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Spatial Knowledge and Flood Preparedness in Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria
Jàmbá - Journal of Disaster Risk Studies ISSN: (Online) 1996-1421, (Print) 2072-845X Page 1 of 11 Original Research Spatial knowledge and flood preparedness in Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria Authors: There is inadequate flood preparedness in Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; because when 1 Abdullateef Bako the flood struck on 08 July 2017, several properties were destroyed without any extant Saeed K. Ojolowo2 means to salvage them. This article investigated the relationship between spatial Affiliations: knowledge and flood preparedness in Victoria Island. The variables employed to measure 1Department of Urban and spatial knowledge include knowledge of: elevation of land, distance between Lagos lagoon Regional Planning, Faculty of and Atlantic Ocean, characteristics of surrounding water bodies and building–plot ratio. Environmental Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara Major roads were used to subdivide Victoria Island into four zones. Zone A had 799 State, Nigeria buildings, zone B had 813 buildings, zone C had 749 buildings and zone D had 887 buildings. Of the total 3248 buildings, 344 buildings were selected, and one household 2Department of Urban and head per building was selected and systematically sampled. A multinomial logit regression Regional Planning, Faculty of model was used in data analysis at p ≤ 0.05. The findings revealed that spatial knowledge Environmental Design and Management, University of accounted for only 25.8% of the explanation of inadequate flood preparedness. Only 6.1% Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria of the respondents could distinguish height from elevation; those who explained density and setbacks correctly were 7.85% and 12.2%, respectively. Respondents who stated the Corresponding author: distance between Lagos lagoon and Atlantic Ocean correctly and exhibited means of Saeed Ojolowo, [email protected] preparedness were 13.7%, respectively. -
Foreign Exchange Auction No 68/2004 of 01St September, 2004 Foreign Exchange Auction Result Applicant Name Form Bid Cumm
1 CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA TRADE AND EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE AUCTION NO 68/2004 OF 01ST SEPTEMBER, 2004 FOREIGN EXCHANGE AUCTION RESULT APPLICANT NAME FORM BID CUMM. BANK Weighted S/N A. QUALIFIED BIDS M/A NOR/C NOAPPLICANT ADDRESS RATE AMOUNT AMOUNT PURPOSE NAME Average 1 SAMEDAY PHOTO CO LTD MF0735131 52627 52 OLOWU STREET IKEJA LAGOS 133.5000 36,917.00 36,917.00 NEW LAMINATOR AND LAMINATING ROLL FILM INTERCONT. 0.0597 2 SUPERTEK NIGERIA LTD MF0458302 216,716 PLOT 230 YANKARI ST.,WUSE II, ABUJA 133.3000 148,209.00 185,126.00 BEVERAGE BOTTLING AND PACKAGING EQUIPMENT NEXIM 0.2393 3 CLOSET MASTERS LIMITED MF0621203 486048 PLOT 1378D, JOSEPH NAHMAN CLOSE, OFF KARIMU KOTUN STR 133.2000 8,260.56 193,386.56 VARIOUS DESIGNS OF KITCHEN/BATHROOM WORKTOPS ACCESS 0.0133 4 JULIA FOODS LTD. MF0638803 44099 1,MKO ABIOLA GARDEN ROAD,IKEJA LAGOS 133.1000 26,768.00 220,154.56 FROZEN FISH-CROAKER FBN 0.0432 5 RIVERS VEGETABLE OIL COMPANY LI MF0609706 11306 PLOT 80 TRANS AMADI INDUSTRIAL LAYOUT, PORT HARCOURT, 133.0500 294,348.86 514,503.42 1500 MT OF MOLTEN TALLOW GUARANTY 0.4744 6 ODUN & REMY TRADING CO MF0536801 RC352014 8, AKABA STREET, SABON ONIBA OJO LAGOS 133.0400 41,300.00 555,803.42 REGULATORS - MODEL 2000A CITIZENS 0.0666 7 J AND E INTEGRATED MACHINERY LIMMF0505167 RC129418 55, WESTERN AVENUE, SURULERE, LAGOS 133.0400 118,492.00 674,295.42 PAYMENT FOR MOTORCYCLE SPARE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES STB 0.1910 8 J AND E INTEGRATED MACHINERY LIMMF0294033 RC129418 55, WESTERN AVENUE, SURULERE, LAGOS 133.0400 118,492.00 792,787.42 PAYMENT FOR MOTORCYCLE SPARE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES STB 0.1910 9 J AND E INTEGRATED MACHINERY LIMMF0505171 RC129418 55, WESTERN AVENUE, SURULERE, LAGOS 133.0400 118,492.00 911,279.42 PAYMENT FOR MOTORCYCLE SPARE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES STB 0.1910 10 POLY PRODUCTS NIGERIA PLC MF0530537 RC 4331 PLOT C BLOCK 10 ILUPEJU IND. -
A Case of Eti-Osa, Nigeria
Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie Year XXVI, no. 2/2016 (December), pp. 188-200 ISSN 1221-1273, E-ISSN 2065-3409 Article no. 262109-715 SEA LEVEL RISE AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON COASTAL URBAN AREA: A CASE OF ETI-OSA, NIGERIA Ayodele Michael AGBOOLA Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, e-mail: [email protected] Ayansina AYANLADE Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This study examines the spatial extent of coastal urban development and its potential sensitivity to sea-level rise. The main aim of the study is to critically examine the extent of growth in Eti-Osa over time, and the potential impacts of sea leve rise. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imageries of years 2000 and 2015 were used to evaluate the different land use type identified. Post-classification change detection method was used to evaluate the output of the maximum likelihood supervised classification analysis done. This was also used to estimate the changes induces through urban development on the environment which accounts for the biodiversity loss. ASTER GDEM 2 imagery of 2011 was used to generate the elevation data used for the inundation analysis. Thus, both Land use map of Eti-Osa in 2015 and the down scaled Sea-level rise scenarios (at 0.5 to 15 meters) were used for the inundation mapping. Results obtained from this research affirms that indeed Eti- Osa has been subjected to gross urban expansion giving room for diverse forms of environmental degradation among which are huge replacement of natural land cover with built-up, reclamation of wetlands and sand filling of water bodies. -
Geophysical Study of Saline Water Intrusion in Lagos Municipality
Vol. 8(1), pp. 16-30, January 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJEST2013. 1554 African Journal of Environmental Science and ISSN 1996-0786 © 2014 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST Technology Full Length Research Paper Geophysical study of saline water intrusion in Lagos municipality OLADAPO, Michael Ilesanmi1, ILORI, Olugbenga Bashiru2 and ADEOYE-OLADAPO, Oluwakemi Olanike3 1Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. 2Lagos State Water Corporation, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria. 3Department of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria. Accepted 14 November, 2013 Saline water intrusion presently constitutes serious concerns in the Lagos municipality just like many other coastal cities, thus necessitating its intervallic study. The present study involving 52 borehole logs (consisting of natural gamma and electrical resistivity components) was aimed at delineating intruded and vulnerable zones. Saline water columns defined by low resistivity values in the range of 0.1 and 20 Ωm as compared to fresh water (≥ 100 Ωm) were delineated on 22 logs. Four of the geo- sections generated in this study indicate saline water intrusion at depths varying from surface in Satellite Town, Kirikiri, Ijora, Iganmu, Apapa, Lagos Island, Ikoyi, Victoria Island and Lekki to depths ranging from 40 m at Iganmu to 158 m at Lekki. Intrusions of 47 m (143 - 190 m) and 60 m (56 - 116 m) were delineated at Ajah; 50 m (265 - 315 and 258 - 308) at Lakowe; 57 and 112 m (51 - 108 m and 198 - 308) at Ibeju Lekki, Akodo and 122 m at (233 - 355m) at Awoyaya. The hydrogeologic importance of the Coastal Plain Sand aquifer unit in Lagos is under severe threat of continued sea water intrusion on its southern flank. -
Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation
OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR THE FEDERATION AUDIT HOUSE, PLOT 273 CADASTRAL ZONE AOO, OFF SAMUEL ADEMULEGUN STREET CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT PRIVATE MAIL BAG 128, GARKI ABUJA, NIGERIA LIST OF ACCREDITED FIRMS OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS AS AT 2nd MARCH, 2020 SN Name of Firm Firm's Address City 1 Momoh Usman & Co (Chartered Accountants) Lokoja Kogi State Lokoja 2 Sypher Professional Services (Chartered 28A, Ijaoye Street, Off Jibowu-Yaba Accountants) Onayade Street, Behind ABC Transport 3 NEWSOFT PLC SUITE 409, ADAMAWA ABUJA PLAZA,CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT,ABUJA 4 PATRICK OSHIOBUGIE & Co (Chartered Suite 1010, Block B, Abuja Accountants) Anbeez Plaza 5 Tikon Professionals Chartered Accountants No.2, Iya Agan Lane, Lagos Ebute Metta West, Lagos. 6 Messrs Moses A. Ogidigo and Co No 7 Park Road Zaria Zaria 7 J.O. Aiku & Co Abobiri Street, Off Port Harcourt Harbour Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State 8 Akewe & Co. Chartered Accountants 26 Moleye Street, off Yaba Herbert Macaulay Way , Alagomeji Yaba, P O Box 138 Yaba Lagos 9 Chijindu Adeyemi & Co Suite A26 Shakir Plaza, Garki Michika Street, Area 11 10 DOXTAX PROFESSIONAL SERVICES D65, CABANA OFFICE ABUJA SUITES, SHERATON HOTE, ABUJA. 11 AKN PROJECTS LIMITED D65, CABANA OFFICE ABUJA SUITES, SHERATON HOTEL, WUSE ZONE 4, ABUJA. 12 KPMG Professional Services KPMG Tower, Bishop Victoria Island Aboyade Cole Street 13 Dox'ix Consults Suite D65, Cabana Suites, Abuja Sheraton Hotel, Abuja 14 Bradley Professional Services 268 Herbert Macaulay Yaba Lagos Way Yaba Lagos 15 AHONSI FELIX CONSULT 29,SAKPONBA ROAD, BENIN CITY OREDO LGA, BENIN CITY 1 16 UDE, IWEKA & CO. -
An Evaluation of Post-Reclamation Management of Lands Reclaimed for Housing in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria
AN EVALUATION OF POST-RECLAMATION MANAGEMENT OF LANDS RECLAIMED FOR HOUSING IN LAGOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA *O. O.AINA, A.Y. ADEYEMI, I.J. IKPO and S.O. OJO Department of Building, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. *Omotayo Aina, Email – [email protected] ABSTRACT The research reports that Land reclamation has been used to provide approximately 6,000 hectares of land in Lagos, Nigeria and housing for estimated 500,000 people. The impact of globalisation revolutionalised the practice of reclamation from sand-tipped hinter-land and marshy sites to large scale hydraulic dredged coastal sites. It is noted that the impact of globalisation hardly extends beyond the construction stage of these lands. Findings show that the insufficient attention paid to post-reclamation management of these lands, has led to serviceability problems. Most public owned reclaimed lands do not have any post-construction management, maintenance budgets are generally regarded as insufficient. Drainage problems, flooding, general wetness of top surrounding soil are ranked as the most pertinent consequences of lack of maintenance. Outright neglect, delay in executing repairs, lack of maintenance policy, materials and equipments are seen as factors responsible for the impaired serviceability. Consequently, the users of the lands do not have full benefits of globalisation , as there are added costs; in terms of aesthetics, decay and high life cycle costs. Policy on developing citizen capacity with inherent technology transfer is suggested as a means of achieving full globalisation. Keywords: Land reclamation, Post-reclamation management, Urban-land scarcity, Constructed facilities, Localisation. INTRODUCTION Urban land scarcity for housing provision in Lagos metropolis is worsened by the twin problems of relatively tiny land area and large presence of body of water covering 22% of the total land area and excessively high and increasing population. -
S/N COMPANY NAME ADDRESS LICENSE NUMBER 1 CVS Contracting International Ltd Suite 16B, Sabondale Shopping Complex, Jabi, Abuja CL/S&I/001/07
CLASS LICENCE REGISTER SALES AND INSTALLATIONS CATEGORY S/N COMPANY NAME ADDRESS LICENSE NUMBER 1 CVS Contracting International Ltd Suite 16B, Sabondale Shopping Complex, Jabi, Abuja CL/S&I/001/07 2 Telesciences Nig Ltd 123, Olojo Drive, Ojo Town, Lagos CL/S&I/002/07 3 Three One Three Communications Ltd No1, Isah Road, Badarawa, Kaduna CL/S&I/003/07 4 Latshak Global Concept Ltd No7, Abolakale Arikawe, ajah Lagos CL/S&I/004/07 5 Austin Willy Investment Ltd No 10, Willisco Street, Iju Ishaga Lagos CL/S&I/005/07 6 Geoinformatics Nig Ltd 65, Erhumwunse Street, Uzebu Qtrs, Benin City, Edo State CL/S&I/006/07 7 Dwellins Intl Ltd 21, Boyle Street, Onikan Lagos CL/S&I/007/07 8 Race Telecommunications Intl Ltd 19, Adebola Street, Surulere, Lagos CL/S&I/008/07 9 Clarfel Global Services Ltd Suite A45, Shakir Plaza, 3, Michika Strt, Off Ahmadu Bello Way, Area 11, Garki Abuja CL/S&I/009/07 10 MLD Temmy Concept Ltd FF1, Abeoukuta Street, Bida Road, Kaduna CL/S&I/010/07 11 King Chris Success Links Ltd No, 230, Association Shop, Old Epe Garage, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State CL/S&I/011/07 12 Diamond Sundries Ltd 54/56, Adeniji Street, Off Unity Street, Alakuko Lagos CL/S&I/012/07 13 Olucliff Nig Ltd Suite A33, Shakir Plaza, Michika Strt, Plot 1029, Area 11, Garki Abuja CL/S&I/013/07 14 Mecof Resources Ltd No 94, Minna Road, Suleja Niger State CL/S&I/014/07 15 Hypersand Communication Concept & Plot 29A, Democracy Crescent, Gaduwa Estate, Durumi 111, abuja CL/S&I/015/07 Solution Ltd 16 Patittas Nig Ltd Suite 17, Essence Plaza, Wuse Zone 6, Abuja CL/S&I/016/07 1 17 T.J. -
S/N Bdc Name Address Location 1 1 Hr Bdc Ltd Suite 24, 2Nd Floor, Kingsway Building, 51/52 Marina, Lagos Lagos 2 19Th Bdc Ltd 10
LIST OF BUREAUX DE CHANGE IN NIGERIA AS AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 S/N BDC NAME ADDRESS LOCATION 1 1 HR BDC LTD SUITE 24, 2ND FLOOR, KINGSWAY BUILDING, 51/52 MARINA, LAGOS LAGOS 2 19TH BDC LTD 105 ZOO ROAD, GIDAN DAN ASABE KANO 3 2019 BDC LTD 21/25 INVESTMENT HOUSE, BROAD STREET, LAGOS ISLAND, LAGOS ABUJA 4 2022 BDC LTD SUITE 72, NIGERIAN AIRFORCE PLAZA, LEGICO, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS LAGOS 5 313 BDC LTD SUITE 5, ZONE 4 PLAZA, PLOT 2249, ADDIS ABABA CRESCENT, WUSE, ABUJA ABUJA 6 3D SCANNERS BDC LTD 2ND FLOOR, UNION ASSURANCE TOWER, 95 BROAD STREET, LAGOS LAGOS 7 6JS BDC LTD BLUECREST MALL,SUITE 51 KM43,LEKKI EPE EXPRESSWAY LAGOS 8 8-TWENTY FOUR BDC LTD PLOT 1663, BIG LEAF HOUSE, 6TH FLOOR, OYIN JOLAYEMI STREET, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS LAGOS 9 A & C BDC LTD BLOCK 9, SHOP 1/2, AGRIC MARKET, COKER, LAGOS LAGOS 10 A & S BDC LTD 16, ABAYOMI ADEWALE STREET, AGO PALACE WAY, OKOTA, ISOLO OR SUITE 122, BLOCK A2, 104 SURA SHOPPING COMPLEX LAGOS 11 A A S MARMARO BDC LTD NO 1, UPPER FLOW FULDA HOUSE, NO. 22, KOFAR MAZUGAL ROAD, GWAMMAJA, KANO KANO 12 A AMEEN BDC LTD 568, ILLO ROAD, WAPPA FAGGE, KANO KANO 13 A AND B BDC LTD 12, UNITY ROAD, KANO KANO 14 A C GLOBAL BDC LTD NO 6/8 BIDA ROAD, J.I FASHION PLAZA, ONITSHA, ANAMBRA ANAMBRA 15 A THREE BDC LTD NO. 77 OPP NNPC HOTORO, KANO KANO 16 A. MAIKORE BDC LTD SUITE B200, 1ST FLOOR FABDAL PLAZA, CONSTANTINE STREET, WUSE ZONE 4 ABUJA 17 A. -
Book of Proceedings: the 10Th Academic Conference of Hummingbird Publications and Research International on Scientific and Socio
Book of Proceedings: the 10th Academic Conference of Hummingbird Publications and Research International on Scientific and Socio-Cultural Researches in Attaining Sustainable Development in the 21st Century Vol.10 No.1 on 30th June, 2016- University Main Auditorium, Kwara State University, KSU, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria EFFECTIVE CENTRAL BANKING AS STIMULUS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN ASSESSEMENT OF THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA (CBN) MUSTAPHA ALI1, LAWAN CHERI1, BASHIR A. MUSTAPHA2 & AHMED HASSAN1 1; Department of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria. 2; Department of Statistics, Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria ABSTRACT There is a range of functions which are commonly undertaken by central banks. A Bank of England study in 1995 looked at five key areas: monetary policy (e.g. setting the interest rate or exchange rate): financial sector stability (e.g. banking supervision): government debt management: the wholesale payment system (e.g. acting as banker to the banks: and a branch network (including banking operations). Historically, some central banks have pursued ‘Development’ goals, whether implicitly or explicitly, and some would argue that, in a developing market context they still should. Where the activity relates to monetary stability (e.g. the gold standard in the UK in the 19th Century), and financial stability (good supervision), these ‘Development’ goals are met by focusing on core central banking as defined here. Where it relates to directed lending – for instance, differential reserve requirement or obligatory investments such as that of post-war Italy, may and may not be successful. Development banks should have a clear goal: and if funded at market rates or by the government budget, it is clear what they cost, allowing the government to undertake an informed cost-benefit analysis. -
Abacha C Newswatch OVERSEAS SUBSCRIPTION)
* '€■ 'sa*. %. i-M’ I The Grand Strategy Final Step in Campaigns to ‘draft’ Abacha C Newswatch OVERSEAS SUBSCRIPTION) This is to inform our numerous overseas readers and subscribers that we have resumed our Internationa} subscriber service. INTERNATIONAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES Newswatch ■U.KPBICES WWW 2 o co O) in Overseas Special Offer! 1 year (52 issues) Students 6 months 4(26 issues) Students cm One Month Free 3 months (13 issues) Students Subscription For The First 200 New Subscribers EUROPE/EIRE PRICES ^ -vi 1 Year (52 issues) £100 - Students cd BEAT THE RUSH !! 6 Months (26 issues) £55 - Students I s> to to to to to to 3 Months (13 issues) £30 - Students ro 4^ en o O USA/CANADA/ SOUTH AMERICA PRICES <N o o o 1 Year (52 issues) Students O T- 'si 6 Months (26 issues) Students cn AUSTRALIA/ FAR EAST PRICES 1 Year (52 issues) o students o> cn o to to cn 6 Months (26 issues) to to O 4^ students NORTH AFRICA/ MIPPLE EAST,PRICES 8 04 1 Year (52 issues) LO cn students o O to to 6 Months (26 issues) <j> students AFRICA (OTHER THAN ABOVE) 1 Year (52 issues) £130 students cd to to cn 6 Months (26 issues) £65 students cn Name:. Address:.................... .............. ................................... ...................................... ............................................ Tick l I Installments! Payment or I............... I Full Payment Enclosed here is a bank draft/cheque for.................................. ............................ ......................................... Signature:........ ...................................... .......................... ............................................................................. : NOTE: All students subscription must be accompanied by CURRENT EVIDENCE OF SCHOOL REGISTRATION. Cheques, Sterling Postal Order/Steriing Money Order should be made payable to NIGERIAN MAGAZINES LIMITED Existing and new Subscribers and Advertisers should contact:- Nigerian Magazines Limited. -
DU FRANC CFA a L'eco : QUELLE MONNAIE POUR QUEL DEVELOPPEMENT EN AFRIQUE DE L'ouest ? SOUS LA DIRECTION DE Kako NUBUKPO
FACULTE DES SCIENCES ECONOMIQUES ET DE GESTION DU FRANC CFA A L’ECO : QUELLE MONNAIE POUR QUEL DEVELOPPEMENT EN AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST ? SOUS LA DIRECTION DE Kako NUBUKPO Mai 2021 Remerciements Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Cristina d’Alessandro, Gilles Lainé, Massimo Amato, Jeanne Awa Ba, Demba Moussa Dembélé, Martial Ze Belinga, Aline Grange, Alexandre Minet, Laurent Cohen, Pierre Jacquemot et Dominique Strauss-Kahn pour leurs contributions, observations, remarques et corrections relatives au présent document. Les auteurs restent cependant seuls responsables des opinions émises dans le présent document, ainsi que des erreurs ou omissions qui y subsisteraient. 2 Sommaire Résumé exécutif .......................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction générale ................................................................................................................ 11 Chapitre 1 : Du franc CFA à l’éco : retour sur une conversion monétaire controversée .......... 16 1- Quelques éléments d’histoire ............................................................................................. 18 2- La dévaluation du franc CFA de janvier 1994 : pourquoi ? .............................................. 19 3- Au-delà de la dévaluation du franc CFA, l’enjeu économique de la zone franc ............... 31 4- L’enjeu politique et sociétal .............................................................................................. 38 5- Les perspectives : quelles options -
Corruption and Bribery in the Nigerian Economy: an Empirical Investigation
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION DR. GODWIN CHUKWUDUM NWAOBI [email protected] 234-08035925021 QUANTITATIVE ECONOMIC RESEARCH BUREAU P.O. BOX 240, GWAGWALADA, ABUJA NIGERIA, WEST AFRICA ABSTRACT Nigeria is going through a difficult political and economic transition after forty years of independence. Yet, Nigeria remains a society rich in cultural, linguistic, religious, ethnic and political diversity. Today, the average Nigerian struggles hard to make ends meet; sees himself or herself as being poorer than he or she was a decade ago; and finds it hard to be hopeful that things will get better soon. It is against this background that this project sets out to increase the knowledge about state capacity in Nigeria by taking stock of economic and governance issues. Using a simple growth model, we illustrate the interrelationships between natural resources, corruption and economic growth in Nigeria; as well as proposing anti-corruption policies for Nigeria. KEY WORDS: ECONOMIC GROWTH, NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC GROWTH, NATURAL RESOURCES, CORRUPTION, BRIBERY, GOVERNANCE, NIGERIAN ECONOMY JEL: Q4, Q32, D73, H3, K00, O1 1.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT “Father in Heaven, you always provide for all your creatures so that all may live as you have willed. You have blessed our country Nigeria with rich human and natural resources to be used to your honor and glory and for the well being of every Nigerian. We are deeply sorry for the wrong use of these your gifts and blessing through acts of injustice, bribery and corruption, as a result of which many of our people are hungry, sick, ignorant and defenseless.