DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparing Abundance of Flower Visiting Insects to Blennosperma Bakeri, Limnanthes Vinculans, and Lasthenia Burkei in Natural and Constructed Vernal Pools

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparing Abundance of Flower Visiting Insects to Blennosperma Bakeri, Limnanthes Vinculans, and Lasthenia Burkei in Natural and Constructed Vernal Pools Comparing Abundance of Flower Visiting Insects to Blennosperma bakeri, Limnanthes vinculans, and Lasthenia burkei in Natural and Constructed Vernal Pools By Kandis Gilmore A thesis submitted to Sonoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Biology Committee Members: Dr. Nathan Rank, Chair Dr. Christina Sloop Dr. Caroline Christian January 19, 2018 i Copyright 2018 By Kandis Gilmore ii Authorization for Reproduction of Master’s Thesis I grant permission for the print or digital reproduction of parts of this thesis without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorb the cost and provide proper acknowledgment of authorship. Date: January 19, 2018 Kandis Gilmore iii Comparing Abundance of Flower Visiting Insects to Blennosperma bakeri, Limnanthes vinculans, and Lasthenia burkei in Natural and Constructed Vernal Pools Thesis by Kandis Gilmore ABSTRACT Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether artificially constructed vernal pool habitats provide adequate pollination services to the three federally endangered vernal pool endemic plants: Sonoma sunshine (Blennosperma bakeri), Sebastopol meadowfoam (Limnanthes vinculans), and Burke’s goldfields (Lasthenia burkei). I compared visitation rates by insects to flowers in natural vernal pools to visitation rates to flowers in constructed pools on the Santa Rosa Plain. Procedure: To assess flower visitation by insects, I conducted timed observations in the field at natural and constructed vernal pool sites. I collected specimens directly from flowers using nets and I sampled local flower visiting insects using pan traps. I identified bees and flies to the species level and compared abundance across sites and habitat types. I calculated the map distance from each plant population to its nearest neighboring populations and compared visitation rates according to degree of geographic isolation. Findings: Solitary ground nesting bee species were found to be associated with each plant species, and Conophorus cristatus, a bombyliid fly, was strongly associated with Burke’s goldfields. The rate of insect visitation to Sonoma sunshine was significantly higher in natural pools and gradually increased across the season in constructed pools. Sebastopol meadowfoam was visited predominately by its specialist bee, Andrena pulverea, in both habitat types. Visitation rates to Burke’s goldfields were driven mainly by the C. cristatus. Overall, plants in constructed pools located near natural populations received more insect visits than those farther away. Conclusions: Sonoma sunshine (B. bakeri) is visited by the most diverse group of insects, which could protect against loss of one pollinator species. However, it is also the most vulnerable due to seasonal variation in insect visitation and its early blooming time. Pollinators of Sebastopol meadowfoam (L. vinculans) are abundant and widespread. While there were relatively few specialist bees found associated with Burke’s goldfields, bombyliid flies may act as a suitable pollinator for this species. Overall, constructed vernal pools are not devoid of flower visiting insects, yet the difference between natural and constructed sites suggests that planning for insect pollinators and proximity to natural sites is critical when constructing new habitat for vernal pool plants. MS Program: Biology Sonoma State University Date: January 19, 2018 iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, I acknowledge Dr. Christina Sloop as the originator of the larger research project under which this work is included. Without her pioneering spirit and commitment to conservation science, this project would not have gotten started. I would like to thank Hattie Brown for logistical guidance and camaraderie in the field. Dr. Caroline Christian’s comments greatly improved my methods and writing. Many thanks to Dr. Nathan Rank for his invaluable assistance with project planning, statistics, feedback on writing, and moral support. I would like to thank the staff of the Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation for their logistical support. I acknowledge the Entomology service learning students who spent time performing insect observations, and undergraduate interns who assisted with pinning insects. I thank the California Department of Fish and Wildlife for access to their vernal pool preserves as well as numerous private landowners who welcomed me and my team. Dr. Robbin Thorp and Dr. Martin Hauser generously assisted with making final species determinations on numerous insect specimens. I am grateful to Sarah Gordon and Michelle (Jensen) Halbur for providing information on plant population locations. Gratitude to Bob Holland, Carol Witham, Matt Guilliams, and Joe Silveira for welcoming me into the larger circle of vernal pool researchers across the state. Thank you to my lab mates Frederique Lavoipierre, Sarah Heidl, Christine Colijn, and Kevin Roberts, and to the many undergraduates who assisted in the field and in the lab. Most importantly, I acknowledge my family for their undying love and support. This work was funded by a grant from the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and I received additional support from the California Native Plant Society, Milo Baker Chapter, and Sonoma State University’s Graduate Equity Fellowship. v Table of Contents Page List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Introduction 1 Methods 5 Results 12 Discussion 14 Conclusion 19 Literature Cited 20 Tables 24 Figures 34 Appendix 1: List of species collected 46 vi List of Tables Table 1: List of study sites …………………………………………………………..p. 24 Table 2: The results from a permutational analysis of covariance testing the effects of insect category, pool type, and site on visitation rates to Blennosperma bakeri with day of year as a covariate………………………………………………………………..……p. 25 Table 3: Results from a permutational analysis of covariance testing the effects of insect category, pool type, and site on visitation rates to Limnanthes vinculans with day of year as a covariate. …………………………………………………………………..……..p. 26 Table 4: Results from a permutational analysis of covariance testing the effects of insect category, pool type, site, and year on visitation rates to Lasthenia burkei with day of year as a covariate. ………………………………………………………………..………..p. 27 Table 5: Results from an analysis of covariance testing the effects of pool type, plant species, and distance to nearest neighbor on visitation rates to the three plant species, with distance to nearest neighbor as a covariate………………………………..….….p. 28 Table 6. Mean number of specimens of the major pollinator taxa collected in constructed and natural pools……………………………………………………………….….….p. 29 Table 7. Results from a permutational analysis of variance testing the effects of insect category, pool type, site, and pool on the abundance of insect specimens collected by net sweeps over flowering patches of B. bakeri, and pan trapped insects collected near the same flowering patch………………………………………………..………….…..…p. 30 Table 8: Results from a permutational analysis of variance testing the effects of insect category, pool type, site, and pool on the abundance of insect specimens collected by net sweeps over flowering patches of L. vinculans, and of pan trapped insects collected near the same flowering patch.………………………………………………..……….…...p. 31 Table 9: Results from a permutational analysis of variance testing the effects of insect category, pool type, site, pool, and year on the abundance of insect specimens collected by net sweeps over flowering patches of La. burkei……….………………………….p. 32 Table 10: Results from a permutational analysis of variance testing the effects of insect category, pool type, site, and pool on the abundance of insect specimens collected from pan traps set out near flowering patches of La. burkei in 2010………………...……..p. 33 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Map of study site locations…………………………………………………p. 34 Figure 2. Date ranges of sampling efforts for this study. …………………………….p. 35 Figure 3. Visitation rates across constructed and natural sites for B. bakeri…………p. 36 Figure 4. Plot showing the effect of day of year on visitation rates to B. bakeri by different insect categories………………………………………………………...…...p. 37 Figure 5. Visitation rates across constructed and natural sites for L. vinculans.……..p. 38 Figure 6. Plot showing the effect of day of year on visitation rates to L. vinculans by different insect categories……………………………………….………………….…p. 39 Figure 7. Visitation rates across constructed and natural sites for La. burkei………....p. 40 Figure 8. Plot showing the effect of day of year on visitation rates to La. burkei by different insect categories..……………………………………………………………p. 41 Figure 9. Figure showing results of an ANCOVA testing the visitation rates of solitary bees to the three plant species with distance to nearest neighboring population as a covariate. 9A: Visitation rates across constructed and natural sites for B. bakeri, L. vinculans, and L. burkei. 9B: Plot showing relationship between visitation rate and distance to neighbor……………………………………………………...……………p. 43 Figure 10. Mean of number of individual specimens collected by net and pan trapping across constructed and natural sites for B. bakeri. ……………………………………p. 44 Figure 11. Mean of number of individual specimens collected by net and pan trapping across constructed and natural sites for L. vinculans..……………………………...…p. 45 Figure 12. Mean of number of individual specimens collected by net and pan trapping across
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 81, No. 118/Monday, June 20, 2016/Notices
    39944 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 118 / Monday, June 20, 2016 / Notices information collection described in Type of Request: Extension. programs and projects that increase the Section A. Form Number: N/A. supply of affordable housing units, Description of the need for the prevent and reduce homelessness, A. Overview of Information Collection information and proposed use: improve data collection and reporting, Title of Information Collection: Application information is needed to and use coordinated neighborhood and OneCPD Technical Assistance Needs determine competition winners, i.e., the community development strategies to Assessment. technical assistance providers best able revitalize and strengthen their OMB Approval Number: 2506–0198. to develop efficient and effective communities. Number of Frequency of Responses Burden hour Annual burden Hourly cost Information collection respondents response per annum per response hours per response Annual cost Application .................... 52 1 52 100 5,200 $0 $0 Work Plans ................... 23 10 230 18 4,140 40 165,600 Reports ......................... 23 4 72 6 432 40 17,280 Recordkeeping ............. 23 12 276 6 1,656 40 66,240 Total ...................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 11,248 ........................ 249,120 B. Solicitation of Public Comment DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND or telephone (202) 708–2290. This is not URBAN DEVELOPMENT a toll-free number. Persons with hearing This notice is soliciting comments or speech impairments may access this [Docket No. FR–5910–N–10] from members of the public and affected number through TTY by calling the toll- parties concerning the collection of 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877– information described in Section A on Collection: Veterans Home 8339.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Butte Co. Meadowfoam
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Air Force, respectively. All of the Fort Ord occurrences are on land within the Habitat Management Plan Habitat Reserve lands and will be conserved and managed in perpetuity (W. Collins in litt. 2005; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1997). The population at Travis Air Force Base, including over 20 acres of adjacent restored vernal pools, is protected as a special ecological preserve, with protective measures and appropriate management for the species provided in the Travis Air Force Base Land Management Plan. Seasonal managed cattle grazing has been returned to two conservation sites supporting Lasthenia conjugens: 1) the Warm Springs Seasonal Wetland Unit of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge in Alameda County, and 2) the State Route 4 Preserve managed by the Muir Heritage Land Trust in Contra Costa County. The L. conjugens population at the Warm Springs Unit has declined during the last 10 years due to many factors including competition by nonnative plant species. During this time period, grazing, which occurred intermittently at the Warm Springs Unit since the 1800s, has been excluded by the Refuge until a management plan could be developed. The decline in the L. conjugens population at the Warm Springs Unit cannot be attributed to a single factor, but most likely results from the complex interaction of several variables including current and historical land uses, the abiotic environment, and annual climatic variation. The increasing dominance of nonnative grasses, however, coincides with the suspension of livestock grazing, suggesting that the lack of a disturbance regime may be a primary factor in the degradation of habitat for L.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination and Botanic Gardens Contribute to the Next Issue of Roots
    Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review Volume 17 • Number 1 • May 2020 Pollination and botanic gardens Contribute to the next issue of Roots The next issue of Roots is all about education and technology. As this issue goes to press, most botanic gardens around the world are being impacted by the spread of the coronavirus Covid-19. With many Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review Volume 16 • Number 2 • October 2019 Citizen gardens closed to the public, and remote working being required, Science educators are having to find new and innovative ways of connecting with visitors. Technology is playing an ever increasing role in the way that we develop and deliver education within botanic gardens, making this an important time to share new ideas and tools with the community. Have you developed a new and innovative way of engaging your visitors through technology? Are you using technology to engage a Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review Volume 17 • Number 1 • April 2020 wider audience with the work of your garden? We are currently looking for a variety of contributions including Pollination articles, education resources and a profile of an inspirational garden and botanic staff member. gardens To contribute, please send a 100 word abstract to [email protected] by 15th June 2020. Due to the global impacts of COVID-19, BGCI’s 7th Global Botanic Gardens Congress is being moved to the Australian spring. Join us in Melbourne, 27 September to 1 October 2021, the perfect time to visit Victoria. Influence and Action: Botanic Gardens as Agents of Change will explore how botanic gardens can play a greater role in shaping our future.
    [Show full text]
  • Floerkea Proserpinacoides Willdenow False Mermaid-Weed
    New England Plant Conservation Program Floerkea proserpinacoides Willdenow False Mermaid-weed Conservation and Research Plan for New England Prepared by: William H. Moorhead III Consulting Botanist Litchfield, Connecticut and Elizabeth J. Farnsworth Senior Research Ecologist New England Wild Flower Society Framingham, Massachusetts For: New England Wild Flower Society 180 Hemenway Road Framingham, MA 01701 508/877-7630 e-mail: [email protected] • website: www.newfs.org Approved, Regional Advisory Council, December 2003 1 SUMMARY Floerkea proserpinacoides Willdenow, false mermaid-weed, is an herbaceous annual and the only member of the Limnanthaceae in New England. The species has a disjunct but widespread range throughout North America, with eastern and western segregates separated by the Great Plains. In the east, it ranges from Nova Scotia south to Louisiana and west to Minnesota and Missouri. In the west, it ranges from British Columbia to California, east to Utah and Colorado. Although regarded as Globally Secure (G5), national ranks of N? in Canada and the United States indicate some uncertainly about its true conservation status in North America. It is listed as rare (S1 or S2) in 20% of the states and provinces in which it occurs. Floerkea is known from only 11 sites total in New England: three historic sites in Vermont (where it is ranked SH), one historic population in Massachusetts (where it is ranked SX), and four extant and three historic localities in Connecticut (where it is ranked S1, Endangered). The Flora Conservanda: New England ranks it as a Division 2 (Regionally Rare) taxon. Floerkea inhabits open or forested floodplains, riverside seeps, and limestone cliffs in New England, and more generally moist alluvial soils, mesic forests, springy woods, and streamside meadows throughout its range.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of the Reproductive Ecology and Seed Bank
    California Department of Fish & Game U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Endangered Species Act (Section-6) Grant-in-Aid Program FINAL PROJECT REPORT E-2-P-35 An Investigation of the Reproductive Ecology and Seed Bank Dynamics of Burke’s Goldfields (Lasthenia burkei), Sonoma Sunshine (Blennosperma bakeri), and Sebastopol Meadowfoam (Limnanthes vinculans) in Natural and Constructed Vernal Pools Christina M. Sloop1, 2, Kandis Gilmore1, Hattie Brown3, Nathan E. Rank1 1Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 2San Francisco Bay Joint Venture, Fairfax, CA 3Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation, Santa Rosa, CA Prepared for Cherilyn Burton ([email protected]) California Department of Fish and Game, Habitat Conservation Division 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1280, Sacramento, CA 95814 March 1, 2012 1 1. Location of work: Santa Rosa Plain, Sonoma County, California 2. Background: Burke’s goldfield (Lasthenia burkei), a small, slender annual herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known only from southern portions of Lake and Mendocino counties and from northeastern Sonoma County. Historically, 39 populations were known from the Santa Rosa Plain, two sites in Lake County, and one site in Mendocino County. The occurrence in Mendocino County is most likely extirpated. From north to south on the Santa Rosa Plain, the species ranges from north of the community of Windsor to east of the city of Sebastopol. The long-term viability of many populations of Burke’s goldfields is particularly problematic due to population decline. There are currently 20 known extant populations, a subset of which were inoculated into pools at constructed sites to mitigate the loss of natural populations in the context of development.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms International 300 N
    ORGANIZATION OF A PLANT-POLLINATOR COMMUNITY IN A SEASONAL HABITAT (BEES, SOCIALITY, FORAGING). Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Anderson, Linda Susan Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 14:15:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187851 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. I. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery Plan for the Santa Rosa Plain
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Recovery Plan for the Santa Rosa Plain Blennosperma bakeri (Sonoma sunshine) Lasthenia burkei (Burke’s goldfields) Limnanthes vinculans (Sebastopol meadowfoam) California tiger salamander Sonoma County Distinct Population Segment (Ambystoma californiense) Lasthenia burkei Blennosperma bakeri Limnanthes vinculans Jo-Ann Ordano J. E. (Jed) and Bonnie McClellan Jo-Ann Ordano © 2004 California Academy of Sciences © 1999 California Academy of Sciences © 2005 California Academy of Sciences Sonoma County California Tiger Salamander Gerald Corsi and Buff Corsi © 1999 California Academy of Sciences Disclaimer Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, publish recovery plans, sometimes preparing them with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, state agencies, Tribal agencies, and other affected and interested parties. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Costs indicated for action implementation and time of recovery are estimates and subject to change. Recovery plans do not obligate other parties to undertake specific actions, and may not represent the views or the official positions of any individuals or agencies involved in recovery plan formulation, other than the Service. Recovery plans represent our official position only after they have been signed by the Director or Regional Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery actions. LITERATURE CITATION SHOULD READ AS FOLLOWS: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinators in Peril: a Systematic Status Review of North American
    POLLINATORS in Peril A systematic status review of North American and Hawaiian native bees Kelsey Kopec & Lori Ann Burd • Center for Biological Diversity • February 2017 Executive Summary hile the decline of European honeybees in the United States and beyond has been well publicized in recent years, the more than 4,000 species of native bees in North W America and Hawaii have been much less documented. Although these native bees are not as well known as honeybees, they play a vital role in functioning ecosystems and also provide more than $3 billion dollars in fruit-pollination services each year just in the United States. For this first-of-its-kind analysis, the Center for Biological Diversity conducted a systematic review of the status of all 4,337 North American and Hawaiian native bees. Our key findings: • Among native bee species with sufficient data to assess (1,437), more than half (749) are declining. • Nearly 1 in 4 (347 native bee species) is imperiled and at increasing risk of extinction. • For many of the bee species lacking sufficient population data, it’s likely they are also declining or at risk of extinction. Additional research is urgently needed to protect them. • A primary driver of these declines is agricultural intensification, which includes habitat destruction and pesticide use. Other major threats are climate change and urbanization. These troubling findings come as a growing body of research has revealed that more than 40 percent of insect pollinators globally are highly threatened, including many of the native bees critical to unprompted crop and wildflower pollination across the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of Pollen and Plants Used by Bees
    AtlasAtlas ofof pollenpollen andand plantsplants usedused byby beesbees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (organizadores) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (orgs.) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees 1st Edition Rio Claro-SP 2020 'DGRV,QWHUQDFLRQDLVGH&DWDORJD©¥RQD3XEOLFD©¥R &,3 /XPRV$VVHVVRULD(GLWRULDO %LEOLRWHF£ULD3ULVFLOD3HQD0DFKDGR&5% $$WODVRISROOHQDQGSODQWVXVHGE\EHHV>UHFXUVR HOHWU¶QLFR@RUJV&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD6LOYD>HW DO@——HG——5LR&ODUR&,6(22 'DGRVHOHWU¶QLFRV SGI ,QFOXLELEOLRJUDILD ,6%12 3DOLQRORJLD&DW£ORJRV$EHOKDV3µOHQ– 0RUIRORJLD(FRORJLD,6LOYD&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD,, 5DGDHVNL-HIIHUVRQ1XQHV,,,$UHQD0DULDQD9LFWRULQR 1LFRORVL,9%DXHUPDQQ6RUDLD*LUDUGL9&RQVXOWRULD ,QWHOLJHQWHHP6HUYL©RV(FRVVLVWHPLFRV &,6( 9,7¯WXOR &'' Las comunidades vegetales son componentes principales de los ecosistemas terrestres de las cuales dependen numerosos grupos de organismos para su supervi- vencia. Entre ellos, las abejas constituyen un eslabón esencial en la polinización de angiospermas que durante millones de años desarrollaron estrategias cada vez más específicas para atraerlas. De esta forma se establece una relación muy fuerte entre am- bos, planta-polinizador, y cuanto mayor es la especialización, tal como sucede en un gran número de especies de orquídeas y cactáceas entre otros grupos, ésta se torna más vulnerable ante cambios ambientales naturales o producidos por el hombre. De esta forma, el estudio de este tipo de interacciones resulta cada vez más importante en vista del incremento de áreas perturbadas o modificadas de manera antrópica en las cuales la fauna y flora queda expuesta a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones o desaparecer.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]