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Eleven Non-Royal Jeremianic Figures Strongly Identified in Authentic, Contemporaneous Inscriptions Lawrence J

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Eleven Non-Royal Jeremianic Figures Strongly Identified in Authentic, Contemporaneous Inscriptions Lawrence J Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Libraries Faculty and Staff choS larship and Research Purdue Libraries 7-18-2016 Eleven Non-Royal Jeremianic Figures Strongly Identified in Authentic, Contemporaneous Inscriptions Lawrence J. Mykytiuk Purdue University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lib_fsdocs Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, History of Religion Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, Jewish Studies Commons, and the Other History Commons Recommended Citation Lawrence J. Mykytiuk, “Eleven Non-Royal Jeremianic Figures Strongly Identified in Authentic, Contemporaneous Inscriptions,” in Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical, and Geographical Studies: Joseph Naveh Volume, vol. 32 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society and The nI stitute of Archaeology, The eH brew University of Jerusalem, 2016), pp. 57*–64*. This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. ERETZ-ISRAEL Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies VOLUME THIRTY-TWO Published by THE ISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETY in cooperation with THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM JERUSALEM 2016 PUBLICATION OF THIS VOLUME WAS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE GENEROSITY OF George Blumenthal Ethan Grossman David and Jemima Jeselsohn Hershel Shanks and Susan Laden ISBN 978-965-221-108-5 © 2016 Copyright by the Israel Exploration Society Layout: A. Pladot Typesetting: Marzel A.S. — Jerusalem Printed by: Old City Press, Jerusalem JOSEPH NAVEH VOLUME Editorial board Joseph Aviram, Shmuel Aḥituv, Israel Ephªal, Ada Yardeni, Anat Mendel-Geberovich Editorial Directors Hillel Geva, Alan Paris Hebrew style editing Efrat Carmon English style editing Alan Paris CONTENTS Non-Hebrew Section Preface The Editorial Board ix Joseph Naveh, Master of West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy Shaul Shaked xi יג (Bibliography of Works by Joseph Naveh Nira Naveh (see Hebrew section כב (Bibliographical abbreviations (see Hebrew section Maria Giulia Timbres amphoriques à inscription phénicienne. Amadasi Guzzo Quelques notes 1* Gershon Galil and The New Aramaic Inscription from Tell Abu al-Kharaz Ursula Schattner-Rieser (Jabesh Gilead): Language, Symbolism and History 8* Baruch Halpern Annotations to Royal Phoenician Inscriptions from Persian Sidon, Zincirli (Kilamuwa), Karatepe (Azitawadda) and Pyrgi 18* Martin Heide Some Interesting People on a Pre-Exilic Hebrew Ostracon 28* Reinhard G. Lehmann On Word Division and Grammar as Applied to the Second Nerab Inscription 37* Edward Lipiński Ashima and Lāhat in Teima Inscriptions 48* Alan Millard Marks of Israelite Craftsmen? 53* Lawrence J. Mykytiuk Eleven Non-Royal Jeremianic Figures Strongly Identified in Authentic, Contemporaneous Inscriptions 57* Stephen Pfann Rereading the “Shimªon Bar Yonah” Ossuary from Dominus Flevit (Df 11) 65* Emile Puech Glanures épigraphiques 71* Christopher A. Rollston The Bullae of Baruch ben Neriah the Scribe and the Seal of Maªadanah Daughter of the King: Epigraphic Forgeries of the 20th Century 79* Philip C. Schmitz Philistine Ptg̊ y, Greek *Πενταγαĩα ‘Five Lands’: Contact Effects in the Royal Dedicatory Stela from Ekron 91* Richard C. Steiner The Lachish Ewer: an Offering and a Tribute 103* English Summaries of the Hebrew articles 113* Hebrew Section Tal Ilan A Jewish/Samaritan Greek Inscription on the Cover of a Sarcophagus of Unknown Provenance 1 Rivka Elitzur-Leiman An Aramaic Amulet in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem — A New Version of the Ancient Smamit Legend 4 Israel Ephªal The First Generations in Babylonian Exile: Onomastic Observations 11 Doron Ben-Ami and Stone Bowl Bearing the Name Hyrcanus from the Givati Esti Eshel Excavations at the City of David 16 Orly Goldwasser A Paleographic Comparison of the Alphabetic Inscription on Block-Statuette 346 from Serabit El-Khadem to the Alphabetic Inscriptions of the Mines 21 Yosef Garfinkel and The Administration of Judah in Light of the Geographical Anat Mendel-Geberovich Distribution of Epigraphic Finds 33 Aaron Demsky Sheger in the Balaam Inscription 45 and Its Status in ָ ז ְ כרָ ה לְ ט וֹ בָ ה Avi Hurvitz The Origin of the Biblical Expression the Linguistic History of Biblical Hebrew 51 Daniel Vainstub The Canaanean Letters Š And Ṯ and the Origin of the Shekel Symbol 55 Boaz Zissu and Ostraca from Ḥorvat ªEthri In The Judean Foothills 66 Esther Eshel Rachel Hachlili Women’s Status and Place in the Society of Second Temple Judaism as Conveyed by Ossuary Inscriptions 75 Ruth Jacoby Inscriptions on Torah Pointers 87 Ada Yardeni and Amulet for Marian Daughter of Esther for Her Conception — Gideon Bohak First Publication 100 Baruch A. Levine Researching the Biblical Cult: the Names and Categories of the Sacrifices 108 Matthew Morgenstern A Mandaic Amulet on Lead — Ms 2087/1 115 and Maleen Schlüter Noam Mizrahi The Shift from Hebrew to Aramaic Script when Copying Scriptural Texts: Linguistic and Historical Aspects 128 Haggai Misgav The Army of Judah at the End of the Kingdom of Judah: a Social Analysis Based upon Documents from Southern Fortresses 135 Nadav Naºaman Notes on Some Hebrew Inscriptions from the Beersheba Valley 142 James Nathan Ford New Light from Babylonia on the Semamit Story 149 Bezalel Porten and Nine Idumean Ostraca from the Baidun Collection 162 Ada Yardeni Steven E. Fassberg Jewish Palestinian Aramaic in Judean Desert Documents from the First Jewish Revolt to the Bar Kosiba Revolt 171 Yoav Farhi and A Reconsideration of the Coins Minted in Gamla during the Danny Syon First Jewish Revolt 176 Alexander Rofé “My Brothers Will Testify in My Favor” — The Interpretation of Genesis 30:33 and the Reading of Deuteronomy 31:21 in the Light of the Inscription from Yavneh-Yam 183 Ronny Reich and On the Meaning of Hebrew Letters Written on the Cornerstones Yuval Baruch of the Herodian Temple Mount 187 Shaul Shaked A New Aramaic Inscription from the Hatra Region 191 ELEVEN NON-ROYAL JEREMIANIC FIGURES STRONGLY IDENTIFIED IN AUTHENTIC, CONTEMPORANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS Lawrence J. Mykytiuk Purdue University This essay seeks to honor the excellence and Question 1: Are the epigraphic data of known usefulness of the epigraphic analyses of Joseph authenticity and are the biblical data well based Naveh. Following in the tradition that he vigor- in ancient manuscripts containing biblical texts? ously upheld in exposing forgeries, this presenta- Question 2: Is there a match between the biblical tion rejects forgeries exposed in publications from and inscriptional settings of the persons potentially 2003 to 2014.1 It considers only materials known to to be identified, that is, their time (within a life- be authentic, including discoveries from 2005 to time, ca. 50 years) and socio-political “place,” such 2008, which have added five more biblical persons as late 8th-century Israelite? to those who can be strongly identified in inscrip- Question 3: Are the identifying marks of the tions contemporaneous with them.2 individual in the inscription which match those in The book of Jeremiah is conducive to address- the Bible sufficient to insure that the inscription ing the question of extrabiblical identifications and the biblical text are not referring to two dif- (hereafter abbreviated IDs) of its persons, because ferent persons? it frequently refers to individuals by name in a con- For each ID below, question 1 is clearly answer- text of narrative prose, not genealogies, thus offer- able in the affirmative. Therefore, as a space-sav- ing related data for historical connections. Also, ing expedient, the list below usually omits data on Near Eastern epigraphs contemporaneous with the question 1, in order to provide space for examina- book’s coverage are still extant. tion of the identifying marks to answer the third Non-royal here means that the identified persons question. were not kings. The word Jeremianic here refers to The eleven IDs below are all strong. Strong individuals 1) to whom the book of Jeremiah refers IDs are of two kinds. Some are virtually certain or 2) who were contemporaneous with the prophet IDs, as determined by applying the protocols, and Jeremiah. Below, using established protocols, this are called grade 3 IDs, because they are based on study identifies people in both of these categories three or more identifying marks of an individ- in inscriptions known to be contemporaneous with ual. These seek to insure the ID by reducing the them. Such IDs go beyond plausibility3 and beyond chances of confusing two different individuals to a degree of detail that some attribute to historical a negligible level. The other strong IDs (none of observation.4 which appear below) are certain because singular circumstances point to one and only one person Identification protocols5 indicated in both the inscription and the Bible. The protocols for discerning the strength or weak- Such evidence logically requires these IDs. They ness of IDs and non-IDs of biblical persons in are classified in grade S, because they are based on inscriptions employ three questions: singularity. 57* 58* LAWRENCE J. MYKYTIUK How archaeological context helped to need to suppose it to have been made in another identify four officials in two City of David city by some other official having the same name bullae: that of Gemaryahu ben Shaphan and patronym.6 Also, its distinctive form of the and that of Azaryahu ben Ḥilqiyahu Hebrew letter nun in [b]n clearly narrows down One might expect that if a personal name and the date to the late 7th to early 6th century, the patronymic appear in the Bible, and if the same fairly narrow period in which the book of Jeremiah name and patronymic appear in an inscription places Gemariah ben Shaphan.7 from the historical setting indicated in the Bible, The three identifying marks for each of these then the identification of the biblical person in the two individuals are: inscription would be assured. The Achilles heel of a. the name of the father, Shaphan.
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