ED239863.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ED239863.Pdf DOCUMENT RES ED 239'863' .SE 043 778 TITLF. Records of Achievemnt. NASA Special Publications.. INSTITUTION National*, AeronaUtic and Space Administration, "WaqhingtOn, REPORT NO NASA-SP-470 PUB DE NOTE ". 143p. AVAILABLE F'-ROM National Technical Information Service, '52.85 Port Royal Rd.., Springfield, VA 22161. ) PUB_TYPE Reference Materia;S - Bibliographies (131)- ) tDRS'PRICE MF01/PC.06 lus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology; Biology; Chemistry; Cdmputer eScience; * deference Proceedings; Engineeting; `Engines; G blogy; Mathematics; *PubliCations; *ScientifiCReseatch; Social Sciences; *Space - Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS- *National!Aeronautics And Space Administration ABSTRACT 1 ighen Congress created the- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 25 years ago, it directed that information derived frOm the agency's pursuit ofJcaowledge th'tough space explotation and1 aeronautical research be made available to all Americans. This has been accomplished through a series of )scientific and technical publications. One series, NASA Special Publications, includes' missidn't,70orts, aerodynamic treatises, structural analyses, planetary atlases,/conferenceproceedings, extensive referenpe .s materials, and other material whose scope and significance outgrewf the 'bounds of customary research reports and journal a'rticles:,This, document Trovides-lists of all Special Publications that NASA, has published since/the series began in 1961. Entries are presented under the followng categories: general publications; handbooks and data compilations; technology utilization; management .ebaluation and analysis standards; bibliographies; space vehicle design criteria; specification's; reference publications; and conference publications.; Each entry includes title, author(s), publication date and number, /number of pages, ,original sales source', and (when appropriate) a brief annotation. Entries are also listedi-by document number in a subject index. Subject index categories include: aeronautics; astronautics; chemistry and materials; engineering; geosciences; life sciences,' mathematical and computer sciences; physics; sodial sciences; andspace. sciences. (JN) A */****-************************4*************************************. , Reprbdutions supplied by EDRS are the best that can -be made If' * froM the original document. ******************************************i***********'*****A*********** 1` NASA P-470 iE NiiiiiiSiteeiallpobi 'cations ,.. , ,e, . '' ""4\_k_ ,. 'Iak, / U.S. DEPARTMENTOF EDUCATION iNATIp NAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION sz EDUCMIONALARESOURCES INFORMATION / CENTER (ERIC) ki This doitiment ., has boon reproducedas . received from theperson or organization originating it. El Minor changes have been made to'Improv'ir.. reproduftian quality. q Peirithi viow or opinions stated in this rneRt do not necessarily docu: represent official NIE position or pdlidc. .7 t 6. , t7 .\\ ra 25th Anniversary NatronalAAeron utics and-SPace AdministrStioAb 1958-1983 NASASpecipl.Publications a ...4ti sale 1;1 tile National -all Information Service, Seringfi4d, 'Virginia 22161 Tor Foreword Lwhen qpiagres,cr6ated .NASA 25 years ago, it directed that theinform' anon derived W from the agenCy's pursuit of knowledge through ,spire exploration and aeronautical esearch be made available to all Americans. one way of making these research results available has been through a series ofscientifi'c Ind tey*linical publications., One series!, purposely Labeled !'special," presents material vhosekcope and significance:siMply outgreW the.bounds of customary research reports'and OurnalarticleS. In fact, gt)Me of the rriore'preStigious Special Publications. have exceeded he bounds of skre science andengineering, satisfying as well the interests of a more . 4eneral audience.. The Special Publications prOduced by NASA since, the :early 1960's have enjoyCci world - ude recognition, They. report on the research 'and Ziesvelopment in communications, ;:nergy,.matedals pri5cessing; planetology, and astronomy,sas well as in aeronautics `aria aerospace. Miny vf these' publications posSess uncommonvalnesdiat.will.enduirfor ides to -come. ftis appropriate to list them now as a convenient reference of .past accomplishments on the occasiotOf NASA's twenty -fifth anniversary. ° it. 1 fames W. Beggs, Administrator solo National. Aeronauticsand Space Administiation D r -t r Preface. ,... i . ), , . .., , Iliw.ptorpok, 61 this bookIct ,ito list an the §pccial room:mons tittle NASA hies pub- lisbcd Since the 'scries'bega& in 1961. Tbc series has included isorne of NASA'sJinost ,ambitions scienti f) c ,andtechnitial books, and includes it broad range Of topics that covers NASA"s work ii,16 csearch and development, Since this eclitiond the list will be:'publisfiOil kaiak NASA:s twenty-filth anniversary, alspecial section has been included'whicliclaies" the Special Publications series to some of NA/Vs.achicyements. ,.. ' ' .: f i ' PIN, .SPecild.PublicatiPns were creatcclas NASA:began to produce information\ iti,a format , 'that did' not quite fa the pattern of technical reports; NASA had caught the public's :men- ,tion ,witli its beginning steps in space exploration; and needed a vel*le that presented a total picture to those outside particular areas of "Expertise. There were cnany'subjecti that an increasingly calcined puiblie wanted to knew about. 'I'lley_found a niche in the Special Publicationsi'scries,- Tlte, 'Special Publications series bloomed with mission' reports, aerodynamic treatises, Stiictua' analyses, planetary atlases, conferencer proceedings, and extenSid 'reference mate ial. By the midseventies, it becaine obvious that the latter two neededseParakserieS, and so Conference Publilations and Reference Publications were created, All arc listed. here. ' ' 'When particular books were being created, it was obvious that they would bebest sellers. Sure en-ouglii, Exploring" Space with a Camera, which gave the public aearly look at the . Earth photographed from space; solid 124,000 copies .before it was all wed to go out of r print. Photographic techniques We -c improving, and the, images in latbooks were far 0 better. Alo,ng 4me This Island Ea-th; it is 12 years old'and is mill selling "well (71,800 copies). Apollo Expeditions To ThMoon has sold:,46,000 copies. Still moving quickly off .the bookstore shelves arc Mission to Earth: Landiat Views the World, the Skylab Series, The Martian 'Landscape, Voyage to Jupiter, and Voyages to Saturn. There were some surprises, however; *ho would have forseen the success, of such unassunnifig titles as clarity in T;.ch- .7nical Reporting' Or.Soldering Electrical Connections? ° .Although the ISOoks with space imagery sell best, other. Special Publications arc of wide interest for either the, scientist or the educated public, tindqhese ire also printed and sold, ,' through the Government Printing Office. Some of the ,technical subjects are presented with 'the layperson, in mind, ,while others are deemed classics for ieterenee in particular disciplines. Still others; just'as important, but not generating interesoutsidea narrow area of expertise, .are printednd made available from. the National chnical Information e3. Service. Photocopies of'bks no longervailable through GPO are a o available at NTIS.' In the list of publications that follows, a brief description is given togetlieith the origi- - hat sales source and the publication date. the prices are not listed because they chart' e: Phone Or 'write GPO or NTIS for prices of publications that interest yiou. GPO will want to knoW the NASA SP -nunober; NTIS will want to know:the seven -digit NASA accession number. When yoli find an attractive title, take care to notice the date ofublicatiin., Many books are ait of date, and are of'historical value only For" example soe books' on ), MarS predate the 1976 Vikingmission. -' s ,This account of the growth of Special. Publications does not tell of the work abd-W try that,igo into the research, writing, and piduttion of hooks. But as you look through e list and find titles that interest. you think of the curiosity and diligence that,result iad-- vances -in science andftechnolpe and the subsequent clean and/care that prOdUce the "i recork 'N ( t \ -1 Kay E. Voglewede 4.-Scientific and Technical Iffarmation Branch 4 Addresses for ordering publica'tions GPO: Superintendent of Documents U.S. GoVernme.ht Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 ' 202)783-3238(or(202) 783-'3238 Pc,i'C'e informatioir;orders National Technical In(ormation Service 5285 Port, Royal Rd. Springfield, VA 22161 (703) 487r4780 Information or d&cument accession number (70,9 487,,4650 Sales Desk; price information (703) 487-4630./ Subscription information for bibliographies (SP-7000 series) COSb: mputcr SoftwareManagement and Information,Center ' Barrows. Hall University of Georgia Athens; GA 30601 a \4* Foreword III Prefacc , t ' vl,. i. ,. NASA: 1958 - 1983 . 1 ); kil' SpecialPublicatiOns r Cenetal . 4`; l' i e Hartdbooks and Data Compilations . 41 :,° . Historics and Chronologies . :51 Technology Utilization i. Managcment Evaluation and Analysis Standardi..: fi 71''' 'BibliographiCs 1 , 73 Space Vchicle Dcsign Criteria, 77 , Specifications , , .1 ,85. .% Reference Publications k87. Confercnce Publkations 97, - Index 121 111 1' z .11;1E-0' View of Earth from the Mood 9 NASA: 1958-1983 A ' inCe eti11 SPedal .4/th CdAlk if being publilha (luting NASA '.r 'we ly JO ,nillirervq; we are wing the 0ccasi011 10include 41 shot./ natnnire of .tome of ''1VA
Recommended publications
  • Space Administration
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19700024651 2020-03-23T18:20:34+00:00Z TO THE CONGRESSOF THE UNITEDSTATES : Transmitted herewith is the Twenty-first Semiannual Repol* of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Twen~-first SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS JANUARY 1 - JUNE 30, 1969 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546 Editors: G. B. DeGennaro, H. H. Milton, W. E. Boardman, Office of Public Affairs; Art work: A. Jordan, T. L. Lindsey, Office of Organiza- tion and Management. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402-Price $1.25 THE PRESIDENT May 27,1970 The White House I submit this Twenty-First Semiannual Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Aldministration to you for transmitttal to Congress in accordance with section 206(a) of the National Aero- nautics and Space Act of 1958. It reports on aotivities which took place betiween January 1 and June 30, 1969. During this time, the Nation's space program moved forward on schedule. ApolIo 9 and 10 demonstrated the ability of ;the man- ned Lunar Module to operate in earth and lunar orbit and its 'eadi- ness to attempt the lunar landing. Unmanned observatory and ex- plorer class satellites carried on scientific studies of the regions surrounding the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun; a Biosatellite oarwing complex biological science experiment was orbited; and sophisticated weather satellites and advanced commercial com- munications spacecraft became operational. Advanced research projects expanded knowledge of space flighk and spacecraft engi- neering as well as of aeronautics.
    [Show full text]
  • Carl Sagan's Groovy Cosmos
    CARL SAGAN’S GROOVY COSMOS: PUBLIC SCIENCE AND AMERICAN COUNTERCULTURE IN THE 1970S By SEAN WARREN GILLERAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of History MAY 2017 © Copyright by SEAN WARREN GILLERAN, 2017 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by SEAN WARREN GILLERAN, 2017 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of SEAN WARREN GILLERAN find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. _________________________________ Matthew A. Sutton, Ph.D., Chair _________________________________ Jeffrey C. Sanders, Ph.D. _________________________________ Lawrence B. A. Hatter, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has been years in the making and is the product of input from many, many different people. I am grateful for the support and suggestions of my committee—Matt Sutton, Jeff Sanders, and Lawrence Hatter—all of whom have been far too patient, kind, and helpful. I am also thankful for input I received from Michael Gordin at Princeton and Helen Anne Curry at Cambridge, both of whom read early drafts and proposals and both of whose suggestions I have been careful to incorporate. Catherine Connors and Carol Thomas at the University of Washington provided much early guidance, especially in terms of how and why such a curious topic could have real significance. Of course, none of this would have happened without the support of Bruce Hevly, who has been extraordinarily generous with his time and whose wonderful seminars and lectures have continued to inspire me, nor without Graham Haslam, who is the best teacher and the kindest man I have ever known.
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Open-File Report 2005-1190, Table 1
    TABLE 1 GEOLOGIC FIELD-TRAINING OF NASA ASTRONAUTS BETWEEN JANUARY 1963 AND NOVEMBER 1972 The following is a year-by-year listing of the astronaut geologic field training trips planned and led by personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Branches of Astrogeology and Surface Planetary Exploration, in collaboration with the Geology Group at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas at the request of NASA between January 1963 and November 1972. Regional geologic experts from the U.S. Geological Survey and other governmental organizations and universities s also played vital roles in these exercises. [The early training (between 1963 and 1967) involved a rather large contingent of astronauts from NASA groups 1, 2, and 3. For another listing of the astronaut geologic training trips and exercises, including all attending and the general purposed of the exercise, the reader is referred to the following website containing a contribution by William Phinney (Phinney, book submitted to NASA/JSC; also http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/ap-geotrips.pdf).] 1963 16-18 January 1963: Meteor Crater and San Francisco Volcanic Field near Flagstaff, Arizona (9 astronauts). Among the nine astronaut trainees in Flagstaff for that initial astronaut geologic training exercise was Neil Armstrong--who would become the first man to step foot on the Moon during the historic Apollo 11 mission in July 1969! The other astronauts present included Frank Borman (Apollo 8), Charles "Pete" Conrad (Apollo 12), James Lovell (Apollo 8 and the near-tragic Apollo 13), James McDivitt, Elliot See (killed later in a plane crash), Thomas Stafford (Apollo 10), Edward White (later killed in the tragic Apollo 1 fire at Cape Canaveral), and John Young (Apollo 16).
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Robert W. Jackson Collection, 1964-1999 PP03.02
    Guide to the Robert W. Jackson Collection, 1964-1999 PP03.02 NASA Ames History Office NASA Ames Research Center Contact Information: NASA Ames Research Center NASA Ames History Office Mail-Stop 207-1 Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 Phone: (650) 604-1032 Email: [email protected] URL: http://history.arc.nasa.gov/ Collection processed by: Leilani Marshall, March 2004 Table of Contents Descriptive Summary.......................................................................................................... 2 Administrative Information ................................................................................................ 2 Biographical Note ............................................................................................................... 3 Scope and Content .............................................................................................................. 4 Series Description ............................................................................................................... 5 Indexing Terms ................................................................................................................... 6 Container List...................................................................................................................... 7 Jackson Collection 1 Descriptive Summary Title: Robert W. Jackson Collection, 1964-1999 Collection Number: PP03.02 Creator: Robert W. Jackson Dates: Inclusive: 1964-1999 Bulk: 1967-1988 Extent: Volume: 1.67 linear feet Repository: NASA Ames History
    [Show full text]
  • Special Catalogue Milestones of Lunar Mapping and Photography Four Centuries of Selenography on the Occasion of the 50Th Anniversary of Apollo 11 Moon Landing
    Special Catalogue Milestones of Lunar Mapping and Photography Four Centuries of Selenography On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 moon landing Please note: A specific item in this catalogue may be sold or is on hold if the provided link to our online inventory (by clicking on the blue-highlighted author name) doesn't work! Milestones of Science Books phone +49 (0) 177 – 2 41 0006 www.milestone-books.de [email protected] Member of ILAB and VDA Catalogue 07-2019 Copyright © 2019 Milestones of Science Books. All rights reserved Page 2 of 71 Authors in Chronological Order Author Year No. Author Year No. BIRT, William 1869 7 SCHEINER, Christoph 1614 72 PROCTOR, Richard 1873 66 WILKINS, John 1640 87 NASMYTH, James 1874 58, 59, 60, 61 SCHYRLEUS DE RHEITA, Anton 1645 77 NEISON, Edmund 1876 62, 63 HEVELIUS, Johannes 1647 29 LOHRMANN, Wilhelm 1878 42, 43, 44 RICCIOLI, Giambattista 1651 67 SCHMIDT, Johann 1878 75 GALILEI, Galileo 1653 22 WEINEK, Ladislaus 1885 84 KIRCHER, Athanasius 1660 31 PRINZ, Wilhelm 1894 65 CHERUBIN D'ORLEANS, Capuchin 1671 8 ELGER, Thomas Gwyn 1895 15 EIMMART, Georg Christoph 1696 14 FAUTH, Philipp 1895 17 KEILL, John 1718 30 KRIEGER, Johann 1898 33 BIANCHINI, Francesco 1728 6 LOEWY, Maurice 1899 39, 40 DOPPELMAYR, Johann Gabriel 1730 11 FRANZ, Julius Heinrich 1901 21 MAUPERTUIS, Pierre Louis 1741 50 PICKERING, William 1904 64 WOLFF, Christian von 1747 88 FAUTH, Philipp 1907 18 CLAIRAUT, Alexis-Claude 1765 9 GOODACRE, Walter 1910 23 MAYER, Johann Tobias 1770 51 KRIEGER, Johann 1912 34 SAVOY, Gaspare 1770 71 LE MORVAN, Charles 1914 37 EULER, Leonhard 1772 16 WEGENER, Alfred 1921 83 MAYER, Johann Tobias 1775 52 GOODACRE, Walter 1931 24 SCHRÖTER, Johann Hieronymus 1791 76 FAUTH, Philipp 1932 19 GRUITHUISEN, Franz von Paula 1825 25 WILKINS, Hugh Percy 1937 86 LOHRMANN, Wilhelm Gotthelf 1824 41 USSR ACADEMY 1959 1 BEER, Wilhelm 1834 4 ARTHUR, David 1960 3 BEER, Wilhelm 1837 5 HACKMAN, Robert 1960 27 MÄDLER, Johann Heinrich 1837 49 KUIPER Gerard P.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mercury Astronaut, Spacewalker and Rookie 25 January 2017, by Marcia Dunn
    Apollo 1's crew: a Mercury astronaut, spacewalker and rookie 25 January 2017, by Marcia Dunn Mercury capsule, the Liberty Bell 7. The hatch to the capsule prematurely blew off at splashdown on July 21, 1961. Grissom was pulled to safety, but his spacecraft sank. Next came Gemini. NASA assigned Grissom as commander of the first Gemini flight in 1965, and he good-naturedly picked Molly Brown as the name of the spacecraft after the Broadway musical "The Unsinkable Molly Brown." He was an Air Force test pilot before becoming an astronaut and his two sons ended up in aviation. Scott retired several years ago as a FedEx pilot, while younger Mark is an air traffic controller in Oklahoma. Their mother, Betty, still lives in Houston. This undated photo made available by NASA shows the Apollo 1 crew, from left, Edward H. White II, Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, and Roger B. Chaffee. On Jan. 27, Scott recalls how his father loved hunting, fishing, 1967, a flash fire erupted inside their capsule during a skiing and racing boats and cars. "To young boys, countdown rehearsal, with the astronauts atop the rocket all that stuff is golden," he says. at Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 34. All three were killed. (NASA via AP) ___ EDWARD WHITE II The three astronauts killed 50 years ago in the first White, 36, made history in 1965 as America's first U.S. space tragedy represented NASA's finest: the spacewalker. second American to fly in space, the first U.S. spacewalker and the trusted rookie.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soviet Space Program
    C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Gus Grissom: the Lost Astronaut Ray E
    Gus Grissom: The Lost Astronaut Ray E. Boomhower INDIANA BIOGRAPHY SERIES In the late 1950s the Soviet Union shocked the world John F. Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the moon by placing a small satellite-Sputnik-in orbit around and returninghim safely home by the end of the 1960s. the Earth. Treated as a technological Pearl Harbor in the United States, the Russian achievement In this second volume in the Indiana Historical Society prompted the fe deral government to create a Press's Indiana Biography Series, Hoosier historian civilian organ ization, the National Aeronautics and and writer Ray E. Boomhower explores Grissom's life, Space Administration, to manage the American space fr om his days as a child playing in the fo rests of nearby program. By April 1959, NASA had selected seven Spring Mill State Park to his service as a combat pilot military test pilots to serve as the country's fi rst flying missions against Communist opponents in the astronauts in the race with the Soviets to see who skies oYer Korea. He also delves into the process by could put the first human in space. which NASA selected its original seven Mercury astro­ mults, the jostling fo r position to be the first American One of the seven Americans picked fo r this ambitious in space, Grissom 's near-fatal Liberty Bell 7 flight that effort came from the small southern Indiana com­ haunted his subsequent space career, his successful munity of Mitchell. Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom would go Gemini mission with john Yo ung, and the fa tal Apollo on to become the first man to fly in space twice and 1 fire that claimed the life of Grissom and fe llow crew to give his life in NASA's attempt to meet President members Ed White and Roger Chaffee.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA and Planetary Exploration
    **EU5 Chap 2(263-300) 2/20/03 1:16 PM Page 263 Chapter Two NASA and Planetary Exploration by Amy Paige Snyder Prelude to NASA’s Planetary Exploration Program Four and a half billion years ago, a rotating cloud of gaseous and dusty material on the fringes of the Milky Way galaxy flattened into a disk, forming a star from the inner- most matter. Collisions among dust particles orbiting the newly-formed star, which humans call the Sun, formed kilometer-sized bodies called planetesimals which in turn aggregated to form the present-day planets.1 On the third planet from the Sun, several billions of years of evolution gave rise to a species of living beings equipped with the intel- lectual capacity to speculate about the nature of the heavens above them. Long before the era of interplanetary travel using robotic spacecraft, Greeks observing the night skies with their eyes alone noticed that five objects above failed to move with the other pinpoints of light, and thus named them planets, for “wan- derers.”2 For the next six thousand years, humans living in regions of the Mediterranean and Europe strove to make sense of the physical characteristics of the enigmatic planets.3 Building on the work of the Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Hellenistic Greeks who had developed mathematical methods to predict planetary motion, Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria put forth a theory in the second century A.D. that the planets moved in small circles, or epicycles, around a larger circle centered on Earth.4 Only partially explaining the planets’ motions, this theory dominated until Nicolaus Copernicus of present-day Poland became dissatisfied with the inadequacies of epicycle theory in the mid-sixteenth century; a more logical explanation of the observed motions, he found, was to consider the Sun the pivot of planetary orbits.5 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial Tributes: Volume 13
    THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/12734 SHARE Memorial Tributes: Volume 13 DETAILS 338 pages | 6 x 9 | HARDBACK ISBN 978-0-309-14225-0 | DOI 10.17226/12734 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK National Academy of Engineering FIND RELATED TITLES Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 13 Memorial Tributes NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING FFrontront MMatter.inddatter.indd i 33/23/10/23/10 33:40:26:40:26 PMPM Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 13 FFrontront MMatter.inddatter.indd iiii 33/23/10/23/10 33:40:27:40:27 PMPM Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 13 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Memorial Tributes Volume 13 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. 2010 FFrontront MMatter.inddatter.indd iiiiii 33/23/10/23/10 33:40:27:40:27 PMPM Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 13 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-14225-0 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-14225-3 Additional copies of this publication are available from: The National Academies Press 500 Fifth Street, N.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Publication Named Lunar Formations by Blagg and Müller (Published in 1935)
    Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin January 2018 • Issue 151 Contents Feature Story From the Desk of Jim Green News from Space Meeting Highlights Opportunities for Students Spotlight on Education In Memoriam Milestones New and Noteworthy Calendar Copyright 2018 The Lunar and Planetary Institute Issue 151 Page 2 of 76 January 2018 Feature Story Planetary Nomenclature: A Brief History and Overview Note from the Editors: This issue’s lead article is the ninth in a series of reports describing the history and current activities of the planetary research facilities partially funded by NASA and located nationwide. This issue provides a brief history and overview of planetary nomenclature, an important activity that provides structure and coordination to NASA’s planetary exploration program and the scientific analysis of planetary data. — Paul Schenk and Renée Dotson Humans have been naming the stars and planets for thousands of years, and many of these ancient names are still in use. For example, the Romans named the planet Mars for their god of war, and the satellites Phobos and Deimos, discovered in 1877, were named for the twin sons of Ares, the Greek god of war. In this age of orbiters, rovers, and high-resolution imagery, modern planetary nomenclature is used to uniquely identify a topographical, morphological, or albedo feature on the surface of a planet or satellite so that the feature can be easily located, described, and discussed by scientists and laypeople alike. History of Planetary Nomenclature With the invention of the telescope in 1608, astronomers from many countries began studying the Moon and other planetary bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Apollo 1 Fire: a Case Study in the Flammability of Fabrics Supplementary Background Material for Online Appendix Supplementa
    The Apollo 1 Fire: A Case Study in the Flammability of Fabrics Supplementary Background Material for Online Appendix Supplemental information on Roger Chaffee, Virgil “Gus” Grissom, and Ed White Commanding the first manned Apollo mission was 40-year old veteran astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF. A native of Mitchell, Indiana and 1950 graduate of Purdue University’s Mechanical Engineering program, Grissom was one of NASA’s original class of astronauts, the famed “Mercury 7 Astronauts.” Preferring to be called “Gus,” Grissom piloted the second suborbital Mercury flight on July 21, 1961, spending 15 minutes, 30 seconds in space. When his capsule, “Liberty Bell 7,” impacted the Atlantic Ocean on splashdown, its hatch mysteriously blew off. Grissom later argued that the capsule’s emergency explosive bolts had malfunctioned. Water rushed into the capsule and Grissom narrowly escaped drowning. Liberty Bell was not as fortunate — it sank, sitting at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean until it was recovered in 1999. Grissom’s second flight was the first of the Gemini program. He and John Young orbited the earth three times in their capsule, nicknamed “The Unsinkable Molly Brown” by Grissom. As the Command Pilot aboard Apollo 1, Grissom was seated in the left-most seat (facing the cockpit dash) and had access to the emergency cabin pressure relief valve, to be opened in the event of a cabin fire. Many NASA officials believe that had Grissom not died aboard Apollo 1, he would have been the first man to walk on the Moon. Chief of the Astronaut Office and fellow Mercury 7 Astronaut, Deke Slayton, was in charge of setting the astronaut rotation for flights.
    [Show full text]