Scotland Street, Kingston, : Archaeological Assessment

Appraisal

by Liam McKinstry & Thomas Rees

issued 21st September 2017

on behalf of Argo Asset Management Ltd

RA17086 Scotland Street, Kingston, Glasgow – Archaeological Assessment

Quality Assurance This report covers works which have been undertaken in keeping with the issued brief as modified by the agreed programme of works. The report has been prepared in keeping with the guidance of Rathmell Archaeology Limited on the preparation of reports. All works reported on within this document have been undertaken in keeping with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standards and Policy Statements and Code of Conduct.

Signed ……………………………………………………………….. Date …21st September 2017..

In keeping with the procedure of Rathmell Archaeology Limited this document and its findings have been reviewed and agreed by an appropriate colleague:

Checked ………………………………………………………………… Date …21st September 2017..

Copyright Rathmell Archaeology Limited. All rights reserved. No part of this report may be copied or reproduced by any means without prior written permission from Rathmell Archaeology Limited. If you have received this report in error, please destroy all copies in your possession or control and notify Rathmell Archaeology Limited. This report has been prepared for the exclusive use of the commissioning party and unless otherwise agreed in writing by Rathmell Archaeology Limited, no other party may use, make use of or rely on the contents of the report. No liability is accepted by Rathmell Archaeology Limited for any use of this report, other than the purposes for which it was originally prepared and provided. Opinions and information provided in the report are on the basis of Rathmell Archaeology Limited using due skill, care and diligence in preparation of the same and no explicit warranty is provided as to their accuracy. It should be noted and it is expressly stated that no independent verification of any of the documents or information supplied to Rathmell Archaeology Limited has been made. Quality Assurance Data Author(s) Liam McKinstry & Thomas Rees Date of Issue 21st September 2017 Version 1.0 Commissioning Argo Asset Management Ltd Event Name Scotland Street, Glasgow Event Type Archaeological Assessment Event Date(s) 21st September 2017 Rathmell Code RA17086 Location United Kingdom : Scotland : City of Glasgow NGR NS 5778 6407 Parish (City of Glasgow) Designation(s) Listed Buildings: 33532, 33533 Canmore IDs 44234, 160252, 179486

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Contents

Introduction ...... 3 Planning and Legal Context ...... 3 Approach to Assessment ...... 5 Objectives of the Assessment ...... 5 Scope of work ...... 5 Past studies ...... 6 Archaeological baseline ...... 6 Previous Archaeological Studies ...... 6 The Medieval and Post Medieval Periods ...... 10 The 18th Century ...... 10 The early to mid 19th Century...... 14 The Subway Power Station S5 ...... 14 Howdens Works S6 ...... 15 The late 19th and 20th Century ...... 18 Impact Assessment ...... 24 Development Model ...... 24 Significance and Survival of the Archaeological Resource ...... 24 Impact on the Archaeological Resource ...... 25 Archaeological Mitigation ...... 25 Conclusion ...... 26 References and Sources ...... 26 Documentary ...... 26 Cartographic (in date sequence) ...... 27 Web Sources ...... 27

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Introduction 1. This report details the archaeological assessment undertaken to consider the proposed redevelopment of the former Howdens works at Scotland Street, Kingston, Glasgow (centred on NGR: NS 5778 6407) prepared for the Argo Asset Management Ltd. These works were designed to inform on the character of the archaeological resource which may be affected, assess the significance of the anticipated impact and thereby inform the design of the proposed development and the formulation of any necessary mitigation strategy. 2. The development area extends to approximately 4.2ha and comprises a large urban block that is bounded by Scotland Street to the north, Shields Road to the west, the railway to the south and industrial structures to the east. The western boundary is delineated by retaining structures for the embanked roadway. 3. The development area also surrounds the Scotland Street School, a category A Listed Building designed by Rennie Mackintosh and currently in use as a museum. The tunnels of the are aligned beneath Scotland Street, running between Shields Road and West Street stations. 4. The western and southern portions of the development area have been predominantly cleared of industrial structures associated with the Howdens works, with only roadways and concrete floorslab visible. The eastern portion of the site has dilapidated industrial structures covering it – elements of the former Howdens works. Howdens quit their works in 1988, with a programme of demolition undertaken in the 1990s (see Figure 5b for full extent prior to demolition). Site investigation works in the 2000s showed made ground across the site of between 0.95m to 4.05m comprising mixture of ash, slag, burnt shale ad brick rubble (Goodson 2000). 5. There are two buildings protected by designation within the development area, both are Category B Listed Building (S5 173 Scotland Street, former Subway Power Station and S6 191-199 Scotland Street, former Howdens Works). In addition to these buildings, seven non-designated archaeological sites were identified within the development area, of which only one (S7 Kingston) was an amalgam of common activity in a locale. This amalgam has been used to deliver clarity within this provisional assessment of the development area. 6. This report seeks to present a coherent baseline of the archaeological potential to inform the development of plans for the block and hence subsequent mitigation work. This report is not designed to consider the treatment of the Listed Buildings present on site except in so far as archaeological issues arise (i.e. consideration of significance and mitigation of change). Planning and Legal Context 7. Scotland has been altered by a series of historic decisions about the use of our land. The resultant modern landscape is a palimpsest of relict elements from these past uses that contribute to form our historic environment. Our work examines the local historic environment to identify the significant contributing elements (sites) to enable design developments to enhance the historic environment and avoid adverse impacts. 8. The UK and Scottish Governments have passed legislation for the conservation and protection of the historic environment; this legislation has generated a range of relevant designations. Table 1: Relevant historic environment designations Designation Explanation Importance Responsibility World Heritage Described by UNESCO as exceptional places of International Historic Sites ‘outstanding universal value’ Environment Scotland and Planning Authority Scheduled Ancient monuments protected for archaeological National Historic Monuments interest under Ancient Monuments and Environment Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as modified by the Scotland

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Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2011 Listed Buildings Buildings of special architectural or historic interest National, Historic protected under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Regional and Environment Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 as Local Scotland and modified by the Historic Environment (Amendment) Planning Authority (Scotland) Act 2011. Classified into (non-statutory) categories A, B and C in decreasing order of importance. Conservation Areas of special architectural or historic interest can Local Planning Authority Areas be designated as Conservation Areas, under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997. Inventory Gardens and designed landscapes of national National Historic Gardens and importance are included on the inventory giving Environment Designed them protection through the planning system Scotland Landscapes Inventory of Battlefields of national importance are included on National Historic Battlefields the inventory giving them protection through the Environment planning system Scotland

9. Scottish Planning Policy deals with all aspects of the historic environment with a view to its protection, conservation and enhancement. Sites without statutory protection are curated solely within the planning process by the planning authority. Historic Environment Scotland has also issued guidance that is a material consideration through their Managing Change in the Historic Environment series. For archaeological sites PAN 2/2011 Planning & Archaeology indicates that the principle of preservation in situ where possible, and by record if loss cannot be avoided. 10. The Scottish Government in 2014 expressed their strategy towards the management of the historic environment through Our Place In Time. Of note in this context: Any decision made in relation to the care and management of the historic environment should be informed by the best available evidence, supported by robust data. This is at the heart of all good decision making and delivery, and is core to the international community’s approach to managing the historic environment. Our Place In Time 2014 11. Historic Environment Scotland has separately defined its role relative to the designations they operate through their 2016 Historic Environment Circular 1. Treatment of Archaeological Resource in the City Development Plan 12. The current City Development Plan for Glasgow was adopted on 29th March 2017. The plan details the policy of to protect the City’s historic environment, including archaeology, within Policy 9 (CDP9): The Council will protect, preserve and, where appropriate, conserve and/or enhance the historic environment … for the benefit of our own and future generations. … The Council will not support development that would have an adverse impact on the historic environment, unless SG criteria are fully satisfied. … . City Development Plan 2017

13. This Policy is supported by Supplementary Guidance 9 (SG9, issued January 2017). This explains that when a development is likely to affect a known historic environment asset or area of archaeological potential applicants may be asked to provide more detailed information in support of their scheme, and should be open to modifying their proposals. The guidance explains that the objective is to: … seek to facilitate sustainable development while retaining, protecting, preserving and enhancing historic environment assets (including scheduled

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monuments) and their settings. Where impacts cannot feasibly be avoided, the procedures set out how those impacts can be minimised and mitigated. In some circumstances, it may be possible to partly offset adverse impacts through positive change. Supplementary Guidance 9 2017

14. The guidance makes clear the responsibility of the applicant to provide sufficient information on the historic environment assets that may be affected by a development proposal. Flowing from this: The Council will consider careful proposals for the avoidance of archaeological destruction, but where realistic proposals for the long-term preservation of the archaeological remains cannot be provided, and where the remains are of such significance to warrant their preservation in situ, the Council may refuse planning permission. Where archaeological remains are identified and cannot be avoided, but appear not to merit preservation in situ, the Council’s archaeology service may recommend that their loss as a result of the development be mitigated through their excavation and recording, secured by archaeological condition. Supplementary Guidance 9 2017

15. In addition the guidance makes clear that: It is the developer’s responsibility to secure appropriate mitigation measures where archaeological remains have been identified and where damage to them cannot be avoided … where granting of planning permission is otherwise acceptable, the Council will expect the developer to secure the “preservation by record” of those remains through their excavation, recording and analysis, and wills secure this by archaeological condition. Supplementary Guidance 9 2017 Approach to Assessment 16. The works comprised a desk based assessment supported by an inspection survey. The assessment focused on the redline boundary of the proposal. For some resources where insufficient information was available within that area, an adjacent buffer has been included within the study area to examine any sites that are in close proximity and which present the potential to inform on the resource within the development area – in particular past archaeological interventions have been considered from a larger area. 17. All works were conducted in keeping with West of Scotland Archaeology Service Standard Conditions, the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standards and Policy Statements and Code of Conduct and Historic Environment Scotland Policy Statements. Objectives of the Assessment 18. The objective of the assessment was to assess the known archaeological sites and the potential for currently unlocated sites within the development area. The assessment was then to determine the potential impact of the development on the archaeological aspects of the resource and hence recommend a mitigation strategy to reduce any adverse impacts. Scope of work 19. A desk assessment was undertaken using available resources to:  identify the known archaeological sites on, or immediately adjacent to, the proposed development area;  identify significant demolished structures (architectural, social and historical); and  identify areas with the credible potential for the survival of archaeological strata. 20. For all identified sites, the characterisation process was to establish the nature, form and extent of the site incorporating an assessment of its date, integrity, level of preservation and importance (see Table 1 for importance of designated sites). 21. Archival sources consulted during this assessment included:

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 the National Collection of the Historic Environment (known archaeological sites; aerial photography; archived commercial reports; Scheduled Monuments and other designations);  West of Scotland Archaeology Service (WoSAS), Sites & Monuments Record (known archaeological sites; archived commercial reports);  National Library of Scotland (bibliographic records, historic Ordnance Survey and pre-Ordnance Survey mapping);  National Records of Scotland (historical documents and maps); and  local museums, libraries and other archives (Old & New Statistical Accounts, local history books). 22. Information contained within available published and web-based sources was also consulted with the baseline compiled using a Geographic Information System package (QGIS). 23. An inspection survey of the proposed development area was undertaken on 19th September 2017 in order to assist in the characterisation of surviving upstanding archaeological or historic remains, define their key characteristics (including significance) and map their extent. Past studies 24. This assessment builds on past studies and plans, taking cognisance of the work embodied within them. Information on ground conditions has been sourced from the Goodson Associates’ (2000) report on site investigation works. ArupScotland’s (2007) report on their structural inspection of the standing structures has also informed this assessment. Archaeological baseline 25. Presented below are details of the archaeological sites located within the development area (see Figure 1 for location of sites). 26. The desk–based assessment identified that there are two archaeological sites protected by designation within the development area, both are Category B Listed Building (S5 173 Scotland Street, former Subway Power Station and S6 191-199 Scotland Street, former Howdens Works). 27. A further six discrete and one amalgamated non-designated sites were identified within the area. The use of amalgamated sites recognises locales with common activity of boundaries that can be dynamic over time. These amalgams have been used to deliver clarity within this provisional assessment of the development area. 28. The cartographic sources referred to in this document are provided within the supporting Appendix, provided in publication sequence interspersed with significant chronological events. Previous Archaeological Studies 29. No previous archaeological studies have been recorded within the development area. The most notable work that has been undertaken in close proximity is the programme of archaeological work supporting the delivery of the M74 completion project. This included historic building survey of significant sites in proximity to the development area and subsequent excavations that were undertaken along the line of the M74, reported in: Nevell, M, 2016, The Birth of Industrial Glasgow, The Archaeology of the M74, Edinburgh 30. Of particular note are the excavations of Kinning Street Engine works, Caledonian Foundry, Scotland Street Engine Works and Watson Laidlaw Engineering Works. The sites investigated by this study have been taken cognisance of in the preparation of this report.

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Table 2: Historic Environment Sites

Site Name UID & Designation NGR Ref: Description

S1 Scotland Street Canmore: - 257857 664171 A structure, probably a dwelling, is first depicted on the 1865 1st edition Ordnance Structure WoSAS: - Survey, not shown on subsequent editions. Site overlain by the 1890s development of Howdens S6, no visible trace.

S2 Scotland Street Canmore: - 257854 664077 A structure, probably a dwelling, is first depicted on the 1865 1st edition Ordnance Structure WoSAS: - Survey, not shown on subsequent editions. Site overlain by the 1890s development of Howdens S6, no visible trace.

S3 Scotland Street Canmore: - 257733 664075 A Rope & Sail Works is depicted on the 1896 2nd edition Ordnance Survey with the Rope & Sail Works WoSAS: - main structure reaching from Scotland Street to the railway (some 185m). A secondary, shorter and narrower structure abuts the eastern side of this, not reaching the street. By the 1913 3rd edition Ordnance Survey the longer structure has been lost, mainly overlain by Scotland Street school. The smaller structure, labelled only Rope Works, does not appear on the 1936 4th edition Ordnance Survey. Site within development area overlain by the 1950-60s expansion of Howdens S6, no visible trace.

S4 Scotland Street Canmore: - 257716 664169 A Hall is depicted on the 1936 4th edition Ordnance Survey facing onto Scotland Hall WoSAS: - Street. Site is a notable element of Kingston S7. Site overlain by the 1950-60s expansion of Howdens S6, no visible trace.

S5 173 Scotland Street Canmore: 44234 257882 664096 Constructed in 1895-6 the power station was designed to draw the cables of the Subway Power Station WoSAS: 8725 Glasgow District Subway until the electrification of the subway in 1935. The main buildings comprised a Tension Run, Workshops, Engine House and Boiler House, LB: 33532 stretching from Scotland Street to the railway. A separate dwelling house stands BARR No: 5609 at the NE corner of the site. Acquired by Howdens in 1940 and integrated into the larger engineering works S6. The majority of these building remain standing but in dilapidated condition.

S6 191-199 Scotland Street Canmore: 160252 257819 664118 Purpose-built works for Howdens with initial construction 1898. Early expansions Howdens Works WoSAS: 46933 are recorded in 1904 and 1912. Acquisition of the neighbouring redundant Subway Power Station S5 in 1940 enabled expansion eastwards, while retaining these LB: 33533 structures. See Figure 5a for extent of works in 1948. Research labs built in 1950 BARR No: 5390 and, overlying majority of Kingston S7, new Assembly Shops erected in 1954 and 1964. Howdens also acquired the Garage S8 by the 1980s. The western and southern elements of the works are now demolished, with no upstanding element beyond floor slab and roadways. The eastern elements, comprising the core of the pre-1914 build and the Subway Power Station S5 remain standing, though in a very dilapidated condition.

S7 Kingston 257682 664082 On the 1896 2nd edition Ordnance Survey a proliferation of structures appear in the western third of the development area. A large timber yard occupies the core of this area, with at least forty structures indicated on the curtilage. Most of these have no identified function and a mixture of residential and light industrial or

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Site Name UID & Designation NGR Ref: Description commercial uses are presumed. There is a continuity of form to these structures into the 1913 3rd edition Ordnance Survey, though by the 1936 4th edition the core of the site has been cleared of many of the smaller structures. By 1948 the whole of this amalgam site has been demolished, a northern element overlain by a garage S8, the southern portion overlain by Howdens expansion in the 1950s-60s. The Shields Road built frontage was abandoned in this transformation. There are no visible traces of this site.

S8 Scotland Street Canmore: 179486 257666 664154 A large garage is constructed in the late 1940s and expanded in the 1950s-60s Garage WoSAS: - facing onto Scotland Street near the junction with Shields Road. Site overlies part of Kingston S7. Site absorbed into Howdens S6 by the 1980s. Now demolished, no upstanding element beyond floor slab. Canmore – National Record of the Historic Environment, WoSAS – West of Scotland Archaeology Service Sites & Monument Register LB – Listed Building, BARR – Building At Risk Register

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Figure 1: Location Map showing Archaeological Sites (see Table 2) overlain on 1936 25” Ordnance Survey, detailed with outline of current standing buildings

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The Medieval and Post Medieval Periods 31. The areas we now know as Kingston and Tradeston once formed part of agricultural land surrounding the village of , which developed at the eastern limit parish of Govan. This settlement grew up around the road that ran south from Glasgow across the timber bridge erected across the Clyde at the base of Fishergate (now Stockwell Street) in the late 13th century. Also known as Bridgend and Little Govan, its growth became dependent on Glasgow (Smart 1996, 49). The bridge was rebuilt in stone by Bishop Rae in 1345, further helping to sustain the village, with a leper hospital dedicated to St Ninian founded soon after. This hospital is referenced in documentary sources from 1491 to 1610 (ibid). 32. The first mapping evidence for the area which was to become Kingston and Tradeston is from the late 16th and 17th centuries. Timothy Pont’s map from 1583-96 shows ‘Meckle Govan’, ‘Bridgend’ and ‘Little Govan’ (the Gorbals) and an estate called ‘Binnim House’. The estate shown in the map is located approximately where Kingston and Tradeston were to be situated. Later 17th century maps by Joan Blaeu and Robert Gordon showed what was to be the present day Gorbals and Govan but in the area between these villages depicted only what appeared to be estates suggesting that up to the 17th century the development area at Kingston consisted of either estate grounds or farmland. The 18th Century 33. From the 18th century onwards, information relating to the development area becomes more widespread. Cartographic sources are more reliable from the mid-18th century onwards, providing us with a visual framework within which we can locate the available documentary information. 34. The first detailed map of the development area is within William Roy’s map of 1752-55 (Figure 2a). The map shows the area which was later to be Kingston and Tradeston as unenclosed arable farmland located to the southwest of the Gorbals. The map also shows two estates which lay to the north, Kinninhouse, and south, E. Shields, of the development area. The former of these, Kinninhouse, may be the same as one depicted Pont’s earlier map from 1583-96 which would suggest that there had only been limited intensification of the settlement south of the Clyde by this time. 35. Maps from the latter part of the 18th century begin to show the expansion westwards of the Gorbals. In Charles Ross’s map of 1773 (Figure 2b) this expansion is shown by a main road (present day Ballater Street and Norfolk Street) leading out from the west side of the Gorbals leading towards Govan and Paisley as well as a north to south road (present day Gorbals Street) which crossed the main road towards a bridge at the Clyde. Thomas Richardson’s map of 1795 (Figure 3a) shows the core of Tradeston under construction to the west of the Gorbals though much of the land to the west of Tradeston (within the development area) was still farmland or parts of estates such as ‘Connynghouse’ (sp Kinning House). The map also shows a small burn, the Kinning or Kinning House Burn, running in a northwards direction towards the Clyde. This burn would eventually mark the effective boundary between Tradeston and Kingston. 36. In the Old Statistical Account (Anderson 1791-9), there is a description of the Gorbals from the start of the 18th century:’ The village, it is said, about the beginning of this century, consisted only of a few thatched houses one each side of the great road from the south and of the old bridge (Anderson 1791-9, 542) 37. The Barony and Burgh of the Gorbals at the time of Andersons writing was divided into three land holdings owned by the City of Glasgow, Hutcheson’s Hospital and the Trades House of Glasgow. Anderson goes on to talk about the overall population of the Gorbals as being around 5000 but mentions that ‘Within three years, it is expected, the number will be doubled, and in 20 years a new Glasgow will probably be raised on the south side of the Clyde’. This comment is most likely in reference to the continuing expansion of the housing and industry in the area, especially within the western part of the Gorbals (Tradeston and Kingston).

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Figure 2a: Roy 1752-5 Military Survey of Scotland

Figure 2b: Ross 1773 A map of the shire of Lanark

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Figure 3a: Richardson 1795 Map of the town of Glasgow & country seven miles around

Figure 3b: Forrest 1816 The county of Lanark from actual survey

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Figure 4: Historic Ordnance Survey sequence

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The early to mid 19th Century 38. By the time the New Statistical Account (Leishman 1845) was being compiled, the Gorbals had been divided into four districts, , Laurieston, Tradeston and Kingston. The earliest 19th century map to depict these districts was William Forrest’s map of 1816 (Figure 3b) Which shows a much expanded Tradeston, which now bounds against the Kinning Burn. The map also labels ‘Kinnen House’, though this name has transferred to a house located further south at the end of a drive. The dwelling at the 18th century location of this name, adjacent to what would be Paisley Road, is still mapped. 39. The area around and south of ‘Kinnen House’ would go on to form the district of Kingston. John Ainslie’s map of 1821 shows a road which bounds an area to the immediate west of Tradeston which contains no buildings but may mark out an area earmarked for the later development of the Kingston district. This earmarked land seems to have been left empty for a considerable period of time as the 1st edition Ordnance Survey of 1865 (surveyed 1858) shows a grid iron road system laid out within the Kingston area, including Scotland Street, but with very few buildings actually constructed at that time. 40. All of the earlier 19th century maps of the area show an increase in industrial activity and the transport infrastructure associated with this. Forrest’s map shows the Glasgow to Ardrossan Canal which ran along the southern edge of Kingston and Tradeston to its terminus at Port Eglinton. The 1st edition Ordnance Survey shows the Harbour branch of the Caledonian Railway running along Kingston’s western end and the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Line running parallel and to the immediate north of the canal. The 1st edition Ordnance Survey also depicts an iron foundry and a chain and anchor works to the west of Kingston and an engine work and saw mill to the southeast. 41. The development area is clearly identifiable by this time (see Figure 4a) bounded to the north by Scotland Street while Shields Road lies to the west, embanked to enable the bridging of the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Line. While the enabling road network has been built, no substantive development has occurred. There are two structures present (S1 and S2) on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey, but these are not present on any earlier or subsequent mapping and appear, by their form, to be dwellings. The Subway Power Station S5 42. The 3rd edition Ordnance Survey of 1913 shows a dramatic industrialisation of the eastern end of the development area where the Subway Power Station S5 constructed between 1895-6 and is predominantly of red brick with steel roof trusses. It was designed by architect John Gordon (1835-1912) although the architectural details were probably by Gordon's partner D Bennet Dobson. 43. This structure housed the plant that drove the cables for the Glasgow District Subway, which remained cable hauled from 1896 to 1935 at which time electric traction was introduced. The plant housed within the structures included stationary steam engines within the Engine House S5.4 that drew the cables, powered from the coal fired Boiler House S5.6 to the south. To the north, next to Scotland Street, was the Tension Run S5.3 which took up slack in the two cables. To the east of the access was the Superintendent’s House, which since the listed building description (see below) has been reduced to a shell. 44. The structures retained on-site have been summarised by BARR and LB entries. Table 3: Main extant elements of Subway Power Station S5

Site Description

S5.1 Front: 1-storey 2-bay moulded brick with ashlar dressings. 2 wide bays each flanked by wide pilasters rising through parapet, each with basket arched openings, door to workshops at W; window fronting Tension Run at E, with 3 mullions, ornately carved, and transom with mythological beasts. Dentil cornice. Parapet

S5.2 Superintendents house: 2-storey 3-bay brick with ashlar dressings. Scrolled pedimented door with urn. Sash and case windows. Dentil cornice. Parapet. 4 tall stacks with vertical strips and stepped corbelled tops. Slate roof. S5.3 Rear (N to S): 2 long parallel buildings: W workshops (eg to splice cables); E-Tension Run, 193' long, 33' wide, now partitioned. Carriages ran up and down here to regulate the slack of

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the cables. Internal and external walls pilastered with a semi-circular window in every 2nd bay. Cast-iron stanchion at S end had pulley carrying cables from Engine Hall to Tension Run. Steel-tie roof. S5.4 Engine Hall. Large twin-gabled building with 2 semi-circular windows in N gables. S gables linked by parapet with windows and 1 has a semi-circular window. Side walls pilastered with large semi-circular multi-paned windows. Recessed panels over corbelled string course. Cornice. Modern roof. Interior: 2 aisles divided by 4 cast-iron H-section stanchions carrying a steel beam support for travelling crane and steel trellice uprights. Side wall pilasters have rails for travelling crane with small pilasters above. Each aisle housed a steam engine and pulley drives. Tunnel leads underground. S5.5 Boiler House linked to Engine Hall through big arch.

S5.6 Pedimented gable to S with semi-circular window over arched windows and pilasters cut by new wide entrance. Coal store and water tank to E are altered but cast-iron stanchions that carried the tank and some rails for coal wagons survive. Interior: 1 wide aisle with pilastered and corbelled walls. Lower roof than Engine Hall.

45. The power station became redundant on the electrification of the subway in 1935 and the site was acquired by Howdens in 1940. Incorporated into Howden’s Works (S6 – see below) the structures were used as a canteen, circulators and pattern shop. During Howden’s use of the site the majority of subsurface structures appear to have been filled in. However, in its original form there will have been linking subsurface structures into the subway network to the immediate north. The current status of these structures could not be discerned. Howdens Works S6 46. Howdens began in 1856, when James Howden set up in business as a consulting engineer seeking to improve the design of boilers and steam engines. Incorporated James Howden & Co. in 1862 the firm began building main boilers and engines in a works on Scotland Street, they then developed axial flow fans to force air through marine steam engines. That was the core of Howdens’ business for the next century: fans, blowers, compressors, turbines and other steam machinery (Chalmers 2016) 47. The original works were outgrown in 1870, and a new works was built a couple of blocks down the road. ‘Howden’s Forced Draught System’ was a great success, as it improved efficiency and fuel consumption, and in the 1880s over 1000 boilers were converted or built to Howden’s patents. Howden then turned his attention to auxiliary steam machinery, realised his factory wasn’t suitable and built a new factory at 195 Scotland Street S6 (ibid). 48. The works and foundry were designed by Nisbet Sinclair and opened in 1898, and had handling equipment and overhead cranes built-in plus a central heating system. By then, the boilers in many famous ocean liners used the Howden system – the Lusitania and Mauretania – and later the Queen Mary, Normandie and Queen Elizabeth. The original machine and constructing shop consists of six smaller bays running east-west; the much larger turbine fitting shop runs north-south with its brick gables facing the street. 49. Extensions designed by Bryden & Robertson were built in 1904 then again in 1912. Howdens were pioneers in the manufacture of steam turbines, and these were used on land as well as onboard ships. When the Great War broke out, the Admiralty decided that all ships should be fitted with Howden blowers (ibid). 50. After the war, Howdens gradually moved into power station machinery, developing in the late 1930s dust collectors to clean up the smoke from power stations. 51. From the early part of 1940 the Howden factories, including Scotland Street S6, were used to build: Sunderland flying boat hulls; torpedo bomber fuselages; and fins and flaps for Lancasters. Scotland Street employed 1700 people during the war and also developed a fitting to eliminate visible smoke from the exhausts of steamships. In 1940 Howdens took over the neighbouring Subway Power Station S5, using these additional building as a canteen as well as for the circulators and pattern shop. An aerial image from 1948 (Figure 5a) shows the layout and extent of the works at this point in time. 52. Shortly after the war, the works received a large order of steel furniture making use of the aircraft tooling, then orders came in from the CEGB for new power station equipment, including fans, air preheaters and dust collectors – flue gas cleaning equipment – and

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A B

C

D Figure 4: Historic Views of S5. A – View from S showing boiler house S5.6 and loading bay, B – View from N of street façade S5.1, C – Interior of Tension Run S5.3 from S, D – Interior of Engine House S5.4.

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Figure 5a: Vertical aerial image from March 1948

Figure 5b: Vertical aerial image from March 1985

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similar kit was fitted to a new generation of ocean liners. Howdens supplied the massive forced draught fans at Inverkip Power Station, each of which are around three storeys high (ibid). 53. A new block of research labs was built around 1950, and as a result Howdens went on to supply the fans for Windscale from 1956. Howdens extended the works westwards with a large new Assembling Shop in 1954, then another in 1964 for tunnel boring machines. The most famous plant produced in these assembly shops were the tunnel boring machines which excavated the Channel Tunnel (ibid). The aerial image (Figure 5b) from 1985 shows the full extent of the works which by this time had also absorbed the garage S8 that faced onto Scotland Street. 54. Howdens quit the works in 1988 with the western elements, including the 1950s and 1960s assembly shops and the garage, subsequently being demolished during the 1990s. These latter portions survive as load bearing concrete slab floors and roadways. Some of the pre- 1950s, eastern structures have been retained through they are in a dilapidated condition. 55. The structures retained on-site have been summarised by BARR and LB entries. Table 4: Main extant elements of Howdens S6

Site Description

S6.1 2 ashlar square-section gatepiers. Lodge, 1897, advanced from main W elevation, 2-storey ashlar. Ground floor 2 doors, 3 windows. 1st floor 2 windows, cornice, tall wallhead stack. Flat roof.

S6.2 1897 2-storey 9-bay offices ashlar, banded on ground floor. Central doorway. Recessed windows with roll moulded arrises and wooden frames. Cornice, parapet and 2 wallhead stacks. Mansard roof, red tiles and large windows, added 1907 for drawing office. Cast-iron railings.

S6.3 Advanced lodge, circa 1902, 2-storey (originally similar to E lodge) with later top floor above cornice. Ashlar. Ground floor 1 door and 1 window. 3 1st and 2nd floor windows. 2 ashlar square-section gatepiers.

S6.4 2-storey 3-bay ashlar workmen's mess-room; cornice and parapet, 1908.

S6.5 Machine shop, 1908, pressed brick, with 2 gables to the street. Smaller gable has 6 window ground floor men's dining room. 1st floor 5 modern windows. String course and arch enclose blank oculus. Simple gable topped by small pediment.

S6.6 Larger gable to W has original wide doorway, string courses, arch projecting on corbels, blank oculus, small apex pediment. Blank west wall, ordinary brick. Original corrugated roof has been renewed. Bays 8-10; 1898 sheet iron workers shop, extended probably in 1920s. 1898 Smithy, brick walls and steel tie roof.

S6.7 Behind offices, excluding 2-storey office addition: Bays 2-7: 1897 machine and constructing shop, 6 East-West bays, each 30' tall with 28' spans. Steel frame with cast-iron crane girder brackets. Brick walls with shafting boxes. Roof of steel rings and tie-bar couples. Corrugated roof renewed.

S6.8 Bays 11-13, circa 1902, 3 N-S fitting machine shops steel framed and cast-iron brackets, slightly arched steel trusses. 1 bay contains new office

S6.9 Bay 14: 1908, tall 45' span fitting shop, steel framed, with travelling crane. Steel truss roof. South walls of bays 10-14, brick with tall arched gable for bay 14. All now harled.

The late 19th and 20th Century 56. On the 1896 2nd edition Ordnance Survey a proliferation of structures appear in the western third of the development area (treated as our amalgam site S7). A large timber yard occupies the core of this area, with at least forty structures indicated on the curtilage (Figure 4b). Most of these have no identified function and a mixture of residential and light industrial or commercial uses are presumed. Bounding the eastern side of this site is a Rope & Sail Works S3, the main building of which extends 185m from the Scotland Street frontage to the railway. A shorter, narrower building abuts the eastern side of the main one, not reaching the street frontage. 57. There is a continuity of form to the structures contained within S7 moving into the 1913 3rd edition Ordnance Survey. By this time Scotland Street school has been built, removing

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Figure 6a: Front façade of Subway Power Station S5 from N

Figure 6b: Rear gable of Engine House S5 from SE

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Figure 7a: Rear gable of Boiler House S5 from S

Figure 7b: Interior of Boiler House S5 from S with blocked archway to Engine House

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Figure 8a: Façade of Howdens works S6 on Scotland Street from NW

Figure 8b: Façade of Howdens works S6 on Scotland Street from NE

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Figure 9a: Interior of S6 works showing roof structure

Figure 9b: Two storey office structure to rear of main office within Howdens works S6

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Figure 10a: Interior of S6 works showing roof structure and glazed brick walls

Figure 10b: Floor slab of Assembly Shop at W end of Howdens works S6, looking N

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the northern half of the main structure of the Rope & Sail Works S3. The balance of this structure has also been lost, with the ground within the boundary of the Howdens works S6. The shorter structure within S3 survives, labelled a Rope Works. 58. By the 1936 4th edition the core of the S7 amalgam site has been cleared of many of the smaller structures (Figure 4d). The notation of Timber Yard has also gone, suggesting a substantial change in ownership and use. The reduced Rope Works S3 has also been demolished. A new notable structure, a Hall S4, has been built on the Scotland Street frontage. 59. By 1948 the whole of the amalgam site S7 and the Hall S4 have been demolished, the northern portion overlain by a garage S8 (see Figure 5a). The southern portion would subsequently be overlain by Howdens expansion in the 1950s-60s (see Figure 5b). The Shields Road built frontage was abandoned in this transformation with the slope being used for planted screening and new retaining structures placed into the slope. Impact Assessment Development Model 60. The development proposal seeks to deliver a mixture of uses across the former Howdens site encompassing both residential and commercial areas. 61. The southern and western areas are intended to be redeveloped as predominantly a residential area with a mixture of houses and flats with areas of amenity ground and parking. Commercial space will be created on the Scotland Street frontage in the west. 62. The eastern area will remain a commercial or industrial area, with the core of the listed buildings retained and refurbished to modern standards. Given the level of dilapidation, for those structures that cannot be economically repaired or are later and less significant consent will be sought for targeted removal of structures (note many of the mid to late 20th century structures are explicitly excluded from the listing, see individual detailed descriptions). Significance and Survival of the Archaeological Resource 63. The Subway Power Station S5 and the Howdens works S6 can both be assessed to be of Regional importance, predominantly reflecting the embodied information within the structures and substructures relating to the late 19th century and early 20th century industrial use of these sites. The later, past-1913, use of these sites would reasonably be judged to have a lower importance. 64. The short duration, mid-19th century dwellings S1 and S2 are considered to be of Other importance (ie lower than Local) as they likely to contribute little to the history of the area. Likewise the relatively late Hall S4 and post-1940s Garage S8 are considered to be of Other importance. 65. The Rope & Sail Works S3 is an important industry in the 19th century that dwindled in the early 20th. These works are of Local importance given the potential to inform on this changing industry. The amalgam site S7 is also considered to be of Local importance as within the range and mixture of structures and site uses will be embodied information that can inform on the community that lived within this area during the late 19th to mid-20th century. 66. In terms of survival, the progressive expansion of the Howdens works will have significantly impacted, if not wholly destroyed, a number of the archaeological sites identified. It is reasonable to presume that there will be at best only fragmentary survival of the mid-19th century dwellings S1 and S2 that were built over in the late 19th century. 67. Both the Rope & Sail Works S3, the Hall S4 and the amalgam site S7 were fully demolished in the 1940s (if not before) and built over in the 1940s-1960s by either the Garage S8 or the expanding Howdens works. The presumption, given the need to form a level, load bearing floor within these structures, will be that the subsurface remains of the preceding structures will have been significantly damaged.

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Impact on the Archaeological Resource 68. The development will generate a High impact against all site locations that are not within the envelope of the currently standing buildings (S3, S4, later elements of S6, S7 and S8). Excepting the pre-1913 portions of Howdens works S6, these sites are all of Local or Other significance and (for those of Local importance) have all experienced significant disruption from the mid to late 20th century development of the ground. As such this aspect of the development impact is not considered significant in terms of the Local Development Plan and no archaeological mitigation is recommended. 69. The development will generate a Moderate impact against the currently standing buildings that comprise elements of the Subway Power Station S5 and the Howdens works S6. This impact will be in part through demolition, weighted towards later structures, and in part through refurbishment works. Where these impacts affect mid to late 20th century structures this is not considered significant in terms of the Local Development Plan and no archaeological mitigation is recommended. Where these impacts affect pre-1913 century structures or buried features this is considered significant in terms of the Local Development Plan and archaeological mitigation is recommended (see below). 70. Impacts from the development are not anticipated against the sites of the mid-19th century structures S1 and S2. Table 5: Summary of Impact Assessment

Site Name Importance Impact Mitigation

S1 Scotland Street Other Nil No Structure

S2 Scotland Street Other Nil No Structure

S3 Scotland Street Local High No Rope & Sail Works

S4 Scotland Street Other High No Hall

S5 Subway Power Station Regional Moderate Yes

S6 Howdens Works Regional Moderate to High Yes

S7 Kingston Local High No

S8 Scotland Street Other High No Garage

Archaeological Mitigation 71. A programme of works should be delivered that ensure that embodied information within the pre-1913 portions of the Subway Power Station S5 and the Howdens works S6 that are subject to change during the development is retained. Specifically we recognise the need for:  Monitoring of change within the standing structures to record the character of building fabric lost or altered through the development;  Intrusive evaluation once floor slab is removed to identify and characterise the nature of the structures mapped in 1913 related to these two sites that are no longer upstanding;  Monitoring of groundworks within the 1913 limit of the two sites to identify and record the industrial use of the ground. 72. The specification for all stages of archaeological works should be agreed with the planning authority and their archaeological advisors (West of Scotland Archaeology Service) through

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an Archaeological Mitigation Strategy that encompasses the role of a Written Scheme of Investigation while reflecting the high likelihood of a phased approach to all aspects of any agreed mitigation. 73. All works specified should be in keeping with West of Scotland Archaeology Service Standard Conditions, the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standards and Policy Statements and Code of Conduct and Historic Environment Scotland Policy Statements. 74. This recommended approach would be compliant with the Development Plan and national planning guidance on the treatment of archaeological remains. Conclusion 75. A programme of assessment and inspection was conducted to establish a baseline of the archaeological potential of the former Howdens works at Scotland Street, Kingston, Glasgow. This baseline was prepared to inform the ongoing design of the proposed redevelopment and refurbishment. 76. There are two buildings protected by designation within the development area, both are Category B Listed Building (S5 173 Scotland Street, former Subway Power Station and S6 191-199 Scotland Street, former Howdens Works). In addition to these buildings, seven non-designated archaeological sites were identified within the development area, of which only one (S7 Kingston) was an amalgam of common activity in a locale. This amalgam has been used to deliver clarity within this provisional assessment of the development area. 77. To manage archaeological issues within the design and delivery of the development, the recommendations encompass building recording, evaluation and monitoring where changes to the pre-1913 elements of the Subway Power Station S5 and the Howdens works S6 and their immediate environs are planned. References and Sources Documentary Anderson, Rev W, 1791-99, ‘Parish of the Gorbals of Glasgow’, in Statistical Account of 1791-99, Vol 5, 539 ArupScotland, 2007, Scotland Street, Preliminary Visual Structural Inspection, unpublished commercial report Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2009, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2010, Code of Conduct Goodson Associates, 2000, Proposed Housing Development Scotland Street, Kingston, Glasgow, Interpretative Site Investigation Report & Foundation Report, unpublished commercial report Gunn, J & Newbigin, M (eds), 1921, The City of Glasgow, Its Origin, Growth and Development, Edinburgh Historic Environment Scotland 2016 Historic Environment Circular 1 Historic Environment Scotland 2009 Managing Change in the Historic Environment – Setting HM Government, 1979, Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, HMSO HM Government, 1997, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act, HMSO Hume, JR, 1974, The industrial archaeology of Glasgow. Glasgow. Leishman, Rev M, 1845, ‘Parish of the Gorbals of Glasgow’, in Statistical Account of 1845, Vol 6 Nevell, M, 2016, The Birth of Industrial Glasgow, The Archaeology of the M74, Edinburgh

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Scottish Government, 2010, Scottish Planning Policy Scottish Government, 2011, Planning Advice Note 2/2011: Planning & Archaeology Scottish Government 2014 Our Place In Time: The Historic Environment Strategy for Scotland Small, S, 2008, Greater Glasgow: An Illustrated Architectural Guide, RIAS Smart, A, 1996, Villages of Glasgow, Volume 2, Edinburgh West of Scotland Archaeology Service, Procedural Guidance for Archaeology and Development

Cartographic (in date sequence) Pont, T 1583-96 Maps of Scotland (Renfrewshire) Gordon, R 1636-52 Maps of Scotland (Barony of Renfrew) Bleau, J 1654 Atlas of Scotland Roy, W 1752-55 Military Survey of Scotland, Lowlands Ross, C 1773 A map of the shire of Lanark Collier, R A 1776 Plan of Glasgow Richardson, T 1795 Map of the town of Glasgow & country seven miles around Denholm, J 1804 Plan of the City of Glasgow Fleming, P 1807 Map of the City of Glasgow and suburbs Forrest, W 1816 The county of Lanark from actual survey Ainslie, J 1821 Ainslie’s Map of the Sothern Part of Scotland Thomson, J 1822 Northern Part of Ordnance Survey 1865 25-inch 1st edition, Lanark Sheet VI Ordnance Survey 1896 25-inch 2nd edition, Lanarkshire Sheet 06 Ordnance Survey 1913 25-inch 3rd edition, Lanarkshire Sheet 06 Ordnance Survey 1936 25-inch 4th edition, Lanarkshire Sheet 06

Web Sources Chalmers, M 2016 Clyde-Built: James Howden's Engineering works, Tradeston (original version 2008) http://www.urbanrealm.com/blogs/index.php/2016/04/17/clyde-built- james-howden-s-engineering-works-tradeston?blog=16 accessed 09/2017

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