Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT WILSON STREET RECONSTRUCTION LOTS 118-122, 131, AND MARKET PLACE, ST. ANDREWS WARD FORMER TOWNSHIP OF GUELPH, COUNTY OF WELLINGTON, CITY OF GUELPH REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO

ORIGINAL REPORT

Prepared for:

WalterFedy 675 Queen Street South, Suite 111 Kitchener, Ontario N2M 1A1 T (519) 576-2150 F (519) 576-5499

Archaeological Licence #P128 (Hull) Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport PIF# P128-0138-2016 ASI File: 16EA-130

14 June, 2016

Providing Archaeological & ASI Cultural Heritage Services 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 416-966-1069 F 416-966-9723 asiheritage.ca

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT � WILSON STREET RECONSTRUCTION � LOTS 118-122, 131, AND MARKET PLACE, ST. ANDREWS WARD � FORMER TOWNSHIP OF GUELPH, COUNTY OF WELLINGTON, CITY OF GUELPH � REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO �

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ASI was contracted by WalterFedy to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (Background Study and Property Assessment) as part of the Wilson Street Reconstruction Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (EA) in the City of Guelph, Regional Municipality of Waterloo. ASI understands the project involves road and municipal servicing improvements for Woolwich Street from University Avenue to Bridle Trail, the design-build for the new Wilson Street Parking Garage, and the reconstruction of Wilson Street from Gordon/Norfolk Street to Macdonell Street. The scope of this assessment is restricted to the roadway and associated right of way, as per mapping provided by WalterFedy.

The Stage 1 background study of the history and geography of the study area indicated potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources. It was also determined that one previously-registered archaeological site is located within one kilometre of the study area.

The Stage 1 property inspection revealed that the study area has been previously disturbed by the construction and maintenance of Wilson Street, its underground services, and various alterations and additions to associated intersections.

In light of these results, ASI makes the following recommendations:

1. � The study area is disturbed and requires no further archaeological assessment; and,

2. � Should the proposed work extend beyond the project study area, further Stage 1 assessment must be conducted to determine the archaeological potential of the surrounding lands. �

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page ii

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Senior Project Manager: Andrew Riddle, PhD (P347) Senior Archaeologist, Manager, EA West Environmental Assessment Division

Project Director (licensee): Dr. Katherine L. Hull, PhD (P128) Senior Archaeologist, Manager Cultural Heritage Division

Project Manager Sarah Jagelewski, Hon. BA (R405) (Licensee): Staff Archaeologist, Assistant Manager Environmental Assessment Division

Field Director: Andrew Clish, BES (P046) Senior Archaeologist

Report Preparation: Katherine L. Hull

Graphics: Jonas Fernandez, MSc (R281) Geomatics Specialist

Report Reviewer: Andrew Riddle

ASI � Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction � Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page iii �

TABLE OF CONTENTS �

1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ...... 5 � 1.1 Development Context ...... 5 � 1.2 Historical Context ...... 5 � 1.2.1 Aboriginal Land Use ...... 6 � 1.2.2 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement ...... 7 � 1.2.3 Historic Map Review ...... 8 � 1.2.4 Summary of Historical Context ...... 9 � 1.3 Archaeological Context ...... 9 � 1.3.1 Current Land Use and Field Conditions ...... 10 � 1.3.2 Geography ...... 10 � 1.3.3 Previous Archaeological Research ...... 11 � 1.3.4 Summary of Archaeological Context ...... 11 � 2.0 FIELD METHODS ...... 12 � 3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 12 � 3.1 Analysis of Archaeological Potential ...... 12 � 3.2 Analysis of Property Inspection Results ...... 13 � 3.3 Conclusions ...... 13 � 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 13 � 5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION ...... 14 � 6.0 REFERENCES CITED ...... 14 � 7.0 MAPS ...... 18 � 8.0 IMAGES ...... 25

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Nineteenth-Century Historical Features, Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area ...... 9 �

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of the Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area...... 19 � Figure 2: Location of the Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area on the 1878 Fire Insurance Map...... 20 � Figure 3: Current Conditions, Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area...... 21 � Figure 4: Physiography of the Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area...... 22 � Figure 5: Soil Types, Wilson Street Rehabilitation Study Area...... 22 � Figure 6: Surficial Geology, Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area...... 23 � Figure 7: Soil Drainage Conditions, Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area...... 23 � Figure 8: Stage 1 Assessment Results, Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area...... 24 �

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: View of the study area, south. Road and manhole cover indicating below-surface services. Disturbed, no further work...... 25 Plate 2: View of study area, north. Mixed modern and historical streetscape. Extensive alteration of roadway and services. Disturbed, no further work...... 25 Plate 3: View of study area, south. Raised parking area and CN Rail overpass. Disturbed, no further work within study area...... 25 Plate 4: View of study area, south. Wide sidewalks and services buried under street. Green area contains traffic control box. Disturbed, no further work...... 25 Plate 5: View of study area, northeast. Heavily-modified intersection. Disturbed, no further work...... 25

ASI

Plate 6: View of study area, north. Disturbed, no further work...... 25 Plate 7: View of study area, northwest. Catch-basins and manhole covers indicate location of significant underground services. Disturbed, no further work...... 26 Plate 8: View of study area, north. Large intersection with significant underground services. Disturbed, no � further work...... 26 Plate 9: View of study area, southeast. Wilson streetscape. Disturbed, no further work...... 26 Plate 10: View of study area, south. The northern terminus of Wilson Street from Macdonell Street. Disturbed, no further work...... 26

ASI � Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 5

1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

The 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (S & G), Section 1, administered by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) discusses the objectives of a Stage 1 archaeological assessment as follows:

 To provide information about the geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork and current land condition of the study area;

 To evaluate in detail the archaeological potential of the study area which can be used, if necessary, to support recommendations for Stage 2 archaeological assessment for all or parts of the property; and,

 To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment, if necessary.

This report describes the Stage 1 archaeological assessment that was conducted for the study area and is organized as follows: Section 1.0 summarizes the background study that was conducted to provide the archaeological and historical context for the project study area; Section 2.0 addresses the field methods used for the property inspection that was undertaken to document its general environment, current land use history and conditions of the study area; Section 3.0 analyses the characteristics of the project study area and evaluates its archaeological potential; Section 4.0 provides recommendations for the next assessment steps; and the remaining sections contain other report information that is required by the S & G, e.g., advice on compliance with legislation, works cited, mapping and photo-documentation.

1.1 Development Context

All work has been undertaken as required by the Environmental Assessment Act, RSO (1990) and regulations made under the Act, and are therefore subject to all associated legislation.

All activities carried out during this assessment were completed in accordance with the Municipal Engineers’ Association document Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (2000, as amended in 2007 and 2011), the Ontario Heritage Act (2005), and the S & G.

Permission to carry out all activities necessary for the completion of the assessment was granted by WalterFedy on May 16, 2016.

1.2 Historical Context

The purpose of this section, according to the S & G, Section 7.5.7, Standard 1, is to describe the past and present land use, the settlement history, and any other relevant historical information gathered through the

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Stage 1 background research. First, a summary is presented of the current understanding of the Aboriginal land use of the study area. This is followed by a review of the historical Euro-Canadian settlement history.

1.2.1 Aboriginal Land Use

Southern Ontario has been occupied by human populations, if only seasonally, since the retreat of the Laurentide glacier during what is known as the Paleo-Indian period, approximately 11,000 BP (Ellis and Deller 1990). Populations at this period would have been highly mobile, inhabiting a boreal-parkland more similar to the modern sub-arctic. By the end of the 11th millennium BP, the environment had progressively warmed (see Section 1.3.2) and populations now occupied less extensive territories (Ellis and Deller 1990:62-63).

From the 10th to the first half of the 6th millennia BP, the Great Lakes’ basins experienced low-water levels, and so it is likely that many sites which would have been located on those former shorelines are now submerged beneath Lake Ontario and Lake Huron. This period produces the earliest evidence of heavy wood working tools which are indicative of greater investment of labour in felling trees for fuel, building shelter, or producing crafts. This investment is ultimately indicative of prolonged seasonal residency at sites. By the 8th millennium BP, evidence exists for polished stone implements and worked native copper. The source of the latter from the north shore of Lake Superior is evidence of extensive exchange networks. By the middle of the 5th millennium BP, during the Late Archaic period, evidence of fish weirs and cemeteries appears. These are indicative of increased social organization and investment of labour into social infrastructure, increased procurement of food, and the establishment of territories (Brown 1995:13; Ellis et al. 1990; Ellis et al. 2009; cf. Sauer 1952).

The settlement and subsistence systems of the Early Woodland (3000-2000 BP) period are not entirely clear. Populations continued a semi-permanent existence and exploited seasonally available resources. Evidence exists for extensive and complex exchange networks (Spence et al. 1990:136, 138). By the second millennium BP in the Middle Woodland period, evidence exists for macro-band camps, focusing on the seasonal exploitation of resources such as spawning fish and wild rice (Spence et al. 1990:155, 164). It is also during this period that maize was first introduced into southern Ontario, though it would have only supplemented Middle Woodland people’s diet (Birch and Williamson 2013:13-15). Bands likely retreated to interior camps during the winter.

The advent of Iroquoian culture occurs during the Late Woodland (AD 1000-AD 1649) period, though full expression of Iroquoian culture is not recognized archaeologically until the fourteenth century AD. During the Early Iroquoian (AD 1000-AD 1300) phase, the communal site is replaced by the village focussed on horticulture. Seasonal disintegration of the community for the exploitation of a wider territory and more varied resource base was still practiced (Williamson 1990:317). By the second quarter of the first millennium BP, during the Middle Iroquoian (AD 1300-AD 1450) phase, this episodic community disintegration was no longer practiced and populations now communally occupied sites throughout the year (Dodd et al. 1990:343). In the Late Iroquoian (AD 1450-AD 1649) phase this process continued with the coalescence of these small villages into larger communities (Birch and Williamson 2013). Through this process, the socio-political organization of the First Nations as described historically by the French and English explorers who first visited southern Ontario was developed.

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Due to generally unfavourable soils for maize-based agriculture, the Guelph area was not intensively occupied by any particular Aboriginal group until the early-mid seventeenth century (Johnson 1977:4). The Huron-Wendat were settled to the north, the Petun and Neutral were settled to the west, and the Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy was located across Lake Ontario to the south.

Following the dispersal of the Huron-Wendat, Petun and Neutral Nations by the Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy, several small bands of Algonkian speaking groups moved into the Guelph region (Johnson 1977). These bands, variously called the Ojibwa, Chippewa and Mississauga, did not establish any permanent settlements in the area. Instead, they used the Guelph area for hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants.

Beginning in the mid-eighteenth century, the Ojibwas, Chippewas, and Mississaugas began to replace the Seneca as the controlling Aboriginal group in the region of the north shore of Lake Ontario, since the Iroquois confederacy had overstretched their territory between the 1650s and 1670s (Williamson 2008). The Iroquois could not hold the region and agreed to form an alliance with them and share hunting territories (Williamson 2008). The Ojibwas, Chippewas, and Mississaugas traded with both the British and the French in order to have wider access to European materials at better prices, and used their strategic position on the Humber River to act as trade intermediaries between the British and tribes in the north.

1.2.2 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement

Historically, the study area is located in Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward, Town of Guelph.

For the Euro-Canadian period, the majority of early nineteenth-century farmsteads (i.e. those which are arguably the most potentially significant resources and whose locations are rarely recorded on nineteenth century maps) are likely to be located in proximity to the water. Later settlement would likely have been located in proximity to the network of concession roads and railroads which were developed through the course of the nineteenth century.

Section 1.3.1 of the S & G stipulates that areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement (pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, farmstead complexes), early wharf or dock complexes, pioneer churches and early cemeteries, are considered to have archaeological potential. Early historical transportation routes (trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes), properties listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site are also considered to indicate archaeological potential.

Guelph Township

Guelph Township is named after the Royal House of Brunswick, family of the English monarch, George IV. Guelph Township was surveyed by John MacDonald in 1830 and the land in the township was purchased by the Canada Company, which consisted of a group of British speculators who acquired more than two million acres of land in Upper Canada for colonization purposes (Mika and Mika 1981:186). A large number of settlers arrived in the township before it was surveyed. The first settler in the township was Samuel Rife, who squatted near the western limits of the township ca. 1825.

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Waterloo Road, formerly Broad Road, was built by Absalom Shade and was finished ca. 1827, the year the Town of Guelph was founded (Mika and Mika 1981:186). Many settlers arrived in the township between the years 1827 and 1830.

City of Guelph

While the present boundaries for the City of Guelph fall within the former Townships of Puslinch and Guelph, the historical community of Guelph was situated on the River Speed in Guelph Township. Guelph was first laid out by a novelist named John Galt, head of the Canada Company, in 1827. The original plan for the town depicted lots reserved for the company offices, a saw mill, a market square, two churches and a burial ground. Registered plans of subdivision for this village date from 1847-1865. The first settlers were attracted here in the next few years. By the late 1840s, the population of Guelph had reached 1,480, and it was incorporated as a town in 1850. It was also selected as the capital of Wellington County, and it was also deemed to be an inland port of entry. The population had reached 6, 878 by 1873. By April 1879, the population exceeded 10,000 and Guelph was incorporated as a city. Guelph contained a wide variety of trades and professions by the 1840s (see Johnson 1977:83). By the 1870s, Guelph contained churches, banks, insurance agencies, a library, two newspapers, telegraph offices, hotels, stores, flour, saw, and planing mills, woollen factories, foundries, machinery works, sewing machine works, musical instrument manufacturers, tanneries, soap and candle factories, shoemakers, wooden ware manufacturers, and two breweries. It was a station for both the Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific Railways. Guelph was built on a number of hills which gives it a picturesque appearance, and a number of fine heritage structures in the city were built out of native limestone (Cameron 1967; Crossby 1873:134; Fischer and Harris 2007:132; Rayburn 1997:145; Scott 1997:94-95; Winearls 1991:680-684).

Grand Trunk Railway

The Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada was incorporated by the Canadian government in 1852 and was planned to connect Toronto to Montreal. It began in 1853 by purchasing five existing railways: the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad Company, the Quebec and Richmond Railroad Company, the Toronto and Guelph Railroad Company, the Grand Junction Railroad Company, and the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada East. By 1853, the Toronto and Guelph Railroad Company had already begun construction of its line. After its merge with the Grand Trunk Railway Company, the line was redirected from its original route and extended to Sarnia to be a hub for Chicago bound traffic. By 1856 the line had been built from Montreal to Sarnia via Toronto. The company fell into great debt in 1861 and while it was saved from bankruptcy by the Canadian government, in 1919 the company was bankrupted following its expansion west in an attempt to compete with the Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways (Library and Archives Canada 2005).

1.2.3 Historic Map Review

The 1878 Fire Insurance Map of the City of Guelph was reviewed to determine the potential for the presence of nineteenth-century historical features within the study area (Figure 2). It should be noted, however, that not all features of interest were mapped systematically in the Ontario series of historical atlases, given that they were financed by subscription, and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps. Moreover, not every feature of interest would have been within the scope of the atlases. Details of nineteenth-century historical features are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1: Nineteenth-Century Historical Features, Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area 1878 Fire Insurance Map Lot Ward Historical Feature(s) 118 St Andrews Six (6) stores (50-53 Market Square and 203 Macdonnell Street) 119 St Andrews Three (3) tenements and three (3) stores (200-202 Macdonnell Street and 32-34 Wilson Street) 120 St Andrews Five (5) stores (24-31 Wilson Street) 121 St Andrews Seven (7) stores (8-22 Wilson Street) 122 St Andrews Five (5) stores 131 St Andrews n/a Market Place St Andrews n/a

The 1929 Fire Insurance Map of Guelph provides detailed information on the early twentieth century conditions in the study area (see Figure 2). Many buildings that are still standing are shown on the map including the commercial buildings on the northeast corner of Carden Street and Wilson Street (6-12 Carden Street), the commercial buildings along the west side of Wilson Street (16-38 Wilson Street), the civic buildings in Market Square (Winter Fair Building, Fire Station, City Hall), and the Subway that carries the CN Railway over Wilson Street. The Winter Fair Horse Stables (now the Guelph Farmers Market) are shown at the southern end of the study area. In addition to the buildings that are still present, a number of other historical structures are shown adjacent to the study area, including: numerous stores across from the Fire Station (now the municipal parking lot), and horse stalls and gallery seats in Market Square. A more in-depth discussion regarding the late nineteenth and twentieth century development of the area can be found in the cultural heritage resource assessment document for this study area prepared by ASI (2016).

1.2.4 Summary of Historical Context

The background research demonstrates that the study area retains potential for the recovery of Aboriginal archaeological resources, depending on the degree of disturbance. The study area is located within a liminal area between the three pre-dominant Iroquoian-speaking groups in southern Ontario but was utilised by the Ojibwas, Chippewas and Mississauagas for resource extraction.

The background research and historical mapping also demonstrates that the study area is situated within the historical market centre of the City of Guelph. Although the available mapping for the early (pre- 1880) Town of Guelph is limited, the extent of the development shown on 1878 mapping suggests that development had occurred during the mid-nineteenth century or before.

1.3 Archaeological Context

This section provides background research pertaining to any previous archaeological fieldwork conducted within and in the vicinity of the study corridor, its environmental characteristics (including drainage, soils or surficial geology and topography, etc.), and current land use and field conditions. Three sources of

ASI � Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 10 information were consulted to provide information about previous archaeological research in the study corridor. These include the site record forms for registered sites housed at the MTCS, published and unpublished documentary sources, and ASI’s own files.

1.3.1 Current Land Use and Field Conditions

The study area is situated within the downtown commercial core of the City of Guelph, containing both modern and heritage construction, parking areas, and a CN Rail overpass (Figure 3).

1.3.2 Geography

In addition to the known archaeological sites and historical features, the state of the natural environment is an important indicator of archaeological potential. Accordingly, a description of the study corridor physiography and soils is provided below.

S & G, Section 1.3.1, stipulates that primary water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, etc.), secondary water sources (intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes, swamps, etc.), ancient water sources (glacial lake shorelines indicated by the presence of raised sand or gravel beach ridges, relic river or stream channels indicated by clear dip or swale in the topography, shorelines of drained lakes or marshes, cobble beaches, etc.), as well as accessible or inaccessible shorelines (high bluffs, swamp or marsh fields by the edge of a lake, sandbars stretching into marsh, etc.) are characteristics that indicate archaeological potential.

Water has been identified as the major determinant of site selection and the presence of potable water is the single most important resource necessary for any extended human occupation or settlement. Since water sources have remained relatively stable in Ontario since 5,000 BP (Karrow and Warner 1990: Figure 2.16), proximity to water can be regarded as a useful index for the evaluation of archaeological site potential. Indeed, distance from water has been one of the most commonly used variables for predictive modeling of site location.

The S & G, Section 1.3.1, lists other geographic characteristics that can indicate archaeological potential including elevated topography (eskers, drumlins, large knolls, plateaux), pockets of well-drained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rocky ground, distinctive land formations that might have been special or spiritual places, such as waterfalls, rocky outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases. Physical indicators of use may be present, such as burials, structures, offerings, rock paintings or carvings. Resource areas, including; food or medicinal plants (migratory routes, spawning areas) are also considered characteristics that indicate archaeological potential.

The study area is situated in the Guelph Drumlin Field physiographic region of southern Ontario in spillway. The Guelph Drumlin Field physiographic region (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 137-139) centres upon the City of Guelph and Guelph Township and occupies roughly 830 km2. Within the Guelph Drumlin Field, there are approximately 300 drumlins of varying sizes. For the most part these hills are of the broad oval type with slopes less steep than those of the Peterborough drumlins and are not as closely grouped as those in some other areas. The till in these drumlins is loamy and calcareous, and was derived mostly from dolostone of the Amabel Formation which can be found exposed below the Niagara Escarpment (Figure 4).

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Spillways are former glacial meltwater channels. They are often found in association with moraines but are entrenched rather, than elevated, landforms. They are often though not always occupied by stream courses, the fact of which raises the debate of their glacial origin. Spillways are typically broad troughs floored wholly or in part by gravel beds and are typically vegetated by cedar swamps in the lowest beds (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 15; Figure 5).

Soil in the study area consists of Burford and Guelph loam (Dept. of Agriculture 1962; Figure 6). Burford loam is a well-drained soil made up of loam horizons over gravel deposits. This soil typically has a undulating topography though steep slopes may occur on the edge of terraces. It is prone to drought and has natural low fertility (Hoffman et al. 1963: 34-35). Guelph loam is a fine texture silty clay loam that overlies calcareous silt loam to loam. The surface layer are neutral to slightly acidic (Weber 1966:18). Interestingly, the Guelph soil series was named the official provincial soil in 2015 (MAGRA 2016).

The soil drainage is mapped in Figure 7. The study area consists of well drained soils.

The study area is located in proximity to the Speed River. The Speed River flows through old spillway through its entire length and as a watercourse is representative of the late Pleistocene/early Holocene geography of southern Ontario. From headwaters to its confluence with the Grand River, the Speed River descends approximately 500 feet of elevation across only approximately 40 km. The Speed River is unexpectedly shallow as it is partly floored by bedrock (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 98). The Speed River is a tributary of the Grand River. The Grand River drains an area of approximately 673,397 ha. Its main stream begins northeast of Dundalk at 1,725 feet above sea level and flows for approximately 290 km to Lake Erie at Port Maitland (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 95). The Grand River was an important transportation route and a critical resource extraction area for generations of Aboriginal people. Historically, the Grand River has been utilized as a navigable water-way, as a power source (such power sites served as settlement nuclei) and, above Brantford, as a course for driving logs (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 98).

1.3.3 Previous Archaeological Research

In Ontario, information concerning archaeological sites is stored in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) maintained by the MTCS. This database contains archaeological sites registered within the Borden system. Under the Borden system, Canada has been divided into grid blocks based on latitude and longitude. A Borden block is approximately 13 km east to west, and approximately 18.5 km north to south. Each Borden block is referenced by a four-letter designator, and sites within a block are numbered sequentially as they are found. The study area under review is located in Borden block AjHb.

According to the OASD (MTCS 2016), one previously registered archaeological site is located within one kilometre of the study area. The Guelph Public Burial Ground (AjHb-71) was documented by Christopher G. Neill (P242) in 2012. The first recorded burial in the cemetery (also known as the Baker Street Cemetery) occurred in 1828. The cemetery was closed in 1853. Disinterment of the bodies from the public burial ground occurred in the 1880s, but was proven to be incomplete during construction activities in 2005 when additional burials were identified (Wellington OGS 2014).

1.3.4 Summary of Archaeological Context

The study area is located within historic downtown Guelph, in proximity to the Speed River. The study area is located in proximity to one previously-registered archaeological site and is in proximity to a

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 12 historical transportation route. These criteria indicate that the study area possesses potential for the recovery of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources within parts of the study area, depending on the conditions of soils.

2.0 FIELD METHODS

The Stage 1 archaeological assessment property inspection was conducted under the field direction of Andrew Clish (P046) on June 10, 2016, in order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions and to evaluate and map archaeological potential of the study area. It was a visual inspection only and did not include excavation or collection of archaeological resources.

The Stage 1 property inspection adhered to the S & G, Section 1.2, Standards 1-6, which are discussed in the following. The entire property and its periphery must be inspected. The inspection may be either systematic or random. Coverage must be sufficient to identify the presence or absence of any features of archaeological potential. The inspection must be conducted when weather conditions permit good visibility of land features. Natural landforms and watercourses are to be confirmed if previously identified. Additional features such as elevated topography, relic water channels, glacial shorelines, well- drained soils within heavy soils and slightly elevated areas within low and wet areas should be identified and documented, if present. Features affecting assessment strategies should be identified and documented such as woodlots, bogs or other permanently wet areas, areas of steeper grade than indicated on topographic mapping, areas of overgrown vegetation, areas of heavy soil, and recent land disturbance such as grading, fill deposits and vegetation clearing. The inspection should also identify and document structures and built features that will affect assessment strategies, such as heritage structures or landscapes, cairns, monuments or plaques, and cemeteries.

Weather conditions for the inspection were clear skies with a temperature of approximately 22°C. Previously identified features of archaeological potential were examined; additional features of archaeological potential not visible on mapping were identified and documented as well as any features that will affect assessment strategies. Field observations are compiled onto maps of the study area in Section 7.0 (Figure 8) and associated photographic plates are presented in Section 8.0 (Plates 1-10).

3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

The historical and archaeological contexts were analyzed to help determine the archaeological potential of the study area. A summary of the archaeological potential of the study area is presented in Section 3.1 of this report and an evaluation of the property inspection results is presented in Section 3.2.

3.1 Analysis of Archaeological Potential

S & G (Section 1.3.1) lists criteria that are indicative of archaeological potential.

The study area meets the following criteria used for determining archaeological potential:

 Water sources (primary, secondary, past, accessible or inaccessible shoreline) (e.g. Speed River)  Areas of Euro-Canadian Settlement (e.g. Town of Guelph);  Early historical transportation routes (e.g. Grand Trunk Railway)

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These criteria characterize the study area as having potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro- Canadian archaeological resources, depending on the degree of disturbance to which the property has been subjected.

3.2 � Analysis of Property Inspection Results

The Stage 1 assessment concluded that the Wilson Street Reconstruction study area had been extensively disturbed by road construction and the installation of below-street services. The northern (wider) section of Wilson Street is heavily developed on both sides. The street in this area has many catch-basins and sewer access maintenance holes. There is no green space or areas that appear to be undisturbed. Mid- block, Wilson Street has several catch-basins indicating extensive services under the road. The southern limit of the study area contains a heavily-modified street intersection and railway corridor bridge. The small area on the south side of Wilson Street contains sidewalk paving stone and benches. A small grassed area is located on the northern side but is disturbed with an intersection control box and sidewalk (Figure 8).

In summary, the entire study area lacks archaeological integrity as it has been extensively disturbed by the construction and installation of the roadway and associated service.

3.3 � Conclusions

The Stage 1 background study determined that a single previously registered archaeological site is located within one kilometre of the study area. A review of the geography and history of the study area suggested that the study area has potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources, depending on the conditions of soils within the study area.

The Stage 1 property inspection determined that the study area is disturbed and, therefore lacks archaeological potential.

4.0 � RECOMMENDATIONS

In light of the results of this assessment, ASI (Archaeological Services Inc.) makes the following recommendations:

1. The Wilson Street Reconstruction study area does not possess archaeological potential and therefore does not require further archaeological assessment;

2. Should the proposed work extend beyond the project study area, further Stage 1 assessment must be conducted to determine the archaeological potential of the surrounding lands

Notwithstanding the results and recommendations presented in this study, ASI notes that no archaeological assessment, no matter how thorough or carefully completed, can necessarily predict, account for, or identify every form of isolated or deeply buried archaeological deposit. In the event that archaeological remains are found during subsequent construction activities, the consultant archaeologist, approval authority, and the Cultural Programs Unit of the MTCS should be immediately notified.

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 14

5.0 � ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

ASI advises compliance with the following legislation:  This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. 18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the MTCS a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development;

 It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act;

 Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act; and,

 The Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 requires that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner.

6.0 � REFERENCES CITED

ASI 2016 Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment: Built Heritage Resources and Cultural Heritage Landscapes. Existing Conditions. Wilson Street Reconstruction, Municipal Class Environmental Assessment Study, Former Township of Guelph, Wellington County, City of Guelph, Ontario. Report prepared for WalterFedy and on file at ASI.

Birch, J. and R. F. Williamson 2013 The Mantle Site: An Archaeological History of an Ancestral Wendat Community. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., Lanham.

Brown, J. 1995 On Mortuary Analysis – with Special Reference to the Saxe-Binford Research Program. In Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by L. A. Beck, pp. 3-23. Plenum Press, New York.

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 15

Cameron, J.M. 1967 The Early Days in Guelph. Guelph (no publisher cited).

Chapman, L. J. and F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

Crossby, P.A. 1873 Lovell’s Gazetteer of British North America. John Lovell, Montreal.

Department of Agriculture 1962 1:63,360. Soil Map of Wellington County, Ontario. South Sheet. Soil Survey Report No. 5.

Dodd, C. F., D. R. Poulton, P. A. Lennox, D. G. Smith and G. A. Warrick. 1990 The Middle Ontario Iroquoian Stage. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp.321-360. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

Ellis, C. J. and D. B. Deller 1990 Paleo-Indians. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 37-64. . Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

Ellis, C.J., I.T. Kenyon and M.W. Spence 1990 The Archaic. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 65-124. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

Ellis, C. J., P. A. Timmins and H. Martelle 2009 At the Crossroads and Periphery: The Archaic Archaeological Record of Southern Ontario. In Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity across the Midcontinent. Edited by T.E. Emerson, D.L. McElrath and A.C. Fortier, pp. 787-837. State University of New York Press, Albany.

Fischer, G. and M. Harris. 2007 Ontario’s Historic Mills. Boston Mills Press, Erin.

Hoffman, D.W., B.C. Matthews and R.E. Wicklund 1963 Soil Survey of Wellington County, Ontario. Report No. 35 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Department of Agriculture, Guelph.

Johnson, L.A. 1977 History of Guelph, 1827-1927. Guelph Historical Society, Guelph.

Karrow, P. F., and B. G. Warner 1990 The Geological and Biological Environment for Human Occupation in Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp.5-36. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 16

Library and Archives Canada 2005 The Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada.

Mika, N. and H. Mika 1981 Places in Ontario: Their Name Origins and History, Part II (F-M). Mika Publishing, Belleville.

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 2016 News Release: Ontario Designates Guelph Soil as Official Provincial Soil. Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto. < https://news.ontario.ca/omafra/en/2015/11/ontario- designates-guelph-soil-as-official-provincial-soil.html> Accessed 13 June 2015.

Ministry of Consumer Services 1990 Cemeteries Act [as amended in 2012]

2002 Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act

Ministry of Culture 2005 Ontario Heritage Act.

Ministry of Tourism and Culture (MTC) 2010 Standards & Guidelines for Conservation of Provincial Heritage Properties

2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Cultural Programs Branch, Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto, Ontario.

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) 2016 PastPort OASD Results.

Parsell, H. & Co 1881 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Waterloo & Wellington Counties, Ontario 1881-1877.

Rayburn, A. 1997 Place Names of Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Sauer, C. O. 1952 Agricultural Origins and Dispersal. American Geographical Society.

Scott, D.E. 1997 Ontario Place Names. The Historical, Offbeat or Humorous Origins of More Than 1,000 Communities. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton.

Spence, M. W., R. H. Pihl and C. Murphy 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp.125-170. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 17

Wellington County Branch, Ontario Genealogical Society 2014 Public Burying Ground. < https://www.ogs.on.ca/wellington/2014-cemetery- info/4342.pdf>. Accessed June 2016.

Williamson, R. F. 1990 The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp.291-320. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

2008 Toronto: An Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years. James Lorimer & Co., Toronto.

Weber, H. L. 1966 Soil Survey, Grand Traverse County, Michigan. USDA, Washington.

Winearls, J. 1991 Mapping Upper Canada 1780-1867. An Annotated Bibliography of Manuscript and Printed Maps. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

ASI � Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction � Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 18 �

7.0 MAPS �

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Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 ASI 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca Figure 8: Stage 1 Assessment Results, Wilson Street Reconstruction Study Area. Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 25

8.0 IMAGES �

Plate 1: View of the study area, south. Road and Plate 2: View of study area, north. Mixed modern and manhole cover indicating below-surface services. historical streetscape. Extensive alteration of Disturbed, no further work required. roadway and services. Disturbed, no further work required.

Plate 3: View of study area, south. Raised parking Plate 4: View of study area, south. Wide sidewalks area and CN Rail overpass. Disturbed, no further work and services buried under street. Green area contains required. traffic control box. Disturbed, no further work required.

Plate 5: View of study area, northeast. Heavily- Plate 6: View of study area, north. Disturbed, no modified intersection. Disturbed, no further work further work required. required.

ASI � Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Wilson Street Reconstruction Lots 118-122, 131, and Market Place, St. Andrews Ward City of Guelph, R.M. of Waterloo, Ontario Page 26

Plate 7: View of study area, northwest. Catch-basins Plate 8: View of study area, north. Large intersection and manhole covers indicate location of significant with significant underground services. Disturbed, no � underground services. Disturbed, no further work further work required. � required. �

Plate 9: View of study area, southeast. Wilson Plate 10: View of study area, south. The northern streetscape. Disturbed, no further work required. terminus of Wilson Street from Macdonell Street. Disturbed, no further work required.

ASI �