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Proud Boys (Chicos Orgullosos)

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Proud Boys (Chicos Orgullosos) Proud Boys (Chicos Orgullosos) Photo credit: Getty Ideología: Principalmente “alt lite” o nueva derecha: misoginia, islamofobia, transfobia y antiinmigrante. Algunos miembros defienden ideologías antisemitas y de supremacía blanca y/o participan en grupos de supremacismo blanco. Miembros: Cantidad desconocida, probablemente varios cientos. Características notables: Los miembros suelen usar camisetas polo Fred Perry negras y amarillas. Huella global: Los Proud Boys tienen capítulos en la mayoría de los estados en Estados Unidos y varios capítulos internacionales en Gran Bretaña, Noruega y Australia. 1 / 13 Membresía: Controlada por los líderes del capítulo local y sujeta a rituales de iniciación. Tácticas: Mítines públicos y protestas. Se sabe que sus miembros se han visto involucrados en tácticas violentas; varios miembros han sido condenados por crímenes violentos. Antecedentes Los Proud Boys representan una corriente poco convencional del extremismo de derecha estadounidense. Aunque el grupo puede describirse como violento, nacionalista, islamofóbico, transfóbico y misógino, sus miembros incluyen una variedad de orígenes étnicos y sus líderes protestan con vehemencia cualquier acusación de racismo. Su fundador, Gavin McInnes, llegó incluso a presentar una demanda por difamación contra el Southern Poverty Law Center cuando este designó a los Proud Boys como un grupo de odio. En palabras de McInnes, los Proud Boys son una “fraternidad pro-occidental”, esencialmente un club para tomarse un trago y dedicado a establecer vínculos entre hombres, socializar y celebrar todo lo relacionado con la cultura occidental. En realidad, los Proud Boys presentan muchas de las características de una pandilla y sus miembros han participado en múltiples actos de violencia e intimidación brutal. Aunque los Proud Boys insisten en que sólo actúan en defensa propia, varios incidentes — incluido uno en el que dos miembros del grupo fueron condenados por intento de asalto en grupo, intento de asalto y vandalismo — desmienten su autoproclamada naturaleza pacífica. De hecho, muchos miembros tienen antecedentes penales por comportamiento violento y la organización es activamente violenta contra sus supuestos enemigos. Durante los últimos tres años, los Proud Boys se han consolidado como una fuerza dominante dentro de la “alt lite”. Fácilmente reconocibles gracias a sus camisetas polo negras y amarillas y sus gorras rojas de béisbol de Make America Great 2 / 13 Again, sus miembros participan con regularidad en las manifestaciones de la extrema derecha y en los mítines de Trump. Tras varios años forjando alianzas con miembros de la clase política republicana, los Proud Boys se han ganado un lugar como club de lucha de la derecha y como fuerza voluntaria de seguridad del Partido Republicano. A pesar de sus relaciones con políticos de la corriente principal, las acciones y declaraciones de los Proud Boys los llevan repetidamente a estar con los supremacistas blancos y extremistas de derecha. Jason Kessler, el principal organizador del mortífero mitin Unite the Right de 2017 en Charlottesville, es un antiguo miembro de los Proud Boys. Varios miembros asistieron a la violenta manifestación del 12 de agosto de 2017, que terminó con la muerte de la contra-manifestante Heather Heyer. Durante una pelea fuera del Club Republicano Metropolitano de Manhattan en octubre de 2018 — por la que dos miembros de Proud Boys fueron declarados culpables y condenados a cumplir importantes penas en prisión y otros siete se declararon culpables — los 211 Bootboys, una pandilla de cabezas rapadas ultranacionalista y violenta con sede en la ciudad de Nueva York, se unieron a los Proud Boys. En octubre de 2019, miembros del capítulo de Denver de los Proud Boys marcharon con miembros del Frente Patriótico- Patriot Front y antiguos miembros del ya desaparecido grupo neonazi Partido Obrero Tradicionalista Traditionalist Worker Party. Estas relaciones muestran que los Proud Boys no son tanto un club social de bebedores pro-occidente como una pandilla de extrema derecha. Ideológicamente, sus miembros siguen un conjunto disperso de tropos libertarios y nacionalistas, refiriéndose a sí mismos como anticomunistas y opuestos a lo políticamente correcto, pero a favor de la libre expresión y el libre mercado. Historia Proud Boys fue fundado en 2016 por el cofundador de VICE Media, Gavin McInnes. En un artículo de opinión publicado en la revista de extrema derecha Taki's 3 / 13 Magazine — tristemente célebre por sus habituales colaboradores, que incluyen al supremacista blanco Jared Taylor —, McInnes anunció la fundación del grupo, describiendo a sus miembros como “chovinistas occidentales que se niegan a disculparse por crear el mundo moderno” y que “añoran los días en que 'las chicas eran chicas y los hombres eran hombres'”. Según McInnes, los Proud Boys, cuyo nombre es tomado de una canción del musical Aladino, son una respuesta y una oposición a la “cultura políticamente correcta”. McInnes, cuya revista VICE forjó su reputación publicando material juvenil y a menudo ofensivo, llevaba años tratando de afianzarse como provocador profesional, haciendo declaraciones ferozmente racistas para luego afirmar que eran irónicas o una broma. En 2002, afirmó: “Parecemos realmente racistas y homofóbicos porque andamos mucho con maricas y negros. Se convierte en parte de nuestra jerga”. Al mismo tiempo, McInnes hacía cada vez más evidente su xenofobia y racismo, diciendo al New York Times en 2003 que “Me encanta ser blanco y creo que es algo para estar muy orgulloso. No quiero que nuestra cultura se diluya. Necesitamos cerrar las fronteras ahora mismo y dejar que todos se asimilen a una forma de vida occidental, blanca y de habla inglesa”. Según el plan de McInnes, los aproximadamente mil Proud Boys se organizarían en capítulos en todo el país. Los miembros estarían clasificados en niveles del uno al cuatro. Para alcanzar el nivel uno, un iniciado debe declarar públicamente: “Soy un orgulloso chovinista occidental, me niego a disculparme por crear el mundo moderno”. Para ascender al nivel dos, el iniciado debe soportar una paliza de sus camaradas mientras recita los nombres de cinco cereales para el desayuno. Esto presumiblemente es para demostrar su “control de la adrenalina”; los videos filtrados en línea muestran que el ritual es mucho menos violento de lo que 4 / 13 McInnes describió. A los iniciados se les ordena limitar la masturbación a una vez al mes. La idea detrás de esta prohibición — que la pornografía está debilitando a los hombres e impidiendo que establezcan verdaderas relaciones con las mujeres — es común a todo el movimiento de extrema derecha. En su artículo de opinión, McInnes escribió: “Aunque se alientan las relaciones sexuales, los Proud Boys tienen un objetivo: sentar cabeza y tener hijos. No sienten ningún respeto por las feministas, pero veneran tanto al ama de casa que se están volviendo muy populares entre las mujeres”. Para alcanzar el tercer nivel, un iniciado debe hacerse un tatuaje de los “Proud Boys”. Las variaciones comunes incluyen: “Proud Boy”, “POYB” (acrónimo de Orgulloso de tu chico, por sus siglas en inglés) y “Uhuru”, palabra swahili que significa “libertad” y los Proud Boys han adoptado como su grito de guerra. Por último, el cuarto nivel, que McInnes no describió en el documento fundacional, es un grado honorífico otorgado por “un sacrificio o servicio material de un hermano”. McInnes dijo en una entrevista que el cuarto grado se otorga por “una lucha importante por la causa. Recibir una paliza, darle una paliza a un antifa”, pero luego se retractó diciendo que “obviamente no significa que vayas a la casa de alguien o que busques pelear con alguno en un mitin. El cuarto grado es un premio de consolación por ser empujado a una situación de mierda y sobrevivir”. En octubre de 2018, mientras las autoridades buscaban a miembros de los Proud Boys por su participación en la pelea fuera del Club Republicano Metropolitano, los líderes de los Proud Boys publicaron un conjunto “aclarado” de estatutos que parecía contradecir su anterior y violenta retórica. El nuevo texto dice: “Cualquier exigencia de que un hermano cometa un acto violento o ilegal como condición para ascender al cuarto nivel queda abolido por este estatuto”. A principios de 2019, antes de que John Kinsman y Maxwell Hare fueran condenados por su papel en la pelea de 2018, McInnes anunció que no seguiría formalmente involucrado con los Proud Boys. El liderazgo fue asumido 5 / 13 brevemente por Jason van Dyke, el deshonrado abogado de Texas, antes de ser reemplazado por Enrique Tarrio, un cubano-americano de Miami. Tarrio, el actual presidente, se ha postulado para la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos en 2020. Violencia Desde la creación del grupo, la violencia ha sido un componente clave de Proud Boys. El 22 de agosto de 2020, miembros de Proud Boys se enfrentaron a los contra- manifestantes en Portland, Oregón. Este enfrentamiento entre activistas de derecha e izquierda fue uno de los muchos que se produjeron en Portland y otras ciudades estadounidenses durante el verano, y los Proud Boys han sido participantes habituales en la mayoría de ellos. Antes de la pelea del 22 de agosto, un destacado miembro del grupo — Tusitala “Tiny” Toese, quien tiene prohibido participar en cualquier protesta en Portland como condición para su libertad condicional tras una condena por agresión — explicó que los Proud Boys estaban en las calles porque estaban “cabreados y no querían ver arder este país”. Esto es parte de una tendencia de vigilantismo de la extrema derecha en la que los Proud Boys se asignan a sí mismos la función de “ayudar” a las autoridades. Armados con un spray para osos, garrotes, pistolas de paintball y, en el caso de un miembro de Proud Boys, un arma de verdad, los Proud Boys participaron en múltiples actos de violencia contra los contra-manifestantes y miembros de los medios de comunicación. Un periodista tuvo una fractura de dedo cuando Travis Taylor, miembro de Proud Boys, supuestamente lo atacó con un garrote.
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