Theoretical and Computational Approaches to Morphology
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The Empirical Base of Linguistics: Grammaticality Judgments and Linguistic Methodology
UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05b2s4wg ISBN 978-3946234043 Author Schütze, Carson T Publication Date 2016-02-01 DOI 10.17169/langsci.b89.101 Data Availability The data associated with this publication are managed by: Language Science Press, Berlin Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The empirical base of linguistics Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology Carson T. Schütze language Classics in Linguistics 2 science press Classics in Linguistics Chief Editors: Martin Haspelmath, Stefan Müller In this series: 1. Lehmann, Christian. Thoughts on grammaticalization 2. Schütze, Carson T. The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology 3. Bickerton, Derek. Roots of language ISSN: 2366-374X The empirical base of linguistics Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology Carson T. Schütze language science press Carson T. Schütze. 2019. The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology (Classics in Linguistics 2). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/89 © 2019, Carson T. Schütze Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-946234-02-9 (Digital) 978-3-946234-03-6 (Hardcover) 978-3-946234-04-3 (Softcover) 978-1-523743-32-2 -
Linguistic Competence
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies Nebraska Academy of Sciences 1983 Linguistic Competence John Tienson University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas Part of the Life Sciences Commons Tienson, John, "Linguistic Competence" (1983). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 259. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/259 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Academy of Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societiesy b an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1983. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, XI:99-104. LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE John Tienson Department of Philosophy University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0321 The notion of linguistic competence as a cognitive system that essential to the notion. This will make clear that Chomsky produces knowledge not antecedently present in the mind of the sub should not have said that a theory of competence is an ideali ject, e.g., knowledge of grammatical relations in response to certain zation, and that there is no reason to say that a speaker knows stimuli is an important contribution to philosophical understanding of linguistics, and of cognitive psychology in general. This notion has not the rules of the grammar. been as well received as it should have been, in part because of certain false things that have been said about it. -
On the Irrelevance of Transformational Grammar to Second Language Pedagogy
ON THE IRRELEVANCE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR TO SECOND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY John T. Lamendella The University of Michigan Many scholars view transformational grammar as an attempt to represent the structure of linguistic knowledge in the mind and seek to apply transformational descriptions of languages to the de- velopment of second language teaching materials. It will be claimed in this paper that it is a mistake to look to transformational gram- mar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for either second language pedagogy or a theory of language acquisition. One may well wish to describe the ab- stract or logical structure of a language by constructing a trans- formational grammar which generates the set of sentences identi- fied with that language. However, this attempt should not be con- fused with an attempt to understand the cognitive structures and processes involved in knowing or using a language. It is a cogni- tive theory of language within the field of psycholinguistics rather than a theory of linguistic description which should underlie lan- guage teaching materials. A great deal of effort has been expended in the attempt to demonstrate the potential contributions of the field of descriptive linguistics to the teaching of second languages and, since the theory of transformational grammar has become the dominant theory in the field of linguistics, it is not surprising that applied linguists have sought to apply transformational grammar to gain new in- sights into the teaching of second languages. It will be claimed in this paper that it is a mistake to look to transformational grammar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for either second language pedagogy or a theory of language acquisition. -
Rules Vs. Analogy in English Past Tenses: a Computational/Experimental Study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,*
Cognition 90 (2003) 119–161 www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: a computational/experimental study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,* aDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA bDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1543, USA Received 7 December 2001; revised 11 November 2002; accepted 30 June 2003 Abstract Are morphological patterns learned in the form of rules? Some models deny this, attributing all morphology to analogical mechanisms. The dual mechanism model (Pinker, S., & Prince, A. (1998). On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73–193) posits that speakers do internalize rules, but that these rules are few and cover only regular processes; the remaining patterns are attributed to analogy. This article advocates a third approach, which uses multiple stochastic rules and no analogy. We propose a model that employs inductive learning to discover multiple rules, and assigns them confidence scores based on their performance in the lexicon. Our model is supported over the two alternatives by new “wug test” data on English past tenses, which show that participant ratings of novel pasts depend on the phonological shape of the stem, both for irregulars and, surprisingly, also for regulars. The latter observation cannot be explained under the dual mechanism approach, which derives all regulars with a single rule. To evaluate the alternative hypothesis that all morphology is analogical, we implemented a purely analogical model, which evaluates novel pasts based solely on their similarity to existing verbs. -
Analogical Modeling: an Exemplar-Based Approach to Language"
<DOCINFO AUTHOR "" TITLE "Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language" SUBJECT "HCP, Volume 10" KEYWORDS "" SIZE HEIGHT "220" WIDTH "150" VOFFSET "4"> Analogical Modeling human cognitive processing is a forum for interdisciplinary research on the nature and organization of the cognitive systems and processes involved in speaking and understanding natural language (including sign language), and their relationship to other domains of human cognition, including general conceptual or knowledge systems and processes (the language and thought issue), and other perceptual or behavioral systems such as vision and non- verbal behavior (e.g. gesture). ‘Cognition’ should be taken broadly, not only including the domain of rationality, but also dimensions such as emotion and the unconscious. The series is open to any type of approach to the above questions (methodologically and theoretically) and to research from any discipline, including (but not restricted to) different branches of psychology, artificial intelligence and computer science, cognitive anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience. It takes a special interest in research crossing the boundaries of these disciplines. Editors Marcelo Dascal, Tel Aviv University Raymond W. Gibbs, University of California at Santa Cruz Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp Editorial address Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp, Dept. of Linguistics (GER), Universiteitsplein 1, B 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board Melissa Bowerman, Nijmegen; Wallace Chafe, Santa Barbara, CA; Philip R. Cohen, Portland, OR; Antonio Damasio, Iowa City, IA; Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Madison, WI; David McNeill, Chicago, IL; Eric Pederson, Eugene, OR; François Recanati, Paris; Sally Rice, Edmonton, Alberta; Benny Shanon, Jerusalem; Lokendra Shastri, Berkeley, CA; Dan Slobin, Berkeley, CA; Paul Thagard, Waterloo, Ontario Volume 10 Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language Edited by Royal Skousen, Deryle Lonsdale and Dilworth B. -
Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition
Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition Department of Linguistics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, $$ –$% September $##& Workshop programme Friday, September 22 W I ": –": Jim Blevins (Cambridge) & Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) A L C T V ": –: Andrew Garrett (Berkeley) Paradigmatic heterogeneity : –: : –: Andrew Wedel (Arizona) Multi-level selection and the tension between phonological and morphological regularity : –: Greg Stump & Rafael Finkel (Kentucky) Principal parts and degrees of paradigmatic transparency : –: Moderated discussion: Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) : –: A S G : –: Keith Johnson (Berkeley) Analogy as exemplar resonance: Extension of a view of sensory memory to higher linguistic categories : –: John Goldsmith (Chicago) Learning morphological patterns in language : –: : –: Susanne Gahl (Chicago) The sound of syntax: Probabilities and structure in pronunciation variation : – : Farrell Ackerman ( @8?9 ), Sharon Rose ( @8?9 ) & Rob Malouf ( ?9?@ ) Patterns of relatedness in complex morphological systems : –!: Moderated discussion: Colin Bannard ( <=;-:A6 ) ": – B Saturday, September 23 A L A ": –": LouAnn Gerken (Arizona) Linguistic generalization by human infants ": –: Andrea Krott (Birmingham) Banana shoes and bear tables: Children’s processing and interpretation of noun-noun compounds : –: : –: Mike Tomasello ( - ) Analogy in the acquisition of constructions : –: Rens Bod (St. Andrews) Acquisition of syntax by analogy: Computation of new utterances out -
Review of Dieter Wanner's the Power of Analogy: an Essay on Historical Linguistics
Portland State University PDXScholar World Languages and Literatures Faculty Publications and Presentations World Languages and Literatures 2007 Review of Dieter Wanner's The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Linguistics Eva Nuń ez-Mẽ ndeź Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/wll_fac Part of the Comparative and Historical Linguistics Commons, and the First and Second Language Acquisition Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Núñez-Méndez, Eva. "Review of Dieter Wanner's The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Linguistics," Linguistica e Filologia, 25 (2007), p. 266-267. This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in World Languages and Literatures Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Linguistica e Filologia 25 (2007) WANNER, Dieter, The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Lin- guistics, Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2006, pp. xiv + 330, ISBN 978- 3-11-018873-8. Following the division predicated in the Saussurean dichotomy between synchrony and diachrony, this book starts by arguing that this antinomy between the formal and the historical should be relegated to the periphery. Combining diachronic with synchronic linguistic thought, Wanner proposes two adoptions: first, a restricted theoretical base in the form of Concrete Minimalism, and second analogical assimilations as formulated in Analogical Modeling. These two perspectives provide the basis for redirecting the theory in a cognitive direction and focus on the shape of linguistics material and the impact of the historical components of language. -
Language and Psychology. New York: Wiley, 1970
Some psychological aspects of linguistic data W. J. M. Levelt, Nijmegen In this article some aspects of the relation between linguistics and psychology are considered. It will be shown that some present day linguistic practices are dubious from the psychological point of view (section 4), whereas at the same time the psy chological relevance of linguistic theory is central to the transformationalists con ception of linguistics (section 2). But even if linguistics is given a more moderate place in the psychology of language (section 3), certain types of linguistic data, na mely different sorts of linguistic intuitions, deserve very careful attention in view of their psychological unreliability. Uncontrolable introspectionism should be avoi ded and some recommendations to this effect are made (section 5). It is especially stressed that the linguist should not rely on absolute judgment of grammaticality, but only on relative (rank order) judgments; that he should order his rules with respect to their grammatical importance; and that he should study intuitions which have a high degree of reliability, such as intuitions on cohesion. The paper is introduced by a short historical note (section 1), which out lines the main conceptions of the relation between psychology and linguistics during the past century and a half. 1. An historical note The views on the relations between psychology and linguistics are as diverse as-the opinions about the relation between human mind and human language. The nine teenth and twentieth century literature on this subject is so extensive, that any short review necessarily oversimplifies the intricate matters involved. This is especially true for the present introduction, which will confine itself to a summary indication of the three most outstanding conceptions that have been proposed during this period. -
Chapter 10 Analogy Behrens Final
To appear in: Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin and Simone Pfenninger (eds.) (2016). The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10 The role of analogy in language acquisition Heike Behrens1 10.1 Introduction AnalogiCal reasoning is a powerful processing meChanism that allows us to disCover similarities, form Categories and extend them to new Categories. SinCe similarities Can be detected at the concrete and the relational levels, analogy is in principle unbounded. The possibility of multiple mapping makes analogy a very powerful meChanism, but leads to the problem that it is hard to prediCt whiCh analogies will aCtually be drawn. This indeterminaCy results in the faCt that analogy is often invoked as an explanandum in many studies in linguistiCs, language acquisition, and the study of language change, but that the underlying proCesses are hardly ever explained. When cheCking the index of current textbooks on cognitive linguistics and language acquisition, the keyword “analogy” is almost Completely absent, and the concept is typiCally evoked ad hoc to explain a Certain phenomenon. In Contrast, in work on language Change, different types of analogical change have been identified and have beCome teChniCal terms to refer to speCifiC phenomena, such as analogical levelling when irregular forms beCome regularized or analogical extension when new items beCome part of a Category (see Bybee 2010: 66-69, for a historiCal review of the use of the term in language Change and grammatiCalization see Traugott & Trousdale 2014: 37-38). In this paper, I will discuss the possible effects of analogical reasoning for linguistic Category formation from an emergentist and usage-based perspeCtive, and then characterize the interaction of different processes of analogical reasoning in language development, with a speCial foCus on regular/irregular morphology and argument structure. -
Types of Competence in Linguistics: a Review of Processes and Their Implications in Human Perception and Action
DTCF Dergisi 57.1 (2017): 157-170 TYPES OF COMPETENCE IN LINGUISTICS: A REVIEW OF PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN PERCEPTION AND ACTION DİLBİLİMDE YETERLİK TÜRLERİ: SÜREÇLERİN GÖZDEN GEÇİRİLMESİ, İNSAN ALGISI VE EYLEMLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ İsmail ERTON Yrd. Doç. Dr., Atılım Üniversitesi, Fen – Edebiyat Fakültesi, Mütercim Tercümanlık Bölümü, [email protected] Abstract Scientic research and studies concerning the denition and scope of the term 'competence' have been one of the major elds within linguistic studies since the 1960s. Makale Bilgisi Research on this subject liberated linguistic studies from structural boundaries and Gönderildiği tarih: 17 Mart 2917 helped linguistics to become a multidisciplinary eld nourished especially by psychology, Kabul edildiği tarih: 4 Nisan 2017 sociology and cultural studies. This paper argues that the study of the competence types in Yayınlanma tarihi: 21 Haziran 2017 linguistics not only paved the way to a better understanding of how language is produced and perceived by language users, but also increased the language users' awareness to Article Info become more knowledgeable in cross-cultural interactions and their underlying theories. This research is particularly interested in pragmatic competence as the utmost point of Date submitted: 17 March 2017 related studies since the development of pragmatic competence embodies the skills and Date accepted: 4 April 2017 abilities to utilize the cognition and perception of the language user even in unforeseen Date published: 21 June 2017 discourses. Anahtar sözcükler Öz Yeterlik; Söylem; Dilsel Yeterlilik; 'Yeterlik' kelimesinin tanım ve kapsamını belirlemeye yönelik bilimsel araştırma ve İletişimsel Yetkinlik; Edimbilimsel çalışmalar 1960'lı yıllardan bu yana dilbilim çalışmalarının temel konularından birisi Yeterlik; İnsan Algısı; İnsan Eylemi olmuştur. -
LINGUISTIC PERFORMANCE and IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION WITHIN CONTEMPORARY COOKING a Comparative Study of the Language Use of Two British Chefs
LINGUISTIC PERFORMANCE AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION WITHIN CONTEMPORARY COOKING A Comparative Study of the Language Use of Two British Chefs Student: Lena Ekberg Högskolan i Halmstad (Sweden) English Module C Supervisor: Stuart Foster February 2014 Ekberg 2 ABSTRACT This is a limited linguistic study that focuses on contemporary language use of two British nationals who are well-known professionals within cooking, and who perform linguistically in the writing of cookery books and in television shows. There are two linguistic foci for the study: a gender perspective and a social class perspective. The aim is to evaluate the linguistic features that are characteristic of the two subjects in relation to the research approaches and in relation to previous research from these perspectives, and to compare their respective language use from the selected material. The study also aims to explore how the language use and linguistic style of each subject may contribute to his or her identity and to the professional image marketing processes the employ. A quantitative method is used for the study of specific linguistic features and to detect the presence or absence of these features. A qualitative approach is used when discussing and commenting on how the qualitative result may have impact on, or may contribute to, individual style, identity and professional branding. The texts for the study is randomly chosen and comprises written texts in two cookery books of each individual and spoken language in one television episode, of each person, from broadcasted cookery shows. Due to the randomly selected and limited data, the study does not claim to be statistically relevant. -
Paradigm Uniformity and Analogy: the Capitalistic Versus Militaristic Debate1
International Journal of IJES English Studies UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA www.um.es/ijes Paradigm Uniformity and Analogy: 1 The Capitalistic versus Militaristic Debate * DAVID EDDINGTON Brigham Young University ABSTRACT In American English, /t/ in capitalistic is generally flapped while in militaristic it is not due to the influence of capi[ɾ]al and mili[tʰ]ary. This is called Paradigm Uniformity or PU (Steriade, 2000). Riehl (2003) presents evidence to refute PU which when reanalyzed supports PU. PU is thought to work in tandem with a rule of allophonic distribution, the nature of which is debated. An approach is suggested that eliminates the need for the rule versus PU dichotomy; allophonic distribution is carried out by analogy to stored items in the mental lexicon. Therefore, the influence of the pronunciation of capital on capitalistic is determined in the same way as the pronunciation of /t/ in monomorphemic words such as Mediterranean is. A number of analogical computer simulations provide evidence to support this notion. KEYWORDS: analogy, flapping, tapping, American English, phoneme /t/, Analogical Modeling of Language, allophonic distribution, Paradigm Uniformity. * Address for correspondence: David Eddington. Brigham Young University. Department of Linguistics and English Language. 4064 JFSB. Provo, UT 84602. Phone: (801) 422-7452. Fax: (801) 422-0906. e-mail: [email protected] © Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad de Murcia. All rights reserved. IJES, vol. 6 (2), 2006, pp. 1-18 2 David Eddington I. INTRODUCTION In traditional approaches to phonology, all surface forms are generated from abstract underlying forms. However, the pre-generative idea that surface forms can influence other surface forms, (e.g.