27. Aplocheilidae Bleeker, 1860 = 27. Aplocheilidae

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27. Aplocheilidae Bleeker, 1860 = 27. Aplocheilidae 27. APLOCHEILIDAE Bleeker, 1860 Jouke R. VAN DER ZEE, Tonnie WOELTJES et Rudolf H. WILDEKAMP Les Aplocheilidae sont aisément identifiables par la position du pore supérieur du canal latéro-sensoriel préoperculaire assez éloigné de l’œil (fig. 26.2B, 27.1) alors qu’il en est très proche chez les Poeciliidae (fig. 26.2A), ainsi que par la position basse des nageoires pectorales (fig. 26.2B). Les Aplocheilidae sont très riches en espèces, particulière- ment en basse Guinée. Ils sont morphologiquement assez homogènes et leur séparation en espèces peut être extrêmement difficile. Cependant, la famille montre une nette propension aux réarrangements caryologiques spécifiques aux clades, ceux-ci étant fréquemment accompagnés d’un patron de coloration spécifique aux mâles. Le patron de coloration des flancs et des nageoires impaires joue probablement un rôle dans la reconnaissance spécifique. C’est pourquoi, les clés de détermination insisteront sur l’importance du patron de coloration mâle comme caractère distinctif. L’identification des femelles et des juvéniles doit en grande partie se baser sur les mâles associés. Remarques : les poissons attribués ici à la famille Aplocheilidae ont une histoire taxonomique complexe. SCHEEL (1968) les a placés dans la sous-famille Rivulinae qui, à cette époque, était un mélange d’espèces africaines et néotropicales. Les Rivulinae étaient alors une sous-famille des Cyprinodontidae dans l’Ordre des Atheriniformes. Sur la base de caractères ostéologiques et cladistiques, PARENTI (1981) a exclu les Cyprinodontidae des Atheriniformes et les a élevés au rang d’ordre (Cyprinodontiformes). Les Rivulinae (sensu SCHEEL, 1968) sont divisés en deux familles, les Rivulidae incluant les genres du Nouveau Monde et les Aplocheilidae pour les genres de l’Ancien Monde. À leur tour, RADDA et PÜRZL (1981) divisent les Aplocheilidae en deux sous-familles, les Aplocheilinae (incluant les genres africains et asiatiques de type « brochet ») et les Nothobranchiinae pour les autres genres africains. Sur la base de données d’ADN mitochondrial, MURPHY et COLLIER (1997) divisent les Aplocheilidae africains en blocs (clades) occidental et oriental. Dans MURPHY et al. (1999), les genres du bloc occidental Fundulopanchax, Callopanchax et les ex- sous-genres Aphyosemion, Scriptaphyosemion et Archiaphyosemion sont élevés au rang de genre. Callopanchax, Scriptaphyosemion et Archiaphyosemion sont considérés comme groupe frère d’Epiplatys, constituant la sous-famille Epiplatyinae (voir plus loin). CLÉ Canal préoperculaire tubulaire avec 5 pores, partie antérieure de la DES mâchoire inférieure large (fig. 27.1A), une série d’écailles orientées SOUS-FAMILLES obliquement vers le bas sur l’opercule .................. Epiplatyinae Canal préoperculaire tubulaire avec 6 pores, partie antérieure de la mâchoire inférieure moins large et légèrement arrondie (parallèle) POISSONS D'EAUX DOUCES ET SAUMÂTRES DE BASSE GUINÉE (fig. 27.1B), une série d’écailles orientées obliquement vers le haut 80 sur l’opercule .............................................. Nothobranchiinae 27. APLOCHEILIDAE Bleeker, 1860 Jouke R. VAN DER ZEE, Tonnie WOELTJES & Rudolf H. WILDEKAMP Aplocheilidae are recognised by the location of the upper pore of the preopercular laterosensory canal relatively distant from the eye (fig. 26.2B, 27.1), versus very close to the eye in poeciliids (fig. 26.2A), and low set pectoral fins (fig. 26.2B). Aplocheilidae are highly speciose, particularly so in Lower Guinea. They are morphologically rather homogeneous and species discrimination can be extremely difficult. However, the family displays a marked propensity for clade-specific karyotypic rearrangement and these are often accompanied by distinct male colour pattern features. Probably the colour patterns on the flanks and unpaired fins play a role in species recognition and for this reason identification keys will emphasize male colour pattern as important distinguishing features. Identification of females and juveniles must rely for the most part on associated males. Remarks: fishes here attributed to the Aplocheilidae have a complex taxonomic history. SCHEEL (1968) placed them in the subfamily Rivulinae which, at that time, was a mixture of African and Neotropical species. Rivulinae then were a subfamily of Cyprinodontidae in the Order of Atheriniformes. Based on osteological characters and a cladistic approach, PARENTI (1981) excluded the Cyprinodontidae from the Atheriniformes and raised them to ordinal rank (Cyprinodontiformes). The Rivulinae (sensu SCHEEL, 1968) were divided in two families, the Rivulidae, including the New World genera, and Aplocheilidae for the Old World genera. RADDA & PÜRZL (1981) divided the Aplocheilidae in two subfamilies, Aplocheilinae (which included the African and Asiatic pike-like genera) and the Nothobranchiinae for the other African genera. Based on mitochondrial DNA data MURPHY & COLLIER (1997) divided the African Aplocheilidae into a western and an eastern block (clade). In MURPHY et al. (1999) western block genera Fundulopanchax, Callopanchax and the former subgenera of Aphyosemion, Scriptaphyosemion and Archiaphyosemion were elevated to generic rank. Callopanchax, Scriptaphyosemion and Archiaphyosemion were regarded as a sister group to Epiplatys, together forming the subfamily Epiplatyinae (but see below). Figure 27.1 Vue latérale du système du canal latéro-sensoriel et vue ventrale de la gorge chez A. Epiplatyinae et B. Nothobranchiinae. Lateral view of cephalic laterosensory canal system and ventral view of throat AFRICA FISHES OF LOWER GUINEA, WEST-CENTRAL THE FRESH AND BRACKISH WATER in A. Epiplatyinae and B. Aplocheilidae. 81 CLÉ Remarques : nouvel usage des Epiplatyinae. Les Epiplatyinae sont DES identifiés par 5 pores dans le canal préoperculaire et une série SOUS-FAMILLES oblique d’écailles sur l’opercule. Un 3e caractère, un canal supraorbital consistant en un creux avec 2 neuromastes, n’est pas partagé avec les espèces du groupe Epiplatys sexfasciatus. Les Epiplatyinae incluent Epiplatys, présent tant en haute qu’en basse Guinée, et les genres exclusivement haute Guinée Archiaphyosemion, Callopanchax et Scriptaphyosemion. Ces genres sont considérés comme monophylétiques par MURPHY et al. (1999), mais non classés en une sous-famille, comme ici. En basse Guinée, les Epiplatyinae ne sont représentés que par Epiplatys, qui se distingue facilement des genres de la sous-famille Nothobranchiinae par ses 5 pores dans le canal postorbital tubulaire et un canal supraorbital « fermé » (vs rainure ouverte). La coloration des mâles est un caractère distinctif important pour la plupart des aplocheilidés, des photos en couleur d’une sélection de taxons sont présentées plus loin dans les planches jointes. Genre Epiplatys Gill, 1862 Epiplatys comprend un nombre important d’espèces dont la plupart sont représentées en haute Guinée, et sont même endémiques. En basse Guinée, ce genre n’est représenté que par 10 espèces. Actuellement, ce genre n’est pas bien étudié et l’on ignore si les genres précédemment désignés (voir HUBER, 1998) représentent des lignes d’évolution monophylétiques. C’est pourquoi, nous n’adoptons pas ici de classification formelle en sous-genre, les sous-genres putatifs d’autres auteurs sont indiqués entre parenthèses. CLÉ 1 2 neuromastes centraux dans des creux séparés dans le système DES ESPÈCES latéro-sensoriel frontal (« ouvert ») (fig. 27.2A) ...................... 2 2 neuromastes centraux en un seul creux dans le système latéro- sensoriel frontal (« fermé ») (fig. 27.2B) ................................. 5 2 En vue ventrale barres absentes ou n’atteignant pas l’anale (fig. 27.3A) ......................................................... E. esekanus En vue ventrale barres atteignant l’anale (fig. 27.3B) .............. 3 Figure 27.2 Vue dorsale du système neuromaste frontal ; A. chaque neuromaste dans un creux séparé, B. 2 neuromastes dans un seul creux. Dorsal view of frontal neuromast system; A. each neuromast in a separate pit, B. both neuromasts in one pit. POISSONS D'EAUX DOUCES ET SAUMÂTRES DE BASSE GUINÉE 82 KEY Preopercular canal tubular with five pores, anterior part of lower TO jaw broad (fig. 27.1A), a downward obliquely oriented series of SUBFAMILIES scales on gill cover ............................................ Epiplatyinae Preopercular canal tubular with six pores, anterior part of lower jaw less broad and somewhat rounded (parallel) (fig. 27.1B), an upward obliquely oriented scale row on gill cover ... Nothobranchiinae Remarks: Epiplatyinae new usage. Epiplatyinae are diagnosed by five pores in the preopercular canal and an obliquely oriented series of scales on the gill cover. A third character, a supraorbital canal consisting of one pit with two neuromasts, is not shared with species of the Epiplatys sexfasciatus group. The Epiplatyinae include Epiplatys, inhabiting both Upper and Lower Guinea, and the exclusively Upper Guinean genera Archiaphyosemion, Callopanchax and Scriptaphyosemion. These genera were regarded as monophyletic by MURPHY et al. (1999), but not classified as a subfamily, as is done here. In Lower Guinea Epiplatyinae is represented only by Epiplatys, which can readily be distinguished from genera of the subfamily Nothobranchiinae by five pores in the tubular postorbital canal and a “closed” (versus open groove) supraorbital canal. Male colouration is an important distinguishing feature of most aplocheilids and colour images of selected taxa are included (colour insert selection). Genus
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