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Communications of the Acm COMMUNICATIONS CACM.ACM.ORG OF THEACM 09/2013 VOL.56 NO.09 Uncomfortable User Experience Association for Computing Machinery COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM Departments News Viewpoints 5 Editor’s Letter 28 Law and Technology Has The Innovation Cup Run Dry? What to Do About Google? By Moshe Y. Vardi Whether it is acting as a conduit, an editor, or an advisor, the search 7 From the President engine should put user interests first. Freedom and the Social Contract By James Grimmelmann By Vinton G. Cerf 31 Historical Reflections 8 Letters to the Editor Software and Souls; For Privacy and Security, Programs and Packages Use Public Keys Everywhere How can historians tell stories about software without focusing 10 BLOG@CACM solely on the code itself? Big Data Is ‘Buzzword du Jour;’ By Thomas Haigh CS Academics ‘Have the Best Job’ 13 Michael Stonebraker analyzes 35 The Profession of IT the different varieties of Big Data, 13 Magnetic Diversion The Other Side of Language while Judy Robertson for Electronic Switches The conversation for action gives considers the rewards of ‘Chameleon processors’ could a framework for completing teaching computer science. function as programmable logic professional actions effectively. or nonvolatile memory. By Peter J. Denning 43 Calendar By Chris Edwards 38 Viewpoint 107 Careers 16 Software-Defined Networking Research and Practice: Novel architecture allows The Curious Case of ‘Small’ programmers to quickly reconfigure Researchers-Practitioners Last Byte network resource usage. Seeking a more efficient combination By Keith Kirkpatrick of the best elements of the research 110 Puzzled Answers and practice communities in Solutions and Sources 20 Ephemeral Data small organizations. By Peter Winkler Privacy issues can evaporate when By Željko Obrenovi´c embarrassing content does likewise. 112 Q&A By Esther Shein 41 Interview Big Challenge An Interview with Hadi Partovi Jeff Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat 24 Remembering Douglas Engelbart The Code.org founder discusses talk about scalability. By Laura DiDio his first program, inspirations, By Leah Hoffmann and “seizing the day.” By Lawrence Snyder H BY JOAN CHANG JOAN H BY P Association for Computing Machinery Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession PHOTOGRA 2 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | SEPTEMBER 2013 | VOL. 56 | NO. 9 09/2013 VOL. 56 NO. 09 Practice Contributed Articles Review Articles 54 66 84 46 The Balancing Act of Choosing 66 Uncomfortable User Experience 84 Verifying Autonomous Systems Nonblocking Features How to create and resolve Exploring autonomous systems Design requirements discomfort for a thrilling and and the agents that control them. of nonblocking systems. memorable experience. By Michael Fisher, Louise Dennis, By Maged M. Michael By Steve Benford, Chris Greenhalgh, and Matt Webster Gabriella Giannachi, Brendan Walker, 54 20 Obstacles to Scalability Joe Marshall, and Tom Rodden S Watch out for these pitfalls that Research Highlights ATE CI can prevent Web application scaling. 74 Computing with Real Numbers, O Ass By Sean Hull from Archimedes to Turing 96 Technical Perspective S ORY and Beyond Progress in Visual Categorization B IJ R 59 An Overview of Non-Uniform How to test the usefulness By Pietro Perona D N A Memory Access of computation for TA/ IS NUMA becomes more common understanding and predicting 97 Visual Object Detection with UB K A because memory controllers continuous phenomena. Deformable Part Models ICI L get close to execution units By Mark Braverman By Pedro Felzenszwalb, Ross Girshick, A on microprocessors. David McAllester, and Deva Ramanan ON BY ON BY I By Christoph Lameter TRAT S ; ILLU Articles’ development led by D queue.acm.org ARRY DOWNAR ARRY B ON BY ON BY I About the Cover: TRAT While art and cinema S have long been known for LLU I exploring ways to make the viewer feel anxious or frightened, this month’s OM; PHOTO OM; PHOTO cover story (p. 66) focuses C K. on the benefits of designing C TO computer games, apps, S amusement rides, and other online experiences with the deliberate purpose of making the user feel uncomfortable. Cover photo illustration by Barry IMAGE FROM SHUTTER IMAGE Downard. SEPTEMBER 2013 | VOL. 56 | NO. 9 | COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 3 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM Trusted insights for computing’s leading professionals. Communications of the ACM is the leading monthly print and online magazine for the computing and information technology fields. Communications is recognized as the most trusted and knowledgeable source of industry information for today’s computing professional. Communications brings its readership in-depth coverage of emerging areas of computer science, new trends in information technology, and practical applications. Industry leaders use Communications as a platform to present and debate various technology implications, public policies, engineering challenges, and market trends. The prestige and unmatched reputation that Communications of the ACM enjoys today is built upon a 50-year commitment to high-quality editorial content and a steadfast dedication to advancing the arts, sciences, and applications of information technology. ACM, the world’s largest educational STAFF EDITORIAL BOARD and scientific computing society, delivers resources that advance computing as a Director OF GROUP PUBLISHING Editor-IN-CHIEF science and profession. ACM provides the Scott E. Delman Moshe Y. Vardi ACM Copyright Notice computing field’s premier Digital Library [email protected] [email protected] Copyright © 2013 by Association for and serves its members and the computing Executive Editor NEWS Computing Machinery, Inc. (ACM). profession with leading-edge publications, Diane Crawford Co-Chairs Permission to make digital or hard copies conferences, and career resources. Managing Editor Marc Najork and Prabhakar Raghavan of part or all of this work for personal Thomas E. Lambert Board Members or classroom use is granted without Executive Director and CEO Senior Editor Hsiao-Wuen Hon; Mei Kobayashi; fee provided that copies are not made John White Andrew Rosenbloom William Pulleyblank; Rajeev Rastogi or distributed for profit or commercial Deputy Executive Director and COO Senior Editor/News advantage and that copies bear this Patricia Ryan Larry Fisher VIEWPOINts notice and full citation on the first Director, Office of Information Systems Web Editor Co-Chairs page. Copyright for components of this Wayne Graves David Roman Tim Finin; Susanne E. Hambrusch; work owned by others than ACM must Director, Office of Financial Services Editorial Assistant John Leslie King; be honored. Abstracting with credit is Russell Harris Zarina Strakhan Board Members permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, Director, Office of SIG Services Rights and Permissions William Aspray; Stefan Bechtold; Judith to post on servers, or to redistribute to Donna Cappo Deborah Cotton Bishop; Stuart I. Feldman; lists, requires prior specific permission Director, Office of Publications Peter Freeman; Seymour Goodman; and/or fee. Request permission to publish Bernard Rous Art Director Mark Guzdial; Richard Heeks; from [email protected] or fax Director, Office of Group Publishing Andrij Borys Rachelle Hollander; Richard Ladner; (212) 869-0481. Scott E. Delman Associate Art Director Susan Landau; Carlos Jose Pereira de Lucena; Margaret Gray Beng Chin Ooi; Loren Terveen; For other copying of articles that carry a Assistant Art Directors Marshall Van Alstyne; Jeannette Wing code at the bottom of the first or last page ACM COUNCIL Mia Angelica Balaquiot or screen display, copying is permitted President Brian Greenberg provided that the per-copy fee indicated Vinton G. Cerf Production Manager Practice in the code is paid through the Copyright Vice-President Lynn D’Addesio Clearance Center; www.copyright.com. Alexander L. Wolf Co-Chairs Director of Media Sales Secretary/Treasurer Stephen Bourne and George Neville-Neil Jennifer Ruzicka Subscriptions Vicki L. Hanson Board Members Public Relations Coordinator An annual subscription cost is included Past President Eric Allman; Charles Beeler; Bryan Cantrill; Virginia Gold in ACM member dues of $99 ($40 of Alain Chesnais Terry Coatta; Stuart Feldman; Benjamin Fried; Publications Assistant which is allocated to a subscription to Chair, SGB Board Pat Hanrahan; Tom Limoncelli; Emily Williams Communications); for students, cost Erik Altman Marshall Kirk McKusick; Erik Meijer; is included in $42 dues ($20 of which Co-Chairs, Publications Board Theo Schlossnagle; Jim Waldo Columnists is allocated to a Communications Ronald Boisvert and Jack Davidson The Practice section of the CACM Alok Aggarwal; Phillip G. Armour; subscription). A nonmember annual Members-at-Large Editorial Board also serves as Martin Campbell-Kelly; subscription is $100. Eric Allman; Ricardo Baeza-Yates; Michael Cusumano; Peter J. Denning; the Editorial Board of . 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