HNjTflRCiTjIC A NEWS BULLETIN published quarterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC)

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Twenty-five years after. New Zealand's Prime Minister (Mr R. D. Muldoon) and official guests who celebrated on January 20 the establishment of Scott Base 25 years ago, and the completion of a quarter of a century of scientific research in Antarctica. Behind Mr Muldoon are the flags of the 13 other consultative members of the Antarctic Treaty. On the extreme left of the photograph is Sir Edmund Hillary, first leader at Scott Base. Mr L. P. B. Slattery, officer-in-charge this winter, is on the extreme right.

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*l ONVMW £) ^ • M . 0 9 " - ^ »/ \ • S| A3NXU0 HU10S / flNiTflRCiTrlC (successor to 'Antarctic News Bulletin') Vol.9, No.9. 105th Issue. March, 1982 Editor: J. M. CAFFIN, 35 Chepstow Avenue, Christchurch, 5. Address all contributions, inquiries etc. to the Editor. CONTENTS I ARTICLES SCOTT BASE 301-303 POLAR ACTIVITIES NEW ZEALAND 294-300, 313 UNITED STATES 304-309 AUSTRALIA 310-313 WEST GERMANY 314-318 EAST GERMANY 318 UNITED KINGDOM 319-321 SOUTH AFRICA 322-323 ARGENTINA 324 SOVIET UNION 325 INDIA 326 CHINA 327 BRAZIL 328 SUB-ANTARCTIC MARION ISLAND 329-331 GENERAL OBITUARIES 331-332 TRANSGLOBE 332 TOURISM 333-335 NEW STAMPS 336 ISSN 0003-5327 © New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc) 1978. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any way without the prior permission of the publishers. ANTARCTIC March 1982

N.Z. PROGRAMME

FROM CAPE ADARE TO SOUTH POLE

New Zealand's Antarctic research programme for the 1981—82 season, which ended last month, marked the completion of the first 25 years of scientific endeavour by New Zealanders, mainly in the Ross Dependency. The programme called on the services of more than 160 men and women during the summer. It included a major geological project in Northern Victoria Land with United States and Australian scientists, and vulcanological studies on Mt Erebus with Americans and Japanese, and ranged from Cape Adare to the South Pole. A major event was the completion of company, and will be linked with the the third stage in the rebuilding of Scott outside world by radio-telephone and Base. The Prime Minister (Mr R. D. telegraph during the winter months. Muldoon) who flew south for the anni Deputy officer-in-charge this winter is versary celebrations on January 20, Mr K. J. Martin (base engineer, officially opened an accommodation Hastings). His companions are Messrs block for 42 people, and a kitchen and C J. Choros (senior technical officer, mess block. Both were completed ahead Wellington), G.O. Morgan (chef, of schedule by New Zealand Army and Waiouru), R. B. Walshe (fitter- Ministry of Works construction teams. electrician, Wellington), P. R. Nelson As in past seasons New Zealand scien (fitter-mechanic, Whangarei), R. S. tists took part in other national pro Mason (technician, Wellington), P. R. grammes and shared field work with Wheeler (technician, Thames), A. M. scientists from the United States, Japan, Babington (senior Post Office techn- and Australia. Six guest scientists from cian, Invercargill), and E. G. Bowcock these countries and two from the (field assistant-dog handler, Northland). People's Republic of China worked with the New Zealand programme. FIELD PARTIES When the last members of the summer New Zealand contributed 16 scientists team left Scott Base on February 18 for and support staff to the major geo New Zealand 10 men of the winter team logical study of Northern Victoria Land, officially began nearly seven months of which began early in November. Five isolation. The officer-in-charge for the geological field parties were flown to a summer, Mr A. Newton, handed over to base camp on the Evans Neve. They re the winter OIC, Mr L. P. B. Slattery, mained in the field for extended periods who is also the postmaster. Mr Slattery, until early in January, being supported the first postmaster to be appointed by United States helicopters when OIC, and his nine companions, will not see new faces again until the end of necessary. August when United States Navy New data on the Bowers Supergroup Hercules aircraft will make spring geological sequence were obtained by flights. But they have 21 huskies for the team led by Dr Malcolm Laird, of March 1982 ANTARCTIC the Geological Survey, which sledged in evidence, to conclude that the Bowers to the Bowers Mountains to investigate Supergroup is older than Middle Cam the relationship and possible connection brian in age. Previously the age was between the rock formations of Antarc understood to range down into the late tica and Australia. In the team were Dr Precambrian (Vendian). John Bradshaw, geology department, Later in the season the two Geological University of Canterbury, Dr Chris Adams, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Survey parties amalgamated for scien and Ken Sullivan (field leader). tific reasons. Also Dr Adams joined a United States project led by Dr Carlos Investigation by toboggan and Plummer in the Daniels Range of the helicopter between Frolov Ridge and the USARP Mountains. lower Mariner Glacier has confirmed Another Geological Survey scientist, that the Bowers Supergroup crops out Dr George Grindley, also worked with along a 350km-long belt cutting across Dr Plummer's party in the first three Northern Victoria Land from the Oates weeks of November. From his studies he Coast to the Ross Sea. The sequence is prepared a provisional geological history faulted to the east against the Robertson of the area which will be checked by pet Bay Group, and rests, at least locally, unformably on metamorphic rocks cor rology, chemistry, and radiometric related with the Wilson Group in the dating. west. A threefold division of the Bowers WANDER PATH Supergroup into Sledgers, Mariner, and Leap Year Groups is maintained. Towards the end of the month Dr However, new data indicate that the Grindley was joined by Dr Peter Oliver previously uncategorised Husky (Geological Survey). With helicopter Conglomerate forms a basal phase of and motor toboggan support they car ried out paleomagentic sampling of Sledgers Group. The discovery of shelly fossils within the Sledgers Group, and Paleozoic (600 — 224 million years) and close examination of contacts between Early Mesozoic (255 — 195 my) rocks this unit and the overlying Mariner from outcrops over a wide area of Nor Group now confirm that they have con thern Victoria Land. formable relationships and are both Certain units were sampled in detail. Cambrian in age (600 to 500 million From the samples collected at Gallipoli years). Heights, in the Salamander Range, Lawrence Peaks, and the Mariner Glacier region, Dr Grindley hopes to FOSSIL EVIDENCE determine an apparent polar wander Another Geological Survey party led path for the volcanic and sedimentary by Dr Roger Cooper worked in the rocks of Northern Victoria Land. centre of the Bowers Mountains, the Volcanic complexes were studied at Leitch Massif, and the Mt McCarthy Gallipoli Heights, in the Salamander area to continue investigations of fossil- Range, and the Lawrence Peaks. Fossil ifcrous units begun in the 1974—75 hydrothermal alteration was evident at season. The party included Dr Jim Jago, Lawrence Peaks, and plant fossils found South Australian Institute of in sedimentary interbeds at Gallipoli "echnology. Professor Bert Rowell, Heights may provide further age con University of Kansas, and Peter Brad- trol. Volcanics there were dated as late dock (field leader). Devonian (about 370my). As a result of the new work done last An Antarctic Division geologist, Dr season palcontological evidence for the Bob Findlay, led a sledging party which age and rclaiionships of units within the made structural and metamorphic obser Bowers Supergroup will now be re vations in the Robertson Bay Group. viewed. The chief conclusion is that With him were a Geological Survey geo there is no reason, from the fossil logist, Brad Field, Walter Fowlie (field ■J',I«.!-IR- I

ANTARCTIC March 1982

leader) and Bill Atkinson (field wide Rennick Glacier, aided by Gary assistant). Ball, one of three New Zealand field Areas where the party worked were guides with the expedition. between the Admiralty Mountains and Minimal residual gravity anomalies Jutland Glacier, and the Millcn Range. were observed in the centre of the glacier Metamorphic minerals observed in the which could not be wholly explained by Robertson Bay Group rocks were an ice thickness of 800m as determined chlorite, while mica, stilpnomelane and by previous radio-echo sounding. The calcitc. gravity data were interpreted to repre sent the mass deficiency, with respect to RIVER DEPOSITS basement rocks, of 800m of ice under A former New Zealand geologist, Dr lain by a further 1km of low-density Barrie McKelvey, now with the Univers glacial sediments. ity of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, and a Victoria University of Wellington geologist Barrie Walker, BIRD STUDIES investigated the Triassic (225 — 195my) As part of New Zealand's contri ^alcohydrology of Southern Victoria bution to the three-year International Land, and the Triassic and Permian (280 — 225my) of Northern Victoria Land. Survey of Antarctic Scabirds (ISAS) programme four New Zealand scientists In the latter area they examined sequen made observations of seabirds and ces on Mt Moody, in the southern Frey- penguins in the Ross Sea, on islands off berg Mouniains, and the northern the Victoria Land coast, and on Ross Morozumi Range. Island. They worked from the United Two facies were suggested for the Per States Coast Guard icebreakers Glacier mian sediments of Northern Victoria and Polar Sea, and the cargo ship Land. The first consisted of those out Southern Cross, at Cape Adare, Cape crops south of the Evans Neve which Bird, and Cape Royds. were almost entirely trough-bedded sandstones. The second showed a On December 6 Drs R. H. Taylor and P. R. Wilson, Ecology Division, greater variation in ihe type and scale of sedimentary structure. Paleocurrents, D.S.I.R., made an aerial photographic geometry of lithologies, and sedimentary survey and census of penguin colonics in structures indicated that both were low the Ross Dependency. They surveyed about 1600km of coastline from Ross sinuosity "braided type" river deposits. Island to Cape Adare during a flight bet In Southern Victoria Land the ween Christchurch and McMurdo Sta Triassic sequence was formed from tion in a Royal Australian Air Force deposits of rivers that flowed north to Hercules aircraft. north-west over a broad lowsloping alluvial Hood plain. Last season's Dr Peter Harper, of the University of studies determined thai three sections of Canterbury extension department, who the sequence were deposits of sandy, low is the New Zealand co-ordinator of sinuosity rivers with fluctuating depths ISAS, and Graham Wilson, of the of several centimetres to no more than zoology department, began their obser one lo two metres. The composition of a vations when the Coasi Guard ice third represented deposits of a shallow breaker Glacier sailed from Wellington lake environment. on December 31. The ship called ai A New Zealand guest scientist with Campbell Island on the way south, and the West German North Victoria Land 24 sub-species of marine birds were observed during the traverse of the expedition GANOVEX II was Tim Stern, of ihe Geophysics Division, Campbell Plateau. D.S.I.R. Between the time the expediton Black-bellied storm petrels were ship Gotland II sank off the Pennell observed near Perseverance Harbour Coast and the evacuation of the expedi during the Glacier's stay at Campbell tion to McMurdo Station he was able to Island. Also logged were southern Royal carry out a gravity traverse of the 22km- and Black-browed albatrosses.

.:?■;*■■; ■&. lS£9rvp9>9w*B^r March 1982 ANTARCTIC

When the Glacier reached 59deg 5min South Polar skuas and snow petrels S/173deg 28min E on January 5 3 thin- were observed during the first two days, billed prions were observed and photo and a pod of 24 minke whales was graphed. The edge of the pack ice was sighted broaching on February 6. Then reached the next day at 65 deg 18min S for the next five days the Polar Sea was and the first snow petrel was sighted caught in a fierce storm which prevented three minutes later. Snow and mottled her from picking up Graham Wilson and petrels were observed foraging on his colleagues, David Harrowfield and organisms in the cakes of ice, and South Dr Mark Mabin, from Cape Adare. Polar skuas were seen breaking newly- Winds from 60 to 80 knots with a forming transparent ice for the food peak gust of 82 knots were accompanied underneath. by 6m to 12m waves, and the barometer No breeding penguins were seen by Dr dropped sharply to 965 millibars. From Harper and Graham Wilson during the the Glacier the occasional Antarctic or four hours they spent on Scott Island snow petrel was sighted actually Hying with other New Zealand and United backwards in the storm. States scientists, but petrels were re When the Polar Sea abandoned its corded. The next day, January 8, mission and returned to McMurdo Graham Wilson went ashore at Cape Station Dr Harper transferred to the Adare to carry out a census of An Southern Cross and arrived in Lyttelton tarctica's largest Adelie penguin on February 19. Bird sightings on the rookery. Earlier in the season he and Dr voyage north were essentially the reverse Laurence Greenfield, of the botany of those made from the Glacier but department, University of Canterbury, valuable comparable data were had conducted the annual censuses of obtained. penguin rookeries at Cape Bird and Cape Royds. New Zealand scientists are expected to make a major contribution to the ISAS When the observations of pelagic programme. Data obtained during the birds ended at Terra Nova Bay Dr last two seasons will be presented by Dr Harper and Graham Wilson had logged Harper to the International Council for 4756 individual birds and 41 sub-species. Bird Preservation and the ISAS con They did 51.5 hours of observations dur ference at King's College, Cambridge, in ing the voyage south. August. After the Glacier left Cape Adare Dr Dr Harper said on his return that last Harper made short landings on Posses season's programme owed much of its sion and Foyn Islands, Coulman Island, success to the co-operation the New and in Wood Bay, to make penguin Zealanders received from United States counts and take photographs for ISAS. helicopter pilots, ships' crews, and their He also landed by helicopter on Inex American colleagues. pressible Island, and by Zodiac rubber boat on Franklin and Beaufort Islands. Between January 17 and 27 Dr Harper OIL SPILLS took part in the Glacier's scientific cruise to the south-west sector of the Research to determine the sensitivity Ross Sea. Very few birds were sighted, of the Northern Victoria Land coastline and there was almost a nil count of zoo- to oil spill was carried out by two other plankton. New Zealand scientists, Dr Murray 'in Gregory and Dr Robert Kirk, during the ferred to the icebreaker Polar Sea for an Glacier's voyage into the Ross Sea. They also attempted to make an estimation of eight-day science cruise in the western the level of pelagic plastics and tar in the Ross Sea north to Cape Adare. Projects surface waters of the Southern Ocean. carried out by United States and New Zealand scientists included seal surveys, Dr Gregory, of the geology depart pollution studies, and ornithological ment, University of Auckland, studied observations. sites along the coast and on islands in the .•WUWJJIJ.*

ANTARCTIC March 1982

Ross Sea. He and Dr Kirk, of the geo But between McMurdo Station and logy department, University of Canter Cape Adare Drs Gregory and Kirk were bury, worked together in an attempt to able to sample the surface waters for gauge an "oil spill vulnerability index." pollutants. In ice-free patches three Dr Kirk also continued his studies of trawls were made with a "neuston" net the relationship of the Antarctic ice-cap and barge beyond the icebreaker's bow to world sea levels by the analysis of beach ridges built up over thousands of years. A University of Auckland geo EREBUS PROJECT graphy lecturer, Dr Mark Mabin, who studied glacial land forms at the Univer Six New Zealanders took part in Dr sity of Canterbury, was put ashore at Philip Kyle's International Mt Erebus Cape Adare from the Glacier, and made Science Study (IMESS), which is a joint similar studies for the project initiated three-year project of United States, New by Dr Kirk. Zealand and Japanese scientists. They were Dr Ray Dibble (Victoria University To establish the oil spill sensitivity of of Wellington), Peter Otway (Geological the shoreline Drs Gregory and Kirk were Survey), Dr Keith Thompson, and flown by Coast Guard helicopters from Neville Rogers (Waikato University). the Glacier along sections of the coast, Pat Tinnclly (Lands and Survey) and and paid particular attention to beaches Nick Cradock (Antarctic Division field near penguin colonies. They studied assistant) also worked on the volcano sediment types on the beaches, the with IMESS. slopes of beaches, and the proximity of penguin colonies to the water and their Three telemetry stations installed in access to it. Other areas of study included the 1980-81 season to provide a long- current pal terns, dispersal rates, and term record of seismic activity transmit local eddying. ted signals to recorders at Scott Base 30km away until the middle of June last winter. Two resumed transmissions BEACH STUDIES when the sun returned in spring, but No detailed assessment was made of wind and condensation on equipment Possession and Foyn Islands on the buried in warm ground damaged the sta tion at the summit. voyage south but landings were made on Coulman Island, in Wood and Terra Dr Dibble, who is a seismologist, con Nova Bays, at Cape Washington, and on tinued ihe seismic audio and magnetic Franklin Island. A flight was made also studies he made on Erebus in the round Beaufort Island. 1980-81 season. He installed a new When the Glacier reached McMurdo microphone on the main crater floor, Station Dr Kirk continued his beach repaired several breaks in the induction studies on Ross Island and around loop, and reburied it. Also he success McMurdo Sound. He spent two days at fully tested equipment to make deep Cape Crozier, and also worked at Capes electro-magnetic surveys of magma Bird, Royds, and Evans. Then he cros under the summit plateau. sed McMurdo Sound and worked his American scientists installed two extra way from ihe Strand Moraines to Cape telemtry stations on the volcano, and the Dunlop. He paid particular attention to Japanese installed five temporary seis New Harbour and Marble Point. mographs on the lower slopes. They also Plans to return to the Possession prepared visual records of more than 500 Islands and Inexpressible Island for a earthquakes from the telemtry net more detailed assessment, and to land at during December. Cape Hallett during the Polar Sea's In the 1980-81 season Peter Otway science cruise early last month were established a volcanic deformation frustrated by the fierce storm which hit monitoring programme around the sum the icebreaker on her way to Cape Adare mit caldera of Erebus. Last season he to pick up the New Zealand field party. observed the survey network again to

SnK^MK^Sy^^?? March 1982 ANTARCTIC

determine the nature of earth deforma sity's Antarctic research centre, Barbara tion associated with observed variations Ward and Brent Alloway. in the level of volcanic activity. Pat Tinnelly worked with him in the summit SEABED SURVEY caldera area. This is the second year of the sea floor Dr Thompson, who began botanical study. Seventeen samples were taken research at the summit area in the from the floor along 100km of coast, 1977-78 season and Neville Rogers, and measurements were made of salinity, spent two weeks on the volcano. They temperatures, currents, and tides. collected algae and fungi from the hot Barbara Ward continued her work on ground and fumaroles of the summit modern micro-organisms, notably the area. foraminifera population, and Brent Alloway studied radiolaria in the bottom DRY VALLEYS sediments. Waikato University's 12th expedition also continued botanical and micro Dr Barrett collected data for a study of sediment transport paihs in the biological research in the dry valleys. Dr sound. Oceanographic data was also col Thompson, Neville Rogers, and two lected near Granite Harbour to help technicians, Dudley Bell and Sue Green, worked first at Lake Fryxell in the assess potential drill sites for further scientific drilling offshore Taylor Valley. A laboratory was estab lished to make a chemical analysis of the Bathymetric measurements at Granite Canada Glacier melt water stream, and Harbour showed it to be a broad basin 13 ions were determined. Diurnal and more then 800m deep, presumably the seasonal changes in ionic composition result of scouring by ice during the last were monitored in relation to plant glaciation. The former ice level could be growth in the stream. seen clearly on the south shore of the Some comparisons were done with harbour 35m above sea level. streams in the Micrs and Wright Valleys The Strand Moraines appear to be the and at Cape Bird on Ross Island. Stream remnant of more extensive glacier ice flow rates were monitored using a that flowed from the south. They are V-notch weir constructed at the start of ice-cored with a thin (0.3m) layer of the season. debris with boulders of granites, Investigations of the ecology of dolerite, basalt, and marble. Their sublithic, chasmolithic, and endolithic seaward margin is a submarine ice cliff algae were also made. The team worked in places more than 160m "high". Sand in the Miers, Marshall, Upper and stone and conglomerate boulders, prob Middle Wright and Lower Taylor ably posi-Beacon, but pre-glacial in age, Valleys, and in the Asgard and Beacon were found on the southernmost Ranges. moraine ridges. A major part of the Victoria Univer sity of Wellington 26th expedition was COAL MEASURES sea floor sediment sampling and Before he joined Dr Barrie McKelvey bathymetric measurements in McMurdo in Northern Victoria Land, Barry Sound as part of a long-term pro Walker began his two-year study of gramme to understand sediment trans Triassic alluvial plain strata in Victoria port. The two main areas investigated Land. Assisted by Paul Fitzgerald he were just east of the Strand Moraines worked at Horseshoe Mountain and Mt and Granite Harbour. Bastion at the head of the Barwick Four members of VUWAE-26 took Valley. part in the survey of the floor of After the completion of the McMurdo McMurdo Sound, assisted by Mike Cat- Sound survey Paul Fitzgerald joined tley, an Antarctic Division field assis Alex Pyne and Brent Alloway to do tant. They were Alex Pyne (field leader), more work on the Weller coal measures Dr Peter Barrett, director of the univer and the Feather conglomerates. They

-'icebreaker Glacier on January analysis in the laboratory. They exam 8. With David Harrowfield were Dr ined in detail a variety of "soil" profiles Mark Mabin and Graham Wilson, who inside and outside the rookery, and also were at Cape Adare to study beach levels carried out an extensive soil survey of and carry out a census of the Adelie the ice-free area of Cape Bird. penguins rookery. The three were to have been picked up by the icebreaker Polar Sea on February 8, but they did CATCHING FISH not leave Cape Adare until February 15. An attempt to take them off on the first Catching fish for study through three day had to be abandoned because of a holes in the sea ice of McMurdo Sound storm which lasted several days. near Scott Base was once again the basic operation of five physiologists from the University of Auckland during the season. Dr John MacDonald (leader), Dr John Montgomery, and Messrs D. McCarthy, A. Stephenson, and M. Onyx River flow Taler, were on the ice and in the Antarctica's only river entitled to the laboratory to continue their research name — the Onyx — flows a distance of into the neuro-muscular physiology, 30km each summer from the coastal end parasitology, and demography of Ross of the Wright Valley into Lake Vanda. Sea fishes. New Zealand hydrologists measure and Siple Station, 2250km by air from record its flow every season as part of a Scott Base, had two New Zealand monitoring programme in the dry valleys visitors during the season. Cass Roper to document climatic conditions. and Ian Minchington, of the Physics and Last season the waters of the Onyx, Engineering Laboratory, flew to the one of the few rivers in the world that United States station in Ellsworth Land flows inland, reached the Lake Vanda by way of the Byrd Station surface camp weir earlier than in the 1980-81 season. to make measurements of the propa New Zealanders working from Vanda gation of VLF radio signals. Cass Roper Station recorded that water flowed over also carried out similar observations at the weir at 11.15 a.m. on December 9. the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. A cold spell slowed the river's pro Two parties in last season's pro gress in the 1980-81 season and it did not gramme were concerned with the preser flow over the weir until 2.52 p.m. on vation and future management of December 14. March 1982 ANTARCTIC Scott Base celebration of 25th year

Flags of 13 Antarctic Treaty nations flew in front of Scott Base on January 20 when New Zealand, one of the 14 consultative members, celebrated a quarter of a century of scientific research in Antarctica. The occasion was marked by a simple flag-raising ceremony almost indentical with that which marked the establishment of New Zealand's presence in Antarctica on January 20, 1957. Watched by more than 200 guests and guestsguests helped helped to to built built thethe firstfirst ScottScott Base visitors headed by the Prime Minister andand also also wintered wintered there there inin 1957. (Mr R. D. Muldoon), the first leader at _, Scott Base (Sir Edmund Hillary) lowered Tne>'They were were Sir Sir Edmund Edmund Hillary,Hillary, leader the old Hag of one of the 12 original of of lnc the New New Zealand Zealand section section ofof TAE,TAE, Sir signatories of the Antarctic Treaty. The J-J. Holmes Holmes Miller, Miller, chairmanchairman olof the Ross new flag was raised by an 18-year-old DependencyDependency Research Research Committee,Committee, and student, Kathleen Smith, of Wanganui. deputy-lcder,deputy-lcder, DrT. DrT. Hatherton, director, Like 20-year-old Able Seaman Ramon GeophysicsGeophysics Division, Division, D.S.I.R., D.S.I.R., leaderleader of Tito, of H.M.N.Z.S. Endeavour, 25 the the IGY IGY winter winter party, party, Wing Wing Commander years ago she was given the honour as w-W. J- J. Cranfield, Cranfield, secondsecond pilotpilot ofof the first the youngest person at the base. R°yalRoyal Ncw New Zealand Zealand Air Air ForceForce Antarctic Flight, and Mr Harry Ayrcs, dog expert New Zealand established Scott Base to and mountaineer with TAE. The other support its contribution to the Inter two guests were Dr E. I. Robertson, national Geophysical Year (1957-58) and former Director-General of the also to provide a staging point for the D.S.I.R., who played a leading part in New Zealand section of the Common the preparations for New Zealand's first wealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition summer of science, and his successor, Dr (TAE) led by Sir Vivian Fuchs. The D. Kear. them of internationa co-operation in Antarctic was emphasised again when Representatives of the United States Mr Muldoon, the first New Zealand research programme invited to the Prime Minister to visit Antarctic while in ceremony included Dr E. P. Todd, office, addressed the guests and visitors. director, Division of Polar Programmes, His audience included representatives of National Science Foundation, Captain five countries — the United States, the J. M. Pearigen, Naval Support Force Soviet Union, Japan, the People's commander, and Mr D. Bresnahan, Republic of China, and Uruguay. N.S.F. representative in Antarctica. The An official party of 11 flew from New seven guest scientists present were Dr Y. Zealand to attend the celebrations as Lotov (Soviet Union) who is now winter guests of the Antarctic Division, Depart ing at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole ment of Scientific and Industrial Station, Drs T. Torii, Y. Yusa, G. Mat- Research. Their host was the division's sumoto and Mr H. Murayama (Japan), superintendent, Mr R. B. Thomson, and Drs Wang and D. Ye (People's who was on his 60th visit to Antarctica. Republic of China). The last six were guest scientists with the New Zealand :d by the Prime Minister the research programme. guests included Mr B. C. Beetham, M.P., leader of the Social Credit Party, Scott Base representatives for the oc the Minister of Science and Technology casion were Mr A. Newton, officer-in- (Dr I. J. Shearer) and his private charge for the summer, Mr L. P. B. Slat secretary, Mr G. Wallace. Five of the tery, who is in charge of this winter's

■£&rii'jt\\9 q^2£*iT ANTARCTIC March 1982

team, and Lieutenant N. Gattsche. He Antarctica Dr Todd said when he spoke was in charge of the New Zealand Army on behalf of the guests from other na construction team which worked on the tions . . . The United States, more than rebuilding project last summer. any other nation, has benefited from the co-operation and hospitality of New Scott Base had a fine summer day for Zealand. the occasion; the temperature was 6deg Celsius. As a result the New Zealand Ar If all countries could exercise the my cargo handling detachment of 22 statemanship and co-operation that have men and two women was able to parade characterised New Zealand's participa in short sleeves. Some of the base tion in Antarctic Treaty affairs the treaty huskies about 300m from the building group may prove capable of striking a probably did not appreciate the warmer reasonable balance between scientific weather; they played their part in the and resource problems, and, we hope, ceremony, providing their applause after prove equal to the problems of the next it was over. few decades. When Mr Thomas asked Sir Edmund A New Zealand chaplain, Father Hillary to start the ceremony he said that Gerard Creagh, who has assisted United the lowering of the old flag arked the States Navy chaplains at McMurdo Sta end of an era. After Sir Edmund had tion for several seasons, gave a prayer of lowered the flag Mr Thomson handed it thanksgiving. He said Antarctica was a to him as a memento of the occasion, continent which had not seen the horror Then Kathleen Smith marked the begin and bloodshed of war, and he prayed ning of a new era by raising the new flag. that the spirit of co-operation would be an example to other nations. We have witnessed the successes of 25 years of international science and co Later Mr Muldoon officially opened operation in Antarctica Mr Muldoon the third stage of the base rebuilding told his audience, which included men programme — an accommodation block and women from McMurdo Station who for 42 people, and a new kitchen and had been invited to join their ncxtdoor mess block. Before he cut a white ribbon neighbours 4km away. Today we seem he said that the old mess hut built 25 poised on the threshold of a new era years ago would be presented to the which will see the development of new Ferrymead Trust in Christchurch. activities, and no doubt will include ex ploration and exploitation for resources to meet man's increasing needs. GIFTS TO BASE "It will be important to ensure that In the early evening a social function such developments are conducted wisely was held in the new mess block where and that Antarctica remains a continent the 25th birthday was celebrated more of peace where people from all nations informally. Mr Muldoon cut a birthday cake made by the chef, Mr Graeme may work together for the common cause," said Mr Muldoon. "As a main Morgan, and later presented to the base a large photograph of the first flag- gateway to Antarctica New Zealand has an important role to play in its future. I raising ceremony. It was accepted by Mr am certain that New Zealanders will Slattery. continue to accept their increasing More than 30 years ago the New responsibilities in shaping this future. Zealand Antarctic Society was one of the leaders in the move for the establish U.S. PRAISE ment of a New Zealand scientific station New Zealand, through its research in the Ross Dependency. To mark the programme, has an outstanding record 25th anniversary a past president, Sir of leadership in fulfilling the require Holmes Miller, presented to the base a ment of the Antarctic Treaty calling for book which records the names of 357 a continuation of international co men and one woman who have wintered operation in scientific investigations in at New Zealand bases and at the South 3&&d2M March 1982 ANTARCTIC

Pole since 1957. Another member, Dr Science and Technology); Mr B. C. Hatherton, presented society ties to Mr Beelham, M.P. (Social Credit Parly Muldoon, Mr Beetham and Dr Shearer. leader); Mr Harry Ay res (TAE dog While he was at Scott Base Mr Mul expert); Dr E. 1. Robertson (former doon sent a message of greetings to be Director-General, D.S.I.R.); Dr D. Kear passed to all permanent stations main (present Director-General); Sir Holmes tained by 11 other Antarctic Treaty Miller and Wing Commander W. J. nations. In it he paid special tribute to Cranfield (obscured); Dr T. Hatherton the international co-operation which has (IGY winter party); Mr G. Wallace become "so much part of living and (ministerial secretary); Captain J. M. working in Antarctica in the true spirit Pearigen (Naval Support Force com of the Antarctic Treaty". mander); Father G. Creagh; Lieutenant N. Gattsche (N.Z. Army); Mr L. P. B. Bad weather prevented Mr Muldoon Slattery (winter OIC). and other guests from visiting Vanda Station and the dry valleys but they did make a brief visit to the historic huts at Cape Evans and Cape Royds. Before they left for Christchurch on January 21 the official guests also inspected Survival course McMurdo Station and were briefed on the United States research programme. at Pole

SLEDGE RIDE Nearly 400 men and women took part Scott Base huskies gave Mr Muldoon in the Antarctic Division's basic his final Antarctic experience. Nine of snowcraft and survival courses last them took him for a three-minute sledge season. The courses were run from Scott ride to his aircraft. The base dog Base by three New Zealand mount handler, Gary Bowcock of North aineers, John Prosser (field leader), Auckland, ran the team, and Peter Lindsay Main and Nick Cradock (field Breen, of the summer support staff, assistants). acted as brakeman. Last season's courses for 380 people Footnote: January was a month of 26th included American and New Zealand anniversaries for other Antarctic bases. research and support staff, guest scien Davis, the Australian base 650km east of tists from the People's Republic of Mawson, in the Vest fold Hills, China and Japan, and Australian scien celebrated its birthday on January 13. tists who worked in Northern Victoria The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Land. Others in the courses were United Station was dedicated by proxy at States air crews, and the crews of Royal McMurdo Station on January 23, 1957, New Zealand Air Force and Royal Aust and Syowa Station, the Japanese base ralian Air Force aircraft, and of two on East Ongul Island in Lutzow-Holm United States Coast Guard icebreakers. Bay, dates its establishment from Later in the season a survival course January 29 of the same year. was conducted at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station for the 15 men and two women of the winter party. John Prosser and Lindsay Main ran the course and were assisted by Rick Behind the Prime Minister in the cover Walshe, one of ihe Scott Base winter photograph are (left to right): team, who is also a mountaineer This Sir Edmund Hillary; Messrs A. Newton was the third season that New Zealand instructors had run a course at the Pole. (summer OIC); Keith Clegg (informa tion officer) and R. B. Thomson (super intendent), Antarctic Division; Dr E. P. Todd (U.S. National Science Found ation); Dr I. J. Shearer (Minister of ANTARCTIC March 1982 U.S. spending in Antarctica not reduced

United States expenditure on research in Antarctica next season and in the future will not be affected by budgetary restraints. President Reagan has decided that the research programme shall be maintained at a level to provide an active and influential United States presence in Antarctica. As a result of this directive the National Science Foun dation's budget for the 1982-83 season has been increased by 7.3 per cent to $73.3 million. Last season's budget was cut from $71 million to $66 million. President Reagan's memorandum on December, 1981). Their activities were Antarctic policy and programmes sent to supported by Hercules aircraft and heli several government agencies last month copters of the Navy's VXE-6 Squadron, confirms that scientific research in United States Air Force Starlifters, the major disciplines will be continues. The United States Coast Guard's icebreakers Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Polar Sea and Glacier, and the National McMurdo Station on Ross Island, and Science Foundation's research vessel Palmer Station on Anvers Island off the Hero. Antarctic Peninsula will continue to be occupied all the year round. GEOLOGICAL WORK Siple Station in Ellsworth Land, Among the projects were evaluations which was closed last winter because of of Antarctica's resources, including economic restraints, will be closed ai ihe studies of the hydrocarbon potential of a end of its useful life but will not portion of the continental margin in the necessarily be replaced by another Northern Weddell Sea and Bransfield inland station unless required by Strait. An assessment of potential research priorities at thai time. It will be resources of uranium and thorium in the closed at the end of next season, re exposed rocks of Northern Victoria opened in 1984 and 1985 and then closed Land was made by airborne gamma-ray permanently. spectometry. In his memorandum, based on a A major project was the international comprehensive review of United States geological study of Northern Victoria interests in Antarctica by the Antarctic land by United States, New Zealand, Policy Group President Reagan has and Australian scientists who worked decided that the National Science Foun- from a base camp on the Evans Neve daiion shall continue to finance and 700km from McMurdo Station with air manage the research programme and craft and helicopter support. Knowledge logistic support activities. He has decid gained in the survey is expected to ed that every effort shall be made to provide a basis for possible resource manage the programme in a manner that evaluation in future seasons. increases to the utmost cost effectiveness and return on investment. Bad weather early in the season, and communication blackouts then and in Although there were some restraints ihe first week of February caused some on last season's programme more than delay in support operations but did not 270 scientists, including 21 women, and affect science projects unduly or the representatives of nine countries, took relief and supply of inland stations. part in 81 projects. ("Antarctica," Both the icebreaker Polar Sea and the

'":v3^*S5!^'*: March 1982 ANTARCTIC tanker Yukon were damaged in the Ross United States scientists, two of them Sea. The Yukon rammed the Polar Sea women, from the Lamont-Doherty when being escorted south, and then suf Geological Observatory, Oregan State fered damage in heavy ice after leaving University, and the Cold Regions McMurdo Sound. Research and Engineering Laboratory, took part in the co-operative pro Logistic support in the second half of the season suffered as the result of a fire gramme. It included physical oceano which destroyed the transportation buil graphy, air-sea-ice interaction, sea ice ding at McMurdo Station on December dynamics, marine biology, and marine 1. The building, 14,000 square feet in chemistry. area, housed steelwork, machinery ULF WAVES repair, tyre and battery shops, heavy A previously unknown source of wheeled equipment, and spare parts. ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves in the upper atmosphere was discovered by HELICOPTER CRACKS three scientists who worked at Siple Five vehicles were destroyed in the Station last summer. They were Dr fire, the cause of which is unknown. Theodore J. Rosenberg, University of Demolition of wreckage, replacement of Maryland Institute for Physical Science vehicles and equipment, and the con and Technology, Peter B. Morris, a struction of a new building by the University of Maryland physics graduate 1983-84 season, are expected to cost student, and Dr Louis J. Lanzerotti, Bell more than 2 million U.S. dollars. Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Field support of scientific parties by Basically the scientists found that VXE-6 Squadron helicopters was ULF waves are generated in the iono suspended for five days early in Dec sphere when the conductivity of that ember. The helicopters were grounded region increases significantly because of on December 5 because of structural increased ionisation caused by ultra cracks. Operations were resumed after violet light and x-rays from solar flares. detailed checks by United States Navy Previously atmospheric physicists and Air New Zealand engineers. believed that the only naturally occur One of the early marine science pro ring ULF waves were generated when streams of electrons and protons flowing jects in last season's programme was a from the sun — the so-called solar wind joint United States-Soviet Union — interacted with the earth's magnetic oceanographic expedition into the Wed dell Sea. Twenty-six scientists, 13 from field or during magnetic storms. each country, made a seven weeks' Fluctuations in the earth's magnetic cruise in October and November aboard field and the intensity of cosmic radio the Mikhail Somov, flagship of the noise passing through the ionosphere Soviet Antarctic fleet. Studies were plan have been measured at Siple Station for ned of the Weddell Sea Polynya, an area the last three seasons. By correlating of about 3km by 10km in the Southern; these measurements, those made at four Ocean. Satellite images of the sea ice conjugate stations in the Northern during the 1970s revealed near the Hemisphere, and data on solar flares Greenwich meridian and 65deg S in the from satellites the scientists were able to South Atlantic sector that the winter sea make their discovery. ice there was incomplete, perhaps absent. ICE CORING A 203m ice core was obtained by dril Daily satellite photgraphs received by the Mikhail Somov during the cruise ling at the South Pole Station last showed that the polynya was not present season. Annual and seasonal snow layer last year. But the photographs did sug ing were readily decipherable at 154m, and the scientists estimated that this gest an area of ice weakness with expan ding and contracting leads in the general length of core represented 1600 years of area of where the polynya might have snow accumulation. been. A team of four led by Karl Kuivinen, ANTARCTIC March 1982

of the Polar Coring Office, University of There was only one mishap; a helicopter Nebraska-Lincoln, carried out the dril rolled over on takeoff at Mt Jackman ling project. It included a New Zea- (72deg 23min S/164deg 14min E) 15 lander, Dr Gerald Holdsworth, now of nautical miles from the Evans Neve Environment Canada, who designed the camp on November 25. Three men drill, Bruce Koci (University of abroad were not injured, and the Nebraska-Lincoln) and another New helicopter was not damaged beyond Zealander, Dr Anthony Gow, Cold repair. Later it was flown back to Regions Research and Engineering McMurdo Station. Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire. Drilling began on December 17 and reached a depth of 62m by December 21 SIPLE FLIGHTS when the drill lost anti-torque during a Another logistic effort greater in run. After the fault was remedied dril terms of weight carried and distance ling continued through hard ice until.the flown was made to support the re middle of January. opening and summer operations of Siple Station. The station was opened on By the end of December the drill was down to 154m. Stratigraphic logging November 6, and on their nights into Ellsworth Land by way of the Byrd Sta indicated that the fim-ice transition occurred at 115m to 120m. This is tion surface camp Hercules aircraft car ried tonnes of cargo and thousands of possibly the deepest transition anywhere in Antarctica. gallons of diesel fuel to support scientists and technicians who worked at the summer camp, and this winter's team of eight. AIR OPERATIONS A major short-haul effort was the Two major operations in support of resupply and refuelling of the Pole Sta the research programme were airlifts tion for summer operations and the from McMurdo Station to the base winter. Ninety-two flights were made camp in Northern Victoria Land, and to from McMurdo Station, the first on Siple Station. These were carried out by November 5. By the time of the last VXE-6 Squadron Hercules aircraft tlight on February 10 the squadron had which flew 2250km to Siple, and 700km flown many tonnes of cargo and more to the Evans Neve base camp at the head than 220,000 gallons of diesel fuel south. of ihe Canham Glacier. Apart from its major logistic efforts Everything needed for the Northern VXE-6 Squadron also provided support Victoria Land programme in which up for scientific projects in other remote to 60 scientists were engaged was trans areas of Antarctica. Its aircraft flew to ported to the base camp by air, including Dome C in Wilkes Land 1150km from three helicopters which transferred field McMurdo Station, once to Vostok, and parlies to remote areas. VXE-6 Squad twice to Casey Station. Helicopters also ron aircraft not only carried scientists provided support for open ions on and camp support staff; they also flew in Mt Erebus and in the dry valleys. tonnes of supplies and thousands of One aircraft flew from McMurdo Sta gallons of fuel for the helicopters, and the motor toboggans used by the tion to the Pcnnell Coast of Oates Land in response to a call for assistacne from scientists. GANOVEX II, the west German expedi From late October to the third week tion to Northern Victoria Land. On of January up to 50 Hercules flights December 18 it dropped two pumps by were made to Northern Victoria Land. parachute near the Gotland II which was When the Evans Neve camp closed on trapped in the ice and sinking. January 21 aircraft flew 5J tonnes of When ihe ionospheric disturbance equipment back to McMurdo Station. caused a complete blackout of com Helicopters flew several hundred munications from January 31 to Feb hours in support of the field parties. ruary 3 VXE-6 Squadron was given an

M unusual mission. Its aircraft were called pack ice and escort her into McMurdo on to fly messages to Pole Station, help Sound. The ships met on January 26, ing to clear a backlog after the blackout and began the voyage through the pack ended. ice from 67deg S/175deg E. In support of the United States, New When the Polar Sea reached 77deg Zealand, and Australian summer pro llmin S/166deg 22min E she was ram grammes, and to maintain the American med from astern by the Yukon on the inland stations, aircraft of the United morning of January 28. The icebreaker Slates Navy and Air Force, Royal New was proceeding through a stretch of Zealand Air Force, and Royal Aust open water with the 25,000 tonne Yukon ralian Air Force carried 1029 tonnes of about 1097m astern. She entered an ice cargo and 1558 passengers to Antarctica floe, gradually slowed to a stop, and was during the fourth month of the season. unable to regain headway with full Starting early in October aircraft made power. 105 round trips from Christchurch to McMurdo Station. In the 1980-81 season Although the fuel-laden Yukon was 782 tonnes of cargo and 1635 passengers notified of the Polar Sea's decreasing were carried. speed and attempted to turn to star board her port bow hit the icebreaker on Tonnage by sea was more than in the the starboard quarter, sliding forward to prevous season. The tanker Yukon, a point just aft of the bridge. which replaced the Maumee, took Five minutes after the collision the 5,155,184 U.S. gallons of aviation and Yukon backed clear of the Polar Sea. diesel fuels for McMurdo Station and There were no casualties but the tanker's the Coast Guard icebreakers Polar Sea hull was penetrated on the port bow and Glacier, compared with 5.5 million above the main deckline. The main gallons in the 1980-81 season. But on her damage to the Polar Sea was a gash in sole voyage from Lyttelton the U.S.N.S. her hull about 6m long above the Southern Cross took 10,019 measure waterline. Equipment and fittings above ments tonnes of cargo south. In the deck were either destroyed or damaged. 1980-81 season she carried 5000 measurement tonnes. But the Polar Sea was still able to complete her escort of the Yukon into On her second voyage to Antarctic Winter Quarters Bay. After the Yukon waters to Polar Sea had no trouble like had discharged her cargo on January 31 her sister ship Polar Star in 1978-79 the Polar Sea escorted her to the fast ice when she began her primary task of cut edge about 10 nautical miles north of ting a channel through the sea ice in Hut Point, and then returned to McMurdo Sound for the Yukon and the McMurdo Station for cargo operations Southern Cross. Trouble came later and temporary repairs to her hull. when she escorted the Yukon through the pack ice. HOLE IN BOW After relieving Palmer Station where Then the Yukon ran into trouble bet she arrived on January 3 the Polar Sea ween Cape Bird and Beaufort Island. departed for McMurdo Station. She She reported that she was stopped in reached the edge of the fast ice just heavy ice at 77deg 04min S/167deg south of Cape Royds and 20 nautical 12min E with a hole in her bow 6m by miles from Hut Point on January 14. 3m. She was escorted to the ice-free area Then she took only nine hours to cut a of the Ross Sea, and then proceeded to channel for the supply ships from the ice Sydney instead of Lyttelton for repairs, edge to the turn-around point 1097m arriving on February 10. from Hut Point, completing the task on January 16. Back in Winier Quarters Bay on February 2 to complete operations and On January 23 the Polar Sea left repairs the Polar Sea sailed again at mid McMurdo Station to rendezvous with night on February 3 to rendezvous with the Yukon at the northern edge of the the Southern Cross near Beaufort ^P. ,.P«^IH ■*• Hr" I^JHIP.V

ANTARCTIC March 1982

Island. She returned with the Southern in the Weddell Sea and on James Ross Cross on February 5 and departed on a Island and other islands in the group. science cruise in the Ross Sea with On the way to Vice-Comodoro United Stales and New Zealand scien Marambio (Seymour Island) where the tists. The Southern Cross completed her geological shore parties were landed discharge and loading, and sailed on first, the Glacier supported science February 14 for Lyttelton where she operations near King George Island in arrived on February 19 on her way the South Shetlands., A courtesy visit home. was also made on Febraury 16 to the When the Polar Sea left on her science Polish station, Arctowski, on the island. cruise the intention was to pick up a New Zealand science party at Cape Adare, and then continue science operations. PISTON CORING But a storm which lasted several days From February 20 to early March the forced the icebreaker to abandon the Glacier was in the Weddell Sea to sup operation and return to McMurdo port geological work ashore, and piston Station without the party. coring by a party from Rice University, She arrived back on the evening of Houston, Texas, engaged in a marine February 12, escorted the Southern geological survey of the continental Cross to the ice edge, and then resumed margin. She sailed for Punta Arenas on her science cruise. The New Zealand March 10. party was picked up at Cape Adare on During the season the National February 15, and the ship then sailed for Science Foundation research vessel Hero home, making calls at Campbell Island made four round trips between Ushaia and Wellington. and Palmer Station. The first was to relieve the station; the others were to support scientists investigating birds, SCIENCE SUPPORT seals, fish, and krill in the Antarctuc Last Season the veteran icebreaker Peninsula area. Glacier operated mainly in support of All stations were prepared for winter science activities in the Ross Sea and the by February 19. Amundsen-Scott South Weddell Sea. She left Wellington on Pole Station, Siple Station, and the Byrd December 31 with a party of United surface camp were all closed on Feb States and New Zealand scientists for a ruary 10. The temperature at the pole on science cruise in the Ross Sea area the day of the last flight from McMurdo between January 8 and 16. Station was minus 47deg Celsius, and When she was off Scott Island on the next day it dropped to minus January 7 eight scientists were put 48.1 deg. On February 6 the maximum ashore by helicopter for four hours. This temperature was minus 25.9deg; on was the third landing on the island in 80 February 17 it was minus 34.5deg. years, and the second by helicopter since The summer season ended with the 1961. The next day the Glacier landed a last flights out to Christchurch from New Zealand party at Cape Adare. Soon McMurdo Station on February 20. after she arrived in Winter Quarters Bay on January 16 she sailed on a second scientific cruise in the south-west sector of the Ross Sea. Later the Glacier kept the channel to Hut Point clear of ice, and broke ice out of Winter Quarters Bay. She sailed for Palmer Station on January 29 and - arrived there on February 8. Then she proceeded to Punta Areanas, Chile, to pick up scientific parties which were to work on geological and marine projects March 1982 ANTARCTIC Two women winter at South Pole Four American women will winter in More Americans are wintering in Antarctica this year, two at Amundsen- Antarctica this year because Siple Sta Scott South Pole Station, and two at tion in Ellsworth Land has been opened McMurdo Station. Kathy Covert and again. It has a population of eight — Marrianne Bell are the fourth and fifth three scientists, four support staff, and a of their sex to winter at the South Pole. U.S. Navy medical orderly. The other two women 1327km to the There are 90 men and two women at north are Grace Brewer and Evelyn McMurdo Station. Seventeen are scien Yohe. tists and support staff, and 75 arc naval Last winter there was one women at officers and men. Pole Station has 16 Pole Station. She was a scientist, men, one of them a Soviet exchange Cynthia McFee, who made long-term scientist, and two women. Palmer Sta measurements of trace atmospheric tion, on Anvers Island off the Antarctic elements that may influence climate. Peninsula, has 10 scientists and support Her successor, Kathy Covert, is one of staff. two United States Geological Survey Last year 113 men and one woman scientists who will record the doppler wintered at three stations. This winter effect of passing satellites, and operate a there are 124 men and four women at seismometer for the worldwide four stations. seismology network. For the first time since 1957 the 16 men at the Pole will have a woman cook. She is Marrianne Bell, who works for Two men die in ITT Antarctic Services, the civilian contractors who run Pole Station for the Antarctica National Science Foundation. Women have spent the winter at A United States Navy petty officer McMurdo Station since 1974. This was killed in a cargo handling accident at winter Grace Brewer and Evelyn Yohe, McMurdo Station on February 6. He who work for ITT Antarctic Services, was Ray Thomas Smith, aged 38, of lee will manage the Berg Field Centre and Hall, Virginia, who was a member of the Eklund Biological Laboratory naval cargo handling and port grou respectively. Petty Officer Smith was assisting to unload the cargo ship Southern Cross which was moored at the ice wharf in U.S. support force Winter Quarters Bay. He was struck by a deck pad-eye which broke, knocked command overboard, and fell several metres to the After two seasons in Antarctica ice wharf. Captain J. M. Pearigen will relinquish Aboard the tanker Yukon a cook, command of the United States Navy Julio Flores, died of a heart attack on Support Force officially in June. His the morning of February 3. The Yukon successor is Captain Brian H. Shoe had discharged her fuel cargo at maker, who served in the helicopter sec McMurdo Station and was on her way tion of the United States Navy's VXE-6 north to Sydney. Squadron in Antarctica during the 1966-67 season and wintered at McMurdo Station in 1967. Captain Pearigen will retain his association with Antarctic affairs in his new post. He will serve as a liaison officer with the Division of Polar Pro grammes, National Science Foundation. ANTARCTIC March 1982

ANARE REPORTS Relief voyages slowed by heavy ice Difficult ice conditions off the coast between Mawson and Davis slowed the progress of the Nella Dan on her voyage to relieve and re supply the two continental stations for the 35th season of Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE). But the opera tion was completed successfully in late November and early December by the use of three helicopters to fly men, stores, and equipment from the edge of the fast ice. The Nanok S also en countered bad weather and thicker ice than normal on her voyage to Casey, Davis and Mawson, in December-January. ANARE's 1981-82 season was opened trials were conducted off southern by the Nella Dan, which carried out the Tasmania after the ship returned to change-over on sub-Antarctic Mac- Hobart. quarie Island in October. She also con ducted marine geoscience equipment An ice reconnaissance conducted by trials at the edge of the pack ice south of the helicopters near 64dg S/156deg E the island. showed there was new sea ice to a When she left Hobart for Macquarie distance of at least 32nm south ol the Island on October 17 the Nella Dan's s.h|P- Bad ,weatber\ ,h°we;fer prevented passengers included 17 members of the further flights. The Nella Dan then turn- 1982 winter party, four members of the ed norJn for Macquarie Island where she 1981-82 summer party, a marine geo- arrived on October 30. After a brief stop science group of 10 and six scientists shc reached Hobart on November 3. under the auspices of the Macquarie Helicopters were carried on the Nella Island Advisory Committee. In addition Dan on her first continental voyage to there was an Army amphibious vehicle ferry men and equipment ashore across detachment of nine men, and three men the ice_ It was expected that she might be to operate the two helicopters on charter barred from reaching Davis and Maw- to the Antarctic Division. son son ^,r by pac|< pack ice still present from the After a four-day voyage from Hobart winter freeze, the Nella Dan arrived off the island late on the evening of October 20. Cargo OnOn NovemlNovember 8 the Nella Dan sailed from Hobart with 54 passengers. Among discharge by amphibious vehicles began >rom Hobart' on Octobr 21, and the ship left the island l'icm were two groups from the 1982 on October 24 with most members of the Davis.and Mawson winter parties, who 1 9 8 1 w i n t e r p a r t y. w e r e J ° i n e d b y t h e i r c o l l e a g u e s l a t e r i n the season, and members of the Davis Travelling south the Nella Dan reach- and Mawson summer parties who were ed the pack ice at 64deg S/156deg E t0 remain un(il early March. some 540 nautical miles south-south west of Macquarie Island. During this During the first week out of Hobart part of the voyage tests were made of the the Nella Dan was able to maintain her marine geoscience equipment to prepare maximum speed of 12 knots in good for the main geoscience programme in weather and sea conditions. But on Prydz Bay from January to March. November 15 when she was at 56deg S a ("Antarctic," September, 1981). storm brought winds in excess of 50 Because of equipment failures further knots. March 1982 ANTARCTIC

SECOND STORM on the evening of December 3. Two heli Satellite information on sea ice condi copters were left at Davis to support the tions off Davis and Mawson indicated summer scientific programme in the that heavy ice extended to 57deg S north Vestfold Hills area. of the Amery Ice Shelf between the two After the Nella Dan returned to stations. Therefore, when she reached Hobart on December 18 preparations 58deg S the Nella Dan changed course began for her third voyage of the season and headed westward along the parallel — the marine geoscience cruise to the to round the "tongue" of pack, and Prydz Bay region and the undersea approach Mawson from the north-east. Gaussberg-Kerguelen Ridge north-east When the ship reached 101 deg E the of Davis. Difficulties with the instal first pack ice was encountered and she lation and preparation of research skirted about it as she continued west. equipment delayed her departure until On November 18 another storm devel December 31. oped but wind speeds reached only 45 knots. More than 100 men and one Near 80deg E (some 377nm almost woman will winter this year at the due north of Davis) the Nella Dan had to four Australian National Antarctic- turn northwards as the way westward Research Expeditions bases in An was barred by large rafts of pack ice. tarctica and the sub-Antarctic. Course was resumed westward as soon Among them are scientists from the as this area was rounded. People's Republic of China at the On November 21 the Nella Dan pas three continental bases, Casey, sed some 377nm due north of Mawson Davis, and Mawson, and also a and soon after turned south-south-east Soviet exchange scientist at Davis. towards the station. But it took more Mawson has a winter team of 34 than three days of difficult manoeuvr and the officer-in-charge is Mr G. R. ing, often at very low speed, to reach the Copson. The Davis team, which edge of the fast ice some 30km from numbers 26, has Mr K. Beinssen as Mawson. officer-in-charge. There are 35 men at Casey and the officer-in-charge is FIRST VISITORS Mr J. A. Munroe. Helicopters flew mail and fresh food One member of the winter team of to Mawson shortly after the ship arrived. 19 at the sub-Antarctic station on The pilots were the winter party's first Macquarie Island is a woman radio visitors since April last year when a open or. The officer-in-charge is Mr Soviet vessel called to pick up an ex E. J. Upton. change scientist. During the next two days men, stores, and equipment were LATER VOYAGES flown ashore. On the third voyage of the ANARE When the Nella Dan left the ice edge season the Nanok S sailed from Hobart on the morning of November 27 she car on December 18 for Casey, Davis, and ried seven pasengers, mail, personal Mawson. Because of ice and weather gear, and 52 crates of Soviet auroral conditions she did not reach Casey until radar equipment. The equipment was 11.55 p.m. on December 28. Unloading for a Soviet exchange scientist who is began the next morning and continued wintering at Davis this year to continue until mid-afternoon on January 1. studies started at Mawson in 1979. In January and February three ships Difficult ice conditions again slowed sailed south from Hobart, two to An the ship's progress towards Davis. tarctica, and one to the sub-Antarctic. However, she was able to get within 2km The Thala Dan, sub-chartered from Ex of the station by December 2. Men, peditions Polaires Francaises, which had mail, equipment, and stores were flown relieved the French team at Dumont ashore, and the ship left the ice edge late d'Urville in December, completed the ANTARCTIC March 1982 change-over at Casey late in January, Cape Pillar left Hobart with an exped and then called at Macquarie Island to ition organised by the Division of pick up the summer party early in National Mapping, Department of Na February on her way back to Hobart. tional Development and Energy, to ANARE's last voyage of the season survey the seabed around the Maquarie was made by the Nanok S. She sailed for Island. The mapping group of seven was Davis and Mawson in the second week led by a surveyor, John Corcoran. After of February. 10 days near the island the expedition returned to Hobart in the middle of In the second week of January the February. Census of seals and penguins in Commonwealth Bay After nearly a month in the Commonwealth Bay area the Antarctic research expedition organised by the Oceanic Research Foundation, and led by Dr David Lewis, reached the French station, Dumont d'Urville, towards the middle of last month, but by accident, not design. The expedition's 21m converted trawler, Dick Smith Explorer, developed engine trouble because of an oil leak and had to make for Dumont d'Urville. An oil pipe cracked while the vessel being caught between ice floes two to was under power trying to keep in the lee three metres thick, but she finally broke of an iceberg during a gale. Temporary free, undamaged, and was moored repairs were made but the Dick Smith safely. Explorer lost most of her oil. She re mained at Dumont d'Urville for about On March 1 the Dick Smith Explorer 10 days so that the expedition could con was reported to have left Dumont d'Ur tinue the iceberg study cut short by the ville on her way back to Sydney. She was oil leak. 600 nautical miles north of the base at 10 Dr Lewis, the New Zealand-born p.m. on that date, and her position was navigator and ocean voyager, and his 56deg 14min S/147deg 47min E. team of six men and five women, in cluding six other New Zealanders, sailed On the voyage south the two New from Sydney for Hobart on December Zealand biologists, Jeni Bassett and 12. The expedition arrived on the even Paul Ensor, of Christchurch, kept a log ing of December 19, and headed south of bird and whale sightings. Two other on December 23. New Zealanders, Dr Harry Keys, and his Twenty-nine days out of Sydney the assistant, Karen Williams, of Auckland, Dick Smith Explorer reached Australian made iceberg studies and maintained a Antarctic territory early in January, hav weather reporting schedule four times a ing weathered two severe storms with day. winds gusting up to 43 knots when she With three calm days after their ar reached 60deg S. She was edging slowly rival in normally gale-swept Com into Commonwealth Bay towards the monwealth Bay the scientists in the ex boat harbour under power on January pedition were able to make an early start 10 when she ran aground on rocks. on seal, penguin, and geological studies. For an hour all 12 members of the ex Jeni Bassett and Paul Ensor, helped by pedition struggled in a temperature of Karen Williams and Margaret Huener- minus 7deg Celsius to free the vessel, bein, began a three-day census of the using the engine and ropes from the penguin and seal populations of some of dinghies. There was a risk of the vessel the 30 Mackcllar Islands in the bay.

.. _-■* - ':j^/v-™ffiph?>^' <>* ■:< March 1982 ANTARCTIC

But less than a fortnight after their and brought back to the Dick Smith Ex arrival four members of the expedition plorer as quickly as possible. were flung into the icy waters of the bay Because of their flotation suits Jeni when 40 knot winds and crashing waves Bassett and Margaret Huenerbein sank their tiny boat. Harry Keyes, Jeni recovered from their immersion in Bassett, Karen Williams, and Margaret minutes. But Karen Williams took half Huenerbein were making their way to an hour, and Harry Keys about an hour the boat harbour about 50m from the because he had beem immersed longer in Dick Smith Explorer when the accident the chilly water. Both were suffering happened. from hypothermia when rescued. Before the Dick Smith Explorer left Luckily, those onboard the Dick Commonwealth Bay for the iceberg imith Explorer had been observing the study Paul Ensor and Jeni Bassett made party's progress. David Lewis and Dick effernan launched a rubber dinghy a census of penguins on Stillwell Island, nd quickly rescued the four. Jeni the largest of more than 120 small islands and rocks in the Way Ar chipelago east of the bay. They also made a count on some of the smaller lapsed from cold and exhaustion. islands. When David Lewis and Dick Heffer- Earlier last month members made a nan reached the other three Margaret journey to Cape Denison to visit the hut Huenerbein was floating high in the built in 1912 by Mawson's Australasian water because she was wearing a special Antarctic Expedition of 1911-14. They flotation suit like Jeni Bassett. Harry spent nine hours over two days digging a Keys and Karen Williams, who were 5m tunnel into the living area of the hut, wearing ordinary wet-weather gear over much of which is filled with snow that their woollen clothing, were low in the has drifted in through the holes in the water. They were hauled into the dinghy roof and cracks in the walls. New Zealand and Australian airlift More than 210 tonnes of cargo and Australian Hercules aircraft operated 289 passengers were carried between through Christchurch for the third time Christchurch and McMurdo Station last last season and contributed to the season by Hercules aircraft of the Royal United. States — New Zealand pool New Zealand Air Force and the Royal under a tripartite agreement to enable Australian Air Force. Fifteen flights Australian scientists and support staff to were made between November and be flown from McMurdo Station to December to provide logistic support for Casey Station. The first flight on the New Zealand, United States, and November 27 took RAAF crews who at Australian research programmes in tended one of the New Zealand Antarctica, and share in the airlift of snowcraft and survival courses. men and materials by United States Air Four regular flights, two less than in Force Starlifters and United States Navy 1981, began on December 5 and ended Hercules aircraft. on December 11. On the five flights the New Zealand's contribution to the RAAF C-130H Hercules aircraft carried logistic pool last season was 10 flights 67.8 tonnes of cargo and 115 passengers. between November 17 and December 4, Royal New Zealand Air Force pilots, two less than in the previous season. The crewmen, and maintenance technicians, Hercules aircraft of No. 40 Squadron took part in Iroquois helicopter and carried 121.3 tonnes of cargo and 102 Hercules aircraft operations with the passengers before the sea ice runway in United States Navy's VXE-6 Squadron McMurdo Sound became unusable for last season. ^iH!^ wheeled aircraft. On return (lights they carried 22.5 tonnes of cargo and 72 passengers. ANTARCTIC March 1982

GANOVEX II Expedition ship sinks off Pennell Coast

West Germany's second scientific expedition to Northern Victoria Land — Ganovex II — ended abruptly on December 18 when the Gotland II sank near Yule Bay off the Pennell Coast of Oates Land. There was no loss of life, and the members of the expedition were safely evacuated by three Hughes 500 helicopters used in the West German programme. When the Gotland II became beset on she was near Cape Adare on December the morning of December 17 she was 12. They were flown first to Birthday close to the permanent ice edge at 70deg Ridge, and then to the Lillie Marlecn 21min S/167 deg 31min E. Heavy Hut, near the Lillie Glacier, established pressure from drifting ice pushed her as a summer camp at 71 deg 12min against the permanent ice edge, causing S/I64deg 31 min E by Ganovex I early in frames to break, and leaks to develop. 1980. Two New Zealanders, Tim Stern, These could not be controlled eventually a geophysicist, and Gary Ball, a field by the ship's pumps. By 5.45 p.m. on guide, were camped at Litell Rocks at December 18 when water had reached the edge of the Rcnnick Glacier about the main deck, and the ship had listed 25 100km from the Lillie Marleen Hut. degrees, she was abandoned, and sank several hours later. FLIGHT SOUTH On the night of December 17 the How After the Gotland II was abandoned of water into the hold could not be con the crew and scientists were flown first trolled, and 26 members of the expedi to Birthday Ridge and then to the Lillie tion were flown by three helicopters first Marlecn Hut, a distance of about 50 to the Birthday Ridge field camp, and nautical miles. The next stage of 70km then to Surgeon Island, largest of the was to the United States-New Zealand Lyall Islands, which is about 26 nautical major geological base camp in Northern miles to the south-south-west of the Victoria Land on the Evans Neve. Gotland II. Visibility was less than 1km, and the pilots had to fly about 35m In the last days of December all above the ice. members of the expedition were flown to McMurdo Station by ski-equipped Her Two of the expedition's five cules aircraft of the United States helicopters chartered from a Canadian Navy's VX-E6 Squadron. The firm, Liftair, of Calgary, were grounded helicopters were flown in stages from the by poor weather at Birthday Ridge, the Lillie Marleen Hut where the pilots and field camp and fuel depot established by some scientists spent Christmas. the Ganovex I expedition in the 1979 — 80 season. The spare helicopter in the From McMurdo Station members of hold was pressed into service, and was the expedition were flown to Christchurch and then returned home. flown by a New Zealand pilot, Alister The leader of the Canadian helicopter Buckingham, who had worked with the first expedition. team, Edmund Taylor, who is an engineer, and one of the pilots, Terry Before the Gotland II was beset scien Thomson, remained at McMurdo tific parties had been put ashore when Station to prepare the helicopters for March 1982 ANTARCTIC

Last hours of the Gotland II before she sank off the Pennell Coast of Oates Land. The photograph was taken from a United States Navy Hercules. shipment by the United States Military Like the Canadian helicopters the Sealift command cargo ship Southern 3890-tonne Gotland II was chartered for Cross, which reached New Zealand Ganovex II. In the 1979-80 season she about the middle of last month. was one of three ships used to establish Ganovex II, which was financed by West Germany's first permanent station the West German Institute of Geo- on the Ekstrom Ice Shelf in Atka Bay on sciences and Resources (BRG), suffered the Princess Martha Coast of Queen substantial losses when the Gotland II Maud Land. sank. The major loss was 18 tonnes of the 19 tonnes of scientific equipment Commanded by Captain Ewald Brune taken south. This included $50,000 the Gotland II sailed from Wellington worth of satellite tracking equipment, on November 14 with a crew of 16, 16 and most of the electronic geophysical scientists, six helicopter pilots and engineers, and three field guides. The ;ear. Also lost were 120 tonnes of crew of West Germans and two helicopter fuel. Austrians was joined at Wellington by two stewardesses, Lee Ryan, a 20-year- DOLOMITE LOST old New Zealander from Stoke, near Before the Gotland II left New Nelson, and a 20-year-old Scot from Zealand in November last year she pick Aberdeen, Heather Duncan. Another ed up 1400 tonnes of partly processed New Zealander, Alister Buckingham, dolomite chip for use as ballast. was listed as an ordinary seaman, and Arrangements were made with the pro later acted as a helicopter flight co ducers for it to be delivered to Auckland ordinator when the ship reached Antarc after the expedition ended in February. tic waters. The dolomite was valued at $40,000 but was insured. Leader of the expedition was Dr Franz Tessensohn, of the BGR, who also led Members of the expedition also lost Ganovex I in the 1979 — 80 summer. His clothing and personal effects. One tonne scientific team included two guest scien of scientific equipment was salvaged, tists from New Zealand and Australia, and with camping gear, radios, and Tim Stern, of the Geophysics Division, food, was left behind for future D.S.I.R., and Dr Chris Wilson, a struc research. Philatelic mail did not go tural geologist from the University of down with the ship. It was brought to Melbourne. A United States guest scien the Lillie Marleen Hut, flown to tist, Dr Tom Wright, who took part in McMurdo Station and then sent from Ganovex I, was about to leave the Scott Base post office. Washington to join the expedition in ANTARCTIC March 1982

December when he was told that the leakage, and the ship's list was increas Gotland II had sunk. ing. A request was made for pumps to Three New Zealand field guides with cope with the inflow of water. By 8 p.m. several seasons' Antarctic experience the ship's pumps were unable to control were also in the expediiton. Gary Ball the flow of water. and Maurice Conway were with In the early hours of December 18 the Ganovex I, and Andrew Brown spent flow of water into the hold increased, two summers with the New Zealand and the level rose to 2.4m. The ship research programme. listed 9deg, and a temperature of minus 1.9deg Celsius prevented members of the When the Gotland II reached the pack crew from working to find the source of ice about a week after leaving Well the leaks. ington she encountered a close-packed belt of ice nearly 600km wide. Progress Everyone was evacuated from the ship was slow until December 7 when she except four men who remained on the reached 70deg S/167deg E. Then the firm ice to await the arrival of two development of a polynya provided an pumps and hose from McMurdo ice-free passage of an average width of Station. These were parachuted to the 5.5km. ice from a Hercules aircraft about 7.15 a.m. but were too heavy to be flown by From December 12 to December 16 helicopter to the ship, and first had to be the Gotland II was near Cape Adare and dismantled. the expedition's scientists started their field work. They were flown first to the By the time the first pump had been dismantled — about 12.45 p.m. — the Birthday Ridge camp where the fuel sup plies were checked, and then to the Lillie ship was taking more water and listing Marleen Hut. severely. The remaining four members of the crew were reported to be aban doning ship, but a later message to ICE PRESSURE McMurdo Station said that several men had returned to continue damage con On the morning of December 17 the trol operations. Gotland II moved close to the perma nent ice edge so that helicopters could When the water level had reached the main deck, and the ship had listed 25 deg fly equipment to Birthday Ridge. But loose sea ice started to close the polnya, Captain Brune ordered that she be aban and by the afternoon pressure from doned again as there was no way to con more ice pushed the ship against the per trol flooding. That was at 5.45 p.m. The manent ice edge. Gotland II disappeared beneath the ice late in the evening. By 4 p.m. the Gotland II was sur rounded by accumulated ice. Heavy ice pressure pushed her starboard side Kilt goes to sea harder against the permanent ice edge, A kilt in the McHardy tartan, several causing frames to break. The crew New Zealand Christmas trees, and a first found the first leak which was controlled edition of "Scott's Last Expedition" are easily by the ship's pumps. now somewhere at the bottom of the A distress call from the ship was Southern Ocean. They were lost when received at McMurdo Station early in the Gotland II sank off the Pennell the evening, by way of the Evans Neve Coast of Oates Island on December 18 field camp. No request was made for last year. assistance as at that stage the ship's One of three New Zealand field guides pumps were coping with the leaks. Non with the Ganovex II expedition, essential crew and passengers had been Scottish-born Andrew Brown, was the flown to Birthday Ridge, and 14 crew owner of the kilt. He had worn it in the members remained aboard. Antarctic before when he worked for Later the Gotland II reported that the two summers with the New Zealand pumps were not keeping up with the research programme.

■ ■ I ■ March 1982 ANTARCTIC West German teams at two stations

West Germany sent two scientific expeditions to Antarctica last season, one to work from the new permanent station, Georg von Neumayer at Atka Bay, and on the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, and another to work in Northern Victoria Land. The programme of the Ganovex II expedition sponsored by the Bureau of Geosciences and Resources ended suddenly when the research vessel Gotland II was caught in the ice and sank off the Pennell Coast of Oates Land on December 18. In addition to their programme in the the Glaciological Laboratory at Greno Weddell Sea area and Queen Maud ble. The technical supervisor of the ex Land West German scientists took part pedition was a construction engineer in international projects with scientists from the Dorsch Consult. Co., which from Britain, the United States, Chile, designed Georg von Neumayer Station. and South Africa. Three biologists also Other members of the team were three worked in the sub-Antarctic, two on the cartographers, an engineer-glaciologist, Prince Edward Islands, and one on an engineer, and three mechanics. South Georgia. When the summer season ended seven Seventeen scientists and technicians, men remained at Georg von Neumayer. including a winter team of seven men, The officer-in-charge is the medical sailed from Bremerhaven for Atka Bay officer, Dr H. Dietz. There are two in the middle of November aboard the meteorologists, and a geophysicist from 1050-tonne research vessel Polarqueen. the University of Munich, and a West The ship, which is equipped for research German firm has provided a support in marine biology, physical oceano team of four — medical officer, graphy, geophysics, and meteorology, mechanical engineer, radio operator, also carried additional construction and cook. material and supplies for Georg von One of the first tasks when the expedi Neumayer Station (70deg 37min S/ tion reached Atka Bay was to complete 08deg 22minW), and the Filchner sum mer station (77deg 09min S/50deg construction work on the geophysical 38minW). and meteorological observatories at the station. This was to allow for con Towards the end of December the tinuous recordings to be made Polarqueen reached Atka Bay by way of throughout the year. Measurements will Montevideo. Her two helicopters, a Bell be made in geomagnetics, seismology, Jetranger and a French-bult Dauphin and on tides, and also of temperature, SA 360C, were used to transport cargo pressure, wind, humidity, and radiation. to the station, and to support scientific Other meteorological projects include surveys. Later the ship took six scientists air chemical measurements during the of the summer team and construction summer, and continuous recordings of material and supplies to the Filchner the concentration of condensation nuclei summer station, which was set up in during the winter. January, 1980. By March the Polar queen left Antarctica, and returned to Geodetic investigations at Atka Bay Bremerhaven by way of Cape Town. last summer included measurements of ice movements at the station, which is on Scientific leader of the expedition was the Ekstrom Ice Shelf, and in its Dr G. Gravenhorst, a glaciologist from environment, and ice deformation and ir^

ANTARCTIC March 1982 tension. Cartographers made a heli British Antarctic Survey was carried out copter survey for mapping to a scale of aboard the Royal Research Ship John 1:50,000, and photographic studies for Biscoe in the Scotia, Weddell, and Bell large-scale mapping. ingshausen Seas. It covered investiga A project to drill through the ice to a tions of primary production and depth of about 100m which began in the plankton communities, and the 1980—81 season was continued by an physiology and biochemistry of ice-mechanics group. It extracted ice plankton and krill. cores for later study in West Germany, Scientists from the University of Han and then used the borehole for inclina nover worked with the Chilean Antarctic tion measurements. Institute programme in January and February this year on Anvers Island off Two projects were carried out at Atka the Antarctic Peninsula, and at Punta Bay and from the Filchner summer Biscoe and Punta Spring on the penin station. They were the recovery of shelf sula. The geodetic and glaciological in ice from different regions, and prepara tions for meteorite searches by vestigations included determination of glacier fluctuations and the establish helicopter. ment of highly accurate co-ordinates for A glaciological programme was also positioning ice movements. carried out on the Filchner-Ronne Ice In the sub-Antarctic scientsits from Shelf. It included ice coring, movement the University of Marburg and the State and deformation studies, extension of Botanical Museum, Munich, worked the research area with helicopter sup with the South African National Antarc port, and a survey of the edge of the ice tic Expedition programme in the Prince shelf. Edward Islands studying lichens. A co-operative marine biology pro Another scientist from the University of gramme between the Alfred Wegener In Marburg investigated the ecology of ter stitute for Polar Research and the restrial arthropods on South Georgia.

East Germany's winter parties Ten scientists and technicians from measurements of the local gradient of the German Democratic Republic con the geomagnetic field around the base in tinued research programmes in Antarc the Shirmacher Oasis, and analysis of tica during the 1980—81 season within the isotopic composition of stable and the framework of the 26th Soviet An unstable natural environment nuclides in tarctic Expedition. Six spent last winter hydrological, biological, and geological at the partly self-sufficient GDR base samples. close to the Soviet station, Novolazarev- In the South Shetlands the East skaya. German team will continue ecological Three biologists wintered at Bell and population studies, and ingshausen, the Soviet station on King parasitological investigations of Antarc George Island in the South Shetlands. A tic seabirds and seals on King George geologist took part in the Soviet and Nelson Islands. This programme geological field programme from the was started in the 1979—80 programme summer station, Druzhnaya I, on the within the framework of the 25th Soviet Filchner Ice Shelf. Antarctic Expedition. East Germany's winter base was open ed in 1976. Last winter it was occupied by two geophysicists, a physicist, two engineers, and a cook. The scientific programme included reception of weather pictures from satellites, March 1982 ANTARCTIC

BAS NEWS Twin Otter aircraft lost in gale Although relief operations went smoothly and work on the seasonal phase of the Offshore Biological Programme was very successful, the British Antarctic Survey had to cancel almost all earth sciences pro grammes last season when its two Twin Otter aircraft were damaged beyond repair in a gale which hit the Damoy airstrip on Wiencke Island in mid-November. Static biology and observatory geophysics programmes, and sledge journeys, however, were continued. Two new Twin Otter aircraft, which are vital to the earth sciences programmes, have been bought as replacements. They are being fitted with remote sensing equipment and are likely to be available next month. Rebuilding of Halley Station on the jetty at Signy Station in the South Brunt Ice Shelf off Coats Land next Orkneys is nearing completion. season has been approved by the In mid-November the R.R.S. John National Environment Research Coun Biscoe, which had resumed Antarctic cil, and prefabrication of the buildings operations in mid-October delivered has started. They will be shipped south more stores and building materials to aboard the Royal Research Ship Bird Island at the north-western end of Bransfield. South Georgia. Visits were then made to A new design has been chosen for the two biologists working on fur seals at base which will be built on a site about nearby Schlieper Bay, and to two 24km from the present buildings. Two- women wildlife photgraphers at St. storey blocks will be contained in a Andrew's Bay. system of insulated wooden tubes, which will replace the present steel tubes used KRILL STUDIES for the same purpose since 1973. After testing Offshore Biological Pro Wooden tubes are expected to be lighter gramme equipment, the next OBP pro and easier to transport, and should in ject — the South Georgia zone survey — sulate the buildings better against the was undertaken. This continued for cold. The planning phase has included about a month and included 1,560 computer simulation of stresses and nautical miles of acoustic runs and deformation, and rigorous tests on the salinity-temperature-depth recording. wooden panels for structural strength For three weeks after Christmas, efforts and moisture penetration. were concentrated on a krill-patch study As an economy measure the gradual to investigate the feeding and swarming transfer of Grytviken Station from its of krill. This was completed satis present large building to smaller factorily in spite of heavy seas. buildings at King Edward Point is pro The ship put into Grytviken for ceeding. Good progress has been made Christmas, and again on January 8 and with the new building on Bird Island from January 19 to 20. On the later date which will provide eventually winter she embarked an Australian family and accommodation for eight biologists. their yacht, Quackster. After two days Three will winter there this year. A new at Stanley, Falkland Islands, the ships ANTARCTIC March 1982 proceeded to Ushaia, Argentina, to col ramp up on to the ice shelf. The lect cargo and men, including the co- unloading was completed in six days. master, Captain E.M.S. Phelps, arriving Then the Bransfield was to sail south there at the end of the month. west to check the depot placed on the Last season's final OBP work, which Ronnc Ice Shelf last year for the forth started at the beginning of February, coming Weddell Province Project, but was a joint BAS—West German strong winds and severe ice conditions venture. A number of West German forced the ship to turn back just east of marine biologists worked from the ship the Soviet station Druzhnaya. However, making observations and collecting a party from Druzhnaya (including Dr specimens for their own programme. G. Grikurov who had wintered with They worked around the South Orkney BAS on Stonington Island in 1964) Islands, the South Shetland Islands, and checked the depot and found it to be in the islands at the northern tip of the An good order. tarctic Peninsula. At the end ot November the SOVIET HELP Bransfield arrived at the Falkland Soviet helicopter reconnaissance also Islands. She relieved Signy at the begin assisted the Bransfield to manoeuvre out ning of December and then proceeded to of the ice, and the ship finally left Halley the west coast of the Antarctic Penin on January 25. sula. Men and stores were picked up Among the men on board was one from the Damoy air facility, Wiencke evacuated from Halley suffering from Island, where they had been stranded appendicitis. The two doctors then at when the aircraft were damaged. Halley could have operated but this was not necessary as the patient responded well to conservative treatment. FAST ICE Continuing relief activities, the Continuing southwards, the ship ran Bransfield proceeded to Signy Station, into fast ice but managed to reach Fara landing biologists briefly on nearby day Station. An attempt to reach Fredriksen Island on the way. More Rothera, Adelaide Island, was thwarted summer field workers and stores were by heavy pack ice (the ice did not break landed at Signy and others picked up up until the end of December) so the and the ship turned north-east to South ship turned north. After a brief visit to George. Punta Arenas, Chile, to collect more men and stores, and disembark home- After calls at Bird Island and bound winter staff she returned to Schlieper Bay the ship arrived at Gryt viken on February 4. Four days later she Stanley. returned to Schlieper Bay and Bird The next voyage, starting at the begin Island and then sailed north to Mar del ning of January was to relieve Halley, Plata, Argentina, to pick up the ship's call at Bird Island and South Georgia on co-master, Captain S. J. Lawrence, and the way to land more men. Dense pack the last group of summer visitors. ice was encountered in the Weddell Sea but the ship managed to find a shore Among the visitors were Dr Richard lead and reached the ice shelf near Laws, director of BAS, and Sir Don Logan, who inspected Antarctic opera Halley on January 13. tions on behalf of the Natural Environ Field parties from Halley had been ment Research Council. He was monitoring sea ice conditions and in formerly an ambassador and permanent specting possible landing sites before the leader of the United Kingdom delegation ship's arrival. Unloading conditions in to the United Nations Conference on the this area are very variable, and in some Law of the Sea, 1976—77, and also led years impossible, forcing the ship to the delegation to consultative meetings unload some 64km from the station. But on Antarctica which discussed the con this year the sea ice and weather were vention for the conservation of Antarc favourable, and there was a convenient tic marine living resources. March 1982 ANTARCTIC

One of the two. Twin Otter aircraft carried out on Adelaide Island, and arrived at Rothera in mid-October and automatic weather stations set up at the second in early November. As usual Adelaide and on Polly Rocks near their first task was to ferry summer field Blaiklock Island. workers from Damoy, where they had Geologists who had been working on been landed by the John Biscoe while James Ross Island throughout fast ice still blocked access to Rothera by November and December were picked sea. This operation was almost com up by H.M.S. Endurance in early pleted when four days of gales grounded January. With the help of the ship's the aircraft. helicopters they were able to make a On the fourth day (November 18) the series of landings in the surrounding wind suddenly rose to 70-knots and areas before returning to the island. changed direction, tearing both aircraft from their moorings on the plateau VISITING YACHTS airstrip and overturning them. They H.M.S. Endurance had earlier (in were found to have been damaged December) taken the Governor of the beyond repair. In continuing bad Falkland Islands, to Bird Island and weather they were dismantled, taken Grytviken. The ship also transported a down to Rothera and crated, ready for BBC film crew to South Georgia to film shipping home. sequences for the dramatised television At the same time, three field parties documentary on Shackleton's expedi on Adelaide Island experienced 100-knot tions. ("Antarctic," September, 1981, winds, but fortunately survived without Page 222). serious mishap. Four men and stores left A number of other ships also visited stranded at Damoy were picked up by Grytviken, including the World the Bransfield in early December. Discoverer (which also visited Signy), At the end of November two Chilean the Norwegian ship Polar Queen (on Otter aircraft set up a temporary air charter to the West Germans and on the facility at the Rothera airstrip, in way to Georg von Neumayer Station), preparation for proposed Chilean four Russian ships (one going to geophysical flights to Siple Station and Druzhnaya), two Polish trawlers, two reconnaissance over Charcot Island, French yachts, Isatis and Kim, and the south-western Alexander Island and the Australian yacht Quackster. southern end of the Larsen Ice Shelf. Kim with its four-man crew had They were followed by Hercules and a wintered at Petermann Island north of Buffalo aircraft which dropped fuel and Faraday station. There was some doubt other supplies. about the seaworthiness of Quackster and the health of a child on board, so CHILEAN AID the yacht and crew were taken back to the Falklands on the John Biscoe. Surplus BAS aviation fuel was made available to the Chileans, and one of the BAS pilots guided a Chilean flight to and from Fossil Bluff in George VI Sound. In the spirit of the Antarctic Treaty, the Chileans reciprocated in Leaders of JARE-24 December by ferrying two parties of Leaders of the 24th Japanese Antarc BAS men to Presidente Frei Station on tic Research Expedition (JARE-24) for King George Island in the South 1982-84 have been selected. They are Dr Shetlands where they were able to join Shinji Mae and Associate Professor the Bransfield, and one man south from Yoshikuni Oyama. Frei to Rothera. Dr Mae will be the leader of JARE-24 Sledge journeys were able to continue and will winter at Syowa Station. He is a from Rothera. Two parties travelled to glaciologist and led the JARE-23 sum the old Adelaide station, 64km to the mer party. Professor Oyama will be his south-west, geological field work was deputy.

1% wfr ANTARCTIC March 1982

SANAE 22 Helicopters' major part in operations Two Puma SA330 helicopters played a major part in all South African Antarctic and sub-Antarctic operations during the 1980-81 season. They were used on the relief voyages by the research and supply ship Agulhas to Sanae III in Queen Maud Island, and to Marion and Gough Islands. When the SANAE 22 team arrived from Cape Town early in January geologists were flown by helicopter to Grunehogna, the geological base in the Ahlmann Ridge mountain range 215km to the south, to gain experience of the area for future summer field work. On Marion Island the Pumas were used to carry building materials for a new hydro-electric power scheme to remote areas on the island. SANAE 22, the relief expedition team worked non-stop, and were congratu led by Dr D. Duthie, left Cape Town on lated on their successful operations. December 30, 1980, aboard the Agulhas. The ship arrived at Polarbjorn Bukta 10 When the Agulhas sailed she left a days later, having experienced no bad winter team of 16 men at Sanae III. weather, and encountered very little Onerous routine tasks such as lifting pack ice. drums of diesel fuel, hut raising, and general base cleaning, were soon under Because of the height of the ice shelf, way. They were completed so success and the absence of bay ice, offloading fully that two short field expeditions to was done with the help of the two establish a well-marked route to the helicopters. For the second year running hinge (about 150km south of the base) no vehicles were unloaded. and a depot of helicopter fuel, were SANAE 22 and SANAE 21 had a planned and completed by March 23. more hectic takeover period than usual Then the team settled down with because of the commitment of the occasional morale boosters such as Agulhas to FIBEX, the First auroral displays, bukta trips, birthday International BIOMASS Experiment. parties, good phone calls to South Dr Duthie reports that new expedition Africa, and the odd perfect days in a members had a short time in which to generally stormy winter. Sunday radio become accustomed to their chat schedules were held fairly regularly programmes and responsibilities for with Georg von Neumayer, the new 1981. West German base on the Ekstrom Ice Shelf 250km west of Sanae, and on Geologists were flown to the Ahlmann occasions with Mawson and Halley. Ridge mountains to get a feeling for their new home at Grunehogna during Improvements were made in the start future summer expeditions, and the ing of vehicles in cold temperatures. The skeleton for a new route between Sanae electronic and mechanical experts put III and the geological base at 72deg their heads together and produced an 02min S/02deg 48min W, was mapped ingenious system, which consisted of a with marker poles planted at strategic diesel burner to warm the oil in the positions. Helicopter crews, flying under sumps, and a heater tape system to keep Antarctic conditions for the first time, the batteries warm. i£'9pJvVv7)N9 &'.»• i v ■ March 1982 ANTARCTIC

Two Puma SA330 helicopters played a major part in South African National Antarctic Expedition operations during relief voyages to its Antarctic and sub- Antarctic stations by the research ship Agulhas. This photograph taken last year shows one of the helicopters on a temporary helipad at Marion Island with some of the base buildings in the background. Black pipes in the middle distance were removed later for use in the hydro-electric power plant under construction on the island. i.hll(„ h> R van ^azijic

Mid-winter's Day was celebrated with from the navigator in a Muskeg behind. a cabaret, excellent food, and fine South A D4 tractor brought up the rear with African wines and liqueurs. It was all supplies. The party felt that with enough over too soon, and visits to Volkswagen fuel it would have made a dash for the Bukta to see penguins and seals were South Pole. soon the order of the day. As the sun showed its face a little more each day Additional helicopter fuel for the supply at a depot in the mountains was preparations were made for the final successfully transported from Sanae by major field expeditions when tempera the second field expedition. On its return tures allowed in early September. the base began to prepare for the end of On the new route the first field SANAE 22 team's year in Antarctica, expedition moved up the gradually rising and looked forward to a more organised slopes of a valley flanked by nunataks takeover. and mountains bearing the names of members of the Norwegian-British- Swedish geological expedition of 1949-52. It was hoped that fewer crevasse areas would be encountered in Polar flight comparison to the old route 50km east, and indeed this was so. abandoned In fact no crevasse were crossed, but the katabatic madman swept his broom A non-stop solo flight over Antarctic of snow to hamper the party's progress. from Punta Arenas to Melbourne was As a result the journey took 12 days. abandoned on January 26 when the pilot There was a "Lord of the Rings" smack of a single-engined Cessna 210 had about it as the party worked its way up covered slightly more than one-third of towards the misty mountains and secure the Hight distance of 5300 nautical miles. confines of Grunehogna. Mr M. Dwyer, a Melbourne accountant A successful navigation procedure with aviation interests, and 300 hours' was accomplished with a scout on a flight time, decided to return to Punta skidoo ahead receiving hand instructions Arenas when he received a report of unfavourable weather ahead from McMurdo Station.

■ ;/r-iI?TL/- -•7! ■ l*i*r-yr

ANTARCTIC March 1982 N.Z. glaciologist with Argentine team A New Zealand glaciologist, Dr James Ross Island, which rises to Trevor Chinn, worked for six weeks last 1630m and extends 64km in a north- season as a guest scientist with the south direction, is off the south-east side Argentine research programme on and near the north-east end of the An James Ross and Vega Islands in Erebus tarctic Peninsula from which it is and Terror Gulf off the Antarctic Penin separated by Prnce Gustav Channel. sula. Dr Chinn, who has spent several Vega Island is 27km long and 9.6km summers in Antarctica with the New wide, and is the northernmost of the Zealand research programme, is with the James Ross Island group in the western Ministry of Works and Development in part of Erebus and Terror Gulf. It is Christchurch. He has worked in the dry separated from James Ross Island by valleys monitoring climatic variations by Herbert Sound, and from the Trinity measuring lake levels, and making mass Peninsula by Prince Gustav Channel. balance and ablation measurements on selected glaciers. Argentine scientists have carried out glaciological research on the islands in Late in January Dr Chinn flew to Erebus and Terror Gulf for several Buenos Aires and joined a glaciological seasons. In the 1979-80 and 1980-81 team led by Professor Daniel Cobos, of seasons they worked in an international the geography department, National co-operative programme with French University of Cuyo, Mendoza, which in scientists from the Glaciological cluded a geologist and a field assistant. Laboratory in Grenoble. On February 5 the team flew in an In the 1980-81 season glacial mor Argentine Air Force Hercules to phology and geology projects were car Vicecomodoro Marambio Island where ried out on James Ross and the Air Force has maintained a perma Vicecomodoro Marambio Islands, Mass nent base since 1969. balance, deformation, and dynamics measurements were made on ice domes Vicecomodoro Island, better known on James Ross and Vega Islands. as Seymour Island, is at the southern margin of Erebus and Terror Gulf, and French glaciologists who were on its geographic position is 64deg 17min James Ross Island in the 1980'81 sum S/56 deg 45min W. Helicopters are used mer conducted a drilling programme on to support scientists working on James the ice dome which is about 1600m Ross Island (64deg lOmin S/57deg above sea level. They drilled to a depth 45min W) and Vega Island (63deg 50min of 220m and took ice cores for S/57deg 25min W). geochemical analysis.

Nearly 100 visitors to tiny island Scott Island, the tiny island in the for Scott's 1901-04 expedition, Ross Sea almost on the 180th parallel discovered the island, which is 1207m had nearly 100 visitors this season — the long and 201m wide, and named it after first for 21 years. The island at 67deg Scott. A landing was made by boat on 24.5min S/179deg 55.5min E, and about the southern part at 9.30 p.m. Rock 506km north-east at Cape Adare, has specimens were collected, the island was now had at least 102 visitors since it was claimed for Britain, and a record of the discovered on Christmas Day, 1902. discovery and the date was left behind. Lieutenant William Colbeck, com Since then the island has been sighted mander of the Morning, the relief ship many times, and New Zealand, United

££&?• March 1982 ANTARCTIC

States, and Soviet scientists have worked M. Gregory (University of Auckland), from ships in the area. But the second and the Americans were Drs G. Hunt, landing was not made until 1961. W. Testa and R. Reichle, and Stephen Morrell. On January 15 a New Zealander, Lawrence Bridge, and three United This was the second landing by States officers landed by helicopter from helicopter. On January 14 about 90 the United States Coast Guard passengers and crew from the cruise ship icebreaker Eastwind, which was return Lindblad Explorer made the fourth ing to New Zealand. They were on the landing, and only the second from the island for an hour and a half. Bridge, sea. Aided by fine weather and an area who died in 1973, was leader at Scott free of pack ice landings were made in Base in the 1960-61 summer. He was relays from Zodiac rubber boats. The unable to remain for the winter because ship's scientific staff included two of domestic reasons. ornithologists. When the scientific party landed on Twenty-one years later on January 7 the island it was puzzled about the eight scientists landed again on the presence of a box on top of a promon island in two helicopters from the United tory at the north-west corner, and 45m States Coast Guard icebreaker Glacier above the sea. The scientists did not and remained there for four hours doing have an opportunity to examine the box. geological and ornithological work. The It was painted grey, and was about .76m New Zealanders in the party were Drs R. long, .3m wide, and .45m deep. Lying M. Kirk and P. C. Harper, and Graham on one side of it was a wire or cord Wilson (University of Canterbury), Dr which hung over the cliff.

Soviet scientist winters at Pole This winter a Soviet scientist, Dr Yuri Soviet scientists have continued to Latov, of the Arctic and Antarctic- work with Australians at Mawson. Dr Research Institute, Leningrad, will do N. Voloshinov spent 1979 studying upper atmosphere research at the aurora-related ionospheric currents. In Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. He April, 1980, a long-range helicopter is the fourth Soviet scientist to winter at from a passing Soviet ship landed his the South Pole in the exchange pro replacement, Dr P. Evgoniyk, and pick gramme between the United States and ed up Dr Voloshinov. Dr Evgoniyk was the Soviet Union. picked up by a Soviet ship in April last Thirty-one-year-old Dr Latov is a year. member of the 27th Soviet Antarctic Ex Since the beginning of 1980 pedition, and has been on the staff of Australian scientific collaboration with the Arctic and Antarctic Research In the Soviet Union has been suspended in stitute for the last seven years. He has definitely because of its action in worked at several Soviet Antarctic sta Afghanistan. But the sanction applies to tions, and has wintered at Vostok. In bilateral and not multilateral collabora 1978 he carried out scientific studies dur tion. As signatories to the Antarctic- ing an 1800km tractor train journey Treaty Australia and the Soviet Union from Mirny to Komsomolskaya and are expected to share scientific informa back. tion and research facilities. United States sanctions against the Soviet Union, announced at the end of last year, could affect future scientific collaboration between the two countries in the Antarctic. One of the sanctions announced was the suspension of talks on new science exchange agreements. ANTARCTIC March 1982 India's first expedition to Antarctica

India, which is not an Antarctic Treaty nation, sent an official scientific expedition to Antarctica last season. The expedition of 20 men sailed from Goa on December 6 aboard the chartered Norwegian research vessel. Polarsirkel, and landed in Antarctica on January 9. A summer camp was established on the Prince Olav Coast of Enderby Land at 70deg S/41 deg 07min E about 48km east of Japanese Syowa station in Lutzow-Holm Bay. The scientific programme included glaciology, meteorology, seismology, and magnetism. A c c o r d i n g t o a n o f fi c i a l work in Antarctica, and is acquiring or announcement from New Delhi the chartering three oceanographic vessels. expedition was expected to carry out In 1970 India became involved in oceanographic experiments mainly along scientific research in Antarctica as the the Anarctic Convergence, and off the result of an agreement with the Soviet coast of Enderby Land between Syowa Union for joint meteorological explor station Molodezhnaya, and Mawson, ation of the upper atmosphere. Under the Australian station. the agreement an Indian scientist Leader of the expedition was Dr S. Z. worked with the 17th Soviet Antarctic- Qasim, Secretary of the Department of Expedition in 1971-73, and became the the Environment, who is a former first Indian ever to winter on the director of India's National Institute of continent. Oceanography. Last year he led an Dr Parmjit Singh Sera, of the Physical oceanographic expedition aboard the Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, who research vessel Gaveshani. It discovered gained his doctorate for his Antarctic a large deposit of managancse nodules research, was sent south by the Indian on the seabed of India's Exclusive Space Research Organisation. He spent Economic Zone. 18 months in the Antarctica, and took India's Prime Minister (Mrs Indira part in the Indian-Soviet project for Gandhi) is reported to have taken a meteorological rocket soundings of the personal interest in the expedition. She upper atmosphere from Molodezhnaya. sent a message to the Polarsirkel which During his stay he visited three other said in part "... it (the expedition) is the Soviet stations, Bellingshausen, Mirny, fulfilment of one of my long-standing and Vostok. wishes . . . The Indian Ocean links India to Antarctica. The entire area is of deep Smaller team at interest to us and ocean studies are of vital importance . . ." Arctowski India plans to apply for membership Poland will have a smaller winter team of the Antarctic Treaty and may set up a this year at its permanent station, permanent research station, according Arctowski, on King George Island in the to a report in "The Economist." The South Shetlands. As from this month English report also says that India is the team will be reduced from 23 to considering the purchase of a ship for eight. March 1982 ANTARCTIC First Chinese expedition in 1985 China is expected to send its first expedition to the Antarctic in 1985. According to reports from Tokyo plans are being made to assist the People's Republic of China to launch its own Antarctic surveys, and this year the National Polar Research Institute will in vite Chinese scientists to Japan for Antarctic study programmes.

Scientists from the People's Republic Chinese scientists first worked with of China will winter this year at Australian National Antarctic Research Australia's three continental bases, Expeditions during the summer of Casey, Davis, and Mawson. They will 1979—80 under the agreement between carry out research programmes in the two countries on co-operation in glaciology, biology, and meteorology. s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y. A n This will be the first time Chinese scien oceanographcr and a geomorphologist tists have wintered at each continental spent a month at Casey. They visited station. Scott Base and McMurdo Station and Four Chinese scientists arrived in were flown to Casey in mid-January, Australia in November last year and 1980, returning to Australia on the Thala Dan in February. began training with the Antarctic Divi sion at Kingston near Hobart. Three will Both scientists returned to Australia winter this year; the fourth did marine towards the end of 1980 to take part in research last season. Antarctic rscarch. The geomor A 42-year-old biochemist, Mr Lu phologist, Mr Zhang Quinsong, Peiding, will winter at Davis to conduct wintered at Casey last year and returned biological studies. He is an assistant to Australia in the Nella Dan. research fellow from the First Institute of Oceanography, National Bureau of A physical oceanographcr, Mr Dong Oceanography, Qingdao. Zhaoquian, took part in the Fibex Meteorological research at Mawson marine science cruise of the Nella Dan will be the responsibility of a 30-year-old during January-March, 1981. He spent engineer, Mr Brian Lin'gen. He is with the rest of last year at the Antarctic Divi the Institute of Meteorology, Central sion to write up his research notes, and Bureau of Meteorology, Beijing to make further investigations. (Peking). New Zealand has been associated with In the winter team at Casey will be a the long-term plans of the People's 44-year-old glaciologist, Mr Xie Zichu, Republic of China to establish a station of the Lanzhu Institute of Glaciology on the Antarctic Continent. There have and Cryopedology, Academia Sinica. been discussions on scientific and Mr Xie has made several visits to Mt Everest to carry out glaciological logistic questions, and last season two guest scientists took part in the New studies, and has climbed to heights of Zealand research programme. more than 7000m. A fourth scientist, Mr Yan Zide took A geochemist, Dr Sheng-yuang Wang, part in a marine geoscience cruise and Dr Dezan Ye, a microbiologist, aboard the Nella Dan last summer. He is worked from Vanada Station in the dry a 41-year-old geophysicist from the valleys of Victoria Land and on Ross Second Institute of Oceanography, Island. They were the first scientists National Bureau of Oceanography, from their country to work with the New Hangzhou. Zealand programme. ANTARCTIC March 1982 Brazil plans expedition next season

Brazil, which acceded to the Antarctic Treaty in 1975, plans to send an expedition to Antarctica in the 1982-83 season. As part of its plan to take an active part in Antarctic research four military officials were sent south in 1979 on an exploratory and training mission aboard H.M.S. Endurance, the Royal Navy's ice patrol ship which also provides support for British Antarctic Survey programmes. Last year Brazil began negotiations to now a member of the institute's advisory buy the Endurance, one of a number of council, and another Air Force officer, ships which the British Ministry of Captain Bernabe Gadea, who is director Defence wishes to sell as surplus to naval of aviation meteorology, visited McMur requirements. Later the Minister of the do Station. They flew to the Amundsen- Navy (Admiral Maximiano Fonseca) Scott South Pole Station, and visited revealed that military officials had join American research projects in the dry ed Britain and Chile in expeditions to valleys. Antarctica. Chile, one of the original signatories Although Brazil has acceded to the of the Antarctic Treaty, had two Antarctic Treaty its Antarctic interests representatives of its National Commit have not been evident except in 1972 tee for Antarctic Research on the Ross when there were reports of a privately Sea side of the continent as visitors in sponsored scientific expedition to the late January and early February under Antarctic Peninsula. This expedition did the auspices of the United States Na not proceed. Then in 1973 there was a tional Science Foundation. They were Rio de Janeiro newspaper report that the Captain Pedro Romero Julio, president Brazilian Merchant Marine intended to of the committee and director of the buy a Norwegian laboratory ship for Chilean Antarctic Institute, and Dr scientific work in Antarctica. Roberto Schlatter. Two other South American countries Captain Romero Julio is Chile's per which recently acceded to the Antarctic manent delegate to the Scientific Com Treaty have also indicated their interest mittee on Antarctic Research; Dr in Antarctic research. They are Schlatte, of the Institute of Zoology, Uruguay, which acceded in 1980, and University of the South, Valdivia, heads Peru, which acceded in 1981. Last the ornithological sub-committee of the season representatives of both countries Chilean National Committee. were among visitors to Antarctica with Peru's visitors with the United States the United States research programme. programme were two naval officers, Uruguay has had an Antarctic In Lieutenants A. Leon and H. Koechlin. stitute since 1970 when a national An They travelled aboard the United States tarctic convention was held in Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Sea on Montevideo. her voyage from Palmer Station on An alternative member of the in Anvers Island off the Antarctic Penin stitute's directive council in 1970 was a sula, and then to McMurdo Station. Uruguayan Air Force officer, Captain Roquea Aita, who was also delegate to the International Astronomical Feder ation. In January this year Colonel Aita, ^^^^H March 1982 ANTARCTIC

SUB-ANTARCTIC Hydro-electric power on Marion Island A hydro-electric scheme may provide Marion Island with power as early as mid-1982. The system is planned to provide 125KWA from an installation on the Van den Boogaard River. When the research and supply ship Mr G. Kerley. Two species of fur seal, Agulhas arrived from Cape Town in and a hybrid between the two, exist of April-May last year with the 38th team the island. Assistants for the two under the leadership of Rex Riley, she projects are Messrs. L. Ford, T. Leask, brought a construction team from the and F. Smith. Department of Community Develop Research on the energy used by ment, which is also responsible for penguins while on the island is being normal base maintenance during relief done by the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute. periods. The team built a large per Mr N. J. Adams is working on King manent helipad during April-May; it also continued work on the hydro penguins, and Mr C. R. Brown is electric scheme after the Agulhas working on Macaroni and Rockhoppcr penguins. A second project run by Mr S. departed. R. Fugler is examining the effect of This difficult task involved laying a guano from some petrel species on the 23cm pipe a distance of about 2km, and island, and the breeding biology of the a power cable roughly the same distance, blue petrel. The assistant for these and building a turbine hut. The tremen projects is Mr P. van Litscnborgh. dous task of conveying the building material to remote areas on the island Other team members are: Rex Riley was achieved with the aid of the two (leader — assistant meteorological tech nician), Trevor Stalboom (deputy-leader Puma helicopters on the Agulhas which — diesel mechanic), Dave Conway (sen were in use for the first time. ior meteorolgical technical!) Martin In their report on activities for the Hurst, Johnny Truter (assistant meteo first eight months of 1981 Rex Riley and rological technicans) and Marius Gobbe- his team say that two research teams are laar (medical orderly). The radio on the island. They are members of the operator, Eugene van Heerdan, former Mammal Research Institute, University ly served on Gough Island. Mark van of Pretoria, and the Percy Fitzpatrick Aardt, the radio technician, is also Institute for African Ornithology, responsible for geomagnetic research. University of Cape Town. FERAL CATS BIRD STUDIES Two research projects, one on feral When the Agulhas returned during cats, and the other on fur seals, are October-November she brought several being carried out by the Mammal visitors. One whose visit was of great Research Institute team. It is headed by value to the ornithologists on the island Dr M. N. Bester, who has done research was Professor D. Parmelec, of the Uni before on Gough and Marion Islands. versity of Minnesota, who has worked in Mr P. J. van Rensburg is responsible the Arctic, Antarctic, and sub-Antarctic. for the cat project. He is examining the He was particularly interested in skuas, cats' effect on the bird population, blue petrels, and Kerguelen terns. partly by tracking them by radio. The Although he demonstrated an uncanny fur seal project is the responsibility of ability for finding new blue petrel

?3Ef^ ^^^■^■1", I -H-.S..5*"-

ANTARCTIC March 1982

An aerial view of the base buildings and immediate surroundings of the scientific station on Marion Island. The photograph was taken from a Puma helicopter by R. van Mazijk, of the Department of Transport, when the research ship Agulhas made its first relief voyage from Cape Town during April-May last year. Photo i>> r. van Ma/iji* 5 ■ WSsmB&$8Sm4*i colonies he was not fortunate enough to technician), C. W. Bosch (medical see the elusive Kerguelen tern. orderly), D. W. May (diesel mechanic), Two well-known former team C. J. Bonnet (communicator), J. A. members returned to continue their Cilliers, W. J. le Roux, and C. du Plessis work on nitrogen in the island's (meteorologists). ecosystem. They were Messrs V. Smith As weather and sea conditions were and M. Steyn, of the Institute of favourable on the day the ship arrived, Environmental Studies, Orange Free offloading of stores and equipment State University. An important visit for began soon after the landing of staff. the meteorological team was that of Mr The bulk of the building material for the J. Bothma, from the head office, who erection of a new food store with a self- spent three years with a Marion Island contained emergency base, was lowered team in the 1950s. directly onto the site from a helicopter, and perishable foodstuffs and baggage GOUGH ISLAND were landed on the helipad. Gough Island's 27th relief expedition Offloading continued for two days arrived aboard the Agulhas on Sep under favourable conditions. Fifty-six tember 25. The shore party was landed tonnes of cargo were moved from ship immediately by Puma helicopters on the to shore, and then the Agulhas newly-constructed helipad situated proceeded to 40deg W directly from behind the base in Transvaal Bay. Gough Island to deploy floating weather Leader of the new team (1981-82) buoys in the South Atlantic. which relieved the 1980-81 team after 11 months is Mr R. J. Cadman (senior MARINE LIFE meteorologist). Other members are: Two independent scientific groups Messrs G. Kuit (deputy-leader and radio from Cape Town were among the 41 March 1982 ANTARCTIC

people in the takeover party. The Nightingale, and Inaccessible Islands. Agulhas also carried two guests from Erection of the new food store was Tristan da Cunha, Messrs H. Green completed in two weeks by a Public- (head islander) and J. Whittington Works Department team which also did (school headmaster). minor repairs to the existing base to One scientific project entailed a make it more comfortable for the new population count of wandering alba team. trosses in Goonydale, a marshy plain on A new SR-140 transmitter was the south-west side of the island. The installed in the radio room for the count was made by three ornithologists transmission of weather data to from the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute. Pretoria. It replaces the ageing Racal Five divers from the University of equipmeni. The island now has two Cape Town made a study of the marine complete separate communications life around the island. The results will be systems with emergency transmitter and compared with those from a similar receiver sets some distance from the study undertaken at Tristan da Cunha, main base.

OBITUARIES Athol Roberts served twice at Scott Base

A leader at Scott Base in the 1961-62 season, Athol Roberts, who was also leader of one of the early New Zealand climbing expeditions to the Nepalese Himalayas in 1953, died in Wellington last year. He was information officer at Scott Base in the 1959-60 season. Roberts was manager of the tramping, attempt to conquer Chamar. The first mountaineering, and skiing equipment attempt stopped at 5791m. branch of a Wellington sports goods RoberlS) Maurice Bis| and Sh firm lor a number ol years. He was a N , rcachcd 6705 bm ,hc Ic

On the last stage of its planned yaktuk, and then navigated their 5.4m circumnavigation of the world by sea, Boston whaler through the North-West ice and land, using the Greenwich meri Passage to Tanquary Fiord on Ellesmere dian as a basic route, the British Trans Island. Late in September they covered globe Expedition has begun the attempt the final stage of 240km on foot to to cross the Arctic Ocean to Spitsbergen Alert. ("Antarctic," December, 1981). by way of the North Pole. The leader, Sir Ranulph Fiennes, and Charles When they began their 960km journey Burton, left Alert on the northern tip of to the North Pole Fiennes and Burton, Ellesmere Island at 2.30 p.m. G.M.T. on pulling sledges, planned to travel t60km February 12, and early this month were north-west from Alert to Ward Hunt reported to be 720km from the North Island near Cape Columbia, and then Pole. move across the frozen Lincoln Sea. Between July 3 and the end of August Early in March they were reported to last year Fiennes and Burton completed have encountered bad weather and 9m their river and road journey from the ice ridges on the first 80km from Ward mouth of the Yukon River to Tukto- Hunt Island. March 1982 ANTARCTIC

TOURISM Landings on Scott Island and Peter I Island

Neither McMurdo Station nor Scott Base was able to welcome tourists from Antarctic cruise ships last season. The Lindblad Explorer made two voyages from the New Zealand port of Bluff, and each time the entrance to the Ross Sea was barred by heavy pack ice. Later in the season the World Discoverer sailed into the Ross Sea on her voyage from Punta Arenas, Chile, but did not enter McMurdo Sound because of ice conditions.

But passengers on the Lindblad iceberg was sighted the next day at 63dcg Explorer received unexpected bonuses. S. Then the Lindblad Explorer encoun Those on the December cruise were the tered the first pack ice in the 482km belt first tourists to visit Mawson's hut at barring the way into the Ross Sea. Pro Cape Denison in Commonwealth Bay, gress was slow through rafted ice 3km and also the first to call at the French thick, and after two attempts to base, Dumont d'Urville. On the second penetrate the barrier the ship had to cruise 90 passengers were able to land on return to the open sea, having reached Scott Island, the tiny island in the Ross 64deg S/175deg E. Sea about 506km north-east of Cape Then a new course was set on Adare at 67deg 24min S/179deg 55min E, where there have been only three previous recorded landings in 79 years. made good progress and at 4 p.m. on Then they also visited Dumont d'Ur December 28 she dropped anchor off ville. Cape Denison. The day was fine and Although the World Discoverer was windless, and landings of passengers unable to enter McMurdo Sound her were made throughout the night. All passengers went ashore at Polish, were able to see Mawson's hut. British, and United States stations off Another landing was made from rub the Antarctic Peninsula, and on the ber boats on some of the Mackellar voyage to Bluff spent some time on Island in the centre of Commonwealth Macquarie and the Auckland Islands. Bay to study Adelie penguins. The Captain Heinz Aye and members of his weather deteriorated in the afternoon so crew made only the second landing in the ship weighed anchor and headed for 53 years on Peter I Island in the Dumont d'Urville, sailing along the Bellingshausen Sea. coast past the Mertz Glacier. When the Lindblad Explorer sailed Early on the morning of December 30 from Bluff on December 13 she carried the ship nosed her way through pack ice 92 passengers, including Japanese, towards the He des Penguins where Australians, Europeans, Americans, Dumont d'Urville is sited. With French and New Zealanders. She made calls at assistance the ship entered unfamiliar the Snares Islands and spent two days ai waters and anchored near the snout of the Auckland Islands and Macquarie the Astrolabe Glacier. Island. Calm weather enabled the tourists to On December 21 the ship crossed the photograph Adelie penguins and Crab- Antarctic Convergence and the first eater and Weddell seals. A rare Ross seal ANTARCTIC March 1982 was sighted, and also a group of 28 toasted the occasion in gluwein and Emperor penguin chicks. Because of champagne, and then returned to the lack of time the ship could stay only a ship with high hopes of sailing into day. McMurdo Sound and seeing the historic On the return voyage to Bluff the huts on Ross Island. But the pack ice Lindblad Explorer's passengers exper was still heavy beyond Scott Island, and ienced a change in Antarctic weather. the ship was forced to turn north at The ship ran into three days of storms 68deg 53min S. with rough seas and winds gusting to 70 Thirty-six hours later the ship was knots. For the first time on recent hove to off Commonwealth Bay unable cruises the farewell dinner consisted of to enter because of the fierce katabatic- sandwiches because the ship was rolling winds for which the area is famous. so much in the heavy seas. She could not There was another ship in the bay, visit Campbell and Stewart Islands and anchored about 800m away. It was the reached Bluff on January 5. Oceanic Research Foundation expedi Early the next morning the Lindblad tion's ship Dick Smith Explorer. Explorer sailed for the sub-Antarctic Although the Lindblad Explorer could islands south of New Zealand on the not enter the bay it was in touch with Dr first stage of her second cruise. She was David Lewis, leader of the expedition. off the Snares on January 7, and pas sengers made a trip round the islands. A small ship's party landed to check refuge FIERCE WINDS huts. On January 19 the ship cruised along A landing was made on Enderby the coast for 34 nautical miles past the Island, one of ihe Auckland Islands, and Mertz Glacier towards Dumont d'Ur passengers went ashore in Sandy Cove. ville. It had to heave to again in a Force There they met two New Zealand scien 11 gale on January 20, and the next day tists, Dr Martin Cawthorn and Simon made two attempts to reach Dumont Mitchell, who were studying a Hooker's d'Urville. The anchors would not hold sea lion colony. A small party of ornith in a gale of 60 to 70 knots. ologists also visited Disappointment Finally the ship was able to anchor at Island to study the bird life. 10 p.m. The winds dropped to 40 or 50 knots, and with three hours of sunshine 70 to 80 passengers were able to go SCOTT ISLAND ashore. Another attempt was made to After two days at Macquarie Island enter Commonwealth Bay on January the Lindblad Explorer headed south 22 but once again the katabatic winds towards the Ross Sea. Advice was were blowing fiercely, rising to 70 or 80 received from McMurdo Station that the knots. pack ice extended for 482km, and the Then the ship turned north and captain was advised to set a course along headed for Campbell Island which was the 180th parallel towards Scott Island. reached on January 26. Passengers spent When Scott Island was sighted on the next morning ashore,.and after call January 14 there was an area of about 20 ing at Stewart Island the next day the square miles clear of ice. The weather ship proceeded to Lyttelton where she was fine, ihe sea was dead calm, and 90 arrived on January 29. passengers were able to make only the second landing on the island from the sea since it was discovered on Christmas FOUR CRUISES Day, 1902. A party of New Zealand and Last season the World Discoverer made four Antarctic cruises, each c; helicopter on January 7 from the United ing about 190 passengers. The first three States Coast Guard icebreaker Glacier, were to the Antarctic Peninsula i but the tourists were unaware of this. one originating from Rio de Janeiro, Passengers went ashore in relavs, and the others from Punta Arenas. March 1982 ANTARCTIC

On the fourth cruise to the Ross Sea, landings were made on February 1, McMurdo Station, and the sub-Antarc 1929, from the Norwegian research ship tic Islands, the World Discoverer sailed Norvegia, which stayed for a week in the from Punta Arenas on January 21. She area, surveyed the island, and landed a called at the Polish station, Arctowski, party which erected a depot at the head on King George Island in the South of Sandefjord Bay. Shetlands on January 24, and then made When the World Discoverer reached visits to Nelson and Deception Islands. the Ross Sea area she was unable to Later the ship called at the British An enter McMurdo Sound. She headed tarctic Survey station Faraday in the north towards Scott Island but ice condi Argentine Islands. On January 27 the tions prevented her from spending time passengers went ashore at Palmer Sta off the coast of Northern Victoria Land tion on Anvers Island, and then visited and passing Cape Adare. The ship head nearby Torgersen Island the next day. ed for Macquarie Island where she arriv By January 29 the World Discoverer was ed on February 12. Her next call was at in the Bellingshausen Sea. On that day the Auckland Islands where the pas Captain Aye, the cruise director, Werner sengers went ashore in Sandy Cove on Zehndcr and eight members of the crew, Enderby Island. There Dr Cawthorn and made the second landing in 53 years on Simon Mitchell were picked up and Peter I Island (68deg 50min S/90dcg taken to Bluff. 30min W), which is 314km north-east of Because of rough weather the World Thurston Island and 48km west of Cape Discoverer could not call at the Snares Byrd, the western extremity of Charcot Islands. Calls at Campbell Island and Island. Stewart Island had to be omitted, and Captain Aye and his team landed in the ship berthed at Bluff early on the two rubber boats on the west coast of afternoon of February 17. the island at Norvegia Bay. The island Arrangements were made for three was discovered by Bellingshausen on New Zealand parks and wildlife rangers January 22, 1821, but he was unable to to travel aboard the Lindblad Explorer approach within 24km of it because of and the World Discoverer as some of the heavy pack ice. sub-Antarctic islands the tourists visited are nature reserves. Brian Ahearn was FIRST LANDINGS on the Lindblad Explorer's first cruise, Between 1910 and 1960 French, and Paul Dingwall travelled on the se Norwegian, British, United States, and cond. Pat Sheridan flew from Christ Soviet ships sighted or circumnavigated church to McMurdo Station to join the the island, but made no landings, mainly World Discoverer, but had to return because of the heavy pack ice. The first after spending three days at Scott Base.

Solo Antarctic dog sled journey A Japanese climber and explorer, intends to train for about seven months Naomi Uemura, who was the first man before he leaves for the Argentine base, to reach the North Pole alone by dog General San Martin. He will start his sled in 1978, now plans another solo journey early in September, and with the journey from the Antarctic Peninsula help of dogs, expects to complete the into Ellsworth Land next season. During round trip in about 100 days. his 3000km round trip he intends to General San Martin is manned by the climb the Vinson Massif (5140m), the Argentine Army, and is on the Antarctic continent's highest peak, in the Sentinel Peninsula in Marguerite Bay at 68deg Range of the Ellsworth Mountains. 07min S/67deg 08 min W. It has no Uemura, who left Tokyo for Buenos landing facilities for aircraft, and is Aires towards the end of January, relieved and supplied by ship. ^^H■ra ANTARCTIC March 1982

Ross Dependency 10' « Ross Dependency 20

NEW ROSS DEPENDENCY STAMPS To coincide with the 25th anniversary New Zealand stamps overprinted in of the establishment of Scott Base a new green "King Edward VII Land." He set of definitive stamps for the Ross could not establish his base in King Dependency was issued by the New Zea Edward VII Land, and opened his post land Post Office on January 20. They office at Cape Royds on Ross Island. It replace the present set which was first was closed on March 4, 1909. issued in 1972. Scott was the next postmaster and Adelie penguins appear on the 5 cent established his post office at Cape Evans stamp and tracked vehicles moving over on Ross Island. He was appointed post the ice are shown on the 10 cent. Scoti master on November 26, 1910, and the Base on Ross Island appears on the 20 expedition secretary, F. R. H. Drake, cent stamp, and a scientific field party is was appointed assistant postmaster. The shown on the 30 cent. New Zealand's post office, closed on February 13, 1913, mainland station, Vanda, in the Wright sent four mails to New Zealand, using Valley of Victoria Land is the subject of 24,000 penny "Dominion" stamps the 40 cent stamp, and the 50 shows the overprinted "Victoria Land." hut at Cape Evans used by Scott's last Ross Dependency stamps were first expedition in 1910-13. issued in 1957. Sir Edmund Hillary was Maurice Conly, the New Zealand appointed postmaster on November 23, Antarctic Division's official artist, who 1956. He delegated A. S. Helm, a Post spent two summers in Antarctica, Office official, and secretary of the Ross designed the stamps which were printed Sea Committee, as assistant postmaster. in Australia by the lithographic process. Each stamp measures 37.5mm by 26mm. On January 11, 1957, Helm opened Philatelic history in the Ross the first official post office on the site of Scott Base in a tent with a packing case Dependency area goes back almost 80 for a counter. He cabled the Director- years. When Scott led his 1901-04 General of the Post Office in Wellington expedition he did not have an official who ordered that the first Ross post office or stamps but used a cachet which had no official status as a can Dependency stamps be placed on sale to cellation. It read: "Antarctic Expdn. philatelists. 1901 S.S. Discovery." In 1967 the world's southermost post New Zealand's first postmaster in office was designated as a permanent Antarctica was Shackleton. On his office. Since then postmasters have 1908-09 expedition in the Nimrod he served at Scott Base, each summer and took south 24,000 penny "Universal" winter. HNTflRCiTjl is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December. It is the only periodical in the world which gives regular up-to-date news of the Antarctic activities of all the nations at work in the far south. It has a worldwide circulation. Yearly subscription NZ$7.00, Overseas NZ$8.00, includes postage (air mail postage extra), single copies $2.00. Details of back issues available, may be obtained from the Secretary, New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc.), P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, New Zealand. Back issues more than five years old are available on request. Overseas subscribers are asked to ensure that their remittances are converted to New Zealand currency.

NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC.) The New Zealand Antarctic Society was formed in 1933. It comprises New Zealanders and overseas friends, many of whom have seen Antarctica for themselves, and all of whom are vitally interested in some phase of Antarctic exploration, development, or research. You are invited to become a member, South Island residents should write to the Canterbury secretary, North Islanders should write to the Wellington secretary, and overseas residents to the secretary of the New Zealand Society. For addresses, see below. The yearly membership fee is NZ$5.00 (or equivalent local currency). Membership fee, overseas and local, including "Antarctic", NZ$11.00.

New Zealand Secretary: P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch Branch Secretaries: Canterbury: P.O. Box 404, Christchurch. Wellington: P.O. Box 2110, Wellington. • • . " ■:, ■ , , : V; r f ^ » : ' I ; ■"■.«.• ■ I ^ ^ ^ ^ H ■ ^.^.v-^vr^;

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