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City, University of London Institutional Repository City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Hunter,, F.N. (1982). Grub Street and academia : the relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940, with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism, 1919-1939. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/8229/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Grub Street and Academia: The relationship between TOTIrnalism and education,' 1880-1940, with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism, 1919-1939. Frederic Newlands Hunter, M.A. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the City University. Research undertaken in the Centre for Arts and Related Studies (Journalism Studies). July, 1982 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables 9 Abbreviations 9 Acknowledgements 10 Abstract 11 Chapter One: Introduction 13 Chapter Two: The Context and Method of 19 Research Chapter Three: The Evolution of the Modern 27 Journalist, 1880-1930 3.a Two distinct roles; journalist and reporter 28 3.b The role of the sub-editor 32 3.c The "New Journalism": Interviewing 34 3.d The role of the descriptive reporter 37 3.e The reporter as observer of facts 43 3.f Some possible benefits of education for 45 journalists Chapter Four: Some Aspects of Education 55 Training 4.a Liberal Education 56 4.b Technical Education 59 4.c Professional Education: An English Overview 63 4.d Some definitions of Professionalism 64 4.e The Development of Training as Distinct from 68 Education 4.f The Growth of Provincial Universities in England 73 4.g Some Anglo-American Connections, up to 1880 75 4.h Early American Experiments in Journalism 78 Education 4.i The Early Twentieth Century Schools of 83 Journalism in America 2 4.j Review and Summary 85 Chapter Five: The Emergence and Development 95 of Education for Journalism, 1880-1910 5.a The First London School of Journalism 98 5.b Proposals for an Entry Examination for Journalists 102 5.c de Blowitz of The Times 106 5.d Journalism Scholarships at the City of London 108 School 5.e John Churton Collins and the Birmingham 112 University Scheme for Education for Journalism 5.f University Education for Journalism 117 5.g Professor Michael Sadler's Comments on 119 Education for Journalism 5.h London University Proposals 119 5.i Some Other Schemes for Education for 124 Journalism 5.j (i) Review and Summary 126 (ii) Innovation. Commercial and University 127 (iii) Aspects of Professionalisation 130 (iv) Early Examination Proposals 132 (v) London University Negotiations 137 Chapter Six: The Introduction of Government 151 Grants for Further and Higher Education Chapter Seven: The University of London Diploma 158 for Journalism: the Educational Background and Aims of the Course 7.a The Opening of the Course 166 7.b The First Graduates 170 7.c Widening Newspaper Co-operation 171 7.d More Graduates in Newspapers 173 7.e Criticisms of the Course 174 3 7.f Lord Jacobson's Memories 175 7.g Mr Valentine Knapp as Honorary Director 177 1922-1932 7.h Students' Demands for More Practical Journalism 178 7.i National Union of Journalists Request for an 180 External Diploma 7.j Mr Knapp's Valedictory Report 182 7.k Review of Students' Views on the Course 186 7.1 Revised Syllabus 187 7.m A Full-Time Director of Practical Journalism 189 7.n Dr Harrison on "Universities and Journalism" 194 7.o Clarke's First Years as Director of Practical 198 Journalism 7.p Plans to Re-organise the Course at King's 201 College 7.q The Assistant to the Director of Practical 204 Journalism 7.r The Beginnings of a London University School 206 of Journalism 7.s The Academic Tutor for Journalism Students 221 at King's College, 1929-1939: Dr G.B. Harrison Chapter Eight: Editorial Attitudes Towards News 230 Reporting revealed in Clarke's Lecture Notes 8.a Introductory Lectures and Reporting Assignments 231 8.b News - Fact not Fiction 235 8.c The Lobby - Parliamentary Reporting 239 8.d Interviewing and Approaching People 241 8.e Accuracy; Jargon; Reference Books 242 8.f More Reporting Assignments 244 8.g Vacation Attachments on Provincial Newspapers 245 8.h Historical Background of the Press 247 8.i The Question of Teaching Shorthand 249 8.j News Teams 249 4 8.k Language of Head1ines,1 Make-up, 1 Voluntary 251 Assignments 8.1 Attitude towards the Reader 256 8.m Review and Summary 257 8.o Assessing Clarke's Directorship of the 268 Diploma for Journalism Course, 1935-1939 Chapter Nine: Developments in the Practical 275 Journalism Component, 1935-39; and Changes in the Examination Questions, 1927-39 9.a Developments in the Practical Journalism 276 Component, 1935-39 9.b (i) Monitoring Student Progress 280 (ii) The last Two Years, 1937-39 9.c Changes in the Examination Questions 289 1937-1939 Chapter Ten: The Effect of the Diploma Course 299 upon the National Union of Journalists and its attempts to secure university co-operation; the demise of the Diploma for Journalism; the first Royal Commission on the Press and post-war moves to introduce post-graduate courses. 10.a The National Union of Journalists and Education 300 10.b The Newspaper Society's Involvement in the 308 Education debate 10.c First Steps Towards Negotiating a National 310 Body for Training 10.d The Aftermath of the Second World War 313 10.e New Moves Towards a National System of 321 Training 10.f The First Royal Commission on the Press, i 325 1947-9 (i) The Policy Committee (ii) Views on Education (iii) Comments on the London University Diploma for Journalism 10.g One Effect of the Existence of the Royal 335 Commission on the Press 5 10.h First Post-war Scheme to Involve Universities 336 10.i Review and Summary 341 Chapter Eleven: Conclusion 362 11.a (i) The Universities 363 (ii) London University Diploma for Journalism, 1919-39 (in) The London School of Economics 11.b The Newspaper Industry 369 (i) The Employers' Associations (ii) The Institute of Journalists and the National Union of Journalists 11.c The Students 372 11.d The London University Staff Involved 374 (i) Journalism Staff (See Appendix XXVI) (ii) Academic Staff 11.e The First Royal Commission on the Press 381 1947-49 11.f Concluding Remarks 382 11.g Patterns for the Future 387 6 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY I Manuscript Sources 393 II Theses 395 III Parliamentary Reports 396 IV Other Reports 397 V Works cited 397 A: Additional References 397 B: Original References 399 APPENDICES; 406 First Thoughts on Examinations in the National Association of Journalists, 1887/8 II Institute of Journalists. Scheme for an Elementary Examination, 1889 III Institute of Journalists. Revised Scheme for Examination, 1893 IV Institute of Journalists. Pupil-Associates Entry Examination Proposals, 1908 V Professor Churton Collins. Record of Work 15-20 October, 1906 VI Professor Churton Collins Syllabus for a Post-Graduate Course, 1908 VII Proposed Curriculum for Journalism Students at the University of Birmingham, 1908 VIII Professor Sadler's Proposed Syllabus, 4 1908 IX A Course of Lectures by Eminent Journalists held at Trinity College, Dub1in,4. 1908-9 X a London University Proposed Syllabus. Academic Subjects included in the Scheme,4 1910 X b London University Proposed Scheme,4 1910. Technical Course Timetable XI University of London Diploma for Journalism Examination Scheme, 1920 XII a National Union of Journalists Proposed Syllabus, 1946 XII b National Union of Journalists 1946. Proposed Syllabus in Finance and Statistics 7 for Journalists XIII Colleges involved in the Course, i 1919-39 XIV London University Diploma for Journalism 1937-39 Syllabus XV Proposed New Syllabus, Diploma for Journalism, 1 1938 (for 1940 start) XVI Dr Harrison's "ideal syllabus for a journalist" XVII Some Biographical Details of People Involved XVIII Journalism and English - an article XIX University of London Journalism Exhibitions (Donors of Exhibitions, 1924-28) XX University of London Exhibitions for Journalism XXI National Union of Journalists. Education Committee letter about the University of London Diploma XXII Tom Clarke's letter to The Times, 1 18 August,4 1945 XXIII Press Studies at Sussex XXIV NCTJ Sussex University Appeal. List of Donors XXV Articles in the NUJ 'The Journalist' on Education, etc. XXVI Academic Staff and Journalism Educators,4 London University, 1919-1939 8 TABLES Summary of dates relating to Journalism 147 Education II Membership figures: National Association 150 of Journalists, Institute of Journalists and the National Union of Journa1ists,4 1887-1975 III Diploma Examination Results, London 263 University Diploma for Journalism, 1920- 1939 ABBREVIATIONS IJJ Institute of Journalists Journal IJP Institute of Journalits Proceedings IOJ Institute of Journalists JCM Journalism Committee Minutes of the University of London KCA King's College Journalism Archive MRC Modern Records Centre, Warwick University.
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