Staged Violence in Contemporary Art by Nicole Frances Scalissi Bachelor of Arts, University
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Something to See Here: Staged Violence in Contemporary Art by Nicole Frances Scalissi Bachelor of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2009 Master of Arts, Pennsylvania State University, 2013 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Nicole Frances Scalissi It was defended on April 8, 2019 and approved by Jennifer Josten, Assistant Professor, History of Art and Architecture Barbara McCloskey, Professor, History of Art and Architecture Jennifer Doyle, Professor, Department of English, University of California, Riverside Dissertation Advisor: Terry Smith, Professor, History of Art and Architecture ii Copyright © by Nicole Frances Scalissi 2019 iii Something to See Here: Staged Violence in Contemporary Art Nicole Frances Scalissi, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2019 This dissertation focuses on artists working in the United States who, during the 1970s and beyond, stage violence against women, Latinx, Afro-Latinx, and Black/African American people—marginalized identities with which the artists themselves identify. In so doing, they call attention to the prevalence of disproportionate violence committed against women and people of color in the United States at a broader societal level. I examine how women, Black/African American, Afro-Latinx, and Latinx artists perform or stage scenes of violence as a means of making visible, palpable, and inescapable the effects of the real victimization their communities disproportionately face. Through surprise encounter, reality effects, and viewer participation, artists such as Ana Mendieta, Harry Gamboa Jr., and Shaun Leonardo convey the feeling of looming violence to viewers who, by perception or statistics, feel themselves to be safely outside of threats of identity-based violence. These artists take up and re-deploy violence, often in live or embodied artworks, to counter stereotypes about their communities, challenge their own historical exclusion from mainstream art networks, and open up affective space for viewers themselves to confront the disparities of violence in the US. Throughout, I put forth a theory of Permanent-Potential-Victimhood, a traumatic identity unique to marginalized communities in the United States. I characterize this condition as a kind of future trauma, the pervasive feeling that you are never far from being victimized on the basis of your visual presentation of racial, ethnic, and/or gendered identity—actual or presumed, and over which you have no control. By implicating viewers as witnesses, perpetrators, and/or as victims in scenes of violence against iv bodies of color, these artworks activate feelings of being equally close to the type of brutality in question, as a means to impact upon the viewer-participant’s feelings about actual violence. v Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................................... ix 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Notes on Context and Terms ....................................................................................... 10 1.2 Structure of the Dissertation ....................................................................................... 13 1.3 Trauma out of Time ..................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Frameworks of Ethical Looking, Affect, and Believability ...................................... 28 1.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 35 2.0 Sexualized Violence And Women: Self, Shock, Spectacle ................................................. 36 2.1 Women Urged to be Cautious: Ana Mendieta’s “Rape Scene” ............................... 42 2.1.1 Misinterpretations ............................................................................................. 44 2.1.2 Scholarship ........................................................................................................ 48 2.1.3 Permanent Potential Victimhood .................................................................... 52 2.1.4 Grievability ........................................................................................................ 56 2.1.5 Women’s Bodily Autonomy in Context........................................................... 59 2.1.6 Mendieta’s Sustained Attention to Violence Against Women ...................... 70 2.2 Violence Everywhere: Popular Visual Culture ......................................................... 75 2.3 Broader Artistic Context ............................................................................................. 83 2.4 Suzanne Lacy: Another Approach to the Public ....................................................... 96 2.4.1 Biographical Comparisons: Lacy and Mendieta .......................................... 105 2.5 Rape in the Museum in the 1980s and 1990s ........................................................... 112 2.6 Still Carrying That Weight: The Victimization of Women in the Digital Age ..... 115 vi 2.7 Conclusion: After #MeToo, What Now? .................................................................. 123 3.0 Marginalized Masculinities: Collective Trauma and Community-to-Community Address....................................................................................................................................... 130 3.1 “Think of Them as Rotting Flesh”: Resisting Latinx Stereotypes and the Consumption of the Chicanx Body in the Work of Harry Gamboa Jr. ...................... 130 3.1.1 A Note on Terminology ................................................................................... 134 3.1.2 “Me da Asco” ................................................................................................... 140 3.1.3 Origins of “Decoy Gang War Victim” .......................................................... 144 3.1.4 Performance and/in Los Angeles ................................................................... 147 3.1.5 Stereotyping and Biased News Reporting ..................................................... 148 3.1.6 Too Beautiful to be Real: Aesthetics in “Decoy Gang War Victim” .......... 151 3.1.6.1 Lure-ness and Decoy-ness ................................................................... 156 3.1.6.2 Problematic Beauty ............................................................................. 157 3.1.7 Grieving Outside the Frame ........................................................................... 159 3.1.8 “Decoy Gang War Victim” Finds New Life .................................................. 161 3.1.9 “Decoy” in Print .............................................................................................. 164 3.1.10 “Decoy” Online .............................................................................................. 169 3.1.11 Issues of Acquisition ...................................................................................... 170 3.1.12 America is (Still) Hard to See ....................................................................... 172 3.1.13 Introduction to Harry Gamboa Jr.’s Solo Career ..................................... 177 3.1.13.1 “L.A. Familia” .................................................................................... 178 3.1.13.2 “L.A. Familia” in and out of L.A. .................................................... 186 vii 3.2 “I Didn’t Think They Would Get Away With it Because it Was Televised”: The Legacy Of Rodney King, The Persistence Of Black Suffering, And Museum Responsibility .................................................................................................................... 193 3.2.1 African American Identity and the Burden of Collective Trauma ............ 197 3.2.2 “An Unmitigated Disaster:” The Whitney’s “1993 Biennial Exhibition” . 204 3.2.3 Eyewitness Video and the Failure to Testify, From Rodney King to Eric Garner ..................................................................................................................... 218 3.2.4 “The World is a Mirror of My Freedom” ..................................................... 229 3.2.5 Dramatic Erasure and Visceral Live Presence: Shaun Leonardo .............. 237 3.2.6 History Repeats in the “2017 Whitney Biennial” ......................................... 252 4.0 Epilogue ............................................................................................................................... 262 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 267 viii Preface I began writing this dissertation 2014, but most of my work has been in the context the heightened contestation of what it means to be American since the current president launched his campaign in 2015, promising an administration based on isolationist, nationalist, and discriminatory policies that effectively strip the rights, dignity, and safety of women, and people of color, as well as the sense of belonging and aspirational citizenship of people who have newly arrived at our southern border. Growing up in California between the