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1 Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM PSICOLOGIA CURSO DE DOUTORADO POLÍTICA, ESTÉTICA E ATIVISMO AMBIENTAL: um estudo sobre as ações do Greenpeace no contemporâneo FLORIANÓPOLIS 2014 2 MARCELA DE ANDRADE GOMES POLÍTICA, ESTÉTICA E ATIVISMO AMBIENTAL: um estudo sobre as ações do Greenpeace no contemporâneo Tese apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Curso de Doutorado, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Kátia Maheirie Co-Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marco Aurélio Máximo Prado FLORIANÓPOLIS 2014 3 Banca Examinadora _____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Kátia Maheirie (Orientadora) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marco Aurélio Máximo Prado (Co- Orientaodr) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais _____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Andréa Vieira Zanella (Examinadora) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _____________________________________ Profa. Dr. Frederico Viana Machado (Examinador) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcos Ribeiro Mesquita (Examinador) Universidade Federal de Alagoas 4 _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo José Duval da Silva Krischke (Examinador) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Tarefa um tanto quanto emotiva e desafiadora: como sintetizar em uma folha as múltiplas vozes, corpos e experiências que atravessaram e constituíram esta trajetória acadêmica? Certamente, muitas delas não estarão aqui, de forma direta, mas farão parte da minha memória, para as quais deixo meu registro de gratidão por terem surgido em uma fase tão importante de minha vida. Em primeiro lugar, e como não podia ser diferente, à minha família: companheiros calorosos de todo e qualquer momento, personagens indispensáveis a esse percurso. Seu apoio e afeto foram fundamentais para meu curso e para a conclusão desta jornada. Em grande parte, esta tese também pertence a eles. À minha mãe, Lucia Helena de Andrade Gomes, pela inspiração dos estudos, da vida acadêmica e da arte de educar; ao meu pai, Claudio Garcia Gomes, pelos pensamentos provocativos no campo da política; ao meu irmão, Luis Claudio de Andrade Gomes, meu alicerce, pela leveza e doçura de sua companhia. Aos meus queridos(as) orientadores(as): Profa. Dra. Kátia Maheirie, por compartilhar minha trajetória acadêmica há dez anos; por ter me mostrado os aspectos sociais e políticos da psicologia; pelas cuidadosas orientações; pelos ensinamentos, e, mais, pelos momentos de acolhimento, que tanto superavam as questões teóricas, os quais foram fundamentais durante essa trajetória. Ao Prof. Dr. Marco Aurélio Máximo Prado, por ter aceitado o convite de co-orientar esta tese, pelo consequente, dedicado e árduo acompanhamento deste estudo, assim como por compartilhar seu ilustre conhecimento no campo da política, determinantes para o deslocamento e ampliação desta tese a outros patamares. Ao Prof. Lupicínio Igñez Rueda, orientador estrangeiro, por ter me recebido “de braços abertos” na Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona, assim como por ter, de fato, acompanhado uma parte importante deste estudo. Agradeço-o por suas intrigantes e importantes contribuições. À CAPES, por ter me cedido a oportunidade de realizar um movimento exotópico em relação à pesquisa e à minha vida, possibilitando que esta tese realizasse determinados giros e deslocamentos, os quais, sem essa experiência, dificilmente seriam alçados. Em última instância, por ser um dos raros setores do Estado que, de fato, aposta e incentiva a formação do cidadão, qualificando, ainda que de maneira a atender apenas uma parte privilegiada da sociedade, a Educação Brasileira. 6 Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina- minha calorosa morada acadêmica desde a Graduação- por tamanho dinamismo, eficiência e qualidade acadêmica. Ao Greenpeace, em especial, aos participantes deste estudo, pela disponibilidade e abertura, os quais, além de contribuir, foram protagonistas desta pesquisa. Aos colegas do NUPRA (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Práticas Sociais: relações éticas, estéticas e processos de criação), os antigos e atuais, que participaram e contribuíram demasiadamente nas discussões sobre estética e política. Ao casal ambientalista, Leandra Gonçalves Torres e Pedro Henrique Torres, pessoas que, também em grande parte, foram responsáveis por esta pesquisa. Além da profunda amizade, agradeço à imensa colaboração no tocante às informações necessárias, por terem me apresentado a rede do Greenpeace, e, ainda, pela qualificada interlocução acadêmica e ambiental nesses dois anos de estudo. Em especial, à minha amiga-irmã Leandra, pelos nossos longos anos de amizade, trocas e aprendizagens, pela sua constante presença, embora geograficamente distante, e, por fim, por ter inserido o Greenpeace em minha vida, muito antes de torná-lo objeto de estudo. Às amigas-irmãs da Psicologia com a quais, desde a graduação, compartilhamos os saberes, ignorâncias, afetos, companheirismo, descobertas e repetições: Manuelle Andreani, Michaela Accorsi e Michelle Siqueira. Às grandes e belas amizades construídas no Doutorado Sanduíche em Barcelona e que perduram até hoje: o casal Juan Carlos Hernandez Amaral e Rafaella Lenoir Improta, por terem me recebido de forma extremamente calorosa e pelas infinitas colaborações nas traduções acadêmicas e cotidianas; à doçura e leveza de Martina Hooper; o constante e enriquecedor debate acadêmico e aos momentos de descontração com a querida amiga Marcela Montalvão Teti. Um agradecimento especial à grande amiga e companheira de todos os momentos, da glória à angústia, Rita Flores Muller que, via Skype, acompanhou, de forma íntima, o desenrolar desta tese, auxiliando-me acadêmica e afetivamente neste percurso. 7 Agradeço à querida amiga Lia Vainer Shucman, por compartilharmos nossa trajetória na e pela Psicologia Social, por não ter se esquecido, tampouco me deixado esquecer o “social” da Psicologia; aos nossos enriquecedores debates acadêmicos e aos divertidos momentos de lazer. Agradeço à grande amiga Taiana Pererira Brittes, por suas saudáveis interrogações subjetivamente destituídoras; as quais foram essenciais para a conclusão desta tese. À amiga Adriana Rodrigues, por sua incansável escuta e apoio em momentos conturbados e, também, pelas risadas e sátiras a esse respeito, propiciadas por sua hilaridade. Um carinhoso e saudoso obrigado às amigas de infância de Jundiaí-SP, por existirem em minha vida, pela torcida e companheirismo em minha trajetória profissional e por me fazerem distanciar da vida acadêmica, mostrando-me a beleza contida em diversas outras áreas da vida: Ana Dias Ferreira, Flávia Morasco Geraldini, Mariana Kalaf, Thaís Alvarenga, Carolina Magro, Rubia Bianchi e Priscila Prebianca. À vida, por, mesmo em momentos embaraçosos e tempestivos, mostrar-me o quanto é linda e aprazível! 8 “As pessoas não deixam de dizer que é belo ter certezas. Parecem ter esquecido completamente a beleza mais sútil da dúvida. Crer é bastante medíocre. Duvidar é muito mais absorvente. Permanecer vigilante é viver; ser acalentado pela certeza é morrer”. (Oscar Wilde, “O Retrato de Doriam Grey”) 9 GOMES, Marcela A. (2014). POLÍTICA, ESTÉTICA E ATIVISMO AMBIENTAL: um estudo sobre as ações do Greenpeace no contemporâneo. Tese de Doutorado, Pós- Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brasil. RESUMO A heterogeneidade das formas de ativismo e resistência tem inscrito na esfera pública uma multiplicidade de atos e cenas políticas na atualidade. A polifonia e polimorfose do sujeito político contemporâneo têm incitado inúmeros debates acadêmicos em torno das possibilidades e alternativas à intensificação dos processos democráticos. A partir de um estudo qualitativo, buscamos investigar e analisar as diferentes ações do Greenpeace- uma ONG ativista no campo das lutas ambientais-, a partir da perspectiva teórica do filósofo Jacques Rancière e, também, de outros autores desta área de pesquisa. O campo empírico desta investigação ocorreu no Greenpeace do Brasil (São Paulo, Manaus, Rio de Janeiro) e da Espanha (Madri e Barcelona), em âmbito presencial e virtual. Por meio de entrevistas com sujeitos que possuem ou possuíam algum vínculo com esta ONG (voluntários, ativistas ou funcionários), bem como por meio da realização de um rastreamento virtual nos sites desta organização, buscamos nos aproximar da dimensão empírica do Greenpeace de forma a analisar suas diferentes ações no contemporâneo. A partir dos dados coletados, construímos 4 categorias de análise que, de alguma maneira, nos dizem algo sobre a complexidade da esfera pública na contemporaneidade, em especial, no que tange ao Greenpeace. Na primeira categoria, analisamos as potencialidades, desafios e paradoxos anunciados pelos entrevistados relativos à organização, funcionamento e ações desta ONG; na segunda categoria, realizamos um debate sobre as relações estabelecidas com a mídia e com o ativismo na rede virtual (cyberativismo); na terceira, problematizamos a posição ocupada pelo Greenpeace na esfera pública, a saber, um hiato entre distintos lugares: da governança ao dissenso; por fim, analisamos 8 ações diretas realizadas pela organização, trazendo o profícuo debate entre 10 a política e a estética, discorrendo sobre o uso do exagero, do escândalo
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