Multiculturalism, Black Entertainment Television & the Promise of ‘Star Power’
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ABSTRACT STRUGGLING TO FIND BLACK COUNTERNARRATIVES: MULTICULTURALISM, BLACK ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION & THE PROMISE OF ‘STAR POWER’ by Terrence O’Neal Harewood Skeptical about the radical potential of multicultural education given its cooptation by mainstream educational discourses, this dissertation explores the possible existence of counternarratives of Blackness within commercialized popular culture. In light of the fact that Blacks watch television at astronomical rates unparalleled to other U.S demographic groups, I interrogate Black Entertainment Television (BET), the nation’s first African American owned and operated multimedia conglomerate, in order to illuminate possible counter-hegemonic narratives of Blackness. I argue that in order for multicultural education to engender any substantial educational and social transformation, the discourse must be rearticulated, from a postcolonial and cultural studies perspective, as the study of youth identity formation which centers pedagogy around discursive practices that influence the construction of youth subjectivities. From a postcolonial and cultural studies perspective, multicultural education is about understanding, reaffirming, and “troubling” identities. It is also about understanding how identities are discursively produced, represented, and performed in society. As such, the mass media and sites such as BET must be subjected to intense critique as an integral dynamic of multiculturalism. My project makes the case for a syncretic pedagogy which employs critical media literacy as the curriculum framework and problematizes the essentialist and binary logics that have come to characterize multicultural education in the United States. MIAMI UNIVERSITY-THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CERTIFICATE FOR APPROVING THE DISSERTATION We hereby approve the Dissertation of Terrence O’Neal Harewood Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________ Dennis Carlson, Director ____________________________________________ Richard Quantz, Reader ____________________________________________ Cameron McCarthy, Reader ____________________________________________ Michael Dantley, Reader ____________________________________________ Thomas Dutton, Graduate School Representative TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter One: Multicultural Education: Exploring New Grounds, Creating New Possibilities 1 Implications for Multicultural Education 13 Methodology 29 Chapter Outlines 39 Specialized Terminology and Caveats 41 Chapter Two: Multiculturalizing America: Confronting Issues of Cultural identity Through Multicultural Education 46 Why Postcolonialism and Cultural Studies? 49 Postcolonial and Cultural Studies Conceptions of Identity 73 Syncretism, Hybridity, and Creolization 92 Chapter Three: Unthinking Colonialism: Historicizing Multiculturalism from a 107 Postcolonial Cultural Studies Perspective Hegemonic Constructions of Whiteness and Blackness 113 Blackness, Resistance, Struggle, and Perpetual Hegemony 124 Essentialism and Cultural Identity 143 Chapter Four: The Story of Black Entertainment Television 151 Figure 1: African American TV Usage 161 Figure 2: Top Primetime Programs – Total U.S. Homes 161 Figure 3: Top Primetime Programs – African American Homes 162 Chapter Five: Contestation Over BET in the Popular Media 170 Mind/Body Binary Code 171 Figure 4: Blacks Don’t Read 172 Social Responsibility/Profit Motive Binary Code 180 Master/Slave Binary Code 187 Figure 5: Tavis Smiley Email 194 Chapter Six: Organizing BET’s Text: Hypothetical day in the Life of BET 200 Figure 6: Breakdown of BET”s Content 201 Figure 7: BET’s Program Content 201 Music Video Programming 202 Figure 8: BET’s Music Video Programs 203 Comedy 204 Human Interest 205 News and Public Affairs 206 Religious 206 Figure 9: BET’s Hypothetical Day Schedule 207 Description of Hypothetical Day on BET 208 Chapter Seven: Textual Analysis of BET’s Hypothetical Day 264 Analysis of Religious Programming 267 Analysis of Musical Programming 275 Analysis of Comedy Programming 295 Analysis of Human Interest Programming 300 News and Public Affairs Analysis 301 Critical Conclusions 304 Chapter Eight: Rearticulating Multicultural Education: Towards a Syncretic 310 Pedagogy Summary of Findings 312 Toward A Curricular Response to Media Hegemony 321 Works Cited 336 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To God Be the Glory! Giving thanks first and foremost to the Most High for allowing me to receive the rewards of this dissertation while he gets the ultimate glory. Without God this project would have no existence. Before this project could come into fruition, God placed several crucial people in my life, a few of whom I want to say a special thank you in this acknowledgement. To my beautiful wife, Lori Harewood, thanks for your undying love, patience, encouragement and support during these past four years. Your love has kept me motivated throughout this project and our relationship has grown stronger in the process. Thanks for affording me the space and time to work and grow spiritually and intellectually. Also, to our family—Harewoods, Dodsons, Gregories, and the countless others, I appreciate your encouragement. To Pastor Troy E. Ladd and the members of the Little Bethel Church Family, thanks for your countless hours of prayer. To my best friend, Dr. Jennifer Thorington Springer, and her husband, Peter, my sincere appreciation for reading the numerous drafts of this project and for affording me the best friendship a person could ask. To Dr. Winston Gittens, words can never express the impact you have had on my life even long before this project. As my high school teacher, you instilled the necessary discipline, even though that spanking in fourth form left a burning sensation that I will never forget. As a colleague, you were always there to encourage and support me , as well as to read through every single draft of my writing. And as a mentor and dissertation committee member, you constantly kept me challenged and grounded in the harsh reality of the need for cultural work in this complex world. It was through conversation with you that the idea to conduct this study developed. I look forward to working with you more in the future. To my friend, Laura Jones, who understands Hip Hop and its critical dynamics better than anyone I know. Thanks for your support, especially during the last critical moments. You are a true team player and I thank you for being on my team. To Dr. Mary Ann Jones and the PDST Staff. Thanks for everything. Without you Dr. Jones, completing this project would have taken me a lifetime. Thanks for your encouragement and for allowing me the numerous days off work at a moment’s notice. Thanks also for your constant encouragement and for sharing your experiences with me. You are truly the number one boss. To Paula, thank you for everything. I am equally indebted to you. To my PDST colleagues, Elaine Bolton, Solomon Knight, Delfield Anderson, Kirk Hosinski, Pilar Ammonds, my team members, among the many others, my sincere appreciation goes out to you for your encouragement. Elaine, I really appreciate your support throughout this project. Also to Dr. Crockett and Dr. Mack, it was truly a pleasure working with you and I appreciate your words of encouragement. To my brother Ian, thanks for being there. Your presence has made a difference in my life. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to three special people in Barbados whose Herculean support during my formative years ushered me along this intellectual path. To Halam King, my former principal, thanks for not giving up on me, even when I pushed you beyond the limit. You told me that I was a leader, and I never forgot those words. To Ms. Cheryl Griffith, my guidance counselor and “Big Sister,” I could not have been here without you. You have made a lasting impression on my life. And to John Sealy of the Nation Newspaper in Barbados, your influence has been …. I can’t find an adequate word. It was our early conversations, your profound articulation of critical social issues, your willingness to go beyond the call of duty, your unselfish giving, and I could go on, but suffice it to say you have been a true friend and I know that I could not have accomplish this without you. Thanks! To scholars of the academy, Dr. Dennis Carlson deserves the utmost praise for his perseverance, patience, and his genuine interest in my intellectual growth throughout this project. I am also very grateful to Dr. Richard Quantz for his words of encouragement throughout my tenure at Miami and for pushing me to think on levels that I never imagined possible. Also, words of gratitude go to Dr. Cameron McCarthy for agreeing to serve on my dissertation committee and for flying all the way to Miami to make my defense an unforgettable experience. Thanks also to Dr. Michael Dantley, and Thomas Dutton for serving on my dissertation committee and to Jan and Peggy for their immense support throughout the years. Finally, I want to express my utmost gratitude to my fellow doctoral colleagues including, Angela Williams, Kamau Ajani, Llew Simmons, Elizabeth Cardenas, Kamara Sekou, Jenny Kilbourne, Carl Robinson, Sherry Sutton, Esther Williams, among others, for the numerous critical conversations we’ve had over the years which challenged me to thing about fundamental issues at an intestinal level. You have made this a truly transformative experience for me. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the following: My wife, Lori Harewood Whitney Lynell Harewood, my daughter; Dakari Isiah Harewood,