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The Role of Herbalism in the Loss of Native Plants of the Northeast

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The Role of Herbalism in the Loss of Native Plants of the Northeast What’s Inside… The Role of Herbalism in the Loss of Native Plants ✴A Preliminary Survey of the Northeast of Cottontails on B Y L Y N H A Y D E N Narragansett Bay Islands A significant terminology varies slightly among the there are few data, other than frag- ✴Surveying Butterflies number of states) on current (as of 2001) Natural ments of anecdotal accounts, on how in Rhode Island plants on the Heritage Program lists for the six New large populations of plants were in the ✴Botanical Taxonomy New England England states and New York (CTDEP past. Further research is needed in these Marches On Plant Conserva- 1998, Enser 2000, MADFG 1998, ME- areas, as well as on the question of the ✴2004 Odonata Atlas tion Program DOC 1999, NHDFL 2000, NYDEC historic range of endangered species. Summary (NEPCoP) list 2001, VTDFW 2000) were compared ✴ A New Feature: American Ginseng (Panax quinque- “The Invasives Beat” (Brumback with plants listed in historic and cur- and Mehrhoff rent herbal texts. The herbal texts, folius) is the most salient example of ✴Distinguished Naturalists 1996) may be from oldest to most recent, included: the first category of over-collection: the cure-all. “Panax,” from the Greek, ✴and lots more... endangered due Gerarde (first published in 1597 and to their over-col- reprinted in 1633), Millspaugh (1892), means “panacea.” Considered an lection for use as Grieve (1931), Erichsen-Brown (1979), adaptogenic (defined as a botanical that medicinal herbs, Foster and Duke (1990), and Chevallier counteracts the effects of physiologi- both in the past (1996). Cross-referencing of the two cal and psychological stress) cure-all and at the present time. Although over- listings resulted in a list of 178 plant for over 7,000 years by the Chinese, collection represents only one possible species with both historic or current Ginseng’s value to American settlers scenario for population decline, in the medicinal value and current endangered was mainly economic. It was gathered case of medicinal plants, it may be the or threatened status in New England by both Native Americans and Euro- most critical. Over-collection may be a and New York. Of the 576 taxa on pean settlers as a cash crop, driven by particularly important factor in species the NEPCoP list, there were 62 species Chinese demand after Chinese Ginseng loss if: that were both endangered and medici- (Panax ginseng) became scarce and by an ever-increasing price for dried (1) the plant was or is considered a nally valuable. This figure represents root (Grieve 1931). P. quinquefolius is cure-all or panacea (Foster and Duke 10.76% of the NEPCoP list (because currently worth approximately $733 1990); the NEPCoP list does not include New York data, New York State endangered per pound ($1,100 per kilo) (Cheva- (2) the plant parts used medicinally medicinals were not included in this lier 1996). American Ginseng is listed such as the roots, bark, or whole plant percentage). As an additional part of as endangered in all six New England result in the habitual destruction of my study, an herbal database was de- states; it continues to be harvested from large numbers of individual plants veloped that described past and present the wild. (Sheldon et al. 1997); or medicinal use, habitat, parts used, en- (3) the plant was a popular remedy of dangered status, and distribution. The Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) both American and European herbal- complete database and research paper exemplifies the second category of ists (Sumner 2000). are available in the library of the New over-collection practice: parts used. As England Wild Flower Society. in the case of Panax quinquefolius, it is I undertook a study to assess the impacts of herbal collecting on plants The information available for directly in the northeastern United States. All assessing the impact of collecting is plant species listed as endangered, quite sparse. Few records exist on threatened, special concern, or extir- collecting or over-collecting of plants pated (or their equivalents—the exact for medicinal purposes. In addition, Scientific Reports the root of Hydrastis canadensis which is used medicinally. The third factor influencing over-collection is a plant’s popu- “Global market demand for the root of a plant can seriously lar reputation as a remedy for both early Americans and threaten the continued existence of a species …. If the entire Europeans, particularly if it was recommended in traditional root is harvested before the plant has gone to seed, it effec- English herbalism. English-speaking settlers carried the texts tively ends the possibility of future growth or regeneration” of herbalists such as Gerarde and Culpepper with them to (Sheldon et al. 1997). The market for Goldenseal, first intro- the New World. Erichsen-Brown (1979) reported that a duced into England in 1760, and still mainly gathered in the copy of Gerarde’s Herball now at Oxford once belonged to wild, can largely be described as boom-and-bust. Between Dorothy Rolfe, the mother-in-law of Pocahontas. From the 1858 and 1908, the price of Goldenseal increased 2500% time of the earliest settlements in New England, herbal medi- (Sheldon et al. 1997). In 1905, the annual amount of Gold- cine followed the practices set out by established English enseal harvested in North America was estimated at between herbalists, and only occasionally those of Native American 200,000 and 300,000 lbs. (Grieve 1931). In the Northeast, shamans. Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) was found growing H. canadensis is endangered in Vermont, Massachusetts, in gardens in England as early as 1633 (having been brought Connecticut, and New York. It continues to be used in to Europe by 16th Century Spanish explorers), and was herbal medicine to treat yeast infections, digestive ailments, included in Gerarde’s Herball (1633) with its medicinal uses. gum disease, morning sickness, and certain cancers, and as a It was also being sold on London street-corners as a tea with detoxification treatment for addictions to methadone, hero- milk and sugar (Grieve 1931). Also called the “Ague Tree” ine, and cocaine, making it one of the most profitable herbs (for treating malarial fevers), the roots and oil of S. albidum in the American market (Sheldon et al. 1997). were exported from the New World for treating opthamalia, rheumatism, syphilis, typhus, and skin diseases (Erichsen- Brown 1979). It is still used in herbalism today. Sassafras albidum is currently endangered in Maine and Vermont. The pattern of rarity across the Northeast of plants par- ticularly valued for herbal use is also visible in several other species that are listed as endangered in multiple states in the region (Table 1). Many endangered New England medicinal species, such as American Ginseng, Goldenseal, Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens), Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), and Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), are presently being targeted by poachers. In addition, a number of current guides to herbalism continue to recommend the use of endangered spe- cies such as the Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper, although with caveats (Hoffmann 1998, Tierra 1988). “The loss of native medicinal plants from North American habitats now looms as a significant problem, aggravated by the renewed interest in medicinal herbs and the demand for ‘wildcrafted’ rather than cultivated products” (Sumner 2000). Acknowledgments I would like to thank Chris Mattrick and Greg Lowenberg of the New England Wildflower Society for their helpful criti- cism and support. I am also grateful to Professor Johanna Schmitt of Brown University for her guidance and access to the Brown University Herbarium. I am thankful to Brian Hayden for his insight and encouragement and Roland Dubé Specimen of Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens) collected in North Smith- for technical support. Many thanks also to Arthur Haines field, Rhode Island in 1878. Photo: Lyn Hayden, with for current synonyms and nomenclature corrections. Lastly, permission of the Brown University Herbarium. sincere thanks to Judith Sumner and Lisa Gould for their time, careful reading, and advice. Page 2 RINHS May 2005 Scientific Reports Table 1. Examples of plant species that are valued for herbal uses and MEDOC. 1999. Elements of Natural Diversity, Threatened and endangered in multiple states in the Northeast. Endangered Plants. Maine Natural Areas Program, Bureau of Species States where Listed Geology and Natural Areas, Maine Department of Conserva- Butterfly Weed tion, Augusta, ME. (http://www.mainenaturalareas.org/docs/ ME, VT, NH, MA, RI (Asclepias tuberosa) rare_plants/links/ plant_list.pdf) Indian Paintbrush Millspaugh, C.F. 1892. American Medicinal Plants. Dover Publica- ME, NH, MA, RI, CT, NY (Castilleja coccinea) tions (reprint, 1974), New York, NY. Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper NHDFL. 2000. Plant Tracking List. New Hampshire Natural Heri- (Cypripedium parviflorum var. NH, VT, MA, RI, NY tage Inventory, Division of Forests and Lands, Concord, NH. parviflorum) (http://www.nhdfl.org/formgt/nhiweb/Documents/ w_plantT.pdf) Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium parviflorum var. VT, NH, MA, RI NYDEC. 2001. New York Rare Plant Status List. New York Natu- pubescens) ral Heritage Program, New York Department of Environmental Stiff Gentian Conservation, Albany, NY. (http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/ ME, NH, MA, CT (Gentianella quinquefolia) dfwmr/heritage/rpsl.pdf) Wild Lupine Sheldon, J.W., M.J. Balick, and S.A. Laird. 1997. Medicinal Plants: ME, NH, VT, MA, RI (Lupinus perennis) Can Utilization and Conservation Co-Exist? The New York Seneca Snakeroot Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. ME, VT, MA, CT (Polygala senega) Sumner, J. 2000. The Natural History of Medicinal Plants. Timber Wild Senna VT, NH, MA, RI, CT Press, Portland, OR. (Senna hebecarpa) Tierra, M. 1988. Planetary Herbology. Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI. VTDFW. 2000. Rare and Uncommon Native Plants of Vermont.
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