Social Media and Suicide: a Public Health Perspective

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Social Media and Suicide: a Public Health Perspective FRAMING HEALTH MATTERS Social Media and Suicide: A Public Health Perspective David D. Luxton, PhD, Jennifer D. June, BA, and Jonathan M. Fairall, BS a systematic Web search of 12 suicide-associ- There is increasing evidence that the Internet and social media can influence suicide-related behavior. Important questions are whether this influence poses ated terms (e.g., suicide, suicide methods, how to a significant risk to the public and how public health approaches might be used kill yourself, and best suicide methods) to simu- to address the issue. To address these questions, we provide an overview of late the results of a typical search conducted ways that social media can influence suicidal behavior, both negatively and by a person seeking information on suicide positively, and we evaluate the evidence of the risk. We also discuss the legal methods. They analyzed the first 10 sites listed complexities of this important topic and propose future directions for research for each search, for a total of 240 different and prevention programs based on a public health perspective. (Am J Public sites. Approximately half were prosuicide Health. 2012;102:S195–S200. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608) Web sites and sites that provided factual in- formation about suicide. Prosuicide sites and Social media is a relatively new phenomenon recent increase in highly publicized cases of chat rooms that discussed general issues asso- ciated with suicide most often occurred within that has swept the world during the past suicide that involve social media has drawn the first few hits of a search. We should note decade. Social media fuses technology with national attention to this topic.7---9 Researchers that this study primarily focused on prosuicide social interaction via Internet-based applica- are also interested in whether the Internet in search terms and thus likely excluded many tions that allow the creation and exchange of general primarily helps or hinders suicide pre- suicide prevention and support resource sites. user-generated content.1 Social media plat- vention. Attempts to assess the extent of the Recupero et al.11 also conducted a study that forms, such as chat rooms, blogging Web sites Internet’sinfluence on suicide behavior are examined suicide-related sites that can be (e.g., Blogspot), video sites (e.g., YouTube), difficult because of the indirect and complex found using Internet search engines. Of 373 social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, My- association between Internet use and suicide. Web site hits, 31% were suicide neutral, 29% Space, Twitter, Google+), and electronic bulle- The myriad legal complexities involved, as well were antisuicide, and 11% were prosuicide. tin boards or forums, as well as e-mail, text as the important issues of freedom of speech The remaining sites either did not load or messaging, and video chat, have transformed and civil liberties, have also triggered debate. included “suicide” in the title but were not traditional methods of communication by Whether some of social media’sinfluence suicide sites (e.g., sites for movies and novels allowing the instantaneous and interactive on suicide behavior should be considered with “suicide” in their title or music bands sharing of information created and controlled a public health problem and how public health whose names included “suicide”). Together, by individuals, groups, organizations, and gov- approaches might be used to address this these studies have shown that obtaining pro- fl ernments. At the end of 2004, the popular in uence are relevant issues. In this article, we suicide information on the Internet, including social networking site Facebook had close to discuss the role of social media in suicide-related detailed information on suicide methods, is 2 1 million users; by June 2011, that number behavior and frame the issue from a public very easy. had risen to nearly 700 million users world- health perspective. We begin with discussion of A fundamental question is whether an as- 3 2 wide. Facebook has reported that an average the primary ways social media can have a nega- sociation exists between rates of Internet use, of 30 billion pieces of content (e.g., Web links, tive influence on suicide-related behavior and including social media, and population suicide news reports, photo albums, blog postings) we evaluate the evidence of this influence. We rates. Although limited, several preliminary are shared every month via the social media then provide examples of how social media can studies have begun to address this question. site. Social media has become fundamental in be used in the prevention of suicide. We also For example, Shah12 conducted a cross-na- the way many people and organizations com- discuss the legal complexities of this important tional study that examined the association municate and share opinions, ideas, and in- topic and propose future directions for research between general population suicide rates and formation. and prevention programs that are based on the prevalence of Internet users, using data Suicide is a considerable public health a public health perspective. from the World Health Organization’s and the problem; more than 30 000 suicide deaths United Nations Development Program’sWeb in the United States and nearly 1 million SOCIAL MEDIA AND SUICIDE RISK sites. Shah showed that the prevalence of suicide deaths worldwide occur every year.4,5 Internet users was positively correlated with The role that the Internet, particularly social An immense quantity of information on the general population suicide rates. Multiple re- media, might have in suicide-related behavior topic of suicide is available on the Internet and gression analysis indicated that the prevalence is a topic of growing interest and debate.6 The via social media. Biddle et al.10 conducted of Internet use was independently associated Supplement 2, 2012, Vol 102, No. S2 | American Journal of Public Health Luxton et al. | Peer Reviewed | Framing Health Matters | S195 FRAMING HEALTH MATTERS with general population suicide rates in men developed in some way through the use of resulted in the deaths of 208 people.32 This (P = .001) and approached statistical signifi- the Internet has been referred to as a cybersui- suicide outbreak was blamed on the introduc- cance for women (P = .074). Hagihara et al.13 cide pact.23 Traditional suicide pacts have tion of the gas-related method on message conducted a time-series analysis with data typically developed among individuals who boards via the Internet. Family members, from 1987 to 2005 and reported a statistically know each other, such as a couple or friends.23 paramedics, and caregivers were reported to reliable positive correlation between general A primary characteristic that differentiates have been injured or even killed in attempts to population male suicide rates in Japan and the cybersuicide pacts from traditional suicide save suicide victims because of the toxic gas prevalence of households using the Internet pacts is that these pacts are usually formed methods used.32 (P < .05). We should note that the results of among complete strangers.21 The use of Another concern is the media contagion these studies cannot be considered conclusive online chat rooms and virtual bulletin boards effect.33---36 The media’sinfluence on suicidal because of cross-sectional designs and the and forums can provide an unmediated avenue behavior, especially suicide methods used, has possibility of ecological fallacy. to share one’s feelings with other like-minded been well documented,37---43 and social media There are several specific ways that social individuals, which can be easier than talking may possibly increase the risk of the media media can increase risk for prosuicide behav- about such thoughts and feelings in person.24---26 contagion effect, especially among young peo- ior. Cyberbullying and cyber harassment, for The first documented use of the Internet to ple. A recent study by Dunlop et al.24 specifi- example, are serious and prevalent prob- form a suicide pact was reported in Japan in cally examined possible contagion effects on lems.14---19 Cyberbullying typically refers to 2000. It has now become a more common suicidal behavior via the Internet and social when a child or adolescent is intentionally and form of suicide in Japan,27 where the suicide media. Of 719 individuals aged 14 to 24 repeatedly targeted by another child or teen in rate increased from 34 suicides in 2003 to years, 79% reported being exposed to suicide- the form of threats or harassments or humili- 91 suicides in 2005.28 South Korea now related content through family, friends, and ated or embarrassed by means of cellular has one of the world’s highest suicide rates traditional news media such as newspapers, phones or Internet technologies such as e-mail, (24.7/100 000 in 2005), and evidence exists and 59% found such content through Internet texting, social networking sites, or instant that cybersuicide pacts may account for almost sources. Additional analysis revealed no link messaging.17 Cyber harassment and cyber one third of suicides in that country.29 Cur- between social networking sites (e.g., Face- stalking typically refer to these same actions rently, a dearth of published information is book) and suicidal ideation, but it did find when they involve adults. A review of data available regarding the number of cybersuicide a connection between suicidal ideation and collected between 2004 and 2010 via survey pacts in the United States. The problem of suicide-related content found on online forums. studies indicated that lifetime cyberbullying cybersuicide pacts has gained international Video-sharing Web sites have also gained victimization rates ranged from 20.8% to attention, however, and more research is in presence and popularity on the Internet, 40.6% and offending rates ranged from 11.5% needed to understand social media’s impact on especially since the creation of YouTube in to 20.1%.18 the formation of Internet-based suicide pacts.
Recommended publications
  • Depression, Bullying and Suicide
    Depression, Bullying and Suicide Sally Boeve, MD Medical Director, Intermountain Centers for Human Development Assistant Professor, University of Arizona, Department of Psychiatry 28th Annual Southwestern Conference on Medicine Tucson Osteopathic Medical Foundation May 4, 2019 Disclosures Stipend from the Tucson Osteopathic Medical Foundation/Southwestern Conference on Medicine Stipend from Arizona Health Net Quality Improvement Committee Learning Objectives 1. Review epidemiology of depression, suicide, and bullying 2. Review most recent literature on bullying 3. Understand protective factors for suicide prevention, including those we can impact 2015 Suicide CDC Data Rates 2nd leading cause of death for people ages 10-34 in 2016 Ages 15-24: 12.3 suicides per 100,000 persons (5491 youth; 2,061 ages 15 to 19 ) (All cause death rate is 70/100,000) Males 19.1/100,000 (4X higher) Females 5.3/100,000 Ages 5-14: 1 suicide per 100,000 youth (All cause death rate is 13/100,000) 12% of the 44,193 suicides in the U.S. 18% of high school students reported having seriously considered suicide during the previous 12 months 80% of student suicides: NO prior treatment Suicide 2015 CDC Completed Suicide per 100,000 people Hispanic Black Asian American/Pacific Islander Other White American Indian/Alaskan Natives 0 5 10 15 20 25 Rates have increased in every group over recent years except Hispanic youth where rates have decreased. Depression and Suicide – special populations Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM) Youth (gay, lesbian, bisexual or any same sex contact) In 2015 questions were added about sexual identity to the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 8% endorsed being gay, lesbian or bisexual Nationwide suicide attempts at least once in past 12 months No sexual contact Heterosexual students Opposite sex only Not sure Any same sex contact Sexual minority students 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Suicidal behavior trends – Burstein et al 2019 1.1 million U.
    [Show full text]
  • A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents' Experiences Following a Suicide
    FINDING OUT ON FACEBOOK: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ADOLESCENTS’ EXPERIENCES FOLLOWING A SUICIDE CLUSTER Carly Heffel, M.S. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2014 APPROVED: Shelley A. Riggs, Major Professor John Ruiz, Major Professor Clifton E. Watkins Jr., Committee Member Mark Ruggles, Committee Member Vicki Campbell, Chair of the Department of Psychology Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Heffel, Carly. Finding Out on Facebook: A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents’ Experiences Following a Suicide Cluster. Doctor of Philosophy (Counseling Psychology), August 2014, 139 pp., 1 table, reference list, 150 titles. Suicide clusters have been identified in many populations; however, research exploring the role of online communication in the aftermath of a suicide cluster is extremely limited. This study used the Consensual Qualitative Research method to analyze interviews of ten high school students following a suicide cluster in a small suburban school district. Interviewee’s responses were organized into 4 domains: the suicide, impact, perceptions of school environment, and recovery. The role of social networking emerged as a common theme across domains, suggesting broad relevance to adolescents’ experience following the suicide of a peer. Implications for clinical intervention and research are discussed. Copyright 2014 By Carly Heffel ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a great pleasure to thank everyone who helped me climb this mountain. Thank you Dr. Riggs for the detail and finesse of your edits and Dr. Ruiz for your willingness to take a chance on me. This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of the high school staff and my research team.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide Research and Prevention and Research Suicide for Institute Australian SUICIDE
    SuicideResearchCover-Vol6.x_SuicideResearchCover-Vol4.x 1/11/11 12:38 PM Page 1 SUICIDE RESEARCH: SUICIDERESEARCH: SELECTED READINGS A. Milner, K.E. Kõlves, D. De Leo SELECTED READINGS VOL. 5 A. Milner, K.E. Kõlves, D. De Leo A. Milner, May 2011–October 2011 Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention SUICIDE RESEARCH: SELECTED READINGS Volume 6 May 2011–October 2011 A. Milner, K.E. Kõlves, D. De Leo Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention First published in 2011 Australian Academic Press 32 Jeays Street Bowen Hills Qld 4006 Australia www.australianacademicpress.com.au Copyright for the Introduction and Comments sections is held by the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, 2011. Copyright in all abstracts is retained by the current rights holder. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior permission from the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. ISBN: 9781921513930 ii Contents Foreword ................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments................................................................................ix Introduction Context ..................................................................................................1 Methodology..........................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Using Wikipedia to Study Global Suicide Patterns 19 Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis Vol
    Using Wikipedia to study global suicide patterns 19 Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis Vol. 14, No. 1 Copyright 2017 by Reysen Group. 1539-8714 www.jasnh.com Using Wikipedia to study global suicide patterns Julie Barberio Health: Science, Society, and Policy Program, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA Mike P. Petkov Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA Clas Linnman Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA We conduct much of our lives online, and these activities leave traces that may be useful in epidemiological research. This study evaluated if global, seasonal and weekly variability in suicide incidence is reflected in the number of visits to Wikipedia’s article on suicide. Data on daily visits to the Wikipedia article on “suicide” were obtained for 36 languages, and compared to the literature on regional suicide incidence, and to seasonal and weekday patterns when available. There was no correlation between suicide incidence and the number of visits to Wikipedia’s article on suicide in respective language regions. Further, suicide incidence and article views according to season were found to be different across all language regions. Free and publically available information sources on online behavior holds promise to complement traditional epidemiological methods. However, at present, the publicly available Wikipedia user data does not appear to provide a good proxy for rapid assessments of global trends in the epidemiology of suicide. Keywords: Wikipedia, Internet, global, seasonal Corresponding author: Clas Linnman, Boston Children’s Hospital, 9 Hope Avenue, Waltham, MA 02453, USA [email protected] Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Erik Zachte and Leila Zia for a helpful discussion, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevent Cyberbullying and Save a Life
    Prevent Cyberbullying and Save a Life "I had this God-awful feeling and I ran up into her room and she had hung herself in the closet" – Tina Meier1 “Cyberbullying is the willful and repeated use of cell phones, computers, and other electronic communication devices to harass and threaten others.” Cyberbullying is a growing topic of interest among many in the mental health community. Mental health professionals working with adolescents, parents and consulting with school administrators are focusing on cyberbullying awareness, assessment and prevention. There is a real need to understand the relationship between cyberbullying and suicide. Currently, professionals recommend that any teenager, who is a victim of cyberbullying, should be screened for psychiatric problems.2 Bullying has been around forever but cyberbullying is relatively new and it effects can be lethal. Teenagers may use technological applications for bullying, and the potential leverage, provided by the technology, magnifies the negative impact on the bullied victim. Recent news accounts report about several teens, who judged that they could not recover from the embarrassment associated with the online harassment and bullying. Some believed that they had no way out and they impulsively ended their lives. Death by suicide related to cyberbullying is referred to as “cyberbullicide.”3 Suicide, an age-old public health issue, claims more than 30,000 lives in United States every year.4 The impact of social media on suicide-behavior is being actively researched, assessed 1 Megan Meier Foundation, 13 year-old, Megan Meier, killed herself after an adult neighbor, allegedly, pretended to be a teenage boy and communicated with Megan.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Web-Based Sharing and Viewing of Self-Harm–Related
    JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH Marchant et al Review Impact of Web-Based Sharing and Viewing of Self-Harm±Related Videos and Photographs on Young People: Systematic Review Amanda Marchant1, MSc; Keith Hawton2, FMedSci, DSc; Lauren Burns1, MSc; Anne Stewart2, FRCPsych; Ann John1, FFPH 1Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom 2Centre for Suicide Research, University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, United Kingdom Corresponding Author: Ann John, FFPH Swansea University Medical School Singleton Park Swansea, SA2 8PP United Kingdom Phone: 44 1792602568 Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: Given recent moves to remove or blur self-harm imagery or content on the web, it is important to understand the impact of posting, viewing, and reposting self-harm images on young people. Objective: The aim of this study is to systematically review research related to the emotional and behavioral impact on children and young people who view or share web-based self-harm±related videos or images. Methods: We searched databases (including Embase, PsychINFO, and MEDLINE) from January 1991 to February 2019. Search terms were categorized into internet use, images nonspecific and specific to the internet, and self-harm and suicide. Stepwise screening against specified criteria and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers. Eligible articles were quality assessed, and a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: A total of 19 independent studies (20 articles) were included. Of these, 4 studies focused on images, 10 (11 articles) on videos, and 5 on both. There were 4 quantitative, 9 qualitative, and 7 mixed methods articles. In total, 11 articles were rated as high quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Reporting Suicide
    4 REPORTING SUICIDE Ann Luce The social issue Historically, suicide is perhaps the sensitive topic par excellence, especially the ways in which it is discussed in Western societies and cultures – or, more point- edly, not discussed, as the case may be. It is certainly a taboo issue, steeped in stigma – religious, moral, political, social, and cultural. Globally, more than 800,000 people die by suicide on an annual basis; suicide claims more lives than war, murder, and natural disasters combined (WHO, 2017a; AFSP, 2015). Suicide is a global issue that accounts for 1.4 per cent of all deaths worldwide, making it the 17th leading cause of death in 2015 (the most recent statistics available). Research shows that for every person who dies by suicide, between six and 135 people are significantly impacted (Cerel et al., 2018; CALM, 2016). For every individual who kills her/himself, at least 20 more will attempt to take their own life (WHO, 2017a). Every 40 seconds a person dies by suicide, yet the World Health Organisation estimates that this will increase to one death every 20 seconds by 2020 (Befrienders, 2017; WHO 2017b). Arguably, a suicide story has the potential to cause harm, but if reported responsibly, sensitively, ethically, and with care (read: non-sensational1), then such harm can be mitigated. The nature of a suicide story means that death is at the heart of it, and death remains one of the great taboos to openly discuss. However, death by suicide is not like natural death, be it from old age or illness. Death by suicide can often be sudden, unexpected and violent, which can substantially lead to trauma for the bereaved, especially those in close proximity.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploratory Study for Establishing More Realistic Media Guidelines for Reporting on Suicides: a Case Study of S
    보건사회연구 36(3), 2016, 158-178 Health and Social Welfare Review http://dx.doi.org/10.15709/hswr.2016.36.3.158 An Exploratory Study for Establishing More Realistic Media Guidelines for Reporting on Suicides: A Case Study of S. Korea, Which Has Had the Highest Suicide Rate among OECD Countries for 13 Consecutive Years Yu, Hyunjae (Sogang University) This exploratory study attempted to develop more practical and realistic guidelines for media reports on suicides in Korea, which as of 2015 had the highest suicide rate among OECD countries for 13 consecutive years. An online survey was conducted in which 634 Korean citizens participated. This survey inquired as to the degree to which the respondents believed each specific item exposed in media reports covering suicides (e.g., “providing information on the method used to commit suicide,” “reporting on a celebrity suicide”) encouraged people to have positive or less negative perceptions of suicide. The specific items used in the survey were collected from several media guidelines used in 16 different countries as provided through the IASP (International Association for Suicide Prevention) website. The participants were presented with 43 different items (issues) and asked whether these items would lead people to have positive or negative perceptions of suicide. The author was able to identify some items that were considered by the 634 Korean participants to be more important than others with regard to preventing suicide. Participants were asked to disclose few personal details. Information such as the level of depression they were experiencing at that time could be considered important variables in studies regarding suicide.
    [Show full text]
  • Systems Engineering Approaches to Minimize the Viral Spread of Social Media Challenges
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations December 2019 Systems Engineering Approaches to Minimize the Viral Spread of Social Media Challenges Amro Khasawneh Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Khasawneh, Amro, "Systems Engineering Approaches to Minimize the Viral Spread of Social Media Challenges" (2019). All Dissertations. 2526. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2526 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACHES TO MINIMIZE THE VIRAL SPREAD OF SOCIAL MEDIA CHALLENGES A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Industrial Engineering by Amro Khasawneh December 2019 Accepted by: Dr. Kapil Chalil Madathil, Committee Chair Dr. Anand Gramopadhye Dr. Patrick Rosopa Dr. Kevin Taaffe Dr. Heidi Zinzow ABSTRACT Recently, adolescents’ and young adults’ use of social media has significantly increased. While this new landscape of cyberspace offers young internet users many benefits, it also exposes them to numerous risks. One such phenomenon receiving limited research attention is the advent and propagation of viral social media challenges. Several of these challenges entail self-harming behavior, which combined with their viral nature, poses physical and psychological risks for the participants and the viewers. One example of these viral social media challenges that could potentially be propagated through social media is the Blue Whale Challenge (BWC).
    [Show full text]
  • Let's Talk– 13 Reasons
    Let’s Talk– 13 Reasons Why Sydney White, UConn Health Student Worker CTSAB- Zero Suicide Learning Collaborate August 9, 2018- Armed Forces Reserve Franco Alonso Lazo Medrano: Copycat Deaths "It's important to report on suicide in a -Annette Erlangsen, Bloomberg sensitive and responsible way because we know that if it's reported School of Public Health irresponsibly, it will lead to copycat behavior, especially by persons of the same gender and the same age group," Werther Effect Implications (Ayers, 2017). After the release of 13 Reasons Why… Searches for "how to commit suicide" rose 26 percent “Commit suicide" rose 18 percent “How to kill yourself" rose 9 percent “Hotline number" rose 21 percent “Suicide hotline" rose 12 percent “Suicide prevention" rose 23 percent” Methods, Results and Significance (Ayers, 2017). Their team analyzed data supplied by Google Trends to examine search frequency in the 19 days following the release of 13 Reasons Why. The team members limited their data to a 19-day period because a high-profile suicide took place on April 19 and could have influenced search behavior. They compared the actual search volume to expected volume, which they estimated using data collected before the series was released. For 12 of the 19 days studied, suicide queries were statistically significantly greater than expected, ranging from 15% (95% CI, 3%-32%) higher on April 15, 2017, to 44% (95% CI, 28%-65%) higher on April 18, 2017. Evidence (Ayers, 2017) The following graph shows the percentage of words which were searched more than expected. AFSP resources: The 13RY Discussion Guide 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Media and Machine Learning in Suicide Prevention Kelly Soberay, MA & Nora Mund, BA for the Military Suicide Research Consortium March 15 2017
    Social Media and Machine Learning in Suicide Prevention Kelly Soberay, MA & Nora Mund, BA For the Military Suicide Research Consortium March 15 2017 Statement of the Problem Suicide is a leading cause of death in military personnel (WHO, 2016). Current practices in predicting suicide attempts are limited in timing and accuracy (Bentley et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2016; Franklin et al., 2016; Ribeiro et al., 2016). Identifying individuals at risk for suicide with the use of machine learning in social media posts and medical databases are new approaches to suicide prevention. Summary of the relevant literature Social media has become a platform for individuals to express suicidal thoughts, behaviors, and intent (Ahuja et al., 2014; O’Dea et al., 2017).Identifying individual users of social media who may be at risk for suicide using human coding (O’Dea et al., 2015; Mowery et al., 2017) and machine learning (Abboute et al., 2014; Varathan & Talib, 2014) is possible. However, the application is not yet practical (Christensen, Batterham, & O’Dea, 2014), ethical (Lavot, Ben- Zeev, & Neville, 2012), acceptable (Orme, 2014), or necessarily warranted (McGee et al., 2013) for outreach purposes related to social media posts. The use of machine learning (ML) is relatively new in the field of clinical psychology, specifically in its use to predict suicide risk. ML implements algorithms to classify complex problems. Recent meta-analyses demonstrated that the ability to predict suicide attempts requires a complex combination of hundreds of risk factors which ML may be better suited to analyze over traditional techniques (Franklin et al., 2016). ML studies support that this approach is promising in providing discriminative accuracies for suicide attempters (Delgado-Gomez et al., 2012; Mann, Ellis, Waternaux, & Liu, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Murderers: a Case Study Analysis of Social Media Influence and Copycat Suicide
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2020 Mass Murderers: A Case Study Analysis of Social Media Influence and Copycat Suicide Stephanie Ann McKay Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Stephanie McKay has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Eric Hickey, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Jerrod Brown, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Victoria Latifses, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2020 Abstract Mass Murderers: A Case Study Analysis of Social Media Influence and Copycat Suicide by Stephanie McKay MS, Walden University, 2012 BS, Francis Marion University, 1996 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Forensic Psychology Walden University May 2020 Abstract The frequency of mass murder has increased over the past decade, with nearly half of all mass murderers committing suicide. Previous researchers have found imitations of mass murderers which relate to suicide contagion, media contagion, and copycat effects; however, there remains a gap in the literature pertaining to the connection between copycat suicides of mass killers and the influence of social media.
    [Show full text]