Ultrafast Dynamics in the Topological Insulator Bi2te3and Microscopic Domains at the Mott Transition in V2O3 Mahdi Hajlaoui

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Ultrafast Dynamics in the Topological Insulator Bi2te3and Microscopic Domains at the Mott Transition in V2O3 Mahdi Hajlaoui Between metal and insulator : ultrafast dynamics in the topological insulator Bi2Te3and microscopic domains at the Mott transition in V2O3 Mahdi Hajlaoui To cite this version: Mahdi Hajlaoui. Between metal and insulator : ultrafast dynamics in the topological insulator Bi2Te3and microscopic domains at the Mott transition in V2O3. Other [cond-mat.other]. Univer- sité Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. English. NNT : 2013PA112194. tel-00924392 HAL Id: tel-00924392 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00924392 Submitted on 6 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Universite´ Paris XI U.F.R. Scientifique d’Orsay THESE` pr´esent´ee `al’Universit´eParis XI pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Sciences de l’Universite´ Paris XI, Orsay E.D. 107 – Specialit´ e´ : Physique Entre m´etal et isolant: dynamique ultra-rapide dans l’isolant topologique Bi2Te3 et domaines microscopiques `ala transition de Mott dans V2O3 par Mahdi HAJLAOUI Soutenue le 25 septembre 2013 devant le jury compos´ede : Petra Rudolf Rapporteur Ricardo Lobo Rapporteur Michel Heritier´ Examinateur Yannick Klein Examinateur Marino Marsi Directeur de th`ese Evangelos Papalazarou Co-directeur de th`ese ii Remerciement Je souhaite ici saluer et remercier tous ceux qui m’ont aid´e`a aller au bout de cette th`ese, ainsi qu’`ala r´eussite de ces formidables ann´ees de recherche. Cette th`ese s’est d´eroul´ee au Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, je tiens `are- mercier la directrice Dominique Chandesris, de m’y avoir accueilli. Je tiens `aremercier sinc`erement mon professeur Marino Marsi, qui, en tant que Directeur de th`ese, s’est toujours montr´e`al’´ecoute et tr`es disponible tout au long de ces trois ann´ees, ainsi pour l’inspiration, l’aide et le temps qu’il a bien voulu me consacrer et sans lui cette th`ese n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Mes remerciements s’adressent ´egalement `aEvangelos Papalazarou, pour sa g´en´erosit´e et son aide pour les mesures pompe sonde. Son pr´esence a donn´eune v´eritable impulsion pour l’´elaboration de ce travail. J’ai particuli`erement appr´ecie sa gen- tillesse. Merci Evangelos ! Ce travail de th`ese s’est d´eroul´edans une tr`es bonne ambiance grˆace au travail de l’´equipe Femto-ARPES, que j’ai partag´eavec, Luca Perfetti et Julien Mauchain qui ont facilit´emon d´ebut de th`ese en partageant leurs exp´eriences exp´erimentales et en r´epondant `ames questions. Je voudrais remercier tous les chercheurs avec qui j’ai interagi pendant ma th`ese. Je remercie Luca Gregoratti et Matteo Amati , pour nous avoir accueilli de nom- breuses fois sur La ligne ESCAmicroscopy `aElettra. Merci Sylvain Ravy, Eric Elkaim et Claire Laulh´epour nous avoir accueilli sur Cristal `aSoleil, et avoir sac- rifi´eun week-end pour nous. Merci `aJean-Pascal Rueff, de La ligne Galaxie Soleil, pour nous avoir assist´eavec patience au cours de nos tentatives d’exp´eriences. Je voudrais remercier Gabriel Lantz avec qui j’ai partag´eune grande partie de la mesure SPEM `aElettra. Un merci ´egalement `atout les personnes du labora- toire de physique des solides. Merci `atous ceux que je n’ai pas cit´eet avec qui j’ai fait un bout de chemin Je ne saurais conclure sans d´edier une pens´ee `ama famille, `aleur indispensable et ind´efectible soutien depuis le d´ebut. Merci, Merci, Merci... Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Introduction to 3D topological insulators: Bi2Te3 9 2.1 Introduction ............................... 9 2.1.1 2D and 3D topological phases ................. 9 2.1.2 Topological and ordinary insulators .............. 10 2.2 Quantum Hall Effect: first topological phase ............. 11 2.3 Spin Quantum Hall effect: 2D topological insulators ......... 13 2.3.1 Description and edge states .................. 13 2.3.2 Z2 topological insulator ..................... 14 2.3.3 Example: Mercury Telluride quantum wells ......... 16 2.4 3D topological insulators ........................ 18 2.4.1 From 2D to 3D topological insulators ............. 18 2.4.2 Comparison with graphene ................... 19 2.4.3 The 3D topological insulator Bi2Te3 .............. 21 2.4.3.1 Crystallographic structure .............. 21 2.4.3.2 Electronic band structure .............. 22 2.4.3.3 Photoemission spectroscopy ............. 23 2.4.3.4 Scanning tunnelling microscopy ........... 25 3 Mott-Hubbard transition in V2O3 28 3.1 Introduction to Mott metal-insulator transitions ........... 28 3.1.1 Metal-insulator transition ................... 28 3.1.2 Mott-Hubbard transition .................... 29 3.1.3 Mott transition in the DMFT approximation ......... 31 3.1.3.1 DMFT description .................. 33 3.1.3.2 Application to real materials: LDA+DMFT .... 35 3.2 Prototype Mott-Hubbard system: (V1−xCrx)2O3 ........... 36 3.2.1 Basic description ........................ 36 3.2.1.1 Phase diagram and resistivity ............ 36 3.2.1.2 Crystallographic structure .............. 38 3.2.1.3 Electronic structure ................. 40 3.2.1.4 Spin configuration .................. 40 iii Contents iv 3.2.2 Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) .............. 41 3.2.2.1 Soft X-ray and Hard X-ray PES ........... 43 3.2.2.2 ARPES measurements ................ 44 4 Experimental methods: time and space resolution in photoelec- tron spectroscopy 47 4.1 Introduction ............................... 47 4.2 Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy .............. 48 4.2.1 Basic principles ......................... 48 4.2.2 Hemispherical analyzer ..................... 51 4.2.3 Photoemission intensity .................... 53 4.3 Time-resolved ARPES ......................... 56 4.3.1 Basic principles ......................... 56 4.3.2 The FemtoARPES setup .................... 58 4.3.2.1 ARPES configuration ................ 58 4.3.2.2 Pump probe spectroscopy .............. 59 4.3.3 Interaction of Pulsed Light with Matter ........... 61 4.3.3.1 The excitation processes ............... 61 4.3.3.2 The relaxation processes ............... 62 4.4 Scanning Photoelectron Microscopy .................. 65 4.4.1 Introduction ........................... 65 4.4.2 Synchrotron radiation ..................... 66 4.4.3 SPEM on ESCA-microscopy .................. 69 4.4.3.1 Frensel zone plates .................. 70 4.4.3.2 Scanning system ................... 71 4.4.3.3 Multichannel plate .................. 72 5 Ultrafast surface carrier dynamics in 3D topological insulators 75 5.1 Introduction ............................... 75 5.2 Ultrafast surface carrier dynamics in n-type Bi2Te3 ......... 76 5.2.1 Relaxation dynamics of the Dirac cone ............ 77 5.2.2 Thermalization of excited Dirac electrons ........... 82 5.2.3 Conclusion ............................ 83 5.3 Ultrafast and asymmetry carrier dynamics in p-type Bi2.2Te3 .... 83 5.3.1 Band bending after pump excitation ............. 83 5.3.1.1 Electronic surface states and band bending .... 83 5.3.1.2 Separation of charges after pump excitation .... 85 5.3.2 Two TI’s with and without band bending .......... 86 5.3.3 TR-ARPES on Bi2.2Te3 and Bi2Te3 .............. 88 5.3.3.1 Sequence of Tr-ARPES ............... 88 5.3.3.2 Asymmetry of photoexcited Dirac fermions .... 90 5.3.3.3 Energy Distribution Curves (EDC’s) ........ 92 5.3.3.4 Genuine transient 3D TI’s .............. 94 5.3.4 Conclusion ............................ 95 Contents v 6 Metal-insulator coexistence at the Mott transition in (VxCr1−x)2O3 98 6.1 Introduction: microscopic domains in (VxCr1−x)2O3 ............................. 98 6.2 Analysis of the scanning photoemission images ..................................100 6.3 SPEM on (V0.989Cr0.011)2O3 ......................102 6.3.1 Evidence and origin of phase coexistence ...........102 6.3.2 A clear effect of cleavage steps .................107 6.3.3 Temperature evolution of the domains in regions without detected structural defects ..............108 6.3.4 Temperature evolution of domains in regions with marked structural defects .................109 6.4 SPEM on undoped V2O3 and comparison of different PM phases . 110 6.5 Conclusion ................................112 7 Conclusion 115 Bibliography 118 To my Mother and Father... vi Chapter 1 Introduction La diff´erence entre les mat´eriaux ´electroniques conduits et isolants est l’un des concepts les plus fondamentaux de la physique des solides, avec de nombreuses applications dans la vie quotidienne. Dans la plupart des cas, la th´eorie de la bande classique peut expliquer les raisons de cette diff´erence. Par la combinaison de diff´erents mat´eriaux, il a ´et´epossible de r´ealiser des dispositifs de la mati`are condens´ee qui peuvent aller d’un isolant `aun conducteur d’une mani`ere contrˆol´ee. Le fonctionnement de la plupart de ces dispositifs, comme par exemple le tran- sistor, est aujourd’hui tout `afait compr´ehensible en utilisant la th´eorie quantique conventionnelle des solides. Dans le mˆeme temps, la plupart des domaines de recherche les plus actifs en physique de la mati`ere condens´ee portent sur des mat´eriaux qui pr´esentent des ´etats conducteurs ou isolants, diff´erents de m´etaux ou isolants normaux. Exem- ples bien connus de ces nouvelles structures ´electroniques sont le graph`ene et les supraconducteurs `ahaute temp´erature. Ces mat´eriaux complexes n´ecessitent des mod`eles th´eoriques plus avanc´ees pour d´ecrire leurs structures ´electroniques, et des m´ethodes exp´erimentales nouvelles et sophistiqu´ees pour mesurer quand et com- ment ils transmettent le courant. Dans certains cas, les deux phases m´etallique et isolant coexistent dans le mˆeme mat´eriau `al’´echelle microscopique : un ´electron peut trouver un environnement soit conducteur ou isolant `a une distance de quelques nanom`etres.
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