan Punjab. However recent political Iqbal, Mr. Rana Tanveer, Rana standoffs between PTI and PPP have Sanaullah Khan, Abdur Rehman Kanju. halted further discourse on a South The bill seeks amendment to Article 1 of Punjab. the Constitution proposing creation of Bahawalpur and South Punjab Province. The bill proposes that after the creation 3. Lahore and Faisalabad of these provinces, Bahawalpur will be Diaspora represented by 15 seats in the National Assembly and 39 seats in the provincial assembly while South Punjab will be The idea of South Punjab was opposed represented by 38 seats in the National by MNA’s and MPA’s who were from Assembly and 80 seats in the provincial Lahore and Faisalabad. They didn’t assembly. The bill also seeks want to divide Punjab and they created amendment to Article 154 of the hurdles in this regard. Inciting people of Constitution so that a fresh National Bahawalpur for a province other than Commission for Provinces be South Punjab was a tactic used by these established to decide the boundaries people to suppress the idea of South and other important matters related to Punjab. the provinces . 2. PPP

The Pakistan People’s Party has been a vocal supporter of a South Role of PTI Multan who has large influence over the bureaucratic and political machinery of

the region. Whilst PTI hasn’t been able PTI has emerged as an important to culminate its promise of South Punjab stakeholder and impactful political voice as it has lacked a 2/3rd majority in for the cause of South Punjab. Pakistan parliament which is necessary, there Tehreek Insaf talked about the injustices have been some steps taken. The Chief to the people of South when it was in Minister of Punjab, one of the most opposition and promised to create a new important people in the country is province when it’ll come to power. While Usman Buzdar hailing from Taunsa. A campaigning for General Elections South Punjabi as CM Punjab has been 2018, PTI included South Punjab in its deemed revolutionary by some, marking 100-day Plan. It meant that PTI, if a major political shift, whilst others have comes to power, will create new argued it as an appeasement policy to province South Punjab within its first 100 make the provincial demands more irrelevant. During the nascent tenure of Buzdar, there have been some notable projects particularly for DG Khan, where a new university, and for the first time a days of power. This was part of the public transport system has been reason why PTI was able to garner a introduced. large majority of provincial assembly seats in Southern Punjab8. PTI blamed Major Political Personalities the PPP and PMLN for creating Involved: disparities between Northern and Southern Punjab. Chairman of PTI thinks that the greater 1. Shah Mehmood Qureshi number of administrative units can lead Currently the Foreign Minister of to better governance which is beneficial Pakistan, hails from Multan. He is a very for the people. important personality when it comes to creation of South Punjab. He sought help from PMLN and PPP for tabling the One of the major thought leaders has been of

8 Leeza, Kashoon, et al. “Can Federalism Diffuse southasianvoices.org/can-federalism-

Ethnic Tensions? The Case of Pakistan's diffuse-ethnic-tensions-the-case-of-

South Punjab Province.” South Asian -south-punjab-province/.

Voices, 4 Oct. 2019, bill of South Punjab in the Parliament and The Sensate for passing it. Janubi Punjab Sooba Mahaaz (South Punjab Provincial Front): 2.

Currently the Federal Minister of Before 2018 Elections, Khusro Housing and Works is an important Bakhtiar who was an MNA of PMLN figure considering creation of South along with 7 other Parliamentarians left Punjab as new province. He is from PMLN and launched a movement by Bahawalpur and an advocate of creating a new group ‘Janubi Punjab Bahawalpur Province separate from the Sooba Mahaaz’. The sole purpose of South Punjab. this group was creation of a new province. They left PMLN because

PMLN had been ignoring South Punjab 3. Yusuf Raza Gillani for a long time. This group got merged with PTI when Khusro Bakhtiar became He remained the Prime Minister of Business Partner with Jahangir Tareen, Pakistan, from Multan, is also a major an important PTI figure. In the 2018 figure when we talk about South Punjab Elections, Pakistan Tehreek Insaf as a new province. managed to do clean sweep in South Punjab. Although PMLN had more seats than PTI in Punjab, PTI made a 4. Awais Leghari government in Punjab with the help of He is the son Farooq Leghari is from independent candidates and other . He served as a smaller political parties. Usman Buzdar Federal Minister in PMLN’s Government from South Punjab was made the CM of from 2013-2018. He reminded PTI Punjab. Since PTI had majority of its repeatedly that they promised to achieve seats from South Punjab and based the creation of South Punjab when upon that they made provincial they’ll come in power, but they failed to. government in Punjab as whole, creating South Punjab was not favoring them. If they make a new province 5. Khusro Bakhtiar South Punjab, they will lose their government in Punjab.

Currently serving as a Federal Minister for Planning, Development and Reforms in Imran Khan’s Cabinet is the man who created front for the creation of new province South Punjab. Administrative Reasons particular, because of their regime in Punjab for a greater part of the last decade. 9These incidents have had The density of population in the minimal accountability, and Punjab is one of the highest in the world. transgressors have been able to get With 11 million people under the same away with blatant police brutality. In July Provincial Assembly, the same police 2019, a case emerged in which a force and the same provincial legal woman was dragged and physically setup, there have been various subjected to violence and humiliation in concerns regarding the administrative Mumtazabad, leading to public outcry10. bureaucracy for the entirety of Punjab. As a result there have been some With the prevalence of urban and measures taken like banning the use of metropolitan Punjabis from Lahore, cellphones on duty for police officers, Faisalabad and the northern cantonment but critics have pointed out about lack of areas in the Civil Services, there is wider structural reform to the police institution concern over the nature of as a whole, something that Imran representation for the South Punjabis in Khan’s PTI had promised, using the the bureaucracy. With lack of financial KPK police reform as a consistent resources and cultural capital, it has example. been argued that this has led to an Additionally, floods have played increasing bifurcation within the Civil an important role in shaping the Services. indigenous economy of the region. Similarly, the police has been Floods are common to the region, as very integral in the evolution of the monsoon rains bring in a tremendous South Punjabi discourse. Whilst most amount of rainfall every year. However, cases that have come to the national the 2010 floods were in particular spotlight have been in urban Lahore, damaging to the economy. Being the particularly the Model Town extrajudicial most devastating floods in decades, killings, incidents of police brutality have they wreaked havoc to the region, been prevalent in South Punjab. With damaging the local crops and drowning the large ambit of the police force in thousands of people, and rendering a Punjab, the accountability and reform of large amount of people homeless. the police in Punjab has largely failed, Again, the ruling party PMLN has been culminating in the recent Sahiwal scrutinized, as relief was slow and not Shooting Case. A larger criticism has very far reaching. It was only when the been directed against PMLN in armed forces intervened, then the

9 Reporter, Our Staff. “South Punjab Province 10 Geo News. “SHO Suspended after Multan Police Must to Alleviate Region's Woes.” The Nation, Officers Slap, Drag Women.” Pakistan - Geo.tv. Geo The Nation, 27 Apr. 2018, News, July 9, 2019. https://www.geo.tv/latest/242618-sho-suspended- after-multan-police-officers-slap-drag-women. General Non- Women Total seats Muslims situation normalized, and some degree Baluchistan 51 11 3 65 of relief could be provided to the aggrieved South Punjabis. Foreign Khyber 115 26 4 145 Pakhtunkhwa support and relief organizations like the Red Cross were also instrumental in Punjab 297 66 8 371 rehabilitation of the newly displaced rural and urban communities of South Sindh 130 29 9 168 Punjab. provinces got these powers, they were no more accountable to the Centre. The policies of Punjab were made in Lahore The Constitutional and they were not favoring people of Development South Punjab. The infrastructural difference kept on increasing between South Punjab and North Punjab. 18th Amendment Punjab, being the biggest province with respect to province, gets the highest

budget. More than 40% of Punjab’s In 2010, the Pakistan’s Budget was spent upon Lahore, leaving Parliament passed 18th Amendment very little for the districts of South 12 th which was signed by the President later Punjab. While the 18 Amendment through which the President gave away was proven good for other provinces, his powers voluntarily. This amendment this led to economic disparity in the contained 102 articles. This amendment southern and northern Punjab. Six was a step to move towards Articles and Eight clauses of the Parliamentary form of government which Constitution of Pakistan of 1973 need to was the base of the constitution of be amended for the creation of South 13 1973.11 It gave a strong legislative and Punjab as a separate province. These financial autonomy to the provinces and are given below: the curbed powers of the Centre. The institutions of Health and Education were given to the provinces. When

11 Syed, Anwar. “Revisiting the 18th Amendment.” Https://Www.dawn.com, 2010. 13 “Constitutional Amendments Needed to Form https://www.dawn.com/news/841192. South Punjab, Qureshi Says.” Https://Www.pakistantoday.com.pk. May 15, 2019. 12 Rizwan, Muahhamad. “Development Budget: https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/05/1 Lahore - Punjab Govt’s 5/constitutional-amendments-needed-to-form- Favorite.” Https://Tribune.com.pk, 2009. south-punjab-qureshi-says/. https://tribune.com.pk/story/198392/develop ment-budget-lahore-punjab-govts-favourite/. third majority of the Parliament. Afterwards, the bill should be passed by 1. Article 1 Clause 2a: two third majority of the Punjab Assembly. Even though PTI is in 1(2) The territories of Pakistan shall majority in National Assembly, it comprise: - established its government with the (a) the Provinces of Baluchistan, support of the independent candidates. the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the PTI has 157 out of 342 seats in the Punjab and Sindh; National Assembly and it needs 228 votes to get the bill passed. In order to do this, PTI will have to go either PPP or This article will be amended PMLN. PTI’s hands are tied. The and the word ‘South Punjab’ smaller parties like Jamaat e Islami, will be added to it after which Grand Democratic Alliance etc. play a the federation of Pakistan will very important role here. Some of them have 5 provinces. This article are in coalition with the government would be amended firstly for while some are with opposition. the creation of South Punjab as a new province.

2. Article 106 Clause 1 Usman Buzdar and the New Reforms The new province will come into being through Article51 of the constitution which calls for separate formation of Usman Buzdar, the new Chief 14 assembly. With the creation of a new Minister for the Punjab province, along province, the seats of Punjab Assembly with his entire political party have will become 251 and 120 seats will be promised a new set of reforms to solve allocated to South Punjab. Other articles in particular the economic woes for the which need to be undertaken are Article 51, 59,154, 158 and 216. people living in South Punjab. The most In order to create South Punjab notable aspect of these reforms has as a separate province, the ruling party been the promised 35% development PTI needs either PPP or PMLN’s funds allocation towards South Punjab. support. It is because of the The Punjab Finance Minister constitutional restrictions for the creation Jawan Bakht has promised a set of of a new province. PTI needs to present economic measures similar to the ones a bill in the lower house of the mentioned above, to alleviate the Parliament and get it passed by two economic disparity in the region. In a

14 “The Constitution of Pakistan 1973,” n.d. http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/133 3523681_951.pdf. startling statistic, it has come under “Punjab Special Development attention that $265 billion has been the Programme” reflected in the ADP difference between the South Punjab. 2018-19 with an allocation of Rs4 Development allocation and the actual billion. The committee approved amount that has been spent on the widening of road from Lohdran to region in the last seven years.15 Jalalpur Pirwala costing an estimated Moreover, the provincial government is Rs1.592 billion. The approval was for also going to establish an release of Rs300 million for it in the independent authority, under which current budget. private sector investments will be Other approved schemes diverted towards different include establishment of dispensary at infrastructure, transport, health an Zindapir and Mubarki, up gradation of delayed civic projects in the public- RHC (rural health center) private-partnership (PPP) mode. as model RHC, upgradation of RHC The road sector schemes of the Vehova as RHC, missing facilities at package were announced by the chief Civil Hospital Sakhi Sarwar, minister during his visit to Dera Ghazi upgradation of RHC Barthi into 60-bed Khan in November last year. These THQ hospital and upgradation of THQ include improvement of Taunsa city Hospital from the roads, construction of approach road existing 100-bed to 190-bed hospital. up to Sasti Basti, rehabilitation of Several millions of rupees and funds metaled road from Zain to Bharthi, for them are being provided from the widening of road from Basti Buzdar via current ADP. , construction of metaled Five schemes worth Rs1.211 road from Mangrotha Chowk Taunsa to billion and announced by the chief Basti Buzdar, rehabilitation of metaled minister during his visit to Dera Ghazi road from Indus Highway Morr to Sokar Khan were also approved. Initially to Bughlanai, construction of metaled Rs666.966 were approved from the road from Indus Highway Nari Janubi current ADP.These schemes include to Bair Meer Basti Harnay Wali, beautification of Manka Canal, Dera metaled road from Head 22 to Indus Ghazi Khan, laying of sewer lines along Highway, construction of Taunsa Manka Canal, restoration of City Park, Bypass and widening of road from Nawaz Sharif Park and Ghazi Park, Kathgarh to Khad Buzdar. construction of 58 rural water supply Officials said funds for the schemes in tehsil Taunsa and execution of the schemes would be diverted from the ADP scheme titled

15 Origins of Poverty in South Punjab.” DAWN.COM, August 2, 2010. https://www.dawn.com/news/967100. beautification of exit-entry points of functioning of the Barrage. The Taunsa Dera Ghazi Khan and Taunsa.16 Barrage is critical in providing irrigation water for around 2.2 million acres and

drinking water to a large number of Case Studies South Punjabis17. In 2003 however, the World Economic Forum approved a loan to the federal government worth 123 1. Taunsa million dollars to rehabilitate the . Despite the massive loan, irrigation in the Panjnad area, and Taunsa, also known as Taunsa drinking water for scores of South Sharif is the capital of the Punjabis depends on the continuous of the in South functioning of the Taunsa Barrage. Punjab. It is an important city, being the home of various shrines belonging to notable Sufi pirs, the most important one 2. Bahawalpur being Muhammad Suleman Tauhnsvi. Its location is particularly unique, often being described as the center of Bahawalpur is considered as the Pakistan. Another notable aspect about 12th largest city of Pakistan which is the Taunsa district and other nearby situated in the southern-east Punjab. districts is the fact that it has parts run Before partition of 1947, it was the by Balochi tribal leaders rather than only princely state which was built under South Punjabi tribal leaders. Whilst Nawab Bahawal Khan- I and was called Balochis are a small minority in the ‘Rajputana state’. region, they have reasonable influence After partition of the United India it in the region, Taunsa being in proximity was the first state to join Pakistan and to the Balochistan province. worked as an independent state till The most notable aspect of Taunsa 1970. In 1970, Bahawalpur was included City, however, is the Taunsa Barrage. in the Punjab province. In Bahawalpur, Built in 1958, it has been one of the and Saraiki, a Punjabi dialect, are most important structures on the Indus widely spoken and understood by River. However, degradation of soil and majority of the population. Bahawalpur is massive soil erosion has since its inception, threatened the proper

16 Javed, Umair. “PTI's One Year in Punjab.” 17 Chaudhary, Z.A., 2010. Surface flow DAWN.COM, August 23, 2019. hydraulics of Taunsa barrage: Before and https://www.dawn.com/news/1501205. after rehabilitation. Pak. J. Sci. Tech., 62: 116-119.

famous for its forts, mahals, libraries and grievances is the settlement of people mausoleums.18 from other regions which they think in the way of colonization. Currently, Bahawalpur is represented by 5 MNA’s in National Assembly and The other grievance is that the 11 MPA’s in the Punjab Assembly. Even Saraiki region generates more wealth though, area wise it has been the largest than what is spent on it. For instance, division of Punjab but still it is one of the according to Saraiki activist, the income regions which remains under-developed which is generated through the in most of the fields. The general production of the cotton in Bahawalpur masses feel that their region is being is not being spent on it. Moreover, a exploited and these problems have major demand of Saraiki activists is that brought the people of Bahawalpur closer of quota of employment for Saraiki’s. to each other towards the demand of a Majority of the people living in separate province for Bahawalpur region Bahawalpur are not in the favor of same as before 1970 when it was an Saraiki Suba movement and in independent state. Recently, there have Bahawalpur most of the people are Urdu been two political movement in and Punjabi speaking. They think that if Bahawalpur region. One is Saraiki Saraiki Suba creates than they will be province movement and the other is dominated by Saraikis. This is the major Bahawalpur region movement. Saraiki reason behind that not even a single movement started in 1960’s, initially it candidate from Saraiki party has won was not a political movement but more Pakistan’s general elections. The people of a cultural and linguistic movement but of Bahawalpur think that if they support as Bahawalpur province movement the creation of Saraiki province then this started in 1970’s it gained the can result in the forgoing rights of momentum. Saraiki province movement Bahawalpur as Multan will be the center was started when people of Saraiki of power and the capital of Saraiki speaking areas such as Bahawalpur and province and Bahawalpur region will Multan started feeling that in comparison remain in the same condition as it is with other Punjabi speaking areas such now. In comparison with Saraiki as Lahore, Faisalabad, Sahiwal etc. province movement, due to the reasons There was less and slower development listed above Bahawalpur province in Saraiki speaking areas. There are movement is much more active and number of grievances which have been supported by the people of put up by various Saraiki political parties Bahawalpur.19 Economic and political and organizations. One of the deprivation became the major causes

18 “Bahawalpur – 12th Largest City of Pakistan.” 19 Javaid, Umbreen. “Movement for Bahawalpur History Pak. Accessed November 7, 2019. Province.” Punjab University. Accessed November 8, https://historypak.com/bahawalpur-12th-largest- 2019. city-of-pakistan/. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue- pdf/Movement for Bahawalpur Province.pdf. leading towards the demand of the majority at southern Punjab level and if separate province because before they divide, they will be unable make inclusion in Punjab province Bahawalpur government at provincial level and state was itself prosper economically as ultimately in center. well as politically. It has always been the Hence, we can conclude that despite self-sufficient of Pakistan. of passing many bills in provincial Another subject on which they assembly or activists' movements for complain is regarding water issue as separating Southern Punjab or making Bahawalpur is mainly dependent upon Bahawalpur a province the elected production of crops but after Indus governments has always been unable to Treaty in 1960 River Sutlej was given to do that due to their own political India which affected this region mostly. interests. Moreover, the leaders of these Moreover, supporters of Bahawalpur separatists' movements have always province movement show grievance on been seen flexible on their stance and jobs both on provincial and national always negotiating with different level. In the light of its past history, governments. The government should population, culture and most importantly ensure the proper rights of these its financial independency Bahawalpur neglected regions because politics of should have been made a separate regionalism can be very dangerous for province but after the separation of East the Pakistan state later or sooner. Pakistan in 1971, the elected Muttahida

Mahaz Movement feels to step back from their issue and support West Pakistan’s government. Hence, after 3. Multan then it has been part of Punjab. Before 1971, many major political Multan, one of the ancient cities of parties including Pakistan Muslim Asia, is the 6th largest city of Pakistan. League (N), Pakistan People’s Party, It is located at the southern part of the Jammat e Islami etc. Raised voice in Punjab province. Before partition it was favor of a separate province but after under the British Raj. After partition of that due to political interest they step 1947, it came under the government of back from supporting these movements. Pakistan and at that time its condition As PML (N) majority is in northern was miserable. In Multan, majority of Punjab and if they separate Bahawalpur the people speak Saraiki, a Punjabi or Southern Punjab region, they may dialect, language. Moreover, Punjabi, face tough situation in making their Haryanvi and Urdu are other languages government on provincial level. spoken in Multan. Multan is famous for Similarly, in 2018’s election the current its shrines, mosques, temples and elected government party raised voices in separating Southern Punjab but are now delaying because they find their museums. Famous tomb of Saint Baha PML (N) and PTI and other ethnic Uddin Zakariya also lies in Multan20. groups which is the major After partition, developmental accomplishment of this movement. progress has been done in Multan and Moreover, we have seen in June 2018, it is considered as the main city of ‘Saraiki Suba Mahaz’ had gained Sothern Punjab. Multan has always recognition and it was supported by been significant economically as well major political parties and almost every as politically. Hence, it is the important major political parties included the region for Pakistan which represents separation of South Punjab from Saraiki cast. Currently, 6 seats of the Punjab province in their manifestos. National Assembly and 13 seats of Punjab Assembly are from Multan. Along these prospects and Pakistan’s current foreign minister, accomplishment of this movement Shah Mehmood Qureshi, has also there are certain main challenges been elected from this city. Although which are preventing South Punjab to the city is politically and economically get separated from Punjab. The first significant but there has always been challenge is of the heterogenous dispute between the provincial nature of the region. The reason for government and city’s government on this is that still Punjabis are unjust allocation of budget and huge outnumbering Saraiki's’ in the regions spending on northern Punjab. Due to except Bahawalpur, Multan, Dera unavailability of proper rights, the Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur and people of Multan have always wanted a Muzaffargarh. This heterogeneity of separate province ‘Saraikistan’. For nature is the biggest obstacle in the this, Saraiki movement started in creation of this province. Secondly, 1960’s, initially it was not a political Bahawalpur province movement is also movement but more of a cultural and a challenge for this movement which linguistic movement. This movement is wants Bahawalpur to be a separate most active in Multan. province. Thirdly, absence of electoral support. Although the movement has So far, the movement has gained succeeded in convincing people for the huge popularity in South Punjab. Some demand of the separate province but of the prospects of this movement are has been unable to appeal Saraiki Saraiki has now the major and regional electorate. Fourthly, factionalism and language of South Punjab. Moreover, internal divisions among the this movement is now recognized by nationalists hinder the movement from the other major political parties such as becoming a viable and cohesive

20 Mushtaq, Muhammad, and Misbah Shaheen. “The December 2017. Siraiki Province Movement in Punjab, Pakistan: http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/P Prospects and Challenges.” Punjab University. DF_Files/13_V-30-No2-Dec17.pdf. Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society , political campaign. Fifthly, pollicization Conclusion of this issue can lead to demand for Mahajir, Hazara provinces. In addition Inequality can still be seen in Punjab to the above listed challenges today. The difference of infrastructure reservations has been shown among and economic disparity between South the Saraiki activists regarding political and North Punjab is increasing every map of the province, its capital and day. The ruling government won in constitution which has led to the South Punjab because they promised to continuous delay in the process of make a new province. separation of the province. If the If they make a new province, do they province is being created, certainly have power to do so? Will constitutional Multan will be the capital of this requirements act as a hurdle here? Will province. In the lights of the pros and Multan be Capital? Will Bahawalpur and cons of the separation of the province, South Punjab be two other provinces? the government should take decision in Does government have the resources to order to prevent from ethnic make a new assembly and a high court? nationalism and identity politics which Will Lahori Diaspora oppose it again? If can become the problem for the state the Government doesn’t make a new later or sooner.21 province, what alternatives measures will it take?

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