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OHIO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST SOCIETY VOLUME 49 NO. 2 SPRING 1999 OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 2000 President Jeb Bowen, 1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, OH lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological 43224, (419)-585-2571. Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 2000 Vice-President William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., BACK ISSUES Columbus, OH 43224, (614)-262-9516. Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 2000 Executive Secretary Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ash­ Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H land, OH 44805, (419)-289-8313. 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NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE EDITORIAL — OUR SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE TABLE OF CONTENTS The Archaeological Society of Ohio is in a crisis. The Board of Direc­ Editorial by Robert N. Converse 3 tors is split down the middle. Recent events have divided our Society Fluted Points and Bifaces from The Nobles Pond Site: 33ST357 as never before. Things have happened within the past few months by Larry L. Morris, Mark F. Seeman, Garry L Summers, which would have been unimaginable three or four years ago. Elaine Dowd, Carl Szafranski, Paul J. Barans, Niles Eric Nilsson 4 Some Society Firsts An Archaic Site in Ohio County, West Virginia by Larry Nelson 13 Martha Otto's Removal The Portsmouth Earthworks: An Eighteenth-Century Account of Ohio Prehistory by Saint John De Crevecoeur For the first time in the history of the ASO an officer, Martha Otto, byOlafH. Prufer and Sara E. Pedde 14 was charged with malfeasance in office - conflict of interest with The Dunlap Mound and Ohio Adena Prehistory by D.R. Gehlbach ...16 regard to the cemetery bill - and asked to be removed. A two-thirds Comments on Boatstones by Leland W. Patterson 18 vote is required for removal but William Pickard, Laurie Pahdopony, What's the Kennewick Man Case Really About? Charles Fulk, Carl Szafranski and Steven Kish would not vote to by Cleone Hawkinson 20 remove her and it failed by one vote. Ohio Flint by Christopher Helman 22 William Pickard's Outburst A Delaware County Knife by Robert N. Converse 23 For the first time an officer, William Pickard, at the March A West Virginia Point Type in Ohio by Bob Byard 24 meeting, treated our members - including women and children - to The Hogue Collection — a Follow-up by Lar Hothem 26 a shouted outburst of foul language, including the f-word, when he A Stone Human Head Washed Up on the Bank of the Maumee heatedly confronted Trustee Jim Hovan about a constitutional River Near Grand Rapids After a Terrific Flood in 1959 amendment. During this shouting tirade Pickard referred to ASO by Claude Britt, Jr. 27 members as a "bunch of G__ D collectors who shouldn't be A Nineteenth Century Redware Pipe Possibly Manufactured at allowed to vote." Pickard, according to our constitution, is slated to Lancaster, Ohio by James L Murphy 28 be the next ASO President. An 1888 Find by Ken Simper 29 Passage of the HB 429 and its Endorsement by the OAC The Ross Bird and Ridged Gorget by Gene R. Edwards 30 New Web-site Address 31 For the first time in Ohio, a law against collectors was passed - A Response to Recent Editorials by Martha Potter Otto 31 secretly and with the approval of the Ohio Archaeological Council. To Set The Record Straight by Robert N. Converse 32 The passage of HB 429 - the cemetery bill - was a total surprise to To the Members of The Archaeological Society by Rocky Falleti... 33 eight members of our Board. Had we known of it, we could have easily defeated or shelved it. When we found out about it, it was An Auglaize County Birdstone by Shaun Place 34 already signed into law. An Indiana Knobbed Crescent Banner by Larry Dyer 34 A Strange Engraved Stone by Gene Veldhaus 35 Make no mistake about it. no matter how it is interpreted. HB A Preliminary Report on the Multicomponent Williams Site 429 is an anti-collector bill! The language used to promote its pas­ by Chris Osborne 36 sage was that it was needed to STOP TREASURE HUNTING! - A Find of Three Kentucky Caches by John Holsinger 38 and to prevent artifact hunters from robbing grave sites! A Greenbrier Point by Tony Clinton 38 Our Society has a long history of opposition to anti-collector bills A Rare Fluted Point by Frank Myers 39 and we have succeeded in stopping every one of them until HB 429 A Dovetail from Wayne County, Ohio by Steve Moystner 39 came along. Thus what made the passage of this insidious law Recent Field Finds from Darke County, Ohio by Elaine Holzapfel....39 even more of a surprise is the fact that four of our officers, Martha Mini-Session at the ASO Meeting by Elaine Holzapfel 40 Otto, Jeb Bowen, William Pickard and Laurie Pahdopony knew all A Message from the Treasurer by Gary Kapusta 40 about the bill but chose not to tell the rest of our Board about it! Letters To The Editor 41 This, despite the fact that at every Board meeting President Bud The 1999 Annual Converse Award 42 Tackett never failed to ask all our officers directly and repeatedly Earthworks: digital explorations of Ancient Newark Ohio 42 whether anyone knew of any proposed legislation or laws which An Award Winning Surface Find by Larry Nelson 42 might affect us. When asked, all four officers sat silent and never New Chapter 43 uttered a word! There are lies of omission as well as of commission. Errata 43 Rep. William Ogg who sponsored the bill told us that it was Display In Memory of Paula McCathren by Elaine Holzapfel 43 approved by the Ohio Historical Society, the Ohio Preservation In Memory of Jim McConnell by Robert N. Converse 43 Office and the Ohio Archaeological Council, and that its lan­ guage was formulated by one James Addington, professional Our Officers and Who They Represent archaeologist with ODOT and a one-time treasurer of the OAC. Our Trustees and officers are elected to represent ASO mem­ We were told that as long as the law contained the "privilege bers, nearly all of whom are surface collectors. It seems apparent clause" which permits highly rewarding contract archaeology, that a law targeting surface collectors, who could be prosecuted the OAC was satisfied with it. (The OAC has only 91 members - under its provisions, would be a matter of great importance to ASO only 18 of them belong to our Society). members and of serious concern to all ASO officers. It seems Martha Otto's Part in HB 429 more apparent that ASO officers and Trustees who knew about After I stated these facts as presented to us by Rep. Ogg in an this law, and who supposedly had the best interests of the ASO at editorial, Martha Otto denied that she had anything to do with it. heart, would not only tell the rest of our Board about it, but would We later found from the OAC newsletter that the OAC had created be in solid opposition to it. In neither instance was this the case - an ad hoc committee to deal with this very bill and that Martha they not only didn't tell us about this proposed law, they actually Otto was a member of that committee and in full knowledge of its endorsed it! When asked later whether they would help our Board language and presentation to the legislature. We also later learned get this anti-collector law amended, officers Martha Otto, Jeb from an OAC newsletter that the Ohio Archaeological Council, Bowen, William Pickard, Laurie Pahdopony, Steven Kish and Carl including OAC members Martha Otto and Jeb Bowen, who are Szafranski would not answer. It is apparent that their loyalties lie also ASO officers, approved the bill and so notified the legislature! not first and foremost with the Archaeological Society of Ohio, but To this date, the OAC has been evasive and has not told our with the Ohio Archaeological Council or their own personal Society the truth about their part in this bill. agendas. (Continued on page 35)

Front Cover: A Roberts' Cache Blade One of nineteen Hopewell cache blades found by Tom Roberts in his back yard in Martins Ferry, Ohio (Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 38 No. I). Made of opalescent Flint Ridge chalcedony, this seven-inch blade is the work of a master Hopewell flint craftsman. 3 FLUTED POINTS AND BIFACES FROM THE NOBLES POND SITE: 33ST357 by Larry L. Morris, Mark F. Seeman, Garry L. Summers, Elaine Dowd, Carl Szafranski, Paul J. Barans, Niles Eric Nilsson

Nobles Pond is a multi-component site Research Consortium Expedition) was the ability of Clovis knappers to initiate located in Jackson Township, Stark established under the co-leadership of percussion flakes on one margin and ter­ County, Ohio. The predominant compo­ Garry and Dr. Mark F. Seeman of the minate them at the appropriate location nent is an early Palaeoindian occupation. Department of Anthropology at Kent on the opposite margin." Morrow (1995) This component consists of at least ten State University in order to salvage infor­ states "This biface thinning strategy is a distinct loci situated on a series of slight mation before construction. Public exca­ hallmark of Clovis lithic technology and is ridges on a glacial outwash terrace. The vations began on April 1, 1988, and perhaps no less diagnostic of Clovis lithic terrace is located just east of the Jackson continued through April 15th, 1996. assemblages than the Clovis point itself." Bog (fen), a low swampy area, and imme­ To date nearly 6,000 meters have been Callahan (1979) notes that: diately west of and adjacent to a glacial excavated and 55,000 lithic pieces sal­ The platforms were usually located kettle (Nobles Pond) of approximately 4.8 vaged at Nobles Pond. This effort was below the median line. This is one hectares. It is situated approximately 16 accomplished by 2,000 adult volunteers way to obtain maximum thinness kilometers from the southern margin of and, as part of their educational experience in a biface, but one does run the the glaciated Appalachian Plateau. and in conjunction with various public and risk of overshooting the far edge if The site has been heavily glaciated, private institutions, 3,000 students. one strikes too straight in. with present landforms resulting from The basic question pertaining to the Striking a properly prepared platform successive Wisconsinan glacial advances analysis of the Nobles Pond assemblage at the correct angle but with excessive and subsequent outwash. It lies in an is the specific cultural and chronological force also may cause an outre passe interlobate area where the ice lost forward affiliation of this large site. Early flake. Flaking from margin to margin with motion and the advance terminated. The Palaeoindian sites in the Midwest/Great widely spaced flakes may have advan­ soils are of the Chili-Wheeling complex, Lakes region have been categorized typi­ tages in quickly thinning a biface or may and are characterized by silt loams devel­ cally as Clovis and/or Gainey (Simons et be useful in removing anomalies such as oped on loess-capped sand and gravel al. 1984; Simons 1997; Deller and Ellis humps or step-fractures. However, the outwash tills with an accumulation of clay 1988; Morrow 1996; Sanders 1990; risk of an outre passe flake that may in the B horizon. They are moderately Brose 1994; Tankersley 1995; Jackson remove too much material from the distal acidic (Birkhimer and Bauder 1990). 1997). The affiliation of the Nobles Pond margin, therefore requiring complete ren­ Until recently and for nearly 180 years, site presumably fits somewhere into this ovation of that margin or fracturing the the site was used primarily for agriculture. cultural scheme. The lithic reduction biface (Callahan 1979). In the 1920's the Noble sisters rented the sequence and characteristics of the fin­ As the biface became more refined, a farmland to Maurice Koehler who estab­ ished fluted bifaces are important in this change of method occurred reducing the lished an airport at the site known as determination, and serves as the focus of risk of outre passe flake production. This Noble Field (Fig. 1). In 1928 the Massillon this paper. "opposed diving biface thinning" pro­ Aero Corporation used it as their corpo­ duced intentional hinge-fracture termina­ rate flying field. A second section of the Clovis tions at or near the midline of the biface farm was leased to another company, a Clovis flaked stone assemblages in the (Bradley 1982). An alternative middle hangar built, and construction of an air­ High Plains have been characterized as stage reduction pattern for Clovis may be ship begun, but the company failed. After based on bifacial cores. Most of the tools represented at the Adams site, Christian World War II Ozzie Riesbeck operated a are made from flakes that originated in County, Kentucky. Here Sanders (1990) flying service and flight school at the site. the manufacture of bifaces. These rec­ reports that primary thinning was The airport closed on February 15, 1954 tangular, elongated flakes, have been achieved "by striking flakes from the (Burwell 1988). mistaken as products of a blade and core edge up to or slightly beyond the biface Although the Nobles Pond site was sur­ technology (Bradley 1991). In the South­ center...". face collected by various people, its sig­ east, Clovis lithic assemblages have Witthoft (1952) describes a flaking pat­ nificance was not recognized until the been characterized as blade and core tern for the Shoop site that Morrow spring of 1972. Garry Summers, while based (Witthoft 1952; Kraft 1973; Cox (1996) has included with Clovis "resource helping his brother, Leo Summers, with a 1986; Sanders 1990). Other researchers procurement/processing sites." In this floral survey, crossed the site and found have recognized both a bifacial core pattern, Witthoft (1952) notes that: "...two several trianguloid endscrapers. Realizing industry and a blade and core industry in chips were removed along an edge, with the importance of his discovery, Summers Clovis assemblages (Dragoo 1973; Stan­ a space of an eighth to a third of an inch enlisted the help of Dr. R. Michael Gramly, ford 1991; Ellis etal. 1998). between the striking platforms, and then then of the Buffalo Museum of Science Clovis preforms were reduced by the a chip drawn between them, removing and a recognized expert in Palaeoindian alternately opposed biface thinning of part of the two earlier flake scars... This is studies (Gramly and Summers 1986). large flakes (Bradley 1991). Platforms a technique basic to the whole Enterline Since its discovery, the site has been were isolated and carefully prepared to Chert Industry..." Spacing is central in all continuously and intensely surface col­ produce flakes that traveled beyond the of these reduction patterns, with previous lected. On April 19, 1986, with the per­ midpoint, if not to the opposite margin. In flake scars isolating the next platform. mission of the Timken family, then site many cases this resulted in outre passe With large primary flakes it also may owners, limited excavations began. Two flakes (Bradley 1991). Similar observa­ change the location of the midline of the years later the site was purchased for tions have been made for the Fenn and biface, leaving an isolated platform below development and with the support of the Anzick caches (Frison 1991a; Wilke, et al. the new midline. Wilmoll Development Company, a public 1991). Frison (1991b) in his analysis of Bradley (1991) and Callahan (1979) announcement was made about the site. the Fenn cache bifaces, has observed state that the fluting or final modification At that point a volunteer organization that "Some are quite large... while others for the haft element takes place near the known as the FORCE (First Ohioian are much smaller... but all demonstrate end of the reduction sequence. Morrow

4 (1996), however, citing her own work at forms, Simons states: were examined extensively using Ward's the Ready/Lincoln Hills site and the work A range of blank sizes was pre­ microvideo system at 70x to 240x. The of Prufer and Wright (1970) at the Welling pared for fluting, but the production digital images in this examination were site, believes that fluting was earlier in the process reduced these to two size video-taped and the use wear images reduction sequence when the additional categories, with median basal were captured using Snappy software thickness reduced the risk of breakage. widths around 2.5 cm and 3.4 cm. from Play Incorporated. The purpose of Finished Clovis fluted points have: The finished preform was beveled the microscopic examination was to slightly concave bases; straight to slightly for the striking of small guide flakes, determine the lithic source and to docu­ wasted sides; short (i.e., one-third to one- then rebeveled to produce a striking ment any utilization or retouch. The depth half the length of the biface), occasionally nipple (Simons, et al. 1984). of basal concavity was measured using a multiple flutes (Anderson and Faught The use of "guide flutes" was first drop gauge with a Federal C-21 indicator 1998); and the intentional removal of the described by Witthoft (1952) in his (1/10,000 in. increments) and converted hinge fracture at the end of the basal thin­ analysis of the Enterline Chert Industry at to its metric equivalent. The measure­ ning flake (flute) scar(s) (Bradley 1991). the Shoop site. Thus, a possible differ­ ment for interflute thickness was taken at ence between Clovis and Gainey is the the center of the flute scar adjacent to Gainey increased importance of guide flutes in the termination of the shortest flute using The Gainey phase is named for the the latter. a Brown and Sharp 0-1 in. o.d. micro­ Gainey site (20GS49) located in Genesee Finished Gainey points are defined by meter over .200 in. balls. County, Michigan (Simons, et al. 1984). Deller and Ellis (1988) as The early Palaeoindian bifaces in this Reported excavations at Gainey have ...relatively wide, thick, and par­ study were selected from the total biface shown 3,400 whole and/or fragmentary allel-sided....They are often sample based on a combination of traits, stone tools as well as retouch and manu­ referred to as "Clovis," although including morphology and lithic material. facturing debitage totaling 21,888 pieces. beyond simply size and partial The sample consists of 36 unfinished This includes at least 106 whole or frag­ fluting, they differ from the bifaces, two miniature points, and 43 fin­ mentary bifaces with flutes (Simons "classic" southwestern Clovis ished fluted points. These 81 diagnostic 1997). Current totals from the Gainey site points notably in being much artifacts include whole, fragmentary, and (through the end of the 1998 field better fluted, having a well-defined refit specimens. season) have increased to 3,745 whole medial ridge, and exhibiting the and/or fragmentary stone tools, retouch "Barnes basal finishing technique". Results and manufacturing debitage of 30,000 The Barnes finishing technique is Conspicuously absent at Nobles Pond pieces and 115 whole or fragmentary defined by Roosa (1977) as the removal are cores and/or core fragments that bifaces with flutes (Simons 1999). Gainey of one or two wide, short (i.e. 10 mm to might be associated with the earliest sites have been reported throughout the 15 mm) pressure flakes along the basal stages of biface production. The scarcity Great Lakes region (Simons, et al. 1984; margin removing the nipple and the base of primary flaking indicates that most of Deller and Ellis 1988; Brose 1994; of the main flute. If well centered in the the tools at Nobles Pond arrived there in Seeman 1994; Seeman, et al. 1984; flute, a single finishing flake may be hard finished form (Seeman 1994). Tankersley 1995; Jackson 1997; Simons to distinguish from the original flute. Sfage Three Bifaces. The earliest stage 1997; Tankersley, et al. 1997). Temporal Unfortunately for sorting purposes, bifaces in the Nobles Pond assemblage placement of the Gainey phase within the Morrow (1996) recently has recognized are Stage Three bifaces. The object of Palaeoindian sequence is believed to be the same or similar traits on some Stage Three lithic reduction is rapid thin­ later than western Clovis, but earlier than western Clovis points. Finished Gainey ning and the removal of any anomalies the Parkhill Complex (Barnes) recognized fluted points tend to have moderately such as humps, hinge-fractures or step- in the eastern Great Lakes region (Roosa deep basal concavities - greater than 5 fractures (Callahan 1979). Stage Three 1977; Simons, et al. 1984; Deller and Ellis mm (Ellis and Deller 1990). bifaces should have roughly width-to- 1988). Deller and Ellis place the Gainey thickness ratios of 3.00 to 4.00. At Nobles phase at between 10,700 and 11,000 BP Methods Pond we have identified 13 Stage Three (Deller and Ellis 1988). Storck and Spiess To address the question of cultural bifaces (13/36 = 36 percent). Of these, 12 (1994) report the occurrence of calcined affiliation, our analysis of the Nobles (12/13 = 92 percent) have flaking to the bone identified as caribou (Rangifer Pond assemblage will use Errett midpoint of the biface or medial flaking. tarandus) and arctic fox {Alopex lagopus) Callahan's (1979) fluted point reduction Additionally, nine (9/13 = 69 percent) show in association with Gainey artifacts at the sequence. Callahan's sequence is well flaking beyond the midpoint or transverse Udora site, southern Ontario. known and it uses both morphology and flaking. Outre passe flaking or flake scars In contrast to Clovis, very little has width-to-thickness ratios. The use of traveling from one lateral margin across been written regarding the lithic reduction width-to-thickness ratios alone for the the biface and terminating with the sequence of Gainey fluted points. Morrow analysis of a fragmentary biface assem­ removal of part of the distal margin are (1996) has pointed out the lack of explic­ blage like Nobles Pond presumes a pro­ present on four (4/13 = 31 percent) of the itly stated, formal criteria that would allow portionality, which may or may not exist. Stage Three bifaces. In addition to these, the sorting of Clovis from Gainey. This Therefore, morphology will be given pri­ 13 outre passe flakes have been recov­ has caused any number of problems ority in this analysis. ered from the site debitage. Refit 26 is a regarding the assignment of early Normally bifaces fail in transition from classic example of an outre passe flake Palaeoindian components to Clovis or one stage to the next. For the purpose of (Fig. 2). In addition, three (3/11 = 27 per­ Gainey phases. Included in one of the few this paper the stage in process will be the cent) have basal outre passe or overshot statements on Gainey biface reduction is stage to which the biface is assigned. terminations while three (3/11 = 27 per­ Tankersley's (1995) notation of a strong Additionally, certain bifaces such as cent) have been successfully basally end- similarity between Clovis and Gainey, backed knives and two Crowfield point thinned and two (2/7 = 29 percent) have both in the reduction sequence and in the fragments from the northern-most margin been thinned from the tip (Fig. 3). fluted bifaces. He refers to Emanon Pond of the site will be excluded from this report. Platform location also may be an indi­ and Arc as Clovis/Gainey (Tankersley The early stage bifaces in this report cator of cultural affiliation. At Nobles 1995; Tankersley, et al. 1997) sites. were examined using an illuminated 30x Pond we have identified 11 (11/13 = 85 Regarding the fluting of Gainey pre­ microscope. The finished fluted points percent) Stage Three bifaces that have

!) platforms at the midline of the lateral basal margin. Beveled basal margins are lateral grinding extending beyond the frag­ margin and two (2/9 = 22 percent) at the present on one (1/5 = 20 percent) of the ment margin midline of the basal margin. Additionally, bifaces, and isolated nipples appear on 5 (5/43 = 12 percent) - large bases which 12 (12/13 = 92 percent) have platforms two (2/5 = 40 percent) of them. Guide extend beyond the termination of below the midline of the lateral margin flutes or basal thinning that could be con­ grinding on the lateral margins but lack and five (5/9 = 56 percent) have platforms strued as guide flutes appear on three tip convergence below the midline of the basal margin. (3/5 = 60 percent) of the Stage Five Ground platforms appear on the lateral bifaces. Only one (1/5 = 20 percent) has 0 (0/43 = 0 percent) - mid-section-A margins of seven (7/13 = 46 percent) and guide flutes paired as in Witthoft's (1952) fragments with a flute present but lack on one (1/10 = 10 percent) of the basal definition. Hinge terminations on two (2/5 both lateral grinding and tip convergence margins of the Stage Three bifaces. = 40 percent) specimens appear at or 5 (5/43 = 12 percent) - mid-section-B The presence of a beveled basal near the midline of the lateral margins, but fragments with lateral grinding present margin also has been described as a do not exhibit a pattern of "opposed but lack both a basal margin and tip con­ possible cultural indicator. Of the Stage diving biface thinning" as in High Plains vergence Three bifaces at Nobles Pond, ten (10/10 Clovis (Bradley 1982). 6 (6/43 = 14 percent) tips which lack a = 100 percent) have some degree of Sfage Six Bifaces. We have identified basal margin but have tip convergence beveling at the basal margin. four Stage Six bifaces. Stage Six is cate­ 12 (12/43 = 28 percent) - complete Stage Four Bifaces. At this stage, gorized by the final fluting of the first face. fluted points which are 85% or more bifaces show secondary thinning. Conse­ Callahan (1979) has reserved the term complete quently, the cross-section flattens out fluting for "that last flake or series of and the width-to-thickness ratio increases flakes intended to become the accommo­ 2 (2/2 = 100 percent) - miniature points (Callahan 1979). We have identified ten dation scar." All of the Stage Six bifaces Transverse flake scars are still present (10/36 = 28 percent) of the Nobles Pond (4/4 = 100 percent) have medial flaking on nine (9/22 = 41 percent) of the fin­ assemblage as Stage Four bifaces, all of and three (3/4 = 75 percent) have trans­ ished fluted points. The majority, 28 which exhibit medial flaking. Additionally, verse flaking. None have lateral outre (28/35 = 80 percent) of the Nobles Pond eight (8/10 = 80 percent) have transverse passe flake scars. Platforms at the mid­ fluted points, have single flutes on each flake scars. A single specimen (1/10 = 10 line of the lateral margin appear on three face, three (3/35 = 9 percent) have two percent) has a previous lateral outre (3/4 = 75 percent), and platforms below flutes on one face and a single flute on passe flake scar and two (2/10 = 20 per­ the midline of the lateral margin likewise the other face, three (3/35 = 9 percent) cent) are lateral outre passe failures (Fig. appear on three (3/4 = 75 percent) of the have a single flute on one side and the 7). This refit also shows the amount of Stage Six bifaces. A beveled basal margin trait is unobservable on the other side, stock being serially removed from the lat­ is present on two (2/4 = 50 percent). and a single specimen (1/35 = 3 percent) eral margin by the secondary retouch. Of None have platforms on the basal margin; is end-thinned on one face and has two the Stage Four bifaces, six (6/10 = 60 however, two (2/4 = 50 percent) have the flutes on the other. Morrow (1996) states percent) have platforms at the midline remnants of nipples present where fluting in her model that although the Ready/Lin­ and eight (8/10 = 80 percent) have plat­ was unsuccessful and produced a very coln Hills preforms are fluted earlier in the forms below the midline of the lateral short, narrow flake instead of a flute. reduction sequence, additional fluting is margin. At the basal margin, one (1/3 = 33 Guide flutes are present on three (3/4 = sometimes needed. She has used the percent) has a platform at the midline and 75 percent) of the bifaces, but only are term "composite fluting" to describe the two (2/3 = 67 percent) have platforms paired on one (1/4 = 25 percent). occurrence of one flute over an earlier below the midline. Only one (1/10 = 10 Stage Eight Bifaces. We have identified fluting episode. Composite fluting is pre­ percent) of the Stage Four bifaces is a three (3/36 = 8 percent) Stage Eight sent on five (5/18 = 28 percent) of the basal outre passe failure. Beveling of the bifaces. Stage Eight bifaces are fully Nobles Pond finished points. In the basal margin occurs on two (2/3 = 67 per­ fluted on one side. Fluting of the second Ready/Lincoln Hills model, with early cent) of the Stage Four bifaces. Ground side has taken place or been attempted fluting, there should be lateral intrusions platforms occur on the lateral margins on but the biface lacks finishing. All three into the fluting channel from the subse­ four (4/10 = 40 percent) and on the basal (3/3 = 100 percent) of the Stage Eight quent biface thinning. At Nobles Pond margins on two (2/3 = 67 percent) of the bifaces have medial flaking, but only one flake intrusions into the fluting channel Stage Four bifaces. A single specimen (1/3 = 33 percent) has transverse flaking. occur on only ten (10/28 = 36 percent) of (1/10 = 10 percent) has a nipple present None have lateral outre passe flake scars the finished fluted points. Paired guide on the basal margin. nor do any have platforms at the lateral flutes present on both faces occur on Stage Five Bifaces. We have identified margin. At Nobles Pond all three Stage two (2/27 = 7 percent), paired guide five Stage Five bifaces. Stage Five Eight bifaces (3/3 = 100 percent) are flutes on a single face and zero on the bifaces have roughly the finished shape fluted on both sides but lack finishing. other occur on three (3/27 = 11 percent), to prepare the biface for "subsequent Guide flutes are present on all three (3/3 paired guide flutes on a single face and a hatting specialization" (Callahan 1979). All = 100 percent) with one (1/3 = 33 per­ single guide flute on the other face occur (5/5 = 100 percent) of the Nobles Pond cent) having paired guide flutes. on two (2/27 = 7 percent), single guide Stage Five bifaces have medial flaking Indeterminate Biface. We have one flutes on one face and none on the other and three (3/5 = 60 percent) still show (1/36 = 3 percent) that is a basal frag­ occur on nine (9/27 = 33 percent), and no transverse flake scars. A lateral outre ment of indeterminable stage. The only guide flutes appear on eight (8/27 = 30 passe flake termination is present on one observable traits are medial flaking and a percent). In total, 19 (19/27 = 73 percent) (1/5 = 20 percent) of the bifaces. Plat­ single guide flute. finished fluted points have guide flutes present. A medial ridge is present on forms at the midline of the lateral margin Finished Fluted Points. The finished both faces in 18 (18/21 = 86 percent), are present on three (3/5 = 60 percent), fluted point assemblage can be divided present on one face on two (2/21 = 10 while none (0/5 = 0 percent) have plat­ into a number of categories (Fig. 3-5). percent) and a single fluted point or one forms below the midline. A platform at the These include: midline of the basal margin is present on (1/21 = 5 percent) is rather flat in cross- one (1/5 = 20 percent) specimen. Of the 4 (4/43 = 9 percent) - small fragments section. Within the Nobles Pond finished Stage Five bifaces, two (2/5 = 40 percent) (ears) fluted points, the configuration of the lat­ show platforms below the midline of the 11 (11/43 = 26 percent) - small bases with eral margins are:

6 9 (9/26 = 35 percent) have straight but Miniature Points. Miniature or "small of Attica chert, a material available from a slightly expanding lateral margins; points" have been reported from Arc distance of 482 kilometers to the west; and one (1/81 = 1 percent) specimen of 3 (3/26 = 12 percent) have straight and (Tankersley, et al. 1997), Lindenmeier "other" high quality unidentified lithic parallel lateral margins; (Wilmsen and Roberts 1978), Elida (Hester 1962), Plenge (Kraft 1973), Adair- material. Attica chert is extremely rare in 2 (2/26 = 8 percent) have one straight Steadman (Tunnell 1975), Parkhill (Ellis Palaeoindian assemblages in north­ lateral margin and the trait is unobserv- 1994), and Fisher (Storck 1997). These eastern Ohio with only a single fluted able on the other margin; miniature points may be fluted, pseudo- point reported from elsewhere in the 2 (2/26 = 8 percent) have one straight fluted or unfluted. They are often made region (Converse 1970). Many of the lateral margin and on channel flakes. They may be shaped Nobles Pond fluted points exhibit heat alteration, and in fact, Seeman, et al. 2 (2/26 = 8 percent) have one straight by unifacial or bifacial flaking. These (1994) has noticed the high frequency of lateral margin and one convex lateral points have been variously described as this characteristic, referring to the Nobles margin; toys, curiosities or ceremonial in nature (Storck 1991). Storck (1988) has stated Pond material as a "burnt assemblage". 1 (1/26 = 4 percent) has one straight and "...they are striking in two respects: 1) Heat alteration is present on 13 (13/36 = slightly expanding lateral margin and the because of their consistent presence in 36 percent) of the early stage bifaces and trait is unobservable on the other margin; tool kits across the continent, and 2) 21 (21/45 = 47 percent) of the finished 1 (1/26 = 4 percent) has one straight lat­ because of their high degree of standard­ fluted points for a total of 34 (34/81 = 42 eral margin and the trait is unobservable ization." At Nobles Pond, there are two percent) of the bifaces in this report. on the other margin (reworked); miniature points. The miniatures in the Curation. Within our assemblage cura­ 2 (2/26 = 8 percent) have one straight Nobles Pond assemblage are both bifa- tion consists of salvage and recycling. and slightly flaring lateral margin and cially worked. The concavity of the basal We have defined salvage as the refur­ margin of Refit 384 (Fig. 8-right) is a both margins are expanding; bishing of a damaged or worn tool to its product of the crushing of the platform. original function and recycling as the 2 (2/26 = 8 percent) have one flaring lat­ One miniature point (Fig. 8-left) shows a conversion to another tool form. Salvage eral margin and the trait is unobservable small amount of bifacial flaking to shape and curation are summarized by stage. on the other margin; the basal area. There is no evidence of Early Stage Bifaces. Utilization was 1 (1/26 = 4 percent) has flaring lateral use wear under magnification. observed on three (3/36 = 8 percent) of margins; Lithic Resources. The preference for the early stage bifaces. This utilization 1 (1/26 = 4 percent) has convex lateral high quality tool stone is well docu­ takes place on the break edge and con­ margins (reworked). mented in the Palaeoindian record. This sists of irregular flaking. Formal retouch takes place on ten (10/36 = 28 percent) of Depth of basal concavity may be an preference is best stated by Goodyear's the early stage bifaces. This recycling important trait in assigning cultural affilia­ (1979) hypothesis that "among mobile appears on the lateral edges, break tion. Within the Nobles Pond finished hunter-gatherers, the use of cryptocrys- edges, and on the basal margin. A single fluted points, the depth of basal concavity talline raw materials is a strategy for cre­ specimen shows multiple sets of retouch is represented by a range of 2.0 mm to ating portable and flexible technologies in separate areas. A single biface was 5.3 mm with a mean depth of basal con­ to offset geographic incongruences extensively retouched following a basal cavity of 3.63 mm. This mean depth of between resources and consumers." This outre passe failure to create a scraping bit basal concavity is less than the depth of reliance on fine grained tool stone with spanning the entire basal margin (Fig. 9). basal concavity given in Deller and Ellis's predictable fracture patterns facilitates (1990) definition of Gainey points. When the extensive curation and recycling of Finished Fluted Points; Salvage. The compared to Morrow's (1996) analysis, Palaeoindian stone tool assemblages. Nobles Pond fluted points are heavily the ratio of basal concavity/basal width at Bamforth (1991) has stated: resharpened. Frison (1982) notes Nobles Pond is intermediate between ..Paleoindian stone tools (particularly reworking results in abrupt changes in the Clovis and Gainey values, but is closer to bifaces and projectile points) are flaking pattern, outline, and longitudinal Clovis. The maximum interflute thick­ generally designed for multiple uses, and transverse cross-section. Four (4/43 ness/maximum width at Nobles Pond is are heavily maintained from use to = 9 percent) have abrupt changes in the not intermediate between Clovis and use, and are recycled to secondary flaking pattern along the lateral margin. Gainey, but rather, is considerably higher uses when they are no longer effec­ One of these four has been reworked on than either. This pattern could relate to tive for their primary purpose. the lateral margins within the haft area. A the small sample sizes, differences in Palaeoindian stone tool assemblages, protrusion with a well ground margin was shape due to temporal or regional vari­ particularly Early Palaeoindian sites in the left (Fig. 10). The basal margin shows ances, or the highly currated nature of the Great Lakes region, are dominated typi­ heavy grinding but the lateral margins Nobles Pond assemblage. cally by a single bedrock lithic source, have only light grinding except in the area although some exotic materials usually of the protrusion. Although it would not are also present (Deller and Ellis 1990). be prudent to overstate the importance of Table 1. Ratio comparisons, Western This pattern allows areal distribution a single trait occurrence, the possibility of Clovis, Gainey and Nobles Pond Samples. studies to reconstruct movement pat­ reworking in the haft should be consid­ ered when using lateral dimensions in Basal Concavity/Basal Width terns and band territory size (Goodyear mean std.dev. n 1979; Tankersley 1991). The Nobles point comparison. Two (2/43 = 5 percent) Western Clovis* 0.12387 0.03996 66 Pond site is an exception to this pattern; are reworked tips and one, (1/43 = 2 per­ Nobles Pond 0.16491 0.03985 18 the fluted point assemblage is comprised cent) a small base, lacks a lateral termina­ Gainey* 0.26705 0.05656 18 of a variety of raw materials, including: 39 tion to the flute scar and that margin is a (39/81 = 48 percent) specimens of Flint fracture plane with retouch from one face Max. Interflute Thickness/Max. Width Ridge flint, a material from a distance of only. Two (2/43 = 5 percent) have pre­ mean std. dev. n 110 kilometers to the southwest; 37 vious impact fracture flake scars from the Western Clovis* 0.1188 0.1188 65 (37/81 = 46 percent) specimens of Upper tip. One (1/43 = 2 percent) is shouldered Nobles Pond 0.20631 0.03127 14 Mercer flint, a material available from a in appearance from resharpening. Gainey* 0.14184 0.14184 7 distance of 70 kilometers to the south­ Finished Fluted Points; Utilization. Utiliza­ west; four (4/81 = 5 percent) specimens tion is present on eight of the Nobles Pond *Data from Morrow 1996

7 fluted points (8/43 = 19 percent). This uti­ chisel-like edge. The flakes are flute channel that would occur from the lization typically takes the form of scraping short and usually terminate in rather substantial lateral thinning neces­ use along a sharp break edge or use wear acute stairstep fractures. When sary in Morrow's model is not present in on the distal corners of the break edge. the working edge on a burin the Nobles Pond assemblage. The exam­ Finished Fluted Points; Recycling. became worn, a new burin flake ples of lateral flake intrusion into the flute Recycling or the conversion to another was removed. Such removals pro­ channel recorded in this report are single tool form is present on 12 (12/43 = 28 per­ duced a series of stairstep frac­ occurrences on a single face and do not cent) of the finished Nobles Pond fluted tures where they terminate. constitute a pattern. points. Three (3/43 = 7 percent) have inva­ Within the Nobles Pond fluted point The sample of very late stage, but still sive step-fracturing or knife use wear on assemblage we have identified two (2/43 unfinished bifaces is not large. However their lateral margins. A single fluted point = 5 percent) burins on fluted point frag­ in this sample, we have fluting both from shows rounding of the tip area from ments (Fig. 11). One is on the mid-sec­ a prepared platform on a beveled basal resharpening the lateral margins. tion of a fluted point that is a "classic" margin below the midline of the biface Notches. Notches are present on the burin with stairstep resharpening and a and from a prepared platform located at lateral margins of five (5/43 = 12 percent) graver bit on the opposite margin (Fig. 11 the midline of the basal margin. of the finished fluted points from Nobles Right). Microscopic analysis shows burin The use of high quality tool stone is a Pond. One (1/43 = 2 percent) of the five wear (Fig. 11A). The other also exhibits pan-Palaeoindian characteristic, and is the mirror image of the other four. burin wear under magnification. Two Nobles Pond is no exception. What is While this could be explained by any (2/43 = 5 percent) of the finished fluted unusual at Nobles Pond is that the lithic number of scenarios, Storck and points have retouch along a break edge assemblage is not dominated by a singe Tomenchuk (1990) state: to form a scraping bit. lithic bedrock source, but is nearly The anatomically bilateral sym­ equally divided between Upper Mercer metry of the human body explains Summary and Flint Ridge materials. the complimentary quality of tool- Our analytical efforts to compare the The biface assemblage is a "burnt using kinesthetics. Essentially, the Nobles Pond fluted points to Clovis and assemblage" with heat alteration more pattern of use-wear on hand-held Gainey descriptions have been hampered likely to appear on finished fluted points tools used by right-handed indi­ by several factors. One problem is the than early stage bifaces. Heat alteration viduals is the mirror opposite of variety of regional definitions offered for at Nobles Pond may be an indicator of the pattern created on hand-held Clovis. Another is that while several several things, such as seasonality or the tools by left-handed individuals. researchers have defined the Gainey use of mastic in hafting but it is not to Two (2/43 = 5 percent) of the five, when phase in terms of later assemblages, improve the knapping of the tool stone. viewed under magnification, have tiny spur there is no discrete criteria to differentiate Extensive curation is considered a stubs within the notch. All of the notches Gainey from Clovis. Additionally, there pan-Palaeoindian trait. At Nobles Pond have invasive step-fracturing within the has not been an in-depth, documented many tools in the assemblage are notch indicating use in a single direction. analysis of the lithic reduction sequence resharpened to the point of exhaustion. Burins. Frison (1991a) states: for Gainey phase bifaces. Break edges, corners, and lateral mar­ Burins and evidence of what Early stage bifaces at Nobles Pond gins of bifaces were often utilized or appears to be deliberate burination seem to be narrower and more refined reworked to other tool forms. appear occasionally in certain than those in Callahan's (1979) illustra­ Nobles Pond finished fluted points have Paleoindian assemblages but in no tions. They occur in a range of sizes, unlike straight, parallel to slightly expanding lat­ way comparable to the numbers the Adams site, they have transverse eral margins with slight flaring occasionally found in Alaskan Arctic or Old flaking on their lateral margins. In this occurring on a single margin and on both World Upper Paleolithic assem­ regard, they are similar to High Plains lateral margins of a single specimen. They blages. Burination performed on Clovis with the occasional resulting outre have a well defined medial ridge. Unlike transverse breaks of proximal pro­ passe flake occurring. Unlike High Plains High Plains Clovis, the removal of the jectile points was common in Pryor Clovis, this transverse flaking does not hinge fracture at the termination of the flute Stemmed assemblages, and not originate from opposed margins. Platforms channel rarely is observed. Paired guide only on broken Pryor Stemmed occur at both the midline and below the flutes do not appear on both faces, but points but also on other types of midline of the lateral margins. As the biface guide flutes do appear consistently on the broken projectile becomes more refined, a change in reduc­ Stage Five, Six, and Eight early stage Frison illustrates a classic Agate Basin tion strategy occurs. Platforms below the bifaces and on the finished fluted points point from the Bighorn Mountains with midline decrease as do transverse flaking themselves. Missing in the Nobles Pond multiple burin spall removals (Frison and lateral outre passe flakes. Unlike assemblage is the Barnes finishing tech­ 1991). Pseudo-burins or burin-like tools Bradley's model for High Plains Clovis, nique. Basal concavities are of only a mod­ have been reported from Adams (Sanders there is no "opposed diving biface thin­ erate depth and span a range that could 1990), Shoop (Witthoft 1952), Sugarloaf ning". Outre passe failures originating from include Clovis or Gainey. When compared (Gramly 1998), Gainey (Simons, et al. the basal margin occur on six (6/36 = 17 with Morrow's (1996) data, Nobles Pond 1984), and Adkins (Gramly 1984). Burins percent) of the early stage bifaces. It is fluted points are closer to Clovis than have been reported from Plenge (Kraft interesting to note that at Nobles Pond Gainey. This supports the position that 1973), Lindenmeier (Wilmsen and Roberts early stage biface failures were more likely Nobles Pond is early in the Gainey phase. 1978), Hanson (Frison and Bradley 1980), to occur during lateral thinning and This interpretation is further supported by Fisher (Storck 1997), and Nobles Pond shaping than from final fluting. the small standard deviation for the Nobles (Gramly and Summers 1986). Some degree of beveling of the basal Pond assemblage. (Table 1) They also have been reported in sur­ margin occurs on all Stage Three bifaces, The Nobles Pond fluted point assem­ face collections (Morgan 1998). Converse but decreases as the biface becomes blage does not fit seamlessly into any (1994) defines burins as follows: more refined. Unlike Morrow's model for existing fluted point typology. Neverthe­ The burin flaking technique is the Ready/Lincoln Hills site, early stage less, the authors see the strongest affilia­ easily recognized but poorly end-thinning on Nobles Pond bifaces tion with the Gainey phase, as currently understood. Burin flakes are seems to be just that, early stage end- defined, and consider the site to be early removed to produce a right angled thinning. A pattern of intrusions into the in that phase. Until more criteria are

8 developed and more large Gainey sites on file with Department of Anthro­ America. Quarternary International reported, the range of variation within this pology, Kent State University. 49/50:151-166. phase will remain somewhat ambiguous. Bradley, B. A. Frison, G. C. Certainly fluted points are hallmark indi­ 1982 Flaked Stone Technology and 1991 a Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, cators of early Palaeoindian lithic assem­ Typology. The Shearnan Site. In The Second Edition. Academic Press, blages, but they are only one dimension Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Pale­ New York. of Palaeoindian behavior. In this regard, oindian Occupation of the North­ 1991b The Clovis Cultural Complex: New Data we view the work of regional archaeolo­ western High Plains, edited by G. C. from Caches of Flaked Stone and Worked Bone Artifacts. In Raw Material gists such as Deller, Ellis, Storck, and Frison and D. J. Stanford, pp. 203-208. Academic Press, New York. Economies Among Prehistoric Hunter- Jackson in documenting complete 1991 Flaked Stone Technology in the Gatherers, edited by A. Montet-White assemblages as productive and particu­ Northern High Plains. In Prehistoric and S. Holen, pp 323-333. Publications larly useful in addressing this problem. Hunters of the High Plains, Second Edi­ in Anthropology 19. University of tion, pp. 369-395. Academic Press, Kansas, Lawrence. Acknowledgments New York. Frison, G. O, and B. B. Bradley This article is an expanded version of a Brose, D. S. 1980 Folsom Tools and Technology at the paper presented at the 1998 Midwest 1994 Archaeological Investigations at the Hanson Site, Wyoming. University of Archaeological Conference in Muncie, Paleo Crossing Site, A Paleoindian New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Indiana. We extend our appreciation to the Occupation in Medina County, Ohio. In Frison, G. O, and D. J. Stanford (editors) Timken family, original site owners, and to The First Discovery of America: Archae­ 1982 The Agate Basin Site: A Record of the ological Evidence of the Early Inhabi­ Robert DeHoff, Ted Boyd and associates of Paleo-lndian Occupation of the North­ tants of the Ohio Area, edited by W. S. the Wilmoll Development Company, cur­ western High Plains. Academic Press, Dancey, pp. 61 -76. The Ohio Archaeo­ rent site owners, for their gracious support New York. logical Council, Columbus. and to Kent State University, Stark Goodyear, A. C. Burwell, R. L. II Campus, for providing us with equipment 1979 A Hypothesis for the Use of Cryp- 1988 They Walked On Wings. A History Of tocrystalline Raw Materials Among and laboratory facilities. We are also Early Stark County Aviation. Saracen Paleo-lndian Groups of North America. indebted to The Massillon Museum for the Publications. vintage photograph of Noble Field and Research Series No. 156. Institute of William (Bill) Pickard for the artifact pho­ Callahan, E. Archeology and Anthropology, Univer­ sity of South Carolina, Columbia. tographs in the article. The work at Nobles 1979 The Basics of Biface Knapping in the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition. A Gramly, R. M. Pond is financed in part by grants from the Manual for Flintknappers and Lithic 1988 The Adkins Site: A Palaeo-lndian Habi­ Timken Foundation, the National Science Analysts. Reprinted from Archaeology tation and Associated Stone Structure. Foundation (BNS 88-14809), the Mansfield of Eastern North America 7,1979. Gem and Mineral Society, the Goldsmith Persimmon Press, Buffalo, New York. Foundation, and countless individual dona­ Converse, R. N. 1998 The Sugarloaf Site - Palaeo-Americans on the Connecticut River. Persimmon tions. We would also like to thank the Sug- 1970 Indiana Green. Ohio Archaeologist 20(3):244. The Archaeological Society Press, Buffalo, New York. arcreek Valley, Johnny Appleseed, of Ohio, Columbus. Gramly, R. M., and G. Summers Chippewa Valley, and Cuyahoga Valley 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological 1986 Nobles Pond: A Fluted Point Site in Chapters of The Archaeological Society of Society of Ohio, Columbus. Ohio and the employees of The Timken Northeastern Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 11 (1):97-123. Corporation's Canton Plant #5 for their Cox, S. L. 1986 A Re-Analysis of the Shoop Site. efforts in recycling aluminum cans which Hester, J.J. Archaeology of Eastern North America 1962 A Folsom Lithic Complex from the Elida provided additional funding. While it is not 14:101-170. possible to list everyone individually, we Site, Roosevelt County, New Mexico. El would like to thank the more than 5,000 Deller, D. B., and C. J. Ellis Pa/ac/o 69:92-113. 1988 Early Palaeo-lndian Complexes in volunteers that excavated at the Nobles Jackson, L. J. Southwestern Ontario. In Late Pleis­ Pond site. Finally, we would like to thank all 1997 Caribou Range and Early Paleo-lndian tocene and Early Holocene Paleoe- the professional and avocational archaeol­ Settlement Disposition in Southern cology, and Archeology of the Eastern Ontario, Canada. In Caribou and Rein­ ogists, particularly Ken Tankersley and Great Lakes Region, Proceedings of the deer Hunters of the Northern Hemi­ Donald Simons, for discussions that have Smith Symposium, edited by R. S. sphere, edited by L. J. Jackson and greatly contributed to our conclusions. The Laub, N. G. Miller, and D. W. P. T. Thacker, pp. 132-164. Worldwide authors accept complete responsibility for Steadman, pp. 251-263. Bulletin No. Archaeology Series 6, Series Editor: 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, any errors of interpretation or fact. R. Samson. Avebury, Aldershot, Buffalo, New York. 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9 1996 The Organization of Early Paleoindian Simons, D. B. Economic Anthropology, Supplement Uthic Technology in the Confluence 1999 Personal communication with authors 5, JAI Press, Greenwich. Region of the Mississippi, Illinois, and on March 14, 1999. Storck, P. L., and A. E. Spiess Missouri Rivers. Ph.D Dissertation, Wash­ 1994 The Significance of New Faunal Identifi­ ington University, St. Louis, Missouri. Simons, D. B., M. J. Shott, and H. T. Wright cations Attributed to an Early Paleoin­ 1984 The Gainey Site: Variability in a Great Prufer, O. H., and N. L. Wright dian (Gainey Complex) Occupation at Lakes Paleo-lndian Assemblage. In 1970 The Welling Site (33Co-2): A Fluted the Udora Site, Ontario, Canada. Amer­ Archaeology of Eastern North America Point Workshop in Coshocton County, ican Antiquity, 59(1)121-142. 12:266-279. Ohio. In OAH'O Archaeologist 20(4):259- Tankersley, K. B. 268. The Archaeological Society of Stanford, D. 1991 A Geoarchaeological Investigation of Ohio, Columbus. 1991 Clovis Origins and Adaptions: An Intro­ Distribution and Exchange in the Raw ductory Perspective. In Clovis: Origins Material Economies of Clovis Groups in Roosa, W. B. and Adaptions, edited by R. Bon- Eastern North America. In Raw Material 1977 Fluted Points from the Parkhill Site. In nichsen and K. L. Turnmire, pp. 1-13. Economies Among Prehistoric Hunter- For the Director. Research Essays in Peopling of the Americas Publications, Gatherers, edited by A. Montet-White Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by C. Edited Volume Series, Center for the and S. Holen, pp. 285-303. Publica­ Cleland, pp. 87-122. Anthropological Study of the First Americans, Oregon tions in Anthropology 19. University of Papers, Number 61, Museum of State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Anthropology, University of Michigan. Kansas, Lawrence. Storck, P. L. 1995 Seasonality of Stone Procurement: An Sanders, T. N. 1988 The Early Palaeo-lndian Occupation of Early Paleoindian Example in North­ 1990 Adams: The Manufacturing of Flaked Ontario: Colonization or Diffusion? In western New York State. North Amer­ Stone Tools at a Paleoindian Site in Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene ican Archaeologist 16(1 ):1 -16. Western Kentucky. Persimmon Press, Paleoecology and Archeology of the Buffalo, New York. Eastern Great Lakes Region, Proceed­ Tankersley, K. B., S. Vanderlaan, J. D. Holland, and S. Bland Seeman, M. F. ings of the Smith Symposium, edited 1997 Geochronology of the Arc Site: A Pale­ 1994 Intercluster Lithic Patterning at Nobles by R. S. Laub, N. G. Miller, and D. W. oindian Habitation in the Great Lakes Pond: A Case for "Disembedded" Pro­ Steadman, pp. 243-250. Bulletin No. Region. Archaeology of Eastern North curement Among Early Paleoindian 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, America, 25:31 -44. Societies. American Antiquity Buffalo, New York. 59(2):273-287. 1991 Imperialists Without A State: The Cul­ Turmell, C. tural Dynamics of Early Paleoindian 1975 Fluted Projectile Point Production as Seeman, M. F., G. Summers, E. Dowd, and Colonization As Seen from the Great Revealed by Lithic Specimens from the Larry Morris Lake Region. In Clovis: Origins and Adair-Steadman Site in Northwest 1994 Fluted Point Characteristics at Three Adaptions, edited by R. Bonnichsen Texas. In Texas Historical Commission, Large Sites: The Implications for Mod­ and K. L. Turnmire, pp. 153-162. Peo­ Office of the State Archaeologist, Spe­ eling Early Paleoindian Settlement Pat­ pling of the Americas Publications, cial Report No. 18. terns in Ohio. In The First Discovery of Edited Volume Series, Center for the America: Archaeological Evidence of Study of the First Americans, Oregon Wilmsen, E. N., and F. H. H. Roberts Jr. the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area, State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 1978 Lindenmeir, 1934-1974. Smithsonian edited by W. S. Dancey, pp. 77-93. The 1997 The Fisher Site - Archaeological, Geo­ Contributions to Anthropology No. 24, Ohio Archaeological Council, logical and Paleobotanical Studies at an Smithsonian Institution Press, Wash­ Columbus. Early Paleo-lndian Site in Southern ington. Simons, D. B. Ontario, Canada. Memoir No. 30. Wilke, P. J., J. J. Flermiken, and T. L. Ozbun 1997 The Gainey and Butler Sites as Focal Museum of Anthropology, University of 1991 Clovis Technology at the Anzick Site, Points for Caribou and People. In Michigan, Ann Arbor. Montana. Journal of California and Great Caribou and Reindeer Hunters of the Storck, P. L, and J. Tomenchuk Basin Anthropology 13(2):242-272. Northern Hemisphere, edited by L. J. 1990 An Early Paleoindian Cache of Informal Jackson and P. T. Thacker, pp. 105- Tools at the Udora Site, Ontario. In K. Witthoft, J. 131. Worldwide Archaeology Series 6, B. Tankersley and B. Isaac (editors), 1952 A Paleo-lndian Site in Eastern Pennsyl­ Series Editor: R. Samson. Avebury, Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern vania: An Early Hunting Culture. Aldershot, Great Britain. North America, pp. 45-93. Research in Reprinted by Persimmon Press, Buffalo, New York.

Figure 1 Noble Field (1920's to 1954) from the northwest, State Route 241 in foreground (Photo courtesy The Massillon Museum). Figure 2 Selected outre passe flakes, Nobles Pond site.

10 M Figure 3 Large and small basal fragments, Nobles Pond site.

Figure 5 Complete fluted points of Upper Mercer and Attica flint. Bottom row center refit is of Attica pieces, pieces found 22 years apart, all others are Figure 4 Complete fluted points of Flint Ridge flint, Nobles Pond site. Upper Mercer flint, Nobles Pond site.

11 Figure 6 Early stage bifaces with basal thinning, tip thinning, and basal outre passe failures, Nobles Pond site.

Figure 7 Refit 272, a Stage Four biface showing a lateral outre passe failure, Nobles Pond site.

Figure 9 Basal outre passe failure retouched to Figure 8 Miniature fluted points, Nobles Pond site. scraping bit, Nobles Pond site.

Figure 11 Burins on fluted point fragments, Nobles Pond site. Figure 11A Burin bit wear, Nobles Pond site. For orien­ CM tation of photo, see arrow in fig. 11. Figure 10 Finished fluted point showing obvious evidence of reworking along right lateral margin, Nobles Pond site.

1? AN ARCHAIC SITE IN OHIO COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA by Larry Nelson 88 Allendale Road Wheeling, West Virginia, 26003-4602

This site is situated on a low hilltop Very few artifacts have been found on References cited overlooking Big Wheeling Creek. It is the flat ridge where the camp must have 1973 Converse, Robert N. about two miles from the creek's conflu­ been. Most artifacts have been found on Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. the northern side of the slip-off slope. ence with the Ohio River. The elevation of 1991 Overstreet, Robert M and Howard Artifacts weather out of the eroding hill­ the site is 700 feet. Artifacts from this site Peake are almost exclusively archaic, although side. Some have been found to the south Official Overstreet Price Guide-Indian some paleo pieces are found. Lithic side of the site on a much gentler slope. Arrowheads, Overstreet Publications materials include hematite, chalcedony, Inc., Cleveland, Tennessee. Coshocton-Upper Mercer Chert, In less than five years of hunting this 1987 Waldorf, D.C. and Valerie, Kanawha Black, Hughes River, Delaware site, it has yielded four hundred and fifty- Story In Stone, Mound Builder Books, Chert, local Ten Mile Chert, limestone, three artifacts, all surface found. Branson, Missouri. mussel shell, hard stone, bone and 1999 Mocic, John M. cobble. The site itself sits on a north­ Personal Communication 1999 Heckman, Harry western facing ridge. It measures Personal Communication fifty-seven feet north to south and one hundred and twenty feet east to west.

• m m • _ mm WmW !IN immm~~^

Figure 1 (Nelson) Limestone Pendant

Figure 4 (Nelson) Archaic Side Notch & Figure 2 (Nelson) Celts, Adze, Net Fishspear points. Weights, Hammerstone

Figure 5 (Nelson) Deer Bone Awl, Teeth and Flaker

Figure 3 (Nelson) Front and back of Multi-pur­ pose tool.

10 | 2 J t

Figure 8 (Nelson) Archaic Figure 6 (Nelson) Var­ Figure 7 (Nelson) Lanceolate Corner Notch Points Figure 9 (Nelson) Various drills and ious Flint Tools Points gravers

13 THE PORTSMOUTH EARTHWORKS: AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ACCOUNT OF OHIO PREHISTORY BY SAINT JOHN DE CREVECOEUR by Olaf H. Prufer and Sara E. Pedde Kent State University

There has been a recent flurry of and, as part of his adventures in the ered, and sometimes published, by eigh­ interest in early historic documents of "West", he became French consul in New teenth-century American military officers prehistoric earthworks and mounds in York in 1783-1784. His career was punc­ such as Major (later Colonel) Winthrop Sar­ Ohio (Lepper 1996, 1998). In the 1960's, tuated by the turmoil presaging the gent (1753-1820) who, among other enter­ the senior author also dealt with such French Revolution, involving such prises, excavated a Hopewellian earthwork information. At that time and later, he famous eighteenth-century French polit­ in what is now downtown Cincinnati (Sar­ obtained copies of letters written by the ical and military figures of the Ancien gent 1799). Another such figure was renowned Michel-Guillaume Saint John Regime as the Marechal de Castries, Major-General Samuel H. Parsons (1737- (Jean) de Crevecoeur (1735-1813). This Crevecoeur's sponsor, and La Luzerne, 1789), who described the Marietta earth­ colorful individual became famous as a Crevecoeur's detractor. After having been works (posthumously published in 1793) literary figure and early pioneer of what recalled from his consulship between and who drowned in the Big Beaver River was then called the Western Frontier, i.e., 1790 and 1792, Crevecoeur returned to on the Ohio frontier in a canoe accident. Pennsylvania and beyond. He first served live in Europe until his death in 1813 The time has now come to present as an officer and map maker with Mont­ (Philbrick1970). Crevecoeur's description of what seem to calm in Canada during the mid-1750's. In The letter which forms the substance be the Portsmouth earthworks. For the 1759 he opted to remain in the Americas. of this presentation is a lengthy docu­ record, Figure 1 is a photocopy of the rel­ He became involved in virtually every ment addressed to the Duke Louis evant paragraph in his lengthy letter to La conceivable enterprise, including Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld-d'Anville Rochefoucauld; the following is a transla­ farming. Caught between British loyalists (1743-1792), who was brutally assassi­ tion by the senior author: and rebels, he served time in a New York nated during the French Revolution jail, finally returning to Europe in 1780. He (Schama 1989:679). A member of a New York, December 10, 1787 subsequently came back to the United renowned intellectual family of the high Monsieur Le Due States. His actual name is confusing. He aristocracy, he devoted much of his life wrote under a number of pseudonyms. to the sciences. In the pursuit of his inter­ Allow me to communicate to the Even his official name is not what it ests, he became a member of the illus­ Academy of Sciences through your good appears to be; he was born without the trious French Academie des Sciences in offices a very accurate plan of a fortified "Saint". He also wrote under the names 1782. (Hoefer 1859:650). Crevecoeur's camp recently discovered by the Ameri­ of "J. Hector St. John" and, occasionally, letter was written in New York on cans at the confluence of the Musk- under the anonymous alias of the "Amer­ December 10,1787. inghum [sic] and the Ohio River [i.e., ican Farmer". Among many other works, This is not the first time that Marietta]. It seems that this region must mostly letters, he is best known for his Crevecoeur expressed interest in North have been inhabited in the past by a Voyage (1801) which has repeatedly been American archaeology, nor does it nation much more civilized than that published in various editions. appear to be the first letter on the subject which today hunts in this same area, and Prufer's source for the information here that he addressed to La Rochefoucauld among which not the slightest memory is presented was Dr. Robert E. Schofield, for­ who, incidentally, was a friend of Ben­ preserved of these remains: 180 miles merly his colleague in Cleveland, and later jamin Franklin and Lafayette. He also was further down the Ohio, there have lately Director of a program in the History of well aware of the massive Hopewellian been discovered the remains of other Technology and Science at Iowa State earthworks at Marietta, Ohio (then known very extensive fortifications, chiefly con­ University. Over the years, he provided as Fort Harmar), an outpost established sisting of a large elliptical enclosure, sur­ Prufer with copies of more than 700 micro­ in 1785 to serve as one of the earliest rounding a number of circular redoubts, film frames consisting of assorted letters military stations on the Western Frontier. and greatly resembling those of the camp by Crevecoeur to the Duke de La Crevecoeur's informant regarding that the plan of which I am transmitting to Rochefoucauld-d'Anville. As far as one can site complex, no doubt, was Captain you; these discoveries have been made tell, none of this material has been pub­ (later Major) Jonathan Heart, who by officers of the garrison of Fort Harmar, lished. It is deposited in the Bibliotheque described and prepared a plan of the they carry the stamp of great antiquity, Municipale of Mantes-sur-Seine (now earthworks. This material was widely dis­ and all these earthworks, as well as the called Mantes-la-Jolie), in northern France, seminated to the intellectual community surrounding country, are now covered where Schofield discovered and copied of the period (Heart 1787, 1793). Some of with trees of enormous size. In order to this trove in the course of research on the historical details of these observa­ convince you to the best of my ability of Joseph Priestley (1733-1804). It is not tions were summarized by Prufer (1961). the authenticity of all these details, allow known why these letters ended up in It was through the good offices of me to send you a true copy of the plan as Mantes. They contain a vast amount of Crevecoeur that the data on Marietta well as all the papers pertaining to it information on the geography, politics and reached Europe, including not only La which I have myself copied from the orig­ other topics pertaining to the newly Rochefoucauld and the Marechal de inals sent by General Parsons and Major emerging United States. Among them is a Castries, but also the famous French Sargent to the Boston Academy. letter describing what appear to be the romantic novelist Chateaubriand (1768- [...] vast, presumably Hopewellian, earthworks 1848), who incorporated some of these at Portsmouth, Ohio. This should be the accounts into his fragmentary novel Atala I have the honor to be with profound first reference to this major prehistoric of 1801 (Rice 1933). respect, Monsieur Le Due, your very structure along the Ohio River. Just like Jonathan Heart, an Army sur­ humble and obedient servant, Although a Frenchman, Crevecoeur veyor, many of the other observations on embraced the newly emerging nation Ohio Valley prehistoric remains were gath­ St. John de Crevecoeur

14 It should be noted that the "true copy BIBLIOGRAPHY Philbrick, Thomas of the plan" referred to by Crevecoeur, 1970 St. John de Crevecoeur. New York: Crevecoeur, Michel-Guillaume Saint John de Twayne Publishers. appears to be lost. It certainly is not in 1801 Le Voyage dans la Haute Pensylvanie et the La Rochefoucauld correspondence dans I'Etat de New York. Paris. Prufer, Olaf H. file. Also, the letter refers to the military 1961 Archaeology in Early Ohio. The Explorer Heart, Jonathan officers, Parsons and Sargent (and/or 4(3):14-21. Cleveland Museum of Nat­ 1787 Account of some Remains of Ancient ural History. others) who, apparently on their way by Works, on the Muskingum, with a Plan river to what was to become Cincinnati, of these Works. Columbian Magazine Rice, Howard G. had prepared the "lost plan" of the 1:425-427. 1933 Le Cultivateur Americain: Etude sur Portsmouth earthworks. 1793 Letter to Benjamin S. Barton, Containing TOeuvre de Saint John de Crevecoeur. Crevecoeur gives the distance of the Observations on the Ancient Works of Paris. newly found earthworks as measured Art, the Native Inhabitants, etc. of the Sargent, Winthrop from Marietta (a.k.a. Fort Harmar) to be Western Country. Transactions, Amer­ 1799 A Letter from Colonel Winthrop Sargent 180 miles, as the river flows. This agrees ican Philosophical Society 3:214-222. to Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, Accom­ perfectly with the location of the Hoefer (ed.) panying Drawings and some Account of Portsmouth earthworks (Figure 2; taken 1859 Nouvelle Biographie Generate, Vol 29. Certain Articles, which were taken out of from Squier and Davis 1848). These Paris. an Ancient Tumulus, or Grave, in the structures must have been those noted Western-Country. Transactions, Amer­ Lepper, Bradley ican Philosophical Society 4:177-78. by Parsons, Sargent, et al. Although 1996 The Newark Earthworks and the Geo­ Crevecoeur's description is not entirely in metric Enclosures of the Scioto Valley. Schama, Simon agreement with Squier and Davis' map of In A View from the Core: A Synthesis of 1989 Citizens: A Chronicle of the French 1848, the discrepancies can well be Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, edited by Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. explained by the dense and obscuring P.J. Pacheco, pp. 224-241. Columbus: Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis vegetation cover encountered by the Ohio Archaeological Council. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi explorers. Crevecoeur's is the earliest ref­ 1998 The Archaeology of the Newark Earth­ Valley: Comprising the Results of works. In Ancient Earthen Enclosures of erence we have to the Portsmouth earth­ Extensive Original Survey and Explo­ the Eastern Woodlands, edited by R.C. rations. Smithsonian Contributions to works; it is also one of the earliest Mainfort and L.P. Sullivan, pp. 114-134. accounts of prehistoric architectural Knowledge, I. Washington: Smith­ Gainesville: University Press of Florida. sonian Institution. structures in southern Ohio. Parsons, Samuel H. 1793 Discoveries made in the Western Country. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Memoirs 2:114-127.

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Figure 2 (Prufer and Pedde) A map of the Portsmouth earthworks (from Squier and [...I Davis 1848)

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Figure 1 (Prufer and Pedde) A portion of Crevecoeur's letter to La Rochefoucauld, describing the Portsmouth earthworks.

15 THE DUNLAP MOUND AND OHIO ADENA PREHISTORY by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

The investigation of the Dunlap Mound may originally have been as much as 15 position with arms at the sides. The tomb (RoS7) is another in the series of articles by feet high. The 15 foot height was noted in was enclosed by a series of parallel logs the author on unpublished Ohio prehistoric 1894 when Clarence Loveberry conducted with similar sized logs at the ends. The sites. The Dunlap Mound was excavated in the excavation of a museum-sponsored logs had almost totally decayed and only the summer and fall of 1941 by the Ohio tunnel into the mound. Loveberry was molds or impressions remained. Four ver­ Archaeological and Historical Society and under the supervision of another OAHS tical post molds at each corner were filled proved to be typical of early Adena. Curator, Warren Moorehead. The tunnel with decayed whitish residue. These post The Adena culture was first described made by Loveberry partially destroyed the molds were three feet deep, approxi­ by Dr. Emerson Greenman in 1932. His central burial feature later excavated by mately three inches at the bottom and excavation of the Coon Mound at The Morgan. After the single tunnel was dug, expanding to one foot at the level of the Plains in Athens County, Ohio, led to his Loveberry left the site. mound floor and the base of the burial description of a series of traits associated The 1941 work began with the laying feature. It appears that a rectangular log with the Adena culture. Interestingly, the out of a 120 foot square around the crib surrounded the burial platform. Sub­ Coon Mound excavation produced few mound. The mound was then removed in sequent deterioration caused the crib to diagnostic features except a typical cen­ 6 foot squares until the central log tomb collapse inwardly and flatten the inhuma­ tral burial with a few associated artifacts. was encountered. One of the first features tion. The body had been enclosed in Also of interest is that the Dunlap Mound found was a flexed Ft. Ancient burial lying layers of shredded bark, residue of which duplicated the Coon Mound both in struc­ on its left side which had intruded into the was found below the burial (Fig 7). This ture and its centrally located inhumation. mound and was accompanied by trian­ layer of dark, reddish brown bark mea­ The Philip Dunlap farm is in Ross gular points and a slightly bent copper sured 7 feet 10 inches long, 47 inches County located between St. Rt. 104 and rod. The intrusive artifacts and represen­ wide at the pelvis and 32 inches wide at 3 the Scioto River three miles north of the tative artifacts from several layers of the the skull. The bark layer was A inches Hopewell Mound City group. Mound City, upper mound strata are shown in Figure thick above the body and % inch below. which had been periodically investigated 2. Other intrusive artifacts included deer Around the neck was a necklace of 100 since the 1846 work of Squier and Davis, phalanges, grit tempered pottery frag­ intertwined shell and pearl beads (Fig. 8). featured a group of randomly placed ments and fire cracked rock - all sug­ Several stemmed Adena projectile points mounds mostly surrounded by earthen gesting some degree of mound re-use. and scrapers were discovered in the walls. Over time, the notoriety of Mound Another intrusive feature was a prehistoric burial crypt (Fig 9). City diminished the importance of less dog burial. The basic concept of the Dunlap Mound elaborate locations and the relative was the construction, in one episode, to obscurity of sites such as the Dunlap Adena Features house a single deceased individual - sim­ Mound. The excavation of the Dunlap One of the first Adena features was a ilar to the Adena Coon Mound in Athens Mound, and its few "exotic" artifacts, cache of 11 multi-colored flint blades - County. Of note, the artifact inventory from largely escaped notice and received only perhaps preforms for a specialized both mounds is practically identical - a brief reference in Museum Echoes, the craftsman. They range in color from red to copper bracelets and few other artifacts. OAHS newsletter. In addition, the fact reddish-white grading into purple - (sev­ Other Ohio Adena mounds, such as the that the mound was excavated just prior eral are illustrated in Fig. 3 - 4). The orig­ Toepfner Mound in Franklin County (see to WW II and its lead investigator left the inal investigators believed them to be Ohio Archaeologist Vol 47 #2), have indi­ Society shortly thereafter, contributed to made of "Kentucky flint" but this may be vidual or multiple central sub-floor inter­ its faded memory and significance. in error since Flint Ridge may be the ments but also have additional burials source of the raw material. which were added in several building The Excavation Two copper bracelets were found in the episodes. In this respect, the Adena The following is a summary of the 1941 mound fill above the central feature. They people were unique in their singular pre­ investigation of the Dunlap Mound by were near each other around 4'A feet sentation and reverence for a special OAHS Curator Richard C. Morgan, below the mound surface. Each has one member of their society. The immense assisted by Holmes Ellis and Robert pointed and one rounded end (Fig. 5). effort required to occasionally construct a Goslin of the museum staff. It is noted By far, the most significant discovery at sizable mound for just one individual is that a volunteer student from Case the Dunlap Mound was a single burial unparalleled among prehistoric groups in Western University, Raymond S. Baby, enclosed in an elaborate log tomb, which, the Midwest. As a result, the name who was later to become Curator at the because of its importance, will be exam­ Adena, among all Woodland groups, has OAHS, assisted in the excavation. ined in some detail. earned a lasting right to a separate iden­ The project was initiated on June 23, The log tomb was in the approximate tity in our pre-Columbian record. 1941, when the field team measured the center of a prepared mound floor (Fig. 6) Research for this article was conducted Dunlap Mound which had a height of 8 and it is logical to assume that the pri­ at the Ohio Historical Society with permis­ feet and a diameter of 70 feet (Fig. 1). mary purpose for constructing the mound sion to use original field notes and collec­ Much reduced by plowing, erosion and a was to inter this single adult burial. It con­ tions. The assistance of Martha Otto, previous museum excavation, the mound tained a single adult burial in an extended Curator of Archaeology is appreciated.

16 Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Intrusive flint artifacts Figures 3 & 4 (Gehlbach) Adena cache blades Figure 1 (Gehlbach) View of the Dunlap Mound prior to from the Dunlap Mound. from the Dunlap Mound, excavation.

Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Central burial feature from the Dunlap Mound.

*-0f03fy% Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Adena copper bracelets from the Dunlap Mound. "A

Figure 8 (Gehlbach) Shell/Pearl necklace.

•4 Figure 9 (Gehlbach) Flint projectiles/scraper from Adena burial crypt Figure 7 (Gehlbach) Bark residue from central Adena burial. Dunlap Mound.

17 COMMENTS ON BOATSTONES by Leland W. Patterson Houston, Texas

Introduction Early Woodland Period (600 BC-AD 1) use of boatstones as atlatl weights (Pat­ Boatstones are not a common type of Boatstones of the Early Woodland terson 1937:63). However, Converse artifact of prehistoric Indians (Converse period have a wide geographic distribu­ (1978:62) has noted that the drilling of 1978:62), but this type of artifact has tion, from Southeast Texas to New York holes in boatstones is more like that wide temporal and geographic distribu­ State. In Southeast Texas, there are sev­ found in gorgets than on known atlatl tions throughout the Eastern Woodlands eral mortuary sites with boatstones. Two weights. Perforated boatstones may, of the United States. As discussed of these sites have radiocarbon dates in therefore, be a type of gorget. below, boatstones have been found as the last half of the Late Archaic period Boatstones from sites 41FB3 (Pat­ far west as Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, which corresponds to the Early Wood­ terson et al. 1998) and the Jonas Short and the eastern half of Texas, and as far land period in the greater Eastern Wood­ mound (Story 1990:279-292) in East east as New York State. Boatstones start lands. These two dated sites are the Texas are not perforated and each boat­ in the Late Archaic period, have max­ Ernest Witte site, 41AU36 (Hall 1981) and stone has an associated cluster of small imum use in the Early Woodland period, the Bowser site, 41FB3 (Patterson et al. pebbles. Unperforated boatstones from and continue into the Middle Woodland 1998). Boatstones from site 41FB3 in Texas are suggestive of ceremonial use, period and slightly later. Fort Bend County, Texas are shown in especially when associated with small Boatstones are boat-shaped objects, Figures 1 and 2, all made from fine-grain pebbles and used as grave goods. usually but not always with concave inte­ sandstone. riors. A number of examples of boat­ Patterson (1937) made a study of boat­ Summary stones have been illustrated by Converse stones in Arkansas, Louisiana, eastern Boatstones were in use from the Late (1978:62) and Patterson (1937). Some Oklahoma, East Texas, and Central Archaic period to some portion of the boatstones have two conical drilled Texas, before radiocarbon dating was Late Woodland period. The Early Wood­ holes, generally perforated from the available. Some of these boatstone spec­ land period seems to have been the time bottom (Converse 1978:62). Many speci­ imens from the four states are probably period of highest boatstone use. mens, however, do not have perforations. from the Early Woodland period. This There is a geographic distribution of Boatstones with two drilled holes are study shows the highest concentration of boatstones from Texas to New York State. most common at sites east of the Missis­ boatstones in Southwest Arkansas (Pat­ It is suggested that this geographic distrib­ sippi River, while boatstones that are not terson 1937:Figure 1), which is probably ution forms a diagonal band across the perforated are most common in the a manufacturing location for boatstones United States, from Texas through western part of the Eastern Woodland, found in the four states. Arkansas and Kentucky into the midwest west of the Mississippi River. The boatstone is a trait of the Adena and on into New York State. Boatstones were made from a wide culture of Ohio, West Virginia, and Ken­ Boatstones seem to have been used as variety of materials. Converse (1978:62) tucky in the Early Woodland period (Con­ gorgets when perforated, and as ceremo­ lists boatstones made of banded slate, verse 1978:62; Dragoo 1963; Webb and nial objects when not perforated. Unperfo­ sandstone, steatite, and igneous rock. Baby 1957:22). Ritchie (1969:179) lists rated boatstones in Southeast Texas have Patterson (1937:Table 18) lists 23 types the boatstone as a trait of the Early all been found as grave goods. of stone materials for boatstones, as well Woodland period in New York State. as shell and copper. Boatstones were References Cited made of materials with a wide range of Middle Woodland Period (AD 1 -400) Converse, R.N. hardness, from soft materials such as In the Middle Woodland period, boat­ 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological sandstone, limestone, shale, and steatite, stones are found at Hopewell sites in the Society of Ohio to hard materials, such as chert and midwest (Converse 1978:62; Morgan Dragoo, D.W. igneous rock. Webb and Baby (1957:22) 1952:90), and Marksville sites in the South 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of note a boatstone made of copper from (mainly Louisiana) that are associated with the Adena Culture. Annals of the the Adena culture. Dragoo (1963:Plate the Hopewell. The Jonas Short mound in Carnegie Museum, No. 37, Pittsburgh 32D) notes a boatstone made of siltstone extreme East Texas and the Coral Snake from the Adena culture. mound in extreme western Louisiana are Hall, G.D. The geographic and temporal distribu­ Marksville affiliated sites that have boat­ 1981 Aliens Creek: A Study in the Cultural tions of boatstones are discussed here. stones (Story 1990:279-292). Prehistory of the Lower Brazos River Uses of boatstones are also considered. Boatstones occur at the George C. Valley, Texas. Texas Archeological Davis site in Northeast Texas in a time Survey, Research Report No. 61 Late Archaic Period interval of AD 800-1200 (Shafer 1973:293). Jeter, M.D., and G.I. Williams The earliest reference to boatstones is 1989 Lithic Horizons and Early Cultures. In from the Poverty Point culture in Louisiana Later Time Periods M.D. Jeter et al., Archeology and (Webb 1982:Table 18), in the Late Archaic References seem to decline for boat­ Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi time period. The Poverty Point culture has stones after AD 400. Boatstones have Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in a time range of 1700-600 BC (Jeter and been found at sites in Arkansas from the Arkansas and Louisiana. Arkansas Williams 1989:101). There are perforated period of AD 400-700 (Morse and Morse Archeological Survey Research Series and unperforated specimens of boat­ 1983:196,197). Converse (1978:62) men­ No. 31 stones from the Poverty Point culture tions a boatstone from a Late Woodland Morgan, R.G. (Webb 1982: Figure 28). Webb (1982:73) mound in Ohio. 1952 Outline of Cultures in the Ohio Region. feels that boatstones of the later Adena- Archeology of the Eastern United Hopewell represent a trait derived from the Uses of Boatstones States, edited by J.B. Griffin, University Poverty Point culture. Many older publications suggest the of Chicago Press

18 Morse, D.F., and P.A. Morse Ritchie, W.A. Webb, C.H. 1983 Archaeology of the Central Mississippi 1969 The Archaeology of New York State. 1982 The Poverty Point Culture, Geoscience Valley. Academic Press Natural History Press, Garden City and Man, Vol. 17, School of Geo­ science, Louisiana State University, Patterson, J.T. Shafer, H.J. Baton Rouge 1937 Boat-Shaped Artifacts of the Gulf 1973 Lithic Technology at the George C. Southwest States. Anthropological Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas, Webb, W.S., and R.S. Baby Papers, Vol. 1, No. 2, University of Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of 1957 The Adena People, No. 2. Ohio Histor­ Texas at Austin Anthropology, University of Texas at ical Society Austin. Patterson, L.W., J.D. Hudgins, S.M. Kindall, W.L McClure, M. Marek, T. Nuckols, Story, D.A. and R.L. Gregg 1990 Cultural History of the Native Ameri­ 1998 Additional Excavations at the Bowser cans. In D.A. Story et al., The Arche­ Site, 41FB3, Fort Bend County, Texas, ology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Part 1: Archeology. Houston Archeo­ Coastal Plain, Arkansas Archeological logical Society, Report No. 14 Survey Research Series No. 38

Figure 1 (Patterson) Boatstones with Pebbles, 41FB3, A-C - boat-shaped, B - bell-shaped

Figure 2 (Patterson) Additional Boatstones with Pebbles, 41FB3.

19 WHAT'S THE KENNEWICK MAN CASE REALLY ABOUT? by Cleone Hawkinson

This article, a brief overview of the case, scientists to the Army Corps and to tribal Army Corps to conduct a fresh decision is the first of a series of articles that will claimants for an opportunity to study the making process. describe various facets of the Kennewick skeleton went unanswered. On October The court instructed the Army Corps to Man dispute. 16, 1996, one week before the scheduled reach new decisions that are 'based upon The Kennewick Man case has been in date for the transfer of the skeleton, the all of the evidence' and that apply the 'rele­ and out of the public's attention for nearly eight Bonnichsen plaintiffs filed their law­ vant legal standards.' The Corps must also three years. One controversy has followed suit in U. S. federal court. address whether it will allow the Bonnichsen another while the bones have been under In their complaint, the scientists alleged plaintiffs to study the skeleton. The court the jurisdiction of the Army Corps of Engi­ that the Army Corps lacked sufficient infor­ has retained jurisdiction over the case and neers. The country is familiar with reports mation to determine that the skeleton was will review whatever new decisions are of inappropriate storage, missing femur subject to disposition under NAGPRA and reached by the government. When that fragments, burying the site despite that it was affiliated with the claiming occurs, the court will reconsider the scien­ pending Congressional legislation, and the tribes. They also alleged that the Army tists' study request if it has not been illegal removal of materials from the Corps had arbitrarily denied them an granted by the Army Corps. storage repository. Recently, the govern­ opportunity to examine the skeleton to Some progress has been made. The ment has begun studies of the skeleton. obtain information concerning its origins, Army Corps has conceded that the Does this mean the case has somehow biological affinities, and other matters of skeleton was not found on land that was been concluded? No, it does not. All the scientific importance. judicially determined to have been aborigi­ questions posed in the October, 1996 suit In response, the government filed a nally occupied by the Umatilla as claimed remain unresolved. motion to dismiss the case. This motion in its original Notice of Intent to Repatriate The Kennewick Man case (Bonnichsen was denied. The plaintiff scientists then Human Remains. It has also conceded that etal. v. U.S. District of Oregon Civil No. 96- filed a motion that proposed a multidisci- the 'cultural affiliation' of the skeleton has 181 JE) is the first lawsuit filed in this plinary study of the skeleton to be con­ not been established. country to test the processes used by fed­ ducted at no cost to the government. Their On March 24, 1998, the Army Corps' eral agencies when making decisions study plan has two objectives. The first is delegated to the Department of Interior under the Native American Graves Protec­ to obtain data that can be used to help responsibility for deciding two issues: (1) tion and Repatriation Act of 1990 determine whether the skeleton is, or is whether the skeleton is or is not Native (NAGPRA). This case is about attempts to not, "Native American" within the meaning American within the meaning of NAGPRA; restrict and control scientific inquiry and to of NAGPRA. The second objective is to (2) if it is, whether it can be affiliated to any limit the free exchange of scientific ideas. It obtain information of general scientific present-day Indian tribe. Dr. Francis is also about the importance of obtaining interest, such as data relating to Ken­ McManamon of the National Park Service as much data as possible from skeletal newick Man's age, health, nutrition, activity (Department of Interior) was designated to remains that are at risk of reburial. If the patterns and lifestyle. resolve these issues. Kennewick skeleton is ultimately rebuhed, The plaintiffs' study plan involves more any data that is not obtained now will be than fifteen scientists representing eleven The government s study plan lost forever. The studies being conducted universities and research institutions. Their During testimony before the House Com­ by the government are limited in scope proposed studies would include multiple mittee on Resources (June 10, 1998), Dr. and include only a few scientists. As a researchers to collect data on skeletal and McManamon conceded that NAGPRA does result, the risk remains that important data dental measurements and traits (with the not prohibit study of ancient remains. Up to and insights could be missed that might data to be analyzed through six major that time, the government's position was later be critical for understanding the sig­ databases). Plaintiffs also propose to con­ that scientific study was unnecessary and nificance of this skeleton in the broader duct DNA analyses, to collect dietary that the types of studies and tests proposed view of human development and migration. information (i.e., stable isotopes, plant by the Bonnichsen plaintiffs are irrelevant, phytoliths from any calculus on the teeth, unscientific and duplicative. The major events and dental wear patterns) and to perform On July 1, 1998, the government Two college students discovered the bone histology to confirm the biological unveiled Dr. McManamon's two-phase Kennewick Man skeleton on July 28, 1996. age of the Kennewick Man. They pro­ plan for the study of the Kennewick A section of river bank had slumped and posed additional C14 tests to indepen­ skeleton. This plan calls for study of the then eroded into the Columbia River, dently verify the UC Riverside tests. At the skeleton by "government experts or exposing the bones. The city of Kennewick, time the scientists created their proposal, experts hired by the government." Eight Washington leases this land along the river a survey of the discovery site had not months later, on February 25, 1999, the from the Army Corps of Engineers. As a been conducted, so they did not include government's Phase I Studies began at the result, the skeleton's discovery was initially sediment analysis as part of their pro­ Burke Museum on the campus of the Uni­ investigated by state police and the county posal. This approach provides yet another versity of Washington, Seattle, where the coroner. Dr. James Chatters, a local line of investigation that is a legitimate skeleton is now housed. forensic archaeologist, assisted in this area of interest. The scientists' multidisci- The Phase I study focuses on the ques­ investigation. Over a period of about two plinary proposal is one of the most com­ tion, "Are the remains Native American as weeks, he recovered nearly 350 fragments prehensive plans created in this country defined by NAGPRA?" Dr. McManamon of bone along the bank and in the water. At for the study of ancient remains. hired five scientists to conduct the studies the request of local authorities, Drs. Irv The government opposed the plaintiffs' defined in his plan. They were asked to start Taylor and Donna Kirner of the University of study motion and filed a new motion of 'from scratch' and assume that all previously California, Riverside agreed to radiocarbon their own to have a portion of the case dis­ obtained data are unreliable. The govern­ date one of the skeleton's metacarpals. missed. On June 27, 1997, the court ment allowed five days for these scientists to They obtained a date of approximately denied this government request. In a 52- conduct studies in three areas: sediment, 9,000 BP. page opinion the court ruled that the Army lithic, and skeletal analyses. Upon learning of this date, the Army Corps' decision-making process relating to For the sediment analysis, the procedure Corps demanded the immediate return of the skeleton was fatally flawed. The court was to collect sediments from the bones, the skeleton and ordered a halt to any fur­ found that the Corps had assumed facts and then to try to correlate these sedi­ ther investigation. Less than a week later, that were erroneous, that it had acted ments with those taken from the discovery the Corps decided to give the skeleton to a before gathering all the needed evidence, site by the Army Corps in December 1997. coalition of five Columbia River tribes who and that it had failed to consider all rele­ The objective was to determine a relative were asserting claims for its immediate vant aspects of the problem. Because of date for the skeleton based upon geolog­ reburial under NAGPRA. All requests by these errors, the case was sent back to the ical criteria.

20 The government has ruled out the C14 could include 'destructive' tests (e.g., C14 "Plaintiffs' contention is that to the date obtained in 1996. According to gov­ and possibly DNA). To date, however, few trained eye the skeletal remains are analo­ ernment representatives, the C14 date is details of the Phase II study plan have gous to a book that they can read, a history unreliable because the bone chosen for the been released. written in bone instead of on paper, just as tests is not 'appropriate' and because of the history of a region may be "read" by the disturbed context in which it was dis­ What about the question of observing layers of rock or ice, or the rings covered. The nature of their objections is cultural affiliation? of a tree. Plaintiffs are not asking the gov­ unclear because no one from the labora­ Another objective of the Phase I studies ernment to conduct the tests and publish tory at the University of California, River­ was to obtain data to help to determine cul­ the results. Plaintiffs simply want the gov­ side, has voiced any concerns about the tural affiliation, if it becomes necessary. The ernment to step aside and permit them to choice of bone or their results. government's Phase I studies include some "read that book" by conducting their own In addition, the government seems to be of the assessments proposed in the plain­ tests...." ignoring scientific concerns voiced by their tiffs' study proposal, but many were The government has argued that plain­ own geologists, and by independent scien­ omitted. The government's investigation of tiffs are biased and their proposed studies tists, about the sediments collected at the this issue will be further complicated by the are irrelevant, unscientific and duplicative. discovery site. In a report released in fact that it does not have access to many of Plaintiffs maintain they have no expecta­ December 1998, the Corps' own geologists the comparative databases that can be tions concerning the outcome of studies, have stated that the preliminary site survey used for affiliation analyses. Key databases they are merely asking for the right to of December 1997 was inadequate. They are maintained by plaintiffs or other mem­ study. Further, the government's inclusion have recommended a more complete study bers of the study team, but so far they are of some of the studies suggested by plain­ and analysis of the site. Independent scien­ being denied access to the skeleton and to tiffs demonstrates that study is neither tists were allowed to observe the the data obtained by the government's irrelevant nor unscientific. Finally, the sci­ December 1997 site survey. In their report study team. It is difficult to understand what entific method is, by definition, duplicative. (February, 1999), they contend that further the government hopes to gain by con­ Results must be repeatable and conclu­ study of the site is needed before conclu­ ducting studies to gather data, but then to sions must be reviewed by other scientists sions can be reached concerning the site's block its confirmation and use. They have to be considered reliable. At this point, the geology and the depositional history of the given few details about how they intend to government's approach appears incom­ skeleton. They have also questioned the establish cultural affiliation or how long this plete in this regard. techniques used to collect the sediment may take. samples that will be used as the controls Why are so many different types of for analysis of the sediment collected from Unresolved issues studies important? the bones. According to Dr. McManamon, the legal The Kennewick skeleton is one of a few As a second line of inquiry to establish criteria for determining whether the dozen known skeletons of this age from the skeleton's age, the government hopes skeleton is Native American are different Asia, and North and South America, and to find similarities in the spear point lodged from the scientific question of cultural affili­ most of these skeletons are far less com­ in the hip with a known lithic type. Dating ation. Dr. McManamon has taken the posi­ plete. Because the Kennewick skeleton is in the lithic type may be of general scientific tion that all human remains that predate very good condition, it is a critical source of interest. However, in reality, any such date European contact must be considered information for many areas of inquiry that will tell us little about the age of the Native American. The scientific questions will lead to an understanding of this period skeleton. The particular type of projectile are concerned with what populations of human development and migration. point is known to have been used for many existed in North America and whether their New techniques have allowed fresh thousands of years, with no firm date as of descendants are represented in modern insights for testing existing theories about yet for its initial appearance in the area. day tribes. the peopling of the New World. Many First The best evidence so far of the skeleton's The Bonnichsen plaintiffs dispute this American scholars now believe that cred­ age is still the C14 date. Further radio­ interpretation. They assert that Dr. ible evidence reveals two or more waves carbon tests could easily confirm whether McManamon's view is contrary to Congres­ of human migration into the New World this date is in fact accurate. sional intent, and that it ignores important before the end of the Pleistocene. A The third area of the Phase I study is the scientific data indicating that the New World growing body of evidence suggests that skeletal analysis. The procedure followed by may have witnessed multiple migrations, these waves may have involved multiple the government's study team was to gather some of which may not be ancestral to racial or ethnic groups. How these early metric and nonmetric data to determine bio­ modern U. S. Indian people. populations relate, if at all, to later New logical age, race, sex, pathology and Will the government allow other scien­ World populations is yet to be determined. taphonomy. The stated objective was to tists, particularly the plaintiffs, to study the The views are varied and sometimes con­ determine if the skeleton can be identified skeleton now that the government has tradictory. The tools and techniques for as a Native American. However, the govern­ agreed that study is necessary and is con­ identifying these differences are being ment has not explained how these analyses ducting limited studies themselves? The developed at the very time the source of will be used in the context of Dr. government's latest stated position is that information is being denied. No one has all McManamon's interpretation of the defini­ plaintiffs and outside scientists have no right the answers about the past. In fact, no tion of the term Native American, (i.e., to study ancient remains such as the Ken­ one has asked all the questions that could anyone residing on the continent prior to newick Man. The government is claiming be asked. European contact). It would take a great that it can grant or deny access at its Cleone Hawkinson is a founder of leap of imagination to argue that skeletal absolute discretion. So far, it will not say Friends of America's Past, a nonprofit, measurements are relevant in determining whether it will exercise this discretion and tax-exempt organization dedicated to pro­ how long ago the Kennewick Man lived. allow plaintiffs or other scientists to study. moting and advancing the rights of scien­ With these concerns in mind, the gov­ Plaintiffs maintain that scientists have tists and the public to learn about ernment's scientific conclusions con­ rights under the first amendment and fed­ America's past. She was recently the cerning the age of the skeleton are likely to eral statutes. In support of this view, the plaintiffs' representative to observe the raise as many questions as they answer. court opinion of June 27, 1997 states: "The government's Phase I studies of the Ken­ Sound scientific practice would dictate that First Amendment is not limited to "speech" newick Man skeleton at the Burke all conclusions should be reviewed by per se. It protects both the right to send and Museum in Seattle from February 25, to independent scientific experts. However, also to receive information. Defendants March 1, 1999. the government has given no indication acknowledge that the First Amendment For information about Friends of that it will seek, or even accept as a neces­ limits the government's power to suppress America's Past, please write to us at 7410 sary step, scientific peer review of its con­ knowledge by removing books from a SW Oleson Rd., Ste. 202, Portland, OR clusions. library, but argues that the government has 97223. For the latest news about Friends If the Phase I studies are inconclusive on no affirmative obligation to facilitate the dis­ of America's Past and the Kennewick the question of whether the skeleton is semination of knowledge by writing and Man case, please visit our website at: Native American, the government will con­ publishing books. That misconstrues the www.friendsofpast.org sider proceeding to Phase II studies. These plaintiffs' argument."

21 OHIO FLINT by Christopher Helman 313 Bellaire Drive Fairbon, Ohio 45324

Figure 1 (Helman) Upper left, Dovetail, Ross County, upper middle, Dovetail, Lorain County, upper right Dovetail, Hardin County, Lower left Archaic Bevel, Perry County, lower middle, Hopewell, Tuscarawas County, lower right, Archaic Bevel, Fayette County.

22 A DELAWARE COUNTY KNIFE by Robert N. Converse

Prehistoric knives are common arti­ facts and have been found by the thou­ sands on sites over all of North America. Knives were probably some of the first flint tools invented by primitive man and their world history goes back into the earliest attempts to create an object to cut with. Some knives are crudely made with only the cutting edge receiving careful chipping treatment, while others appear to be master pieces of the flint knappers art - and these finely fashioned knives were obviously objects of pride to their owners. They can be made of almost any conceivable material. A multitude of Ohio knives are made of black Coshocton flint - a material greatly favored by all prehis­ toric Ohio cultures although use of Coshocton flint diminished during the Adena and Hopewell and Fort Ancient periods. It is rare to not see at least one black Coshocton flint knife in any Archaic collection from Ohio. Even though all prehistoric people in Ohio knew about the Flint Ridge deposits, curiously, not many knives are made of Flint Ridge flint, and fewer still of them were fashioned of what we call jewel flint. This 43A inch knife is from Delaware County, Ohio, and is made of the finest of Flint Ridge jewel flint. As may be seen in the color plate, the flint includes muted tones of purple, green, brown, gray and yellow - colors usually seen in Hopewell cores. It is exceptionally well-chipped and thin and is one of the few knives made of such colorful material.

Figure 1 (Converse) Colorful knife of Flint Ridge jewel flint from Delaware County, Ohio.

23 A WEST VIRGINIA POINT TYPE IN OHIO by Bob Byard 743 Maple Avenue New Martinsville, WV 26155

Over the course of North American The Amos is a well made, small to gist, Vol. 35, No. 1, all of which came prehistory, the stone toolmaker's craft medium-sized point with a needle tip, from the Amos Power Plant site. evolved through various innovations in serrated edges and deep, rounded The Amos Corner-notched Point was flaking methods. Serration has long been corner notches. Many are deeply ser­ first brought to attention in West Virginia, known as an early archaic flintknapping rated, although some points show con­ but many Ohio collections exhibit classic technique, with plenty of toothy bifur­ siderable resharpening, resulting in worn examples of the type. Along a sandy cates and Kirk types in evidence. Exam­ serrations and an off-center blade. The stretch of the beautiful Ohio River's bank ples of both of these artifact groups were shoulders are well defined, with one barb in Monroe County, Ohio, lies a site that found in the mid-1960's by state archae­ usually being longer than the other. On has yielded a large number of Amos ologist Betty Broyles at the St. Albans relatively unsharpened examples, the Points. As wave action from wind, high site in Kanawha County, West Virginia, barbs can extend downward to a point water and barge traffic pounds the and were assigned radiocarbon dates which is even with the bottom of the eroding bank, cultural debris is loosened ranging from 7900 to 6300 BC. In her base. The base is flared and has a from the stratified layers of mud and sand. preliminary site report, Broyles mentions straight or slightly convex bottom edge. Careful inspection of the river's edge the Amos Corner-notched Point, a ser­ Bases and notches are lightly ground, reveals fire-cracked rock, flint chips and rated type named during an archaeolog­ but are never highly polished. Serration is finished artifacts. Although uncommon in ical survey of the Amos Power Plant site, accomplished with chipping directed in general, the Amos Corner-notch is the located approximately ten miles from St. an oblique manner along the blade edge. majority type found on this site. Amos Albans. Although the Amos type was not These chips do not extend to form a drills and double-notched examples have found at St. Albans, Broyles felt that it medial ridge as they do on many classic also been found there. might be there and that it would predate Kirk phase points. Quarried Kanawha, The Amos is a distinct type, having the Kirk types. That assumption has been Upper Mercer and Crooksville flints were been beautifully designed and delicately proven to be incorrect by corroboration utilized for the manufacture of Amos chipped. These unique serrated points of radiocarbon data from the type site Corner-notches. River pebble chert of deserve their own page and place in the and the Charleston Town Center site, varying quality in colors of tan, brown, journals of Ohio's prehistoric past. giving the Amos Point an accepted range gray and black were also used. of 4790 to 4365 BC. An obviously related artifact is the REFERENCES The Amos Point has largely been Amos-type drill. These flint tools seem to misidentified as a Palmer, a Pinetree, a have been made from points of which the BROYLES, BETTY J. Kirk or simply lumped into a catch-all blade edges were made narrow by pro­ 1971 THE ST. ALBANS SITE, Kanawha group of archaic corner-notched types. gressive resharpening. Some drills retain County, West Virginia Second Prelimi­ Despite the serrated edges, Amos Points the barbs and notches, while on others nary Report, p. 54-55. have unique characteristics and docu­ only the flared base remains intact. Also, YOUSE, HILLS J. mented radiocarbon proof of a two thou­ it should be mentioned that there is a 1983 Notes and Comments, CHARLESTON sand year buffer separating them rare double-notched variety of the Amos TOWN CENTER [46KA165] Wesf Vir­ chronologically from the early archaic type. Six of these points are pictured on ginia Archeologist, No. 35 [1], p. 54-56. Kirk phase. the cover of the West Virginia Archaeolo­

Figure 1 (Byard) Grouping of 21 Amos Corner-notches. Found by Bob Byard in Monroe County, Ohio. Figure 2 (Byard) A classic example of the Amos Type.

24 Figure 4 (Byard) Amos points of Upper Mercer Flint. Found by Chris and David Andersen of Sardis, Ohio.

Figure 3 (Byard) Close-up of two nice points from Figure 1.

Figure 5 (Byard) More Monroe County finds from the collection of Chris and David Andersen.

Figure 7 (Byard) Needle-like tips are an Amos Type trait. Author's collection.

M Figure 6 (Byard) Crooksville flint was often used to make Amos points. Author's collection.

25 THE HOGUE COLLECTION ... A FOLLOW-UP by Lar Hothem P.O. Box 458 Lancaster, OH 43130

An excellent article by Dr. Norman It may not be possible to sort the facts for a slightly restored large Archaic bevel. Wright appeared in the Summer 1997 as to precisely what was in the collection The collection consisted mostly of (47/3) Ohio Archaeologist concerning the when Mr. Hogue died. What is known for Archaic and Woodland material, plus a John Hogue collection of Coshocton, certain is that the collection at least con­ frame of Paleo and several frames of Mis- Ohio. Dr. Wright described and illustrated tained two slate pieces (a pendant and a sissippian pieces. Mr. Hogue appreciated some of the collection, explored some gorget), three stone artifacts (a bell pestle, beauty in color, especially in the form of suggestions about Mr. Hogue's death, a three-quarter groove axe and an Archaic translucent Flintridge, some of which was and expressed concern about the disap­ grooved adz) and 38 medium- and large- surface-found in Licking County. pearance of the collection. size cardboard frames of Ohio flint. Part of this fascinating story is no longer At that time, in 1972, the collection This collection was mainly put together a mystery, for the collection exists today. contained some distinctive artifacts, a few in the 1930s through 1960s by John At or near the time of John Hogue's death of which had been displayed at the Hogue and his brother, Hiram. It came in 1972 the assemblage went into the Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum, then in from Coshocton, Tuscarawas, Licking hands of family members for safekeeping. the city of Coshocton and now at and Muskingum Counties, or the valley of The collection was kept quietly and Roscoe, Ohio. The artifacts included sev­ the Muskingum River and its two main without publicity for 26 years, and was eral fluted points, and the remarkable 6'A tributaries. Good care was taken of the retained in the family until late summer of inch Hogue Ashtabula blade which had artifacts and the frames of flint were 1998. Then it was acquired by an Ohio col­ been recovered by field screening near stored in the original shipping cartons, lector who wishes to be anonymous. Dresden, Muskingum County. Made of with each frame protected by a thick The Hogue collection remains intact. It mottled glossy gray Upper Mercer flint, sheet of cardboard. is a fine representative sampling of pre­ the Hogue Ashtabula was a well-devel­ John Hogue had good judgment for historic artifacts from the heartland of oped form (see photo) with extensions at quality flint, with the collection containing Ohio's early people. the stem bottom comers. mostly perfect-condition artifacts except

Figure 2 (Hothem) Gorgets, 2'/, x 3%Figure 3 (Hothem) Bell pestle, brown hard- Figure 4 (Hothem) Three-quarter Figure 1 (Hothem) Pendant, 7 nicely banded green glacial inches, unusual red banded slate stone, 5'A inches high, with 3'A inch basal groove axe, gray quartzite, 5 A inches slate, 1% x 43/e inches, aver­ and highly polished. Probably from diameter. Probably from Coshocton high. Probably from Coshocton aging only 'A inch thick. Prob­ Coshocton County. Hogue collec­ County. Hogue collection. County. Hogue collection. ably from Coshocton County. tion. Hogue collection.

M Figure 6 (Hothem) The Figure 5 (Hothem) • Hogue Ashtabula, reverse, 2ti The Hogue Ashtabula, obverse, 2% x 6'A inches, with highly devel­ x 6% inches, made of gray striped oped flared base bottom cor­ and mottled Upper Mercer flint. ners. In all the collection, this This was found by John Hogue was the only artifact to be during screening of a plowed field marked by Mr. Hogue with his near Dresden in 1942. Muskingum name. Muskingum County. County, Hogue collectionn. Hogue collection.

26 A STONE HUMAN HEAD WASHED UP ON THE BANK OF THE MAUMEE RIVER NEAR GRAND RAPIDS AFTER A TERRIFIC FLOOD IN 1959 by Cluade Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131 A stone human head was found in 1959 fhese years and was washed up enough to the surface that it could have by the Harry Grigsby family of Lima, Ohio. during the terrific flood that raged been quarried in pre-settlement times? The head (see Fig.1) was found on the down the Maumee River this last When I visited the Grigsbys in March, bank of the Maumee River while fishing. I winter. The ice floes were, in some 1961, they asked me to place a monetary corresponded with Grigsby in 1959 while I places, 12 feet high and did much value on their stone head and make them was stationed in Germany. My initial damage there." an offer for it. I refused, but I asked them to inquiry concerned a photo of the head inform me if the head ever left their family. which had appeared in the Lima Citizen. Upon inspecting the head further, the They said they would let me know. I never Grigsby stated that even after the head nose was partially broken. One eye had heard from the Grigsbys again. It is unlikely was pictured in the newspaper, and after an eyelid over it, but the other eye did the Grigsbys are still living. There is no showing the item to several "experts", not. After my initial examination of the listing on them in the western Ohio phone including the Allen County Museum, no head, I concluded that it was of aboriginal directories. Hence, whatever happened to one seemed to have an opinion as to manufacture. But, why was it made? How the stone head is anyone's guess. Perhaps whether the head was part of a statue, an old is it? Does it represent a dead man, it is still in their family. If anyone reading "old Indian relic", or what. having been crafted by some sort of this article has any further information or Grigsby (1957) states that the stone "Tribal Death Cult"? Was it made by the speculations concerning Grigsby's stone head has the appearance of a dead man, Intrusive Mound Culture, as discussed by head, please enlighten me. in that the cheeks are sunken and the Converse (1998)? mouth is open. In 1961, after returning to When I examined the stone head in References: Ohio, I visited Mr. & Mrs. Grigsby and I 1961, I was unable to make a positive Converse, Robert N. examined the head. When I first saw it, identification of the raw material. It 1998 Intrusive Mound Human Effigies. Ohio what immediately struck me was the size appeared to be made from anhydrite Archaeologist 48(4):20. and weight of the object. The head was which had been partially replaced with Grigsby, Harry life-size and probably weighed nearly 12 gypsum. It had a hardness of about three 1959 Written and oral communication or 13 pounds. I agreed with Grigsby in on Moh's Scale, so this would be in line for between 1959 and 1961. that the head appeared to be an effigy of a anhydrite (Wahlstrom, 1955). Geologically, dead man. Perhaps at one time the head if anhydrite was the correct identification, Moore, Raymond C. may have had inset eyes and teeth. The the source of the material could have been 1949 Intro, to Historical Geology. McGraw- head, being weathered and eroded, prob­ Michigan or Ontario. In discussing the dis­ Hill Pub. Co. ably had been in the river for a long time tribution of Silurian Period evaporates, before the floods washed it to shore. In a Moore (1949) makes the following state­ The Lima Citizen letter from Grigsby, dated September 27, ments: "The southern Peninsula of 1959 Object found on river bank puzzles 1959, he makes the following statement: Michigan and adjacent country eastward Lima couple. The Lima Citizen, August 14, 1959, page 3. "We found it on the banks of the to central New York contain thick deposits Maumee River near the little village of Upper Silurian salt, gypsum, and anhy­ Wahlstrom, Ernest E. of Grand Rapids. I believe that it drite which occur in numerous beds." But, 1955 Petrographic mineralogy. John Wiley & has lain in the river bottom all do any of these deposits occur near Sons.

Figure 1 (Britt) A stone human head effigy washed up on the bank of the Maumee River after a terrific flood in 1959. This photo appeared in The Lima Citizen. August 14, 1959, page 3.

27 A NINETEENTH CENTURY REDWARE PIPE POSSIBLY MANUFACTURED AT LANCASTER, OHIO by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Niel Avenue Mall Columbus, OH 43210

A recent Phase I archaeological survey ribbed stems, but the designs are quite sylvania or elsewhere may be discovered (Murphy 1999) southwest of Lancaster, in different and none include ribbing on the where these distinctive tobacco pipe forms Hocking Township, Fairfield County, Ohio, bowl (Hamilton and Hamilton 1972). were actually made. revealed a small, multi-component scatter The overall affinities of this pipe would of historic artifacts and flint flakes (33-FA- suggest a Pennsylvania or North Carolina References 1411). The Cupp Site lies on the top and origin. Walker (1975: 106) indicate that side slope of an irregular, eroded Wis­ about a quarter of the Moravian clay pipes Albright, F. P. consin end moraine remnant just east of a produced at Bethabara, North Carolina, 1958 Clay Pipe Making at Salem, North Car­ second-order tributary of the Hocking were black-, brown-, green-, mottle-, or olina. The Chronicle of the Early Amer­ River, here a ditched stream that transects clear-glazed. Most of the Bethabara pipe ican Industries Association, Vol. XI, no. 2 (June 1958): 18-20, 24. a large cultivated field. The prehistoric forms were anthropomorphic, however; nor do the forms later produced at nearby material recovered is limited to a fragmen­ Hamilton, H. W., and Jean T. Hamilton tary triangular point of Upper Mercer flint, a Salem, North Carolina, appear to include 1972 Clay Pipes from Pamplin. The Missouri small ovate biface of unidentified flint, and diagonally ribbed forms (Albright 1958). Archaeologist, Vol. 34, no. 1-2: 1-47. a prismatic blade fragment doubtfully rep­ Unfortunately, early Pennsylvania reed- resenting an Historic gunflint. stem pipes are less well documented, but Murphy, James L. Although no references to a farmstead it is a likely source, since the pipe molds 1999 A Phase I Archaeological Literature at this location have been found in the lit­ used by the North Carolina potters were Review and Field Reconnaissance of the Proposed Rock Mill Corporate Park. erature, the artifacts recovered suggest actually produced in eastern Pennsylvania. A third, very intriguing possibility is that Hocking Township Fairfield County an ante-bellum occupation. Although Ohio. Report submitted to Lockwood the pipe was made locally and represents badly disturbed by cultivation and erosion and Associates, Lancaster, Ohio, April and lacking any discrete feature remnants the product of pioneer Lancaster potter, 19, 1999. or concentrations of artifact material, the Edward Thomas or his successor, Jacob site has not been impacted by later occu­ Kridelbaugh. Very little is known about Walker, Ian C. pation. Considered particularly significant either Thomas or Kridelbaugh, however, 1975 The American Stub-stemmed Clay temporally is the complete absence of beyond the following advertisement Tobacco-pipe: A Survey of Its Origins, ironstone or other "white" tableware, a placed in the Lancaster, Ohio, Eagle, Manufacture, and Distribution. The Con­ ference on Historic Site Archaeology corresponding dominance of pearlware March 17, 1817: Papers, Vol. 9 (1974): 97-128, fig. 1-4. and true porcelain, and the common "Two Dollars Reward STOLEN, occurrence of early transfer and sponged from the Pottery of the subscriber, sherds. Redware crock sherds outnum­ formerly occupied by Edward bered stoneware crock and jug sherds 20 Thomas, in Lancaster, on the night to 6, also suggesting an early 19m C. date of the first inst., A Pipe-Mould, for the historic component. A sample of Made of lead and plated with 20 small fragments of blue-green flat copper. Whoever brings back said glass were obtained, yielding a mean mould, and informs the subscriber thickness of 1.46 mm. Using Ball's (1983) who the person was that stole it, formula, these yield a date of 1816.1, shall have the above reward, or whereas Moir's (1987) formula yields a one Dollar for the mould only. date of 1835.6. Jacob Kridelbaugh." By far the most intriguing artifact recov­ It is not clear even that Thomas was a ered is the base of a reed- or stub- potter. Neither he nor Kridelbaugh is listed stemmed redware tobacco pipe covered in the 1820 census for Fairfield Co. and in with a dark, greenish-brown glaze (Fig. 1). fact no other reference to either of them The pipe stem is decorated with a series has been found. It is significant, however, of diagonal raised ribs which undoubtedly that clay pipes were being manufactured in continued onto the bowl. This is a Lancaster as early as March, 1817, and it common motif in 19th and early 20th C. is suggested that the redware pipe found reed-stemmed tobacco pipes manufac­ at the Cupp Site may be a product of this 160 170 180 190 20i tured in the United States and is known pottery. The prospects of ever proving or from the Kirkpatrick-Peterson pipe factory disproving this thesis are remote, since the ill!]! ,i llll lllllll I lllllll! IUILI llll at Point Pleasant, Clermont Co., Ohio, as precise location of the Lancaster pottery ! l|l i(i well as the Akron Smoking Pipe Co. site has not been determined, and, since it was mi 11 'I'll I] at Mogadore, Summit Co., Ohio, and the probably in downtown Lancaster, little or 7 Kirkpatrick pottery at Anna, Illinois. None nothing is likely to remain of the site. The of these are manufactured of redware, discovery of additional such pipes in the s however, and no examples are known Lancaster area might strengthen the case, I llll lllllll ih with such a thick, dark glaze. Pamplin, while their documented occurrence else­ ll Figure 1 (Murphy) Redware Tobacco Pipe where might weaken it. And it is always Virgina, pipes are mostly redware and Fragment from the Cupp site (33-FA-1411), possible that a pipe manufactory in Penn­ include a few forms with diagonally Fairfield Co., Ohio.

28 AN 1888 FIND by Ken Simper Hamilton, Indiana

This very fine single-notch bannerstone The bannerstone was found by Mr. We collectors are very fortunate when is made from slate, greenish to gray with Hain Crow on his farm in Putnam County, such classic artifacts, so susceptible to black bands for color. Ohio on September 20, 1888. It was also breakage, survive the ravages of time in a Its width from each wing tip is 53/a in the excellent collection of Gilbert Walls whole undamaged condition for us to inches and height from notch points to of Gomer, Ohio. study and care for. bottom is 3 inches.

Figure 1 (Simper) Single-notch Winged Bannerstone from Putnam Co., Ohio.

29 THE ROSS BIRD AND RIDGED GORGET by Gene R. Edwards Berlin Heights, Ohio

In the year of 1958, Paul Ross of 2261 was found with several points. At the time is that we will never know if there was Pipe St., Sandusky, Ohio, Erie County he did not save any of the bone material. more or if this was an isolated find. During decided it was time to drain his back It could have been an animal trash pit. the 70's an apartment complex was built yard. At the time the road in front of his In the early 70's when Michael Pratt of on the site, with underground utilities. home was higher than his yard. Water the University of Toledo was doing con­ There was a lot of digging with won't run up hill. Beyond his back yard tract Archeological work on the Pipe Creek machinery. I know of nothing else found was a sand hill that elevated about 3 feet Harbor Site, Mr. Ross brought his find to on the site, but I will always wonder if above his back yard. Beyond this sand his attention. It was taken to Toledo Uni­ there was more. hill, elevation dropped to Pipe Creek versity and studied by Dr. David Stothers. I would like to thank the Ross Family which was below the elevation of his back After several years I obtained the Ross for entrusting the collection with me. yard. The only problem was it was not his Collection and returned it to Toledo Uni­ land and 500 yards to Pipe Creek. With versity where it was restudied and found to Reference permission of the land owner Mr. Ross fit into context with other finds in the area Archeology of Eastern North America started hand digging a drain line to Pipe of works of Dr. Stothers. It was first pub­ Vol. 21, Fall 1993. Archeological Creek. About 150 feet from his yard on lished in Volume 21 Archaeology of Reflections of the Late Archaic and the slope of the sand ridge he encoun­ Eastern North America, Fall 1998. Early Woodland Time Periods in the tered a cremation and the gorget fell out. Western Lake Erie Region The time period placed on this find is David M. Stothers and Timothy J. Abel Upon further investigation the bird stone 2500-1500 BC. The sad part of this story

Figure 1 (Edwards) Ross Bird and Gorget, Sandusky, Ohio, Erie County.

30 NEW ON THE INTERNET The Archaeological Society of Ohio Web-site WWW.0HI0ARCH.ORG

A RESPONSE TO RECENT EDITORIALS by Martha Potter Otto, President Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc. P.O. Box 82012 Columbus, OH 43202 I am taking this opportunity to respond both the Archaeological Society of Ohio does this bill impede or make it illegal for to two editorials published in the Ohio and the Ohio Archaeological Council. farmers to plow their fields once human Archaeologist (vol. 48, no. 3, Summer In the editorial in the Fall 1998 issue of remains are disturbed.... Does this bill 1998; vol. 48, no. 4, Fall 1998) that con­ the Ohio Archaeologist is the statement require farmers and developers to main­ tain incorrect statements regarding the that, ". . . the Ohio Archaeological tain these places as cemeteries?" It would Ohio Archaeological Council's activities, Council knew about this law but did not seem that these concerns, raised by the especially with regard to the passage of inform the Archaeological Society...." OAC president are quite similar to many of H.B. 429 by the Ohio General Assembly. That statement is incorrect. I personally those mentioned in the Fall 1998 issue The first editorial refers to "...the Ohio sent a copy of the bill to the ASO presi­ editorial. Archaeological Council ... and the Ohio dent, Bud Tackett, on July 8, 1997. News The Ohio Archaeological Council was [Historic] Preservation Office who spon­ of the bill and its hearings were published founded in 1975 to, among other things, sored the bill" (emphasis added). That in the OAC's newsletter that is sent to all "Promote the conservation and preser­ statement is not correct. Also incorrect is OAC members, including ex-officio mem­ vation of archaeological sites and the statement that H.B. 429 was, "...for­ bers; the president of the ASO is an ex- records . . . and to develop among the mulated and steered through the legisla­ officio member of the Council. general public an appreciation of these ture by the Ohio Archaeological Council On July 23,1997, the House Local Gov­ irreplaceable resources . . .". This goal is and the Ohio [Historic] Preservation ernment and Township Committee held nearly identical with the Archaeological Office...." (emphasis added). open hearings on H.B. 429, at which time Society of Ohio's purpose, ". . . to dis­ On May 6, 1997, the legislation was Robert Genheimer, then-president of the cover and preserve archaeological sites introduced in the House of Representa­ OAC, presented a statement on behalf of and material..., to seek and promote a tives by Representative William Ogg of the Council. The final paragraph of Bob's better understanding among students Portsmouth, apparently at the urging of statement reads: "In conclusion, while we and collectors of archaeological material, some of his constituents. The purpose of agree with the bill's proponents that professional and non-professional..." the bill was to define the term, "ceme­ Ohio's cemetery statutes do not afford The OAC's membership includes profes­ tery", which - to my knowledge - had recognition and consideration of ancient sional and amateur archaeologists and never been defined specifically in state human remains, and we support the the president of the ASO is an ex-officio law. Also, the bill required that the defini­ sponsor's efforts to address this situation, member. Many ASO members have tion of "cemetery" be added to existing we do not believe that House Bill 429 attended OAC conferences. My goal in Ohio laws dealing with vandalism (ORC effectively resolves the problem. Further­ writing this article is not only to correct 2909.05) and desecration (ORC 2927.11). more, we believe there may be significant errors, but also to establish a more The text of H.B. 429 and the revised sec­ and unintended adverse consequences to formal dialog between the Ohio Archae­ tions of the code are appended to this this bill that should be carefully consid­ ological Council and the Archaeological article. House Bill 429 is not the same as ered". Another section of that statement Society of Ohio. In the spirit of that the earlier Cemetery Bill (H.B. 432) intro­ reads: "This bill raises a number of ques­ dialog, the OAC's Board of Directors has duced by Representative Ogg in 1996. tions concerning the rights of property extended an invitation to the ASO's That bill, which would definitely have had owners and others whose legitimate activ­ Board of Directors to meet together and far-reaching effects on private property ities occasionally bring them into contact freely discuss our concerns. We are and on archaeology, was opposed by with ancient human remains. For instance, looking forward to that meeting.

31 TO SET THE RECORD STRAIGHT by Robert N. Converse, Editor

I am writing this response to Martha evasive for these people not to reply to amend the cemetery bill and that they Otto's article with regard to the "cemetery to a direct face to face question have admonished the legislature about bill". In the first paragraph she says that when they were in full knowledge of calling us "treasure hunters." my statement is incorrect that the Ohio the answer. Archaeological Council and the Ohio One of the principle goals of the Archaeological Society of Ohio is to Preservation Office sponsored the bill. Martha Otto says that the OAC record and publish the many sites and She also says that my statement is incor­ opposed the bill which is not true. rect that the bill was formulated and artifacts that are found or acquired by our members as well as articles from all steered through the legislature by those The following are the facts. two organizations. people interested in archaeology. We 1. Although the OAC president testified especially welcome reports from profes­ against the bill, the OAC ad hoc sionals. I believe that the pages of the The following are the facts. committee later sent word to the leg­ Ohio Archaeologist reflect that goal - it is When we learned of this bill and its islature that they approved the lan­ the primary reason we have over 2,300 passage we contacted Rep. William Ogg guage of the bill. members. its sponsor and learned the following: In the last paragraph of her letter she However, such is not the goal of the We were told in no uncertain terms says that the goals of our two organiza­ OAC who will not even admit a member that the bill had the approval of the tions are nearly identical and we should who collects, no matter how scientifically Ohio Archaeological Council, the Ohio establish a formal dialog between the two or legitimately, or who "maintains" or Preservation Office and the Ohio His­ groups. Perhaps so. Our two Boards met "owns" artifact collections. We must face torical Society. over a month ago and to date we have the fact that the OAC believes that surface not had a response from them. It would hunting by ASO members is unethical and The language of the bill was formu­ be interesting to see a policy statement that research based on privately owned lated by one James Addington. a pro­ from the OAC saying that they are trying artifacts and collections is not legitimate. fessional archaeologist with the Ohio Highway Dept. and former Treasurer of HB429 (OGG W) To define cemetery and include term in the vandalism and the OAC. desecration laws. The OAC told us absolutely nothing applicable to cemetaries. The intent of the bill is not to about their part in this law - it was only slow down any construction, Ogg said, but to stop "treasure after it was signed into law that they said hunting" on burial sites that should be respected. anything - and that was to deny that they had a part in its passage. Martha Otto says that our Society was informed about the hearings on this bill OAC Newsletter through an OAC newsletter and through a In introducing the bill, Sen. Shoemaker fax to Bud Tackett. commented that the intent is to prevent artifact hunters from robbing flrave sites.

The following are the facts. Exhibit 1 (Converse) Legislative intent of cemetery bill as stated by Rep. Ogg and Sen. Shoemaker. 1. President Bud Tackett asked all offi­ This language was approved by the OAC. cers unequivocally at ASO board meetings whether there was any leg­ OAC Legislative Issues Committee Report islation or laws being proposed in the November 21,1997 legislature. Submitted by Shaune Skinner, Chair 2. Although Martha Otto and three prepared by Al Tonetti and Shaune Skinner other members of our Board knew [members: Butterworth, Olio, Pape, Reichwein (Board liaison), Ruflini, Skinner, and Tonetti) about this law, not a one of them bill, OAC President Genheimer scnl a lener lo the kill's main sponsor, Rep. William Ogg (D- uttered a word. In fact Martha Otto in Sciotoville), indicating that the OAC accepted the changes made to the original bill, now contained in particular who sat silent was at that substitute H.B. 429. time on a special ad hoc committee of the OAC created especially to deal OAC Newsletter May 1998 with this bill and knew full well that the OAC had approved the language OAC Legislative Issues Committee of the bill! Report

3. Whether Bud Tackett was sent an Submitted by Shaune Skinner, Chair. OAC newsletter or not, which is not Prepared by committee member Al Tonetti. certain, he was unaware as were •4 Exhibit 2 (Con­ (Other members of this ad hoc committee: Kolleen verse) OAC Newslet­ most of our Board that he was an ex- Butterworth, Martha Otto, Kevin Pape, Jeff Reichwein officio member of the OAC. If he was (Board liaison), and Franco Ruffini.) ^^ ters in which the ad hoc committee, which a member, why wasn't he invited to OAC does not object to the substitute bill, and we notified included Martha Otto, the OAC meeting at which the bill and the House committee of this position before their vole. For further information about this bill please consult the notified Rep. Ogg that its language was approved? In any November 21 report to the membership. they approved the case, it seems more than deliberately cemetery bill.

32 TO THE MEMBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY from Rocky Falleti President, Mahoning Valley Chapter

As President of The Mahoning Valley collector in the State, and becomes the half. (Actual Numbers) Can we, as a Chapter of the ASO I am appalled at the first step in bringing more legislation. society, really last another 3 years with this outcome of the recent vote to amend the In a letter from Carl Szafranski received type of leadership? This administrations' by-laws. I find it irresponsible on the part by me 3 days before the vote was to be leadership has offered no support towards of the voters in attendance to vote against taken he said "We should not let the vote the goals of avocational collectors, but has the right to collect on private properties, of 200 members control the future of in turn weakened, indeed very much and which have been registered as a camp­ 2300 members". I agree wholeheartedly! destroyed the rights practiced by its mem­ site, village, etc. These are the facts: Then why should we accept the vote of bers. No, I say, we do not need them as At the last board meeting Larry Morris 111 members? ( Hardly a quorum!) officers of the society. We do, I think, want intimated that he had hired a lawyer at I propose, given the issue is of such their support of the society's goals and his own expense to interpret the law. His importance, that the amendment again be efforts, as stipulated above. findings, a matter of record, indicate that voted on, with every society member If these "professionals" really care "once a site on public or private property, having the opportunity to cast his or her about the Archaeological Society of Ohio, is registered with the State, no earth­ vote. This should be done with the provi­ its membership, and the future of the work, mound or thing may be disturbed sion for casting a vote, by absentee society as a whole, then I propose for the without privilege granted to do so from ballot, extended to every member who love of our group, these officers, resign the State of Ohio." This does not exclude cannot make a general membership their posts. Further, I submit that they be private property but rather includes it. As meeting. It is our right as members. asked to remain as members of the past president of the Society, Larry What is going on is a power struggle society, with the provision that no "pro­ Morris still voted against it. Why? Does between the "professional" and the "avo- fessional" archaeologist may hold elected he also want to shrink our eroding rights? cational" members for control of our office within the society again. The events of the meeting were an society. (Are the "professional" archaeol­ I, with 70 members of my chapter, am absolute sham. People who stood ogist finding it easier to try to outlaw col­ calling for the immediate resignation of all against the amendment were permitted lecting of artifacts than to deal with the professional archaeologists serving as to return to the podium 2 and 3 times to collectors themselves?) officers of the ASO. I ask this out of my voice their opposition. Those members It was implied that an amendment love for the society. This is not personal, supporting the change were hurried off, requiring ASO officers to support our con­ as I perceive these individuals as fine or hassled that they were taking too long, stitution would result in their resignation. people. I know that if they are honest with and some without even receiving If it had passed and they decided to themselves, they will do the right thing answers to their questions. Is this resign, that would be their problem, not and reunite the members of this great democracy in action? ours. The fact that it didn't receive a two- society. Failure on their part to do so will The members on the committee to thirds vote has split our Society. reaffirm our suspicions that they "DO" study the amendment change were Is the society about them and their "pro­ intend to take over the society and in chosen by the opposition and were fessional" agenda, or about every collec­ another 3 years with them as leaders known to oppose it themselves. What tors right to collect and their pursuit of there will be no Archaeological Society of proper chance did the amendment ever knowledge? We need "professionals" to be Ohio. They have to realize that they are have? That the opposition-group stacked a part of us as a guiding hand but not as the reason for the spilt, pitting friends of the deck against the proponents of the officers of the society, more important they 30 years or more against each other. change is clear to anyone attending the need us. Without us they have no access to Also, I am calling for a membership- meeting. This opposition group even sent the sites that we in turn give them. wide vote, with provisions for casting letters to every member on the mailing The basic truth in all this is that the votes by absentee ballot. The amendment list, using scare tactics and lies to coerce "professional community" is actually simply says that our officers must swear their final goal—an abridgement of the trying to take over the largest collector to support our constitution. Why should rights of every collector in the state, Society in America and they're doing it we tolerate the seating of officers to our member or not! Misinformation and false with the society's approval. society of collectors who stand in opposi­ statements implied that the passage of Do we need professionals on the Board tion to collecting? Don't let this issue sink this amendment would invoke the loss of of Directors? Just look at what 5 months of the society, and your rights to collect in a the Society's non-profit status—an accu­ their leadership has done! Their terms responsible manner. sation that has no basis in fact, began in May of 1998 and by September IT IS UP TO YOU—THE SOCIETY I strongly urge all members NOT to of the same year HB 429 which is anti-col­ MEMBER—TO PROTECT YOUR RIGHTS! register ANY sites with the Ohio Histor­ lecting was passed. A bill that called us Write your President now and demand ical Society or with any other State office. "treasure hunters" was passed and not your right to vote on this amendment, by Once a site is registered it becomes one of our professional officers opposed it mail-in absentee ballot. Do it now! illegal to even surface hunt it. This is a and actually helped pass it. One year into Rocky Falleti, direct assault upon the rights of every their term and we have a society divided in President, Mahoning Valley Chapter

33 AN AUGLAIZE COUNTY BIRDSTONE by Shaun Place 9606 Place Road Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

This Glacial Kame birdstone was found located one half mile east of the Auglaize swampy area south of their house and in the early 1980s in Logan Township, River near the village of Buckland. found the birdstone on a small rise. Now Auglaize County, Ohio, by Clint Cratty on When Clint Cratty and his brother were in my collection, we hope to keep it in their family farm. The Cratty farm is children they were playing in a low-lying Auglaize County for years to come.

X

Figure 1 (Place) Banded slate birdstone found in Auglaize County, Ohio. The contours of the banding in the slate form an eye as is often seen in slate birdstones.

AN INDIANA KNOBBED CRESCENT BANNER by Larry Dyer 11175S100W Columbus, Indiana 47201

This fine knobbed crescent bannerstone was found by James Keesling in the late 1960's. It was originally pub­ lished in the Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 20, No 3,1970

Figure 1 (Dyer) Knobbed crescent bannerstone of banded slate.

34 A STRANGE ENGRAVED STONE by Gene Veldhaus 3496 Ebenezer Rd. Cincinnati, Ohio 45248

As a collector of Indian artifacts for the past 50 years, I have run into some strange pieces. One Sunday morning about 25 years ago my sons and I were hunting along the Little Miami River at an old site. We came across a pile of stones that previous hunters had collected and discarded. Thinking they might have overlooked a hammerstone, I went through the pile. I found the object shown in Fig. 1 which measures 3 inches by \% inches. It appears to be an engraving or decorative drawing. If anyone in our Society has information on such engraving I would like to hear from them. (Editor's note - Similar engravings are sometimes seen in Fort Ancient Figure 1 (Veldhaus) Engraved stone from along the contexts.) Little Miami River.

(Editorial - continued from page 3) Do All Officers Represent the ASO First? The Illegal Campaign and the Ohio His­ behalf of the ASO, that too is illegal. In fact, Eight members of our Board - Gary torical Society only the Treasurer and Business Manager of Kapusta, Jim Hovan, Bud Tackett, Russell The Archaeological Society mailing list is the ASO are entitled to receive money of Strunk, John Mocic, Walt Sperry, Elaine valuable and worth considerable money. any kind and are bonded accordingly. This Holzapfel and Robert Converse - began to We have had numerous opportunities to is done to preserve not only our finances wonder who the other seven officers on sell it. However, when the federal ARPA law but the integrity of our Society. our Board represented. We had never was passed several years ago, our Board Obligations and Duties of Our Officers heard of officers who neither spoke for the of Directors passed a by-law which strictly We believe that it is time for ail the Offi­ membership nor subscribed to the aims forbade anyone - even an officer - from cers and Trustees of the Archaeological and purposes of the organization which using our mailing list for any purpose. Our Society of Ohio to decide whether they they governed. We decided to ask that the mailing list is private and not for sale. The represent our membership, agree with the rest of our Officers and Trustees simply Ohio Historical Society, and two of its purposes of our Society and uphold our swear to uphold our constitution - which employees along with Carl Szafranski, have constitution. We believe that ASO officers didn't seem unreasonable. Amendments now compromised, perhaps copied, and shouldn't be allowed to pick and choose which simply encapsulated our constitu­ illegally used our mailing list for unautho­ what parts of our constitution they want to tion and the purpose of our Society were rized purposes. Aside from the fact that the support. We believe that no ASO officer introduced at our March meeting and were Ohio Historical Society is a state agency should endorse, uphold or condone anti- overwhelmingly accepted by a ten to one and has no business interfering in our collector laws. If they have any reserva­ margin. affairs and subverting the constitution of tions about our constitution, we believe The Illegal Misinformation Campaign the Archaeological Society of Ohio, they they should remove themselves and join used tax money for private purposes which an organization which reflects their own But rather than swear to uphold our con­ is obviously illegal. We would like to see an so-called ethics and values. We will not stitution, a minority of our Board began a audit by the State Auditor to determine how propaganda and misinformation campaign stand by and have our Society changed to much taxpayer money was spent and what fit the aims and purposes of the OAC and - and to do this, the by-laws of our constitu­ state employees and property were tion were blatantly violated, and a great deal a tiny minority of people who don't believe involved. We believe that since our valuable of illegal time and illegal money was spent! in collecting, surface hunting or the owner­ and private mailing list was obtained by the ship of the artifacts legally and legitimately Martha Otto and Jeb Bowen contacted Ohio Historical Society illegally, we are enti­ found on the surface of the ground. our Business Office and requested our tled to damages and the value of our com­ The Future membership list from Don Casto. Casto, promised list. longtime ASO officer and ex-President, Illegal Donations to Our Officers There are many exciting things our knew of the ASO prohibition about giving Society needs to do. We can't do it with a our membership list to anyone and It was stated that money from anony­ divided Board. The eight members who refused them. mous contributors paid for part of this have signed this editorial want to get our Martha Otto then, surreptitiously, and misinformation campaign. It is illegal for Society back on track and make archae­ without the knowledge and authority of our ASO officers to solicit or receive money ology and collecting more interesting, Board of Directors, obtained the ASO list without Board authorization. It is illegal responsible and exciting. We want to get of mailing labels from the people who print for ASO officers to spend money without things published. We need to stay abreast our magazine and had it billed and deliv­ Board approval or to conduct any other of new laws. We need to increase our ered to the Ohio Historical Society! Over Society business without consent of our membership and invite all interested 2,100 letters were mailed to ASO members Board. Such actions violate state laws, people to join. We need to make our meet­ at a cost of nearly $1,200 in postage and our constitution, and puts our non-profit ings more interesting. We need to get our probably over $800 in duplication, paper status at risk. Society back to the philosophy which has made us the largest state archaeological and envelope costs - a total of $2,000. The If this money was solicited by state society in America. letters were prepared at the Ohio Historical employees on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society, a state agency supported by Ohio Society and spent in an effort to subvert the We ask our fellow collectors to join us in taxpayers, using state paid employees and ASO constitution, that is patently illegal. All this effort before it is too late. supplies. The $1,200 in postage was paid monies donated to any non-profit organiza­ Signed: Robert Converse, Gary Kapusta, through the Ohio Historical Society tion must be accounted for according to Bud Tackett, John Mocic, Walt Sperry, Jim postage meter! state law. If they solicited this money on Hovan, Elaine Holzapfel, Russell Strunk. 35 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE MULTICOMPONENT WILLIAMS SITE by Chris Osborne 748 Hamburg Rd. Fredonia, PA 16124

Location and Description After the Archaic period occupation of have been found in Lawrence County, Pa. The Williams site is located in Mercer the Williams site was sporadic. Two Figure 14 shows the many broken tips County, Pennsylvania. It is one quarter Hopewell points, a broken slate gorget from the site. The many exhausted, mile north of the Shenango River and is and a large hoe are from the Woodland broken and fire damaged flint projectiles bordered to the east and west by two period (Fig 5) and the Fort Ancient people provide evidence of long occupation of small streams. A small spring bisects the left only 2 Triangular points (Fig. 6). the site (Fig. 15). site and the remains of a glacial kettle are on the north side. The elevation varies Tools of Flint and Stone Lithic Summary from 940 feet to 960 feet above sea level Tools were vital to the inhabitants of At least thirteen different flints and and covers approximately two acres. the Williams site - there are nearly as cherts were used at the Williams site. many tools as projectile points. To date, 5 Figure 16 is a chart of raw materials iden­ Projectile Points and drills of various styles have been found tified in the artifacts. Associated Time Periods (Fig 7) and Figure 8 shows 36 scrapers Occupation of the site began sometime most of which are endscrapers. Six REFERENCES in the Paleo-lndian period. Artifacts from hafted scrapers are seen in Fig 9. Stone Converse, Robert N. this period are not common but one par­ tools are prevalent but not as common as 1994 Ohio Flint Types Archaeological Society allel-flaked blade, 2 uniface blades, 2 those of flint. Figure 10 shows 2 celts and of Ohio. Columbus, OH. endscrapers with graver spurs, and the a broken bannerstone preform. basal portion of a Paleo point were recov­ Fogelman, Gary L. 1983 The Pennsylvania Artifact Series ered. A Transitional point was also found. Miscellaneous Flint Artifacts Lithics Book, Fogelman Publishing Co., The Paleo artifacts are shown in Fig. 1. The time placement of these tools is Turbottville, PA. The long Archaic period is represented open to interpretation. Figure 11 depicts 2 by several artifacts. Four early Archaic renotched projectiles which could be from Donohue. side notched points, 4 bifurcates, 7 the Archaic or later times. The first two 1974 Vol. 44, Nos1-2, comer notched points and one Dovetail points in Figure 12 appear to be Fort Pennsylvania Archaeologist. were found (Fig 2) Ancient Triangles but they are too thick Overstreet, Robert M. Figure 3 shows 6 stemmed points and and may have served a different function. 1993 Indian Arrowheads Identification and one fishspear from the middle Archaic. The most puzzling of all the miscella­ Price Guide, The Hearst Corp., NY., NY. The late Archaic is not well represented neous flint pieces are the 2 points in and only 1 Meadowood and 3 Birdpoints Figure 13. Each has been made with a were found (Fig. 4). single notch. Other single notched points

Figure 1 (Osborne) Paleo Artifacts. Figure 3 (Osborne) Middle Archaic Projectiles. Cffftt

Figure 4 (Osborne) Late Archaic Projectiles.

M Figure 2 (Osborne) Early Archaic Projectiles.

36 Figure 6 (Osborne) Ft. Ancient Projectiles. Figure 7 (Osborne) Drills of various styles.

Figure 5 (Osborne) Woodland Artifacts.

Figure 9 (Osborne) Hafted Scrapers.

Figure 10 (Osborne) Celts and bronken Bannerstone Preform.

Figure 8 (Osborne) Scrapers of various styles.

Figure 11 (Osborne) Renotched Points.

Figure 13 (Osborne) Single Notched Points.

Figure 12 (Osborne) Miscellaneous Points. ?•• Figure 15 (Osborne) Fire Damaged Projectiles.

Figure 16 Type of Lithic # of Artifacts % of Survey (Osborne) 1. Onondaga 40 31% 2. Local Black/Gray 38 30% 3. White Chert 8 6% 4. Glacial/Cobble 7 5.5% 5. Chalcedony 7 5.5% 6. Dirt Chert 7 5.5% 7. Unidentified 7 5.5% lWfttt 8. Flint Ridge 4 3% 9. Coshocton Black 3 2.5% 10. Monongahela 3 2.5% 11. Jasper 2 1.5% 12. Quartz 1 .75% 13. Carter Cave 1 .75% Figure 14 (Osborne) Broken Tips. 37 A FIND OF THREE KENTUCKY CACHES by John Holsinger Box 72 Garrison, KY 41141 In March, 1998, I found three projectile heavy rain had brought them to the sur­ of the third cache is made of a different points in a plow furrow in Lewis County face (Fig 2). Then about 100 feet from the material than the rest but they were all Kentucky (Fig. 1). Approximately 8 inches second cache I found a third cache of together. below the points was a three-quarter points on the same ridge Fig. 3). Caches of projectile points must be grooved axe. About 50 feet away I later The largest point in the third cache is unusual since I see few of them pub­ found a second cache of points after 3% inches. The point in the bottom center lished.

Figure 1 (Holsinger) Cache of three projectile points and an axe found Figure 2 (Holsinger) Second cache found of 13 Figure 3 (Holsinger) Third cache found of 13 points. together. points.

A GREENBRIER POINT by Tony Clinton Grand River, Kentucky

I found this Greenbrier point in April, 1999 in Livingston, Kentucky. It is shown natural size and is made of Dover flint. It came from a site near the Cumberland River. Its age is around 7,000 BC.

Figure 1 (Clinton) Greenbrier point found in Kentucky.

38 A RARE A DOVETAIL FROM FLUTED POINT WAYNE COUNTY, by OHIO Frank Myers by Spencerville, Ohio Steve Moystner Union City, Indiana This fluted point is 3V2 inches long and popularly known as Logan County chert. was found in Lorain County, Ohio. It is This is the only fluted point of this mate­ made of Cedarville-Guelph flint, more rial I have ever seen.

Figure 1 (Moystner) I recently acquired this fine Dovetail point which was found in Wayne County, Ohio. It is made of Flint Ridge flint •< Figure 2 (Myers) Fluted point of Logan County chert. I and measures 33A inches long. RECENT FIELD FINDS FROM DARKE COUNTY, OHIO by Elaine Holzapfel

•< Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Fluted point found by Ronnie Thiebeau of Ver- sailes, Ohio. It measures 2 inches long. The raw material was identified by Frank Myers as Sonora flint from Kentucky. Figure 3 (Holzapfel) This Paleo point is distinguished by a lon­ gitudinal white streak. The point ^Figure 1 (Holzapfel) This knife measures 4'A was found in Darke County by inches long and is made of Four-Mile-Creek John Wyan, Jr., in November of chert. It was found by Mark Hemmerich of 1998, and measures 2'A inches Arcanum, Ohio. long.

39 MINI-SESSION AT THE ASO MEETING ON MARCH 20, 1999 by Elaine Holzapfel

Archaeologist Tony DeRegnaucourt deliv­ ered a talk based on the recent book he and Jeff Georgiady collaborated on, Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. He explained that several things are important in the identifica­ tion of the raw material from which an artifact is made. First, knowing the location where an artifact was found, or its provenience, is vital, DeRegnaucourt explained, as some flints and cherts can appear identical even though their iivtlfc sources may be many miles apart. Recog­ nizing the color of the chert is so important that all the photographs in the book are in color, Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Archaeologist Tony DeRegnaucourt and the photographs were carefully matched speaks at the mini-session. with the colors of the various flints. The book can be ordered from Tony DeRegnaucourt at M Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Page from Prehistoric 106 W. North Street, Arcanum, OH 45304. Chert Types of the Midwest depicting Kenneth Price is $55 for soft-cover and $80 for hard­ chert, an Indiana variety. cover, which includes postage and handling.

A MESSAGE FROM THE TREASURER More than ever we need to increase our membership. We need a islature, the Ohio Archaeological Council and others that we will not membership drive. Join the Archaeological Society of Ohio today. be the target of any more legislation for if we are not careful the There is strength in numbers and an increase in membership should recently passed "cemetery law" will be a foot in the door and only be the goal of everyone. Get a friend or fellow collector to join. the first of more anti-collector laws. We must show everyone that a There are efforts in the state legislature to curtail our rights. group of less than ninety OAC members in league with two or three Increase our membership and help our Society stand firm people of illusory ancestry will not get laws introduced to control our against those who oppose and subvert our constitutional rights. more than 2,300 members without our fighting back. There those who would no longer permit hunting, trading, buying Our membership comes from various backgrounds but we must or exchanging artifacts. Our Society has been in existence for 57 present a united front to show everyone that we mean to preserve years because it has allowed people of all beliefs to belong, pro­ the right to walk the fields and collect without having someone tap fessionals, amateurs, collectors and anyone interested in the past. us on the shoulder and arrest us. It is the reason we have the largest state society in America. In the recent controversy the majority of our Board presented 1998 Expenses for the Archaeological Society of Ohio facts - there were no evasions, hidden agendas or lies - we have a genuine concern about the future of our Society. However, we In 1998 expenses totaled $79,500.52 were faced with a campaign conducted fraudulently and illegally This includes approximately $23,500 for reprints of Ohio Flint which was lied about in front of our entire meeting. When the Types/Ohio Slate Types, Four issues of the Ohio Archaeologist at opportunity to answer questions from our members and explain $24,000.00, Business Manager / Editor Expenses of $13,680.00, who conducted this campaign, what was paid for, who paid the Four A.S.O. Shows at Aladdin Shriner's Complex at approximately money and who performed the work, we received only evasions $2,200.00 each, Two Carbon Dating grants of $500.00 ea., One and double-talk. If this mailing was legal and above-board, why went to R. Michael Gramly / Olive Branch Site. The second was to was answering those questions so difficult? Dr. David Stothers / Norwalk Earthworks. The balance of the The minority of our Board who conducted this effort went to expenses were the daily operating costs of the Society, Phone, great trouble, time and expense. Yet, these same people, when Postage, Insurance, etc. asked to volunteer for projects which would greatly benefit our Society, offer no solutions, say not a word, and don't perform. For Despite all the recent events in our Society we still need to focus example, not a one of them has lifted a finger to do anything about on our future. There are those in our Society and on our Board of the recent cemetery bill. They have not contacted their legislators, Directors who seem to have no genuine concerns about our real made phone calls, written letters, attended hearings or done a problems and refuse to confront them. A majority of our Board now single thing to get this law rescinded or amended. Eight members realizes that we must do things in spite of the minority who seem to of our Board have spent much time and energy trying to get this have their own agenda as evidenced by the illegal mailing of over bad law changed with absolutely no help - or even concern - from 2,100 letters to Society members. If the minority on our Board had the balance of our Board. Why didn't these same Board members expended as much time, effort and money - also illegally obtained - spend as much time and money on getting the law changed as they for the good of our Society instead of their own personal agenda, we did on mailing out propaganda? They refuse to do anything except could get some positive things accomplished. These tactics, done to hinder those of us who want to get our Society on a positive plane. confuse our members by presenting only their side of a controversy, At our last meeting Carl Szafranski addressed the membership are efforts not supported by a majority of our Board. We must not let and complained that "no one had filed the proper papers to preserve a minority of professionals and their sycophants control our Society. our non-profit status with the state." Mr. Szafranski has been a If they have a problem with ethics, it is their problem and should not Board member for several years but thinks someone else on the be forced on the vast majority of our members. Board is responsible for this filing! Welcome to our Society Mr. We must be especially alert now that some members of our Board Szafranski! Expend as much energy on filing those papers as you have acquiesced to anti-collector laws and have volunteered to do did mailing out 2,100 pieces of misinformation. absolutely nothing about the fact that the Ohio Legislature was led to believe that we are "treasure hunters". We must show the Ohio Leg­ Gary Kapusta, Treasurer

40 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Letter to the Editor Concerning Ethics site which may have contained as many as 200 burials. Subsequent investigation of the site by surface hunters in June, 1999, revealed a In the summer of 1996 near my hometown of Milford, Ohio, a group of large quantity of human bones - probably the remains of Native Ameri­ "professional archaeologists" were working near the US Rt 50 - 275 cans - scattered all over the surface of the site. Interchange. A friend and I stopped the car and walked over to see the The original owner of the site had paid an archaeologist $20,000 to exca­ site. Before we got near it we were accosted by an individual who told us vate a part of the site and was told that it was too important to be destroyed. that if we came any closer we would be arrested for trespassing. I told And yet the contract archaeologists who did the final mitigation project, after this man who I was and that I was President of the Fort Salem Chapter of investigating only a small portion of the site, made the statement that it was the ASO. He told me that was irrelevant and reiterated that I would be 85% excavated! It seems that ethics stop when the money runs out. arrested if we went any farther so we left. In 1993, directly across the river from this location, a professional About a week later I received a call from Steve Parker who told me archaeologist dug on the Ohio-e-Check site. A friend and I stopped and that he had been informed that the site had been vandalized and that my again were intercepted and were told we were trespassing. I told him name had been mentioned as a possible vandalizer. I told Steve I had who I was and we were allowed to approach the excavation. In a trench visited the site and had given the person who accosted us my name - 3 feet by 75 feet a partial burial was uncovered. Other burials were found hardly the act of someone who vandalized sites. Being upset that my there but never reported. I wonder how many were actually excavated? name was brought up in connection with this act, I called the company The Fort Salem chapter has been picketed by protesters continually at who conducted the excavation, N.E.S. Integrated Environmental Ser­ our annual shows since 1993. We are called gravediggers by them. I vices. I spoke with Jeannine Kreinbrink and told her that I believed that think it is time for the real gravediggers to take responsibility! no one in the Ft. Salem chapter would do such a thing and that our In connection with ethics, I alone was responsible for the apprehension chapter did not tolerate such destruction. During this conversation she of thieves who stole artifacts from the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History told me that they had excavated five prehistoric burials at the site. and tried to sell them. I appeared in federal court and testified and put About two months later I saw an article in the Milford-Miami Advertiser myself at considerable risk -but I received not even a note of thanks. dated Sept 18, 1996, in which was a great deal of misinformation. They showed pictures of artifacts which were not excavated from the site but Russell Strunk, Trustee made no mention of the graves they had uncovered and blamed van­ The Archaeological Society of Ohio dalism on local artifact collectors. (Editor's note: In a similar incident, Jim Hahn of Newark recognized and During the conversation with Miss Kreinbrink, she informed me that helped recover artifacts stolen from the Flint Ridge Museum but did not they had recovered at least 85% of the evidence at the site. It would be even receive an acknowledgement, let alone any thanks for his help. In interesting to learn how a one-half acre investigation on a 20 acre site such incidents, the person who helps retrieve stolen items places himself could recover 85% of the material there - or how such an investigation at great risk and may even be accused of the theft himself - the reward which found five burials could reveal comprehensive information on a for being a responsible collector!)

May 12, 1999 48 No. 4 Fall 1998 pg. 16. (see enclosure). This previously lost information is now safely stored in the Torrington Historical Society's archives. Dear Bob, As an amateur archaeologist and avid tomahawk collector I cannot help On May 11, 1999 I received a letter from Mr. Carl Szafranski, Trustee, but feel that I have made a positive contribution to understanding Tor­ Archaeological Society of Ohio, concerning the two proposals to amend our rington Connecticut's pioneer past as well as shedding light on the suf­ constitution and by-laws. As I read through the various letters he enclosed in fering of those poor souls who endured the horrible massacre of 1778 in opposition to the proposed changes, I was especially struck and dismayed the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. by the one authored by four officers of the Black Swamp Chapter. I further believe that the article "A HATCHET'S CLOUDED HISTORY, They stated that: "We strongly feel that buying, selling, and trading arti­ AND A WIDOW'S HEROISM" stands in direct opposition to them and is facts are most certainly not proper approaches to understanding the past." unquestionable proof that collecting, whether by buying, selling or trading As you will remember, I submitted an article to you entitled, THE can and does contribute to the archaeological community and that such ESTHER SKINNER INDIAN WAR HATCHET A MOTHER OF WYOMING contributions by professionals or amateurs can not be denied. 1778. This research was the direct result of buying an artifact from Sincerely, another collector. The Torrington Historical Society as well as the Hartford Courant Newspaper in Connecticut found the article to be of such historical signif­ icance that on March 14, 1999, they published a story on Esther Skinner Michael J. Shannon and the tomahawk that was featured in OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST volume Dayton, Ohio

Dr. Brian G. Foltz protect what I find, buy or inherit, by the best means that I have. After all, it 6566 Charles Road will still be here when I am gone. Westerville, Ohio 43082 The purpose of the Archaeological Society of Ohio is to educate. Our charter states, "to publish and disseminate knowledge of archaeology." May 6, 1999 This is why I joined the ASO. To be better informed about the past of Ohio. This is why we have speakers at our meetings. This is why we bring Dear Mr. Converse, artifacts to show. This is why we talk about what we find. First of all, thank you for the excellent publication. I appreciate the This is what the Archaeological Society of Ohio is all about. You don't have authors and collections that are represented. I'm proud to be a member to be a collector or surface hunter, or a professional archaeologist to be a of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Recently there has been some member. Honesty and a keen desire to know more about the past, are the confusion about who we are. This needs to be clear, as we all need to be two greatest attributes an individual needs for this society. Collecting is what on the same page. It is not just who we are, but also what is our purpose we do, and if that offends you, there are other societies. When you look at the and where are we going. big archaeology picture, the Archaeological Society of Ohio has one of the Who are we? Our society is a place for amateur archaeologists and pro­ largest memberships in the United States. It didn't happen by accident. fessional archaeologists to learn from each other. This society was founded by collectors. It is a society for collectors. As I look at the Charter for the Six Sincerely, River Valley Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, I read that we Brian G. Foltz, D.C. are "organized and enjoined to discover and conserve Archaeological Sites and Material within the State of Ohio". What does "to discover and conserve Archaeological Sites and Material", mean to you? My interpretation is to find, collect and protect what is left of the past cultures of Ohio before this President, Six River Valley Chapter information is destroyed. This is actually a huge responsibility. My job is to Archaeological Society of Ohio

41 THE 1999 ANNUAL CONVERSE AWARD

The 1999 Annual Robert N. Converse Award was presented to Dr. Michael Gramly at the ASO annual meeting in Columbus. Dr. Gramly was recognized for his many contributions to Ohio Archae­ ology and his articles in the Ohio Archaeol­ ogist. Symbolic of the award was a plaque and $100.00.

Earthworks: Ktn digital explorations of ** works Ancient Newark Ohio digital Nearly two thousand The Hopewell built many embankments, mounds, roadways, and explorations years ago, what is now Newark, Ohio, was prob­ enclosures throughout the Ohio Valley region; but only a few of them of the ably the greatest ritual center of a flourishing pre- survive today. Our commitment is to reconstruct "digitally" what can ancient historic civilization. Using detailed computer not be reconstructed actually: helping to illuminate these Native ohio valley reconstructions, this award-winning* film pre­ American cultures on whose sacred ground much of middle America sents the monumental works of sacred architec­ has been built, and helping them to take their rightful place as part of ture that were built across this ancient landscape by the people we our shared North American heritage. [Running Time 10:47] call the Hopewell. Here it is possible to see the entire Newark com­ Pricing: Single copies $15.00 per copy plex reconstructed as it was measured by the Salisbury brothers in Multiple copies $10.00 per copy 1862. You will: — see its vast, open setting in a man-made prairie Make checks payable to: "CERHAS/University of Cincinnati" — witness the moonrise over the central axis of the Octagon Send to: CERHAS — see the Great Hopewell Road stretching to the southwest Center for the Electronic Reconstruction — visit a Native village along the riverbank of Historical and Archaeological Sites — enter the Great Circle as it may have looked to those who built it University of Cincinnati • P.O. Box 210016 — discover the possible meanings of this great earthen architecture. Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016

AN AWARD WINNING SURFACE FIND by Larry R. Nelson 88 Allendale Road Wheeling, West Virginia 26003-4602

This Intrusive Mound Culture point was found June 19, 1998 on the "Town Field" of West Liberty State College, Ohio County, West Vir­ ginia. At the November meeting of A.S.O. it won a ribbon for Best of Show. At the January, 1999 meeting it won a Best Field Find of the year 1998 plaque. It's one of the very best I have found. y .i CM m IN

42 NEW CHAPTER ERRATA

The Mahoning Valley Chapter is the newest chapter of The The material pictured from the Tolu site in the last issue of Archaeological Society of Ohio. The President is Rocky the Ohio Archaeologist should have been attributed to the Falleti, 176 Clarencedale, Youngstown, Ohio 44512, phone Cave-In Rock site five miles from Tolu. Information kindly 330-758-7449. Members in the northeastern part of Ohio provided by Bill Piatt. should call Mr. Falleti to learn of membership, meeting times and programs. Elaine Holzapfel

DISPLAY IN MEMORY OF PAULA McCATHREN •^ *t:> • «1^H by Elaine Holzapfel K m • .'"^™ K The husband and daughter of Paula McCathren (1942-1999), proudly displayed Paula's collection of prehistoric artifacts at the V March 1999 meeting of the ASO at the Shrine Temple in Columbus. Paula not only took great pleasure in walking the fields near her home in McArthur, Ohio, but she also carefully researched and cata­ logued her finds. As Paula had been planning to exhibit her collection I this year, her family felt they could not let her dream die. More than four hundred people viewed, enjoyed and learned from this excellent display of artifacts from Vinton County. We feel grateful to both Paula A and her family for making this possible. k-^^^^B ^^B^mJ • § I7 ] y^*i 2 ' 1 * — A _£_

IN MEMORY OF JIM McCONNELL It was with great sadness that we learned of the passing of Jim McConnell of Coshocton, Ohio, April 25, 1999. Jim was a good friend to many Society members and a per­ sonal friend for over twenty years. He was a familiar face in our Society and had displayed his artifacts at numerous state and sectional meetings. Jim was only 57 years old. He leaves his wife, Theresa, a son and a daughter and a grandson. He will be sorely missed by the Archaeological Society of Ohio and his many friends in the Society. Our deep condolences go to Theresa and his family.

Robert N. Converse

Back Cover: Six Hopewell Pentagonal Pendants from the collection of Jim Miller, Cleveland, Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

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