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Log Qualities, Wood Properties and Processing of Teaklog

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Log Qualities, Wood Properties and Processing of Teaklog Present Utilization of Small-Diameter Teak Log from Community Teak Plantations in Java and Eastern Indonesia Technical Report ITTO PPD 121/06 Rev. 2(I) Prepared by Eko B. Hardiyanto T.A. Prayitno ITTO Contents Contents ….………………………………………………………….……………….........ii Preface …. ………………………………………………………………………… …...iii 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………1 2. Data collection .. …………………………………………………………………......1 Field survey … …………………………………………………………………………2 Literature review …………………………………………………………………….2 3. Community-grow teak plantation ……..………………………………………….4 Site conditions ……………………………………………………………………………4 Size and productivity …………………………………………………………………4 Silvicultural practices ……………………………………………………………..…11 Stem form …...... .……………………………………………………………………… 14 The need for stem quality improvement …... ………………………………………15 4. Log quality and wood property … …………………………………………….17 Log quality ….. ………………………………………………………………………..17 Wood property .…..…………………………………………………………………….26 Mechanical property …… …………………………………………………………..26 Longitudinal variation …...…………………………………………………….28 Radial variation …..………………………………………………………… ….28 Interactions between factors .….………………………………………………29 Physical property .…..………………………………………………………………31 5. Wood processing .. ………………………………………………………………..34 Sawing technique ..…..…………………………………………………………………34 Wood drying ..….……………………………………………………………………….35 Manufacturing . ….……………………………………………………………………..37 Wood processing in the surveyed areas .….…………………………………………38 The need for wood proceessing improvement ..… ………………………………...42 6. References.……..……………………………………………………………………..44 ii Preface This technical report has been prepared as part of the output of ITTO PPD 121/06 Rev 2(I) titled ‘Development of value‐adding processes for short‐rotation, small‐ diameter community teak plantations in Java and eastern Indonesia’. The information presented in this technical report is derived from the survey and study as well as existing literature. Many individuals and institutions have generously assisted in the survey, testing wood sample and the preparation of the report. We are particularly grateful to the following: • International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) provided the funding. • The Dean of the Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University provided facilities and support. • J. Suranto, Navis Rofii, Ermy Erene Koeslulat, Elma, Vendy, Rifky and a number of students carried out field surveys and data inputs. • In Yogyakarta, Ambar Polah Wood Drying shared information on wood drying. • In Gunung Kidul, Mr. Darmanto, owns a small wood processor, offered time and shared information on wood processing; Mr. Supoyo, the Head of Batur Agung Cooperative provided information on teakwood manufacturing, marketing and challenges. • In Wonogiri, Mr. Bambang Wahyu of the Forestry, Estate Crop and Mining District Office helped for arranging the field survey. • In Pacitan, Mr. Suyitno of the Forestry and Estate Crop District Office helped for arranging the field survey. • Forest District of Timur Tengah Selatan, East Nusa Tenggara helped for arranging field surveys • In South East Sulawesi, Mr. Suntoro offered help for arranging the field survey. The Forestry Cooperative (Koperasi Hutan Jaya Lestari‐KHJL) shared generously their time and information. • In South Sulawesi, Mr. Djohan Perbatasari and Mr. Budi Santoso from FORDA Forestry Research Institute, provided information and facilities for field survey. • Many farmers and wood processors in the surveyed areas in Gunung Kidul, Wonogiri, Pacitan, East Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi spent their time and provided information on their teak plantations and teaklog processing. iii • Perum Perhutani of Cepu District provided access to the information on its teak plantation and wood processing unit. Eko B. Hardiyanto T.A. Prayitno iv Introduction 1 Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the worldʹs premier hardwood timbers, rightly famous for its mellow color, fine grain and durability. It occurs naturally only in India, Myanmar, the Lao Peopleʹs Democratic Republic and Thailand, and it is naturalized in Java, Indonesia, where it was probably introduced some 400 to 600 years ago (Troup 1921). Indonesia has a long history of growing teak as an exotic plantation. The species is believed to be introduced the first time in 14th century by Hindus (Simatupang 2001). Currently Indonesia is one of the world’s largest teak grower. Most of the plantations have been grown in Java, where the largest grower is Perum Pehutani (state‐owned forest corporation) which manages over 1 million ha of teak‐bearing plantation with a net area of teak estimated to be around 6,00 000 ha. Community‐grown teak plantations have been becoming of importance in producing teak log, not only in Java, but also in eastern Indonesia such as South Sulawesi, South East Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. The trend of teak planting by farmers has been continuously increasing in recent years due to decreasing the log supply from state forest managed by Perhutani while the demand of teaklog is steadily increasing. Teak log harvested from community‐teak plantation has been stated to have low quality and consequently low price as well due to be harvested at much younger ages around 15‐20 years compared with that of traditionally known of teak log from the state forest harvested at least at 40 years old. However, complete information on the productivity, log quality, wood properties and processing of teak log harvesting from community‐grown teak plantations in Indonesia is still lacking. The present study is intended to gather this information with a particular reference to Java and eastern Indonesia which have a large size of community teak plantations . 1 Data Collection 2 Field survey Field surveys were carried out in major community‐grown teak plantations in Java and eastern Indonesia. In Java surveys included the following districts: Gunung Kidul (Yogyakarta Province), Wonogiri (Central Java), Pacitan (East Java). In eastern Indonesia surveys covered the following districts: Konawe Selatan and Muna (South East Sulawesi Province), Timur Tengah Selatan and Belu (East Nusa Tenggara Province) (Figure 1). The field survey was designed to gather base‐line data on community‐grown teak plantations such as size, productivity, quality, silviculture practices (planting pattern, density, maintenance etc.) In every designated district a minimum of 20 plots were made and in each plot 20‐30 trees were measured (tree height, stem diameter) and evaluated (stem form, cylindricity, fluting). Stem form was classified as follows: straight, sweep, bow, sinuous, wobble, kink and fork (Figure 2). The stand selected for sampling was at least 10 years old. The field surveys also collected information on a wide range of log dimensions and qualities at selling time harvested from short‐rotation community teak plantations. During field surveys interviews with teak growers and processors were also conducted. Literature review An extensive literature search was carried out in order to collate all sources of data and information related to community‐teak grown plantations and teaklog utilization harvested from the community teak plantations. 2 Figure 1. The location of survey of the community-grown teak plantations indicated by red stars Figure 2. Classification of stem form used in the survey 3 Community-grown teak plantations 3 Site conditions The site conditions where the major community‐grown teak plantations has been developed vary. Mostly the soil belongs to vertisol and alfisol derived majority from limestone and sediment. Annual rainfall ranges from around 1,200 mm (East Nusa Tenggara) to more than 2,850 mm (South East Sulawesi). All of the sites where teak has been grown have monsoonal season, namely wet and followed with dry season (Table 1). The amount of rainfall and the length of wet season will affect the growth and quality of teak wood. Some sites can be categorized as fairly good, like in Konwale Selatan (SE Sulawesi). In contrast, other sites are very poor, stony soil having very shallow soil, like in some parts of Gunung Kidul, Wonogiri and many parts of Pacitan. The elevation of the surveyed sites ranged from 0 to 300 m above sea level. Table 1. Site conditions of selected community teak growing areas Location Soil Rainfall Length of dry Type Parent material (mm/yr) season (month) Gunung Kidul Vertisol, Alfisol Limestone, marl 2,145 6 Andesitic sediment Wonogiri Vertisol, Alfisol Limestone, marl 2104 6 Pacitan Vertisol, Alfisol Limestone 1,892 6 E.Nusa Tenggara Vertisol, Alfisol Limestone 1,286 7 S. Sulawesi Alfisol Limestone, marl 1,620 5 SE Sulawesi Alfisol, Vertisol Sediment 2,850 5 Size and productivity It is not easy to assess the accurate size (ha) of the community‐ grown teak plantations for various reasons. Teak is planted in various patterns by farmers: planting block either pure or mixed with other tree species, a mixture of different ages, edge rows planting along the borders of farm land, scattered trees in home garden. 4 A survey carried out in 2003 (Central Bureau of Statistic 2004) revealed that teak was the most favoured tree species grown by farmers amounting to 79.7 million trees, followed by Paraserianthes (59.8 million trees), mahogany (45 million trees), and acacia (32 million trees). There were over three million households growing teak all over Indonesia. The majority of community‐grown teak plantation is located in Java. Three major growing areas of community teak plantation in Java are Central Java (26.5 %), Yogyakarta
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