CENSUS
ASSAM
NAGA HILLS DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK
Edited
By
R. B. VAGHAIWALLA, I.C.S.,
Superintendent, Census Operations, Assam, Tripura and Manipur.
CONTENTS
Pages
I. Introducing the District i-vi 2. Introducing the Statistics vi-viii 3. The Primary Census Abstract (showing distribution of population by livelihood classes, number of occupied houses and small-scale industries in villages and wards) 1-16
4. A.-General Population Tables- I.-Area, houses and population 17 H.-Variation in population during fifty years 17 III.-Towns and villages classified by population 17 IV.-Towns classified by population with variation since 1901 18 V .-Towns arranged territorially with population by Ii velihood classes 18 5. E.-Summary figures for the District and Thanas 19
6. B.-Economic Tables- I.-Livelihood Classes and Sub-Classes 20-23 (For total population 24-27 II.-Secondary Means of Livelihood ... ~ lFor displaced persons 28 IlL-Employers, employees and independent workers by industries and services, divisions and subdivisions '" 29-42
7. C.-Household and Age (Sample) Tables I.-Household (size and composition) 43 rFor sample population 44-46 H.-Livelihood classes by age groups ... ~ l For displaced persons 47-48 fFor sample population 49-52 IlL-Age and civil condition l For displaced persons 53-54 rFor sample population 55-57 IV.-Age and literacy ... t For displaced persons 58--60
V.-Single year age returns 61-62
B. D.-Social and Cultural Tables I.-(i) Mother-Tongue 63-66 (ii) Bilingualism 67-72 H.-Religion 73 IlL-Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians ... 73-74 IV.--·Migrants 75-79 V.-Displaced persons by district of orif!in and year of arrival in India 80-85 VI.-Non-Indian Nationals 86 VIl.--Livelihood classes, by educational standards 87-89 9. F.-Tribes by Religion 90-92-
10. Census abstract of small-scale industries- I.-Distribution of small-scale Industrial Establishments in Villages andl Wards I H.-Employment in Textile Establishments for Census Tracts ... 93 ilL-Employment in Non-Textile Establishments for Census Tracts '''j
11. Index of Nun-Agricultural Occupations 94-98
INTRODUCING THE DISTRIErr NAGA mLLS The district of the Naga Hills lies between the 25°_2' and 26°-47' N. and 93°-17' and 94°-52' E* ;and covers an area of 4,276'1 sq. miles. On the north, it is bounded by Sibsagar, on the west by the United Mikir and North Cachar Hills; on the south by the State of Manipur and on the east by the Naga Tribal Area. It has two subdivisions, Kohima and Mokokchung. Under the Constitution of India, it is included under the Sixth Schedule as one of the autonomous districts where District Councils will be set up with wide executive and legislative powers in respect of certain specific matters, e. g., land, forests, tribal customs, marriage, inheritance of property as also some powers of taxation.
Moun~in System.-The district consists of a narrow strip of hilly country with a maximum length, as the crow fIles, of 138 miles and an average breadth of about 25 miles. The Barail enters it at the south-west corner and runs in a north-easterly direction almost up to Kohima. As far as Berrima, there are three main .ranges of hills lying parallel to one another; the most northerly of the three being the largest and the most Important, containing several peaks over 6,000 feet in height. To the one approaching the district from the north this range stands up like a great wall. Near Kohima, the Barail is merged in the mountain ranges which have been prolonged through Manipur from the Arakan Voma and the main range assumes a much more northerly direction. This range is considerably higher than the Barail. Over hanging Mao Thana, on the southern frontier of the district, there is a mountain whose summit is 9,808 feet above sea-level and a few miles further north stands Japvo. 9,890 feet, the highest point in Assam outside the North-East Frontier Agency. North of Kohima, the main range gradually declines in height. Merama peak is only 4,900 feet and Nidzukni and Thevokeji a little above 5,700 feet, but Thebzothu or Wokha hill is 6,600 feet in height. A little to the north of Wokha, the ranges pierce the valley of the Doiang. The Japvo range throws out numerous spurs towards east and west and the same pheno menon is to be observed in the hills which traverse the Mokokchung subdivision, north of the Doiang. The general north-eastern tendency is still discernible, but the country as a whole consists of a tumbled mass of hills, most of which are between three to four thousand feet in height.
In their natural ~tate, these hiBs are covered with dense, ever-green forest. Most of the easier slopes upto a height of about 5,000 feet have at one time or another been cleared for cultivation. Where this has been d~:me, they ~re covered for the most part by scrub bamboo and grass and the Jarger forest trees have dIsappeared. In the country inhabited by the Angamis, the hill sides have been cut into terraced rice fields and there is comparatively little jungle to be seen. Nowhere in fact is there large timber still remaining exct>pt on the bottom of the river valleys and on the summits of the hills. In the neighbour hoo-i of Kohima, the valleys are broad, the slopes of the hills are fairly easy and have, to a great extent, been brought under cultivation and the scenery is, fox: a hill district, unusually tame. The lower hills are not so . healthy and are, in consequence but sparsely peopled. River System.-The Barail and the Japvo range of mountains form the watershed of the district and as they are seldom more than 10 or 15 miles from the western boundary, none of the rivers that come tumb ling down their slopes have time to attain to any considerable dimensions before they leave the district. Almost as far north as Mokokchung, the whole of the drainage of the north-western face of the hUls ultimately finds its way into.the Dhansiri. The Dhansiri rises in the south-west corner of the Naga Hills and flows a north.westerly course for about 15 miles. It then turns at right angles to the north-east and, as far as Dimapur forms the northern boundary of the di~trict. As it flows along a few miles from the outer range of hills, it receives a large number of tribl!ltaries; but with the exception of the Diphupani, which too is barely 30 miles in length, they are all of them small and unimportant. The next river worthy of n:;tention is the Rengmapani which falls into the Doiang but it is a very inconsiderable stream. The only rlver of any importance in the district is the Doiang. It rises near Mao Thana and flows a north-easterly Course for 45 miles when it suddenly turns to th~ north-west and pierces the main chain of hills. After flowing for 12 miles in this direction it again turns at right angles. Here it turns sharp again to the _north-west and shortly after emerging from the hills, it is joined by its largest tributary, the Rengmapam. The Doiang receives all the drainage of the main range between Rengmapani and Wokha. North of the Doiang, the principal streams are the Disai and the Jhanji, which ultimately fall into the Brahma putr~ after flowing through Sibsagar. The northern frontier of the Naga Hills is marked by the Dikhu. Ano t~er Important river is the Tizu with its tributary, the Lanier, falling into the Chindwin. With the excep.. tlon ~f the Doiang, all these rivers are mere mountain streams, which make their way towards the plains by faIrly easy gradients.
MineraiJ.-The hillsides are formed of a treacherous grey shale, which is very liable to slip. after heavy rain, ~nd w?ich forms a stiff hard clay when cut out into the terraces on which rice is grown. There are Cli1lUlte and Rain/alt.-During the winter time, the climate of the higher hills is cold and bra cing. The days are generally bright and sunny, but frost at night is by no means uncommon. At the hottest season of the· year, the thermometer seldom rises above 80 0 F. in a bungalow .at Kohi rna, but as the air is surcharged with moisture, the climate is sometimes found a little enervating. The low ranges of hills that adjoin the plains are far from healthy and Nagas who settle there suffer much from fever and generally deteriorate in physique. The average rainfall at Ko!:Iima is only 75 inches in the year. It is considerably lower than that recorded further east, Wokha and Mokokchung return ing nearly no and 100 inches respectively. Kohima is however sheltered to some extent by the high range of the Japvo. Fauna.-There is very little game in the Angami country, but wild animals are to be found in the' hot unhealthy valleys lying between the outer ranges of the hills. The list includes elephants, bison, buffalo, tigers, leopards, bears, the sam bar and the barking deer. The serow and the flying lemur are sometimes met with in the woods. Game birds include wild fowls, partridges, pheasants, including the horned variety and the wood cocks. mSTORY We know practically nothing of the history of the Nagas before the advent of the British. The' history of British relations with the Nagas may be divided into certain well-defined periods. First from 1839 to 1846 when Government attempted to control the tribes from without, by a system of expeditions or promenades. The Angami country was first entered by a European in 1832 when Capts. Jenkins and Pemberton marched from ManipuT. The Nagas were at this time in the habit of raiding British villages in North Cachar. The Raja of Manipur and Tularam ::ienapati being unable in any way to comply with the British request to keep them under proper control, it was decided to bring some pressure to bear upon the Naga tribes by sending expeditions. By 1850, no less than 10 expeditions were sent into the hills, as the Nagas went on their depredation on the plains. In the meantime, an outpost Was established at Samaguting in 1346-47 under a resolute and determined man, Bhogchand Daroga. To avenge the subsequent . murders of the daroga with his sepoys and coolies, two expeditions were sent in J 849-50. So strong was the defence of the fOlt at Khonoma that though the guns were finaUy brought within 75 yards they did no appreciable damage. The expeditions, however, finally succeeded and marched through the hills, burning several villages which opposed t~eir progress or declined to furnish them with supplies. The troops were then withdrawn from the hills and it was determined for the future to abstain from all interference with the Nagas. The policy was thus laid down by the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie in a minute:- " Hereafter we should confine ourselves to our own ground ; protect it as it can and must be protec- ted; not middle in the feuds (lr fights of these ...... encourage trade with them as long as they are peaceful towards us; and rigidly exclude them from all communication either to sell what they have got, or to buy what they want if they should become turbulent or troublesome." It was, however, one thing to say that we would have no dealings with the Nagas, another to prevent the Nagas from having any dealings with our people. The protection of that long line of jungle covered frontier proved to be impossi ble. After the policy of non-intervention was definitely adopted, no less than 22 Naga raids occurred, in which 55 persons were killed, 10 wounded and 113 taken captive. The policy of non-in terference was given a fair trial, but it soon proved to be unsuccessful. The local officers repeatedly urged upon the Government the necessity of taking a more vigorous line. In 1862, the Commissioner of Assam brought the matter prominently before the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, stating that it was not creditable to Government that such atrocities should recur annually with unvarying certainty and that Government should be powerless alike to protect their subjects or to, punish the aggressors. It was quite certain that relations with the Nagas could not be on a . worse footing. Decision to abandon the policy of non-interference was taken in 1866, but in practice little effect was given to it. Further raids in 1866 again brought the Naga question into notice. The Government of India, thereupon, sanctioned the establishment of a strong post ur,der Lieutenant Gregory at Samaguting in 1866. This had the effect for a time of stopping raids upon British territory. The first steps for th€ formal annexation of the Naga Hills were taken in 1874 when Captain Butler definitely took three villages under his protection on agreement to pay revenue to Government in token of their submis sion. The example once set was soon followed by others. In August, 1876, the Chief Commissioner again invited the attention of the Government of India to the continual aggressions of the Angamis and. more especially of the men of Khonoma and Mozema, upon Naga communities living under Manipur and to the state of perpetual warfare which prevailed amongst the tribes. During the two preceding years, six_ iii vill~ges had been plundered and 334 persons killed chiefly by Khonoma and Mozema. The Government of Indta agreed that steps should be taken to repress these outrages. Mozema was captured and burnt by British forces in 1877. In the same year, the Secretary of State agreed to the proposal that the headquarters statton should be moved into some locality in the interior of the hills and that the district staff should be strengthened, so as to admit of the more efficient management of the tribes. In 1878, Kohima was occupied without opposition and by this time 16 Naga villages had tendered their submission. Soon there was unrest in Khonoma, necessitating punitive measures in 1880. A party of beleaguered Nagas marched tc? Baladhan, a tea garden in Cachar, 80 miles as the crow flies from Khonoma, attacked the factory at night, kIlled the Manager and 16 of his labourers, burning down everything in the place and returning to their original position with such plunder as they could obtain. Khonama at last submitted and was a sessed to house-tax at the rate of Rs.2 per house. The process of pacification and the extension of British rule was steadily continued. For some time, however, small punitive expenditions were a regular feature of the district administration. None of these expeditions met with any serious opposition and there was no re petitions of the painful incidents of the seventies. In 1885, Mr. McCahe made promenade through the Ao cou~ltry and met with no serious opposition, and, in 1889, this country was incorporated within the boun. darIes ?f the district. Since 1892, it was necessary to despatch only one regular punitiv elCpendition though from tlme to time it was nec~ssary to puni.sh villages which decli.ned to surrender the actual persons guilty ~f a murder. POPULATION There has not been any marked change in the public health of the district; it can be called on the whole to have been fair. The only diseases that break out in an epidemic form are small-pox and hill diarrhoea. During the decade Naga Hills suffered the worst catastrophe in its history in the shape of the Japa nese invasion of India. The Japanese invaders came as far as Kohima town in April 1944. In their attempt to dislodge the Japanese from their hill strongholds into which they had dug themselves, the Allies subjected Kohima and neighbouring villages to heavy aerial bombardment repeatedly. As a result most of the houses at Kohima and elsewhere were destroyed or damaged. The district has not yet fully recovered from the ravages of the Second World War. Its present population is 205,950, against 189,641 in 1941, (it has gajned 16,309 in the decade against an increase of 10,797 in the previous decade) which is larger than that of the Lushai Hills district. Tne percentage rate of variation is 8·6, higher than the 6 per cent. of the previous decade. Though this i .. the lowest rate among the autonomous districts, as found in the case of Naga Hills in all the previous censuses, it is a definite improvement on the previous decade and is almost as good as the rate of increase in 1921-31 which was actually 8·9 per cent. only against the nominal rate of 12·62 shown against it. (Paragraph 32, page 27,1931 Census Report). The increase has been shared in a : Considering the above views as too emphatic I referred the matter to Shri S. J. ))uncan, I. A. s., the present Deputy Commissioner, Naga Hills, for favouring me with his considered views on the subject. According to him the "opinion expressed in 1931 holds good to-day after full 20 years. Pressure on land continues to be great, especially in areas where Jhum cultivation is on a large scale. The Semas are migrating to better pastures where such are available outside the district. Some of them established in the de-populated ranges near the plains about 15 or 20 years ago are still struggling hard against heat, malaria and wild animals. The battle is not won yet. The soil is losing its fertility and the yield of the crops lowered. Recourse to wet or terrace rice cultivation has not been as wide as it could have been desired. It is difficult to change the age-long practice of any tribe in 10 or 15 years!' These views of the present Deruty Commissioner who has been in his district for nearly three years give ample evidence of the state of affaIrs apprehended ever since J 921 about the ever increasing pressure of population on soil in the N aga Hills. ' The Nagas The principal tribes of the Nagas living in the district of the Naga HiIls are the Angamis, the Aos, the Semas and the Lhotas ; and after them, but longo intervallo, come the Kaccha Nagas and the Rengmas. The most war-like and important of these tribes are the Angamis who occupy the country in the neighbour hood of Kohima. North of them come the Rengmas, then the Lhotas, while north and east of the Lhotas are the Aos whose villages stretches up to the Dikhu river. The Semas live east of the Rengmas and the Aos. The only other tribes that are found in any numbers in the district are the Kacharis and the Kukis. Full detals regarding the manners and customs of these various tribes of the Nagas will be found in the authoritative monographs of Dr. Hutton and Mr. Mills. They have dealt with the Angami-, Sema-, Lhota-, and Ao-Nagas intensively and these four tribes can now be compared and contrasted upon evidence which has been very carefully and laboriously collected. These monographs have a permanent value as a record of one of the most interesting surviving groups of primitive tribes. Among the various tribes of the Nagas, marked differences of physical type are traceable everywhere, even between the individuals of the same tribe. The Angamis are tall and well-proportioned, the Tengima and Meme sub-tribes having straight eyes and nose sometimes even acquiline. Their features are in any case far more regular than the Mongolian-lookIng Serna who tends to a flat nose and oblique eyes and a short squat figure. The Angamis are also distinguished by huge calves, for which no explanation is afforded by local conditions as compared with other tribes, such as the Semas and the Changs. The big call is also typical of the Kuki, who is otherwise, however, much more stocky in build. In colour there is much variation and difference of altitude by no means accounts for all of it. There are generally three types-a straight-haired light brown, a wavy-haired brown and a crisp-haired dark brown, corresponding to Ratzel's division of the races of Indonesia. Generally the predominant colour is red and this is most popular. black and white being considered unbecoming, though black more so than white. The 'fair and sallow' type is found at all altitudes; it appears even more among the Aos and Konyaks than among Manipuris and Kukis. The children everywhere have rusty reddish hair turning black later. Food and dress.-The staple food of the people is rice, but the Nagas eat meat whenever they can get i1J..~ . that-it--~·F€laehe6. Beef and pork are probably more often eaten than other kinds of flesh, but this is only because they are more easily procurable. R.easted dog is-much .@steem@Ei, aad, 8:flaJ t nom milk,·~-hardly---anythlsg-which/~will-ft9t eat. When a cow is killed the bones are not thrown away till every particle of flesh has been gnawed off them. All the tribes consume enormous quantities of rice beer, which seems to serve as food as well as drink. The dress of the Nagas varies KORl G@l'6te a eemparati"ely high.Jigur.e, both from the point of view of quantity and quality. The dress of the naked Nagas, who live in the extreme north-east corner of the district, consists of a few strips of blackened cane or a broad strip of white bark, bound tightly rOllnd the waist, a large tail of bark being often left hanging down behind. The Angami Naga, on the other v band, wilt wear in the winter as many as four large Shawls, which afford a re~ny efficient protection ag:"inst 1the'CoKt. Their 'Small blue kilts are often embroidered with cowries; and theIr gaily-coloured cane gaIters, their ornaments of pigs' tushes, and their collarettes and armlets of goats' hair dyed flaming red, are remarkably effective and picturesque. , . The c1:~ are strong and warm, and are generally of a distinctly -picturesque and. pkasing patte~n • . The miniature ki!lt worn by the Angamis as a loin cloth is made of dark- blue thread, and IS often embrOId ered with cowries. Their outer cloth has generally a dark-blue body, with a broad border of green and <>range, or red and yellow stripes. Under this they wear a white doth, with a border of h'lue or red. The Semas and Lhotas genera:lIy wear cloths made of broad stripes of white and blue, while blue and red is the favourite colour of the Aos. The Kacha Nagas affect a White Cloth with a narrow 'border of madder and blue. Villages llndhouses,-The Naga villages are very different from the straggling groves of plantains, palms, tiL'l'ld bamboos, towhich, in the plains, this name is usually applied. They are general'ly 'built along the tops of hills, and in the old days of inter-tribal feuds were strongly fortified and entered through a village gate. In the plains of Assam it is often hard to say where one village ends and the next begins; but there is none -of this uncertainty in the Naga Hills. The village is like a little town whiCh often stands out sharp against the sky 'line, and it 'possesses distinct and definite village lands which are cultivated by its inhabitants, or are sometimes let to their less fortunate neighbours. The villages, which are usually large, as a rule occupy the most commanding points along the "ridges, and the approaches to them are ex:ceedingly pretty. Broad roads, bordered with grass and low shrubs, lead up. through avenues of fine trees, to the main entrance, which is generally very strongly guarded by two or three panjied ditches, running right across the ridge and stockaded on the inner bank. The Naga villages are generally dirty, the cattle, fowls and pigs all live in the house inhabited by the family. and there is genera:Ily a great heap of manure in the courtyard. The houses are packed close together, and there"are no 'fruit trees, bamboos, or gardens round them. But this absence of vegetation has :no doubt a most salutary effect, as it leaves the place exposed to the purifying influence of the -sun and air. Amongrt the Aos and Lhotas the houses are generally arranged in regular streets along the tops of the ridge. The Angamis and the Semas place their houses in any locality within the village wall that seems convenient. The hill on which Khonoma stands is very steep, and the houses are built on little terraces along the sides. The roof of one house is often several feet below the plinth of its next-door neighbour, and some of the village paths are quite precipitous. Building land becomes more and more scarce with the passage of time. The Naga house is almost invariably dark and dirty, but the style of building differs very considerably amongst the different tribes. The Angami house is faced with planks and has a thatched roof that slopes from the ridge pole to within a few feet of the ground. The houses of other tribes differ to some extent from those of the Angamis and are described at length in the various monographs of the Naga tribes. Occupations.-The occupations of the tribes of Naga Hills, or for that matter any hill district in Assam, practically begin and end with agriculture. According to the 1951 Census, 94 per cent. of the people in Naga Hills were supported by various forms of agriculture. Even at the beginning of the century agriculture was the meaD'S of livelihood of 93 per cent of the population. The ordinary method of agriculture practised is jhum cultivation. A considerable area is jhumed by the Angami Nagas, but their desire for rice, which ,does not do well in jhums at an elevation of more than 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, and the pressure of population on the soil, has driven them to adopt the system of terraced cultivation. The slopes of the hills below their villages are cut out into a succession of terraces, which are irrigated from the hill streams, whose water is carefully distributed through little channels over every step in the series. When the slope is fairly gentle these terraces are sometimes nearly twenty yards in breadth and not more than two feet high; but fields as large as this are by no means common. The average terrace is more than three feet high, and is not more than three or four yards wide, and is often built up with stone retaining walls. In places these stone walls are as much as five feet high, in places the terraces are not more than two feet wide, and as they have to follow the contour of the hill-side they are never of any considerable length. An ample supply of water is an absolute necessity for terraced cultivation, and, where this is to be had, fields are cut out on slopes which are almost precipitous in their steepness. This system of terraced cultiva ~ion was probably introduced from the south, and without it the large and populous Angami villages co:)ld not exist, as they have not sufficient land in their vicinity to support them by the wasteful system of jhuming. The initallabour required to make these terraced fields is very great, but, once made, they give less :trouble than a jhum. They are close to the village site, and jungle clearing is not necessary. Many of these vi terraces are almost entirely dep.:ndent on the rainfall, and fields which can be kept under water during the cold weather are particularly valuable. This irrigated rice is raised in the same way as the sali dhan of Assam. The Angamis generally store their grain in the house in huge baskets about four feet high and proportio nately wide, but most of the tribes keep it in granaries outside the village, from fear of fire or rats. There is nothing, except his sense of honour and the severity of the punishment that would follow on detection, to-. prevent a man from helping himself to his neighbour's grain; and the existence of this custom is a striking testimony to the high standard of honesty observed in their relations with one another. This system of cultivation of wet rice is the most striking difference between the Angamis on the one hand and their neigh bours on the North-Lhotas, Semas, Aos and trans-Dikhu and trans-Tiju tribes, who take recourse only to- . jhuming. Among other crops the Nagas raise cucumhers, gourds, a bean not unlike a large variety of French bean and a little indigo intended solely for home use. Potatoes are chiefly grown by foreign settlers in the neighbourhood of Kohima. The Nagas are not such radicals and progressives as the Khasis and are not so. ready to abandon the traditions of their ancestors. Cotton is grown by the Lhota Nagas on the lower hills. The livestock of the Nagas consist of mithun, cattle, pigs and dogs, the latter being included as they are a favourite article of food. There is no dearth of grazing ground, they are never worked, and as they are not milked, the calf does not buffer from want of proper nourishment. I Arts and Industries.-The industries practised in the hills are small and unimportant. Nearly all the cloths worn by the Nagas are made at home by the women. The Naga waist-loom is of the simplest charac ter and consists of little more than a f-:w sticks, on which the warp is supported. Village blacksmiths make daos, spear-heads, hoes and knives from imported iron. Nearly all the tribes make baskets and mats of split bamboo, and the Angamis store their rice in huge baskets about 4 feet high and of a proportionately wide girth. Salt is made at the brine wells of the Kacha Naga village of Lakema. The water is evaporated in iron cauldrons, but the cost of the firewood is heavy ~nd salt is many times costlier than the imported article. It is very dirty, and is evidently full of impurities, but that appears to be an additional attraction to the Nagas. It is regarded as a luxury and is only used to suck between sips of their national beverage, zu. Salt is also manufactured in considerable quantities in the villages of Melomi and Primi. INTRODUCTINC THE STATISTICS In the past, village statistics for each district used to be printed after the Census, giving the population of each village and showing the distribution of communities and of literate persons. In view of the impor tance of the 1951 Census, at which in addition to the usual population data, valuable information was • collected concerning the social and economic life of the people, it was decided to publish a Di§trict Census Handbook containing the more important Census abstracts and tables. The Primary Census Abstract gives the details of each village by the 8 Livelihood Classes. There are five general population tables of the' A' Series, three economic tables of the 'B' Series, five household and age (sample) tables of the 'C' Series, seven social and cultural tables of the 'D' Series and one table 'E' giving summary figures for the district and Subdivisions. As far as possible, these tables furnish district data with break-up for Census tracts within the district. At the 1951 Census, the economic classification was substituted for the classification based on rdigion. The people have been divided into two broad livelihood categories, namely, the agricultural classes and the _non-agricultural classes. There are four agricultural classes defined as below: I. Cultivators of land wholly or mainly owned and their dependants. II. Cultivators of land wholly or mainly un-owned and their dependants. III. Cultivating labourers and their dependants. IV. Non-cultivating owners of land, agricultural rent receivers and their dependants. There are similarly four non-agricultural classes defined as persons (including dependants) who derive their principal me~ns of livelihood from- V. Production other than cultivation. VI. Commerce. VII. Transport. vii VIII. Other services and miscellaneous sources. The above eight classes have been referred to as livelihood classes. Each of the above eight livelihood classes has been divided intI) three sub-classes with reference to the economic status as below:- (i) Self-supporting Persons; (ii) Non-earning Dependants; and (iii) Earning Dependants (i) A 'Self-supporting Person' is one who earns an income in cash or kind sufficient at least for his own maintenance. (ii) A 'Non-earning Dependant' is a person who has no income of his own either in cash or in kind. (iii) An 'Earning Dependant' is a person who earns a regular (not casual) income not sufficient even for his own maintenance. It includes seasonal income also. All self-supporting persons are, ordinarily, economically active. But there are certain classes and groups which constitute an exception to this rule. These are mentioned below:- (i) All self-supporting persons of Agricultural Class IV. (ii) The following groups of self-supporting persons who are included in Non-agricultural Class VIII, and derive their principal means of livelihood from miscellaneous sources (otherwise than through economic activity):- . (a) Non-working owners of non-agricultural property, (b) Pensioners and remittance holders, (c) Persons living on charity and other persons with unproductive occupations, and (d) Inmates of penal institutions and asylums. Economically active persons engaged in industries and services are classified in economic Table B.I1I into the ten divisions and 88 subdivisions and are further divided into three sections, namely:- (i) Employers, (ii) Employees, and (iii) Independent Workers. A person is treated ;as an 'Employer' only if he has necessarily to employ any person in order to carryon the btlsiness from which he secures his livelihood, provided that employee is regularly employed and derives his Principal Means of Livelihood by such employment. Part-time or casual employment which does not provide the Principal Means Jof Livelihood of the employee is not taken into account. A person employing a cook or other servants for domestic services is not an employer. An 'Employee' is a person who ordinarily works under some other person for a salary or wage in cash or kind, as the means of earning his livt>lihood. Managers, Superintendents, Agents, etc., and all Govern ment servants are recorded as employees only, even thoJgh they may have power of employing or appointing subordinate officers or assistants. An 'Independent Worker' means a person who is not employed by anyone else and who does not employ anybody else in order to earn his livelihood. The Age (Sample) tables were prepared from the original enumeration slips by taking a ten per cent. sample in accordance with the instructions of the Registrar General, India. The 'D' Series social and cultural tables include Table D-V relating to the displaced persons giving particulars about their arrival into India. Table D-VI gives details of the non-Indian nationals and Table D-Vn is designed to show the distribution of educated man-power among the different livelihood classes. Important population data for the district and the thanas have been summarised in Table 'E' which also gives the classification of the people by livelihood classes. The main Report of the 1951 Census for the States of Assam, Tripura and Manipur will be found in two parts entitled "Census of India, 1951--Volume XII-Assam, Manipur and Tripura". Part I contains an analY'lis of the statistics collected and Part II statistics arranged in different tables for the States, their natural divisions and districts. In addition to these Volumes there are National Registers of Citizens prepared for every village and ward and maintained in manuscript giving important census details for each person. These registers are preserved as permanent records in the district headquarters. From the data collected at the Census of the Small-scale Industries, three tables were prepared which are included in this Handbook, giving village or wardwise distribution of small-scale indutsriaI establishments, employment in textile establishments for Census tracts and employment in nontextile· establishments for the same tracts. While the accuracy in respect of the details actually recorded by the Enumerators during the Census of the small-scale Industries has been reported to be good, the District Officers were of the view that there was a tendency towards under enumeration of the establishments, due to the failure of the enumerating staff to make znt~nsive efforts to discover all establishments within the areas allotted to them. The figures in the tables for the Small-scale Industries should, therefore, be regarded as illustrative of the nature of small industries prevalent in the different parts of the district and should not be relied upon as giving an accurate number of specific type of establishments in different localities. viii CENSUS TRACT-SAMPLE POPULAnON AND D1SPLA~D PERSONS Census statistics ()f the Urban and ·rural population can be studied in various ways. The .results -of such studies in comparing the conditions and characteristics of the urban and rural people in the matter of births deaths, sex composition, sanitation, levels of living, etc., would be of great v-alue in economic planning and development of social welfare work in the State and its different parts. Each district was, theref Tract No. Area in square 'mile Population 9 Naga Hills Rural Tract 4,272 201,825 3 Kohima Town 4 4,125 Total 4,276 205,950 In several Tables the term 'Sample Population' has been used. This sample was drawn according to the following instruction of the Registrar~General of India. Enumeration was done on pads of 100 slips each, a slip containing the record of an individual. "Break each pad and stack the slip'J of the pad; and "cue' the stack as in a card game. Place the lower portion above the upper portion and then deal the slips into the pigeon holes. You should deal the slips into pigeon holes in the order of I, 2, 3, 4. 5, 'S' 6, 7, 8 and 9 successively. All the time, you should watch the slips of 'Displaced Persons'. If you come across any slip of a displaced person deal it in the pigeon hole separately labelled for 'Displaced Persons'. Thus there were three bundles; (ij General Slips, i. e., Slips combined for holes labelled for I, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 (ii) Sample Slips, i. e., Slips in the hole marked'S' and (iii) Displaced Penons. Hence it will be seen that the sample is not a sample of the total population but of the latter excluding the 'Displaced Population'. The check factors for the sample population are :- 1,000 S/G Rural Total =110'91 1,000 S/G Urban Total =111'29 1,000 SIG District Total =110'91 A 'Displaced Person' was defined by the Registrar-General of India as follows:- A 'Displaced Person' means any person who has entered India having left or being compelled to leave his or her home in Western Pakistan on or after the 1st March, 1947 or his/her home in Eastern Pakistan on or after the 15th October, 1946 on account of civil disturbances or the fear of such disturbances or on account of the setting up of the two Dominions of India and Pakistan." INSTRUCTIONS FOR TABULATION OF VILLAGE NOTES Important information for every village was separately recorded on printed forms and has been incorporated in columns 3 and 4 of Prim:lry Census Abstract using the symbols given below:- 1. Floods.~No entry if the village is not liable to flood, write "f" if it is liable to flood of any category. 2. Epidemics.-No entry if the village is not subject to any epidemics. If you find entries like Ch~lera, Small-pox, Kala·azar, Malaria, write Ch, Sp, Ka or Mal. For all other epidemics mentioned in this column, enter it in full. 3. Water Supply- A-The village has a source of water supply provided by the Government or Local Board. B-Natural source~ of supply like rivers and bils. C-Private supply. D-Acute scarcity. Underlined, it will indicate that quality of the drinking water is bad. 4. Medic(llFacilities- A-The village has a Local Board or Government regular dispensary within 5 miles radius. B-There is no regular dispensary but a Public Health Dispensary within 5 miles radius. C-There is no dispensary but a private quaiified doctor within 5 miles radius. D-No medical facilities of any sort. S. 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Q ... ~ .. GI 0 ...; == ""1:1 z !.a...... -< ...... !:!~ ...,<:> co . IN ~ .! .5 I I ~ ...... ~ lY I .....<:> ~ :i -< .;.~ ...... <:> S 0 I ... .a I ..0 ..., ...; - >- III III I ... } I'd I ~ .... I.t) :B~ '"...... "'"I "CI <: i 0 I'd I I f I c ... 0 ...; I III 1, ...... , u ~~ 0 " II A .... .a <' l <: i I ~ ~ ..... M l ~ ...... III 0 ~ .... C" ..... "1:1 I .CI f -...,..., ...... :: ~ i I.t) ..,I.t) I.t), ~ .. M ..; .~ i I <' 57 1 ;;!; I "" " I t- I ~ ( .., r ~ ~ I I !e cg I J1 :P I ~ , ... I I "" ... I' : I - l- I ~ I ~ i : ~ r J ~ I ~ I : : J ~l\ ~ ~ I ::0 I ::" ..... :i ~ U) I ... "" '"0- I ~ .... ..,U) I ...~ ... ~" B I ~ ,._ -II) I -~ ~ I t I ::0 -$S I ~ ~ I ~ I " 0 I I ~ ; I :: I ! ~ I ~ I - I ;:; I 0 0 I !: Ij I: : I - I : ! ~ ... ;l; I r~~ I I .,l ~ £ I 1 0 ... ~ ;:3 i .,.; ... I ~ Ct) <: I "'" "" I ~ l I I I _ r ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~ ~ l i 1i ~ I :: I ...., u .~ o 58 C-IV-AGE AND LITERACY Details of partially literates (i. e. those who can read a simple letter but cannot write one) included in the figures of illiterates shown in the main table. Displaced person Total population ,--- _.__ Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Number and name 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75 and Dot sta- of Tract over ted ,-~ r--"--., ,-.A.-., ~ ~-. r--"--. r--"--. ,-A.-. ~ r-A-., ,-'""-, Total Able to Able to Able to Able to Able to Able to Able to Able to Able to Able to Able to read read read ,read read read read read read read read Per~ M F M F M II M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F sons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 Naga HilIs Rural 18 12 6 12 6 1 .. 3 2 4 1 2 . . 2 2 .. 1 .. Tract (9) Kohima Town (3) .. nil ...... 59 C-IV-AGE AND UTERACy Total Population .------~ District Naga HiJIs Total Literate Illiterate r-- ---. -v------.A. Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 ,~ 5 6 7 8 2,05,950 1,03,104 1,02,846 15,320 5,912 87,784 96,934 RURAL TRACT- Naga Hills Tract No.9 2,01,825 1,00,732 1,01,093 13,954 5,639 86,778 95,454 URBAN TRACT- Kohima Town Tract No.3 4,125 2,372 1,753 1,306 273 1,006 1,480 Displaced ______.A-__ ~ District Displaced persons Age-0-4 Age-5-9 NAGA HILLS ,-______.A.. ______---. ,-______..A.. ______--., Total Literat.e Illiterate Total Total Literate Illiterate ..----'-----... ..----'-----.. ,---A---. r---"---, r--"-----... ,---..A..----., ,..---.A.-...--., M F M F M F M F M F M F M F 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 194 139 110 53 84 86 8 3 23 16 23 16 RURAL TRACT- Naga Hills Tract No.9 182 130 98 44 84 86 8 3 23 16 23 16 URBANTRACf- Kohima Town Tract No.3 12 9 12 9 Displaced Age-l0-14 Age-15-24 District Jo...______~ NAGA HILLS Total Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate r---"---., r---"----. ,---.A.._-, ,-.-.A.._--., ,---..,A__~ ,_.A._~ M F M F M F .M F M F M F 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 :n 32 33 34 22 20 11 8 II 12 60 43 44 25 16 18 RURAL TRACT- Naga Hills Tract No.9 21 16 10 1 11 12 55 40 39 22 16 18 URBAN TRACT- Kohima Town Tract No.3 1 4 1 4 5 3 5 3 Displaced r------. Age-25-34 Age-35-44 Distnct r- -.,---__---A-- -. NAGA HILLS Total Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate ~ ,---.A.._, ,.--.A._-. ,..----"------, ,..----"---, ,..-----'---., M F M F M F M F M F M F 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 39 22 26 8 13 14 27 15 17 .) 10 10 RURAL TRACT- Naga Hills Tract No.9 36 22 23 8 13 14 2S 14 15 4 10 10 URBAN TRACT- Kohima Town Tract No.3 3 .3 2 1 2 1 60 C-IV-AGE AND LlTERACY-contd. Displaced .--____~ ______..A..______, Age-45-54 Age-55-64 District ,------""------_.----.,,.------....___-_.------., NAGA HILLS Total Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate ,---"----, ,_.A_--, ,--"----, ,--....___--, ,-..A--, ,--'----. M F M F M F M F M F M F 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 9 8 7 2 2 6 4 9 3 4 5 RURAL TRACT- l\iaga Hills Tract No.9 9 8 7 2 2 6 3 8 2 3 5 URBAN TRACT- Kohima Town Tract No.3 1 Displaced ___.A- ______~ l- Age-65-74 'Age-75 and over Age not stated District ,.---_A-___ --, ,-___..A.-. ___ --, ,-----..A..-___ -., NAGA HILLS Total Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate ,-.Jo--., ,-.A.--, ,-"---, ,-..A---, ,--"---, ,.--A-, ,-.A---, ,--"---, ,..-A---, MFMF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF 59 (>0 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 2 1 2 1 2 2 R.URAL TRACT- Naga Hills Tract No.9' 2 1 2 1 2 2 URBAN TRACT- Kohima Town Tract No.3 61 Naga Hills :-C. V. SINGLE YEAR AGE RETURNS (SaJDple Slips) Naga HiHs (Total figures) .Age Reo Male Female Age Reo Male Female Age Reo Male Female Age Reo Male Female turns turns turns turns o 184 201 1 247 223 26 107 100 51 29 26 76 1 2 2 340 356 27 107 89 52 44 40 77 4 2 3 321 356 28 177 141 53 36 32 78 15 10 4 360 328 29 78 82 54 24 41 79 4 2 5 363 350 30 357 192 55 70 47 80 74 65 6 3BO 409 31 44 171 56 28 26 81 5 5 7 235 245 32 107 283 57 14 19 82 5 8 8 409 350 33 51 161 58 ti2 36 83 8 13 9 205 208 34 68 108 59 23 16 84 3 1 10 434 319 35 135 118 60 157 196 85 17 13 11 132 253 36 76 77 61 10 12 86 3 1 12 348 166 37 45 112 62 . 29 32 87 3 6 13 181 %04 38 131 125 63 27 23 88 2 3 14 273 267 39 62 1 64 12 35 89 2 2 15 243 217 40 449 197 65 63 42 90 29 23 16 187 402 41 44 155 66 13 7 91 2 17 99 205 42 82 125 67 15 11 92 4 4 18 248 1%0 43 58 145 68 20 24 93 1 3 19 71 113 44 28 34 69 10 7 94 3 1 20 341 344 45 202 148 70 98 108 95 6 9 21 63 59 55 43 71 6 2 96 3 1 22 131 112 47 29 41 72 25 15 97 1 1 23 95 97 48 91 84 73 12 12 98 5 2 24 112 32 49 31 39 74 4 2 99 1 25 236 279 50 251 253 75 30 31) 100 33 21 Age not stated.- .28 25 Total 10,226 10,303 62 NAGA HILLS C-·V-Single year age Returns Age Males Famales Age Males Females Age Males Females Age Males Females Returns Returns Returns Returns 0 176 193 Rural Tract(9) 1 243 215 26 104 100 51 29 26 76 1 2 2 334 352 27 103 88 52 44 39 77 4 2 , 3 316 348 28 170 135 53 36 32 78 14 10 4 355 318 29 74 82 54 22 41 79 4 2 5 395 341 30 347 18:1 55 69 47 80 74 65 6 373 402 31 43 171 56 28 24 81 5 5- 7 229 237 32 106 282 57 14 18 82 5 a 8 404 346 33 51 158 58 62 36 83 8 13 9 202 206 34 68 107 59 22 16 84 3 1 It) 430 316 35 126 116 60 157 195 85 17 U 11 130 252 36 75 77 61 20 12 86 3 1 12 339 160 37 45 112 62 29 32 87 3 6 13 176 202 38 123 124 63 27 23 88 2 3 14 268 264 39 62 1 64 12 35 89 .2 2 15 236 212 40 441 191 65 63 42 90 29 22 16 180 396 41 44 154 66 13 7 91 2 17 95 197 42 82 124 67 15 11 92 4 4 18 237 115 43 57 144 68 20 24 93 1 3 19 62 111 44 27 34 69 10 7 94 3 1 20 325 334 45 199 147 70 98 108 95 6 9 21 58 57 46 54 43 71 6 2 96 3 1 22 122 107 47 29 41 72 25 14 97 1 1 23 94 93 48 91l 83 73 12 12 98 5 2 24 105 30 49 28 39 74 4 2 99 1 25 230 275 50 246 253 75 30 30 100 33 21 Age not stated 28 25 Total 9,990 10,128 KQhima Town (3) 0 8 8 1 4 8 26 3 51 76 2 6 4 27 4 1 52 1 77 3 5 8 28 7 6 53 78 1 4 5 10 29 4 54 2 79 5 4 9 30 10 6 55 1 80 6 7 7 31 1 56 2 81 7 6 8 32 1 1 57 1 82 8 5 4 33 3 58 83 9 3 2 34 1 59 1 84 10 4 3 35 9 2 60 1 85 H 2 l 36 1 61 86 12 9 6 37 62 87 13 5 2 38 8 1 63 88 14 5 3 39 64 89 15 7 5 40 8 6 65 90 1 16 7 6 41 1 66 Total 236 175 17 4 8 42 1 67 18 11 5 43 1 1 68 19 9 2 44 1 69 20 16 10 45 3 1 70 21 5 2 46 1 7] 22 9 5 47 7~ 1 23 1 4 48 1 1 73 24 7 2 49 3 74 25 6 4 50 5 75 63 .... -0 I .... I co I ~ I <::> ...... Q\ co S:I,WW:l1I ...... r .... :;;l I ~ I .... I <::>~~ I <::>~ ;:! "" G[Um:l1I co I I.,., I .... .,.,.... "" ~ co { ~ f:ltllW ... I I I"" I "" ~ ...... L , .... I eo S j ~I I I .... 1 ...."" J.; S:lIllW:l1I I J i ....~ ,r "" ""~ I ""~ tIO ...... I .... I ... 1.1) Q I ~ I S;JIllN eo .... -< ...... "" .... I ~, "" ..... ~ S:JIllW ... I ;::~ I "...... cO 1 ~ I l eo Q\ <::> 1 ~ I S;)IllW:l1I ...... "'"~ l 01 r "" ~ 1 I I 1.1) s -0 bD I 0: 1 .,., ... f ...... s:: ~ GIllN -0 -0 .... ""'~ s:JIllm:J II -0 I~ ... c::'" I '" 1 :. I .,;... L "" I .... I ,~ I I~ I "" tIO co "".... s:: I;)IWW:l1I ..... oN <0 1 1 .21 I~ I ~ U -0 1 .,., .... .,.,1 ... N J S;)I1lW .... "" co <::> .... I -0 , eo~ GlllN .,., <::> ....."" L I~ ... ~~ I ...~ f eo "" -0 I", .,., -"I S;)IllW:l1I ..... l 1 01 GI .... 1:_/ "'" ::I I § ~ "'" bI) I ~ .,., .,.,"'" "" fI.) == S;)[llW ...... 0 ...... I~...... :I ~ f .,., l , "'" ...:I I S;)lllW:l1I ~ I ""<::> to:. .... 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"'"..... ::oJ, I • S;)I1~W;>1I ~ ..., Q ~ ." <:> ..... I S;)IllW ..... l S;)IllW ..... l I r '0:\ ..... eo> I S;)IllW;)1I ....."" r S;)IllW;)1{ .....0 ~ :;l I I :;l I ...:I ... "'0' J ...... ~ I S;)I11W ..... "'" ::> .... ." j ..... I .... \C> L S"'IllPi! 0 I ( ...... <:> l I S;)Ill~1I ..... I ...... ~ r <:> ·s j 0\ .... I .... 'c S;)IllW;Jd ...<:> I S;)IllW .....<:> f! I ~'" I ,..! IN l .<:: S"'lllW t- I ...... IN '" i 0\ \0 U ...... ( S:JIllW;)co{ <:> "" l .<:: .... bI),.,., I 1i ;:l r ." IN ..., I -< <:> S;)lllW:lci "" I ""0\ S:lIllW .... :§ I 5~._. be l 0 .... co ..., i S;)IllW ." .... ~ I 0- l ~ r s;JIllW;).i "'"0\ ~ :E ~ u I S;)lllW ." IN IN l 0\ S;)IllW;)1I IN j -{r '" III r- E-< J ...... ,t- l S:lIllW '" "" <:> <:> r 0 0 "3 0 IN I S:I[ll~d ~ -{ "" bI) '" ..., ::: <:> t- os I IN <:> ...... S;)11lW IN IN (.) i-< <0'" os l ~ .... 0 ~ .s::"'0 til '"S ... z'" (.) ~'" ....0 ~ ... "0 0 '"u '0 E Z s:: .!!. 13 ~ .!l I) :::: os I) ~ ~ ~ ::c: -til E-t ~ ., fill bI)'" s ~ .. '" ~ If ] 8 z :;l z ::l :.a l ..., 1 i 0- ~ '" ~ 67 DISTRICT Naga Hills D-I-Languages (ii) Bilingualism Total persons Subsidiary Language returned as ~peak ing a langugge sub Number and name of Tract Mother tongue TOTal sidiary to that speakers shown in column 1 (i) To~al Ao 48,608 5,524 359 5,164 ------~-- 48,44.5 5,446 348 5,097 Rural Tract 9 " 163 78 11 67 Urban Tract 3 " Total Chakisang 25,688 199 50 148 25,676 19b aO 145 1 Rural 9 " 12 3 Urban 3 " 3 • Total Zeiang 6,602 159 24 134 6,588 24 125 1 Rural 9 " 14 9 Urban 3 " 9 Total Kuki 2,478 253 46 197 10 ., Rural 9 .' 2,391 216 32 174 10 37 Urban 3 " 87 14 23 Total Hindi 809 435 .. 385 45 2 2 697 419 371 1 45 2 Rural 9 " .. lIZ 16 14 2 Urban 3 " ------Total Chang 532 17 17 .. 532 17 Rural 9 " 17 " Nil Urban 3 " Total Kakha 910 325 325 '.' 862 315 315 Rl1ral9 " 48 10 10 Urban 3 " Total Kachari 1,150 833 6 825 2 •• 1,121 811 1109 Rural 9 " 29 22 16 llrban 3 " 68 Total persons Subsidiary Languages returned as speak- ,------...... ------""" Total ing a hnguage sub Number and name of Tract Mother tongue speakers sidiary to that shown in column I (i) (ii) (iii) Total Miri 8 2 2 6 Rural 9 " 2 2 2 Urban 3 " Total Jarua ------_._4 3 3 Rural 9 4 3 3 " Total Pusthu 45 13 13 45 13 13 Rural 9 " Total Gurmukhi 4 2 2 Rural 9 4 2 2 Total Mech 9 5 5 Rural 9 9 5 5 Total Yimsungr 39 1 I Rural 9 " 39 Total Tangkhul 420 7 3 403 1 1 Rural 9 " Urban 3 17 7 3 4 " Total English 16 11 7 4 10 7 5 2 Rural!t " 6 4 2 2 Urban 3 " Total Urdu 11 11 7 Rural 9 5 5 4 6 6 6 Urban 3 " Total Urang 2 I Rural 9 2 1 1 " Total Lushei 4 4 1 I Urban 3 " 69 Total persom Subsidiary languages returned as speak r------"------. Total ing II language Number and name of Tract Mother tongue speakers subsidiary to that v ... shown in ~ ::s S "2 column I :.c '2"" btl .: ;;l oj .: <1) (1) (ii) (iii) if: < ~ ~ . Total Serna 39,618 1,291 49 1,242 Rural 9 39,385 1,179 48 1,131 Urban 3 " 233 112 1 III Total Lotha. 22,392 6,294 218 b,066 10 Rural 9 " .22,293 6,239 217 6,012 10 Urban 3 " 99 55 1 54 Total Rengma 5,248 204 1 203 Rural 9 " 5,203 193 193 Urban 3 45 11 I 10 Total Bengali 1,774 803 166 636 Rural 9 1,658 703 1:20 582 Urba!l 3 116 100 46 54 Total Nepali 2,497 1,546 443 1,099 2 2 Rura.l 2 " 912 746 194 551 1 Urban 3 1,585 800 2 1 " 249 548 Total Mikir 1,276 768 I 762 5 ------_._------Rural 9 " 1,272 764. 759 5 Urban 3 " 4. 4. 1 3 Total Mao 28 5 5 ------~---;------ Rural 9 26 3 3 Urban 3 " 2 2 2 Tot'll Manipuri 289 185 10 175 Rural 9 " 276 177 10 167 Urban 3 " 13 8 8 70 Tlltal persons Subsidiary languages returned as speak- ,.--- Total ing a la.nguages Number and name of Tract Mother tongue speakers subsidiary to that shown in column 1 (i) (ii) (iii) Tot::! I Mejong 10 10 Rural 9- " Total Khuzami 38 5 5 5 5 Rural 9 " 38 Total Punjabi 63 17 6 11 59 13 2 11 Rural 9 " Urban 3 4 4 4 Tot"l .. Tamil 5 I 4 1 4 Rural 9 " 7 5 Total Santali 19 17 10 7 19 17 10 7 Rural 9 " Total Sind hi 7 7 6 1 Rural 9 " 6 5 1 Urban 3 " 6 Total Talami 37 34 10 24 37 34 10 24 Rural 9 " Total ChaJrru 31 3 3 3 3 Rural 9 " 31 Total Mura 7 Rural 9 " 7 Total Dogra 1 I I I Urban 3 " I 71 Total persons Subsidiary languages returned as speak- r------'------. Total ing a language sub- Number and name of Tract sidiary to tha t .~ Mother tongue speakers ~ v '"';:l .~ shown in 0- column I :0 E "i "i a '2 bJJ ~ CIS av It (i) (ii) (iii) :a .;;: ;:;;J I=Q Z Total Angami 28,315 780 00 715 5 Rural 9 27,356 570 50 509 5 Urban 3 959 210 " 4 206 ------Total Konyak 8,814 438 13 425 ------Rural 9 8,812 437 13 424 Urban 3 2 1 " Total Sangtam 5,026 188 6 167 15 Rural 9 5,019 183 5 163 15 " Urban 3 7 5 4 " Total Assamese 278 190 5 58 25 l'tural9 817 165 32 25 " 103 5 Urban 3 447 113 26 " 87 Total Phom 1,003 222 222 Rural 9 1,003 222 222 " Total Garo 280 172 172 Rural 9 265 167 167 " Urban 3 15 5 5 " Total Kabui 147 32 4 22 6 Rural 9 " 92 19 4 9 Urban 3 55 13 " 13 Total Oriya 220 34 IS 17 2 •. Rural 9 219 34 15 17 2 " UrbaJ.l3 " I 72 Total persons ,--Subsidiary_____ .A. languages _____ -. returned as speak Total ing a language sub· Number and name of Tract Mother tongue speakers sidiary to that 1;l 0;:: OJ ;:i shown in 0. OJ column 1 :a e C/) OJ .:: .~ °aos .:: 0. OJ Total Yimlsuenger 102 7 7 90 Rural 9 " Urban 3 12 7 7 Total Marathi 7 5 3 2 ------ Rural 9 7 5 ;; 2 Total Marwari 9 9 7 2 9 9 7 2 Rural 9 " Total Telegu 25 2 Rural 9 25 2 2 00 " Total Khasi 47 15 6 8 1 Rural 9 29 8 3 5 Urban 3 18 7 3 3 1 " Total Pancha 2 2 Rural 9 2 • 2 Total Chinese ------2 2 2 Rural 9 2 2 2 00 " ------~ Total Makrani 2 2 2 Rural 9 2 2 2 " Total Parja ------Rural 9 1 " Total Spanish 1 1 1 Urban :I •• 1 1 1 ,s ..,. 0\ ...... ; ... <:> , ...... 0\ ...... lI) ... .- ~ c:;; c\ ... §,g : C'I) ... I I 0\ s::: "(j 3: ti'" ~ !3 01 01 ... 01 .... ~ '" ! £-<.. .. oS £-<.. ffi 01 £-< ffi '" 01 8 01 -.; .3 bIl :a be ..;:s 01 ~ 01 Z ~ ~ Z IlC ~ .74 NAGAHILLS D-III.-Backward and non Backward Classs Backward Non.Backwared '-----.-----. Tract Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 • 7 Naga Hills 532 40.8 124 5,744 3,569 2,175 Rural-9 519 40.2 117 4,0.0.6 2,781 1,225 Kohima Town-a 13 6 7 1,738 788 95Q. 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'- '0 0 ""'0 8 sOJ ~ oS oS z ;s:= z ... ~ z ..u 0 u "0 oS "0 .,. ...'" E-< ~ ! 11:a E-<'" «I ~ ~ oS =01· C"'," oS ~ .!l 0 -;; S <) 0 :1 .§ ... :E Z "B z :E "d z ;E ~ 0 :E ~ 1 oS & III osbD ~ be oS I ~ I.. 1 ~ ~..; Z 0-: ..; z "" "" l ci. 93 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES 'CENSUS TABLE I District Naga HUls No. of Handlooms in textile estabilsh ment Total No. of No. of Subdivision No. of establish- Non~ Textile Without Widl ment Textile establish- establish- Fly shuttle Fly shuttle ment ment Kohima •. a,Ml ],900 12,741 13,803 TABLE n Employment in textile establishment ~ ____~~______Number of personsA----- employed______. ______~ Total No. Induatry group (Code No. of establish- Total Male Female name} ment No. r- ~ ~ Total Boys Men Total Girls Women 2 3 5 6 8 , " 7 Diatriet Total 12,741 23,514 5,654 58 5,596 17,860 1,002 16,858 262 Cotton spinning 12,741 23,514 5,654 58 5,596 17,860 1,002 16,858 sizing and weaving. TABLE DI Employment in Non-textile Establishments N umber of persons employed ---"--- Total num- Industry group her of esta- Male Female blishments Total ....., (Code no. and name) 'fotal Boys Men Total Girls Women 1 2 3 " 5 1) 7 8 9 2' 92-Cobblers 8 15 15 IS 3 'OI-Blacksmiths 116 195 186 13 173 9 2 7 4'03-Watch repairing 5 14 14 14 .. "41-Pottery .. 45 61 3B 38 23 23 4' 62-Carpenter 40 49 49 ... 49 4'U"-Basket making 1,686 2,549. 2,204 43 2,161 345 33 312 Kohima Subdivision ],900 2,883 . 2,506 56 2,450 377 35 3U , N. B.-No slips w.. e received from Mokokchang Subdivision. 94. INJ.lJX Of. NON-AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS (SELF-SUPPORTING PERSONS ONLY) Nap Wlls Subdivisiona and Groups PersoDll Male, Fetnl.l~ All Industries and Services 4,919 4,646 533 Primary lndustries not ebewm:re specified. Divilion Q ,., 326 301 19 0'1 Stock Raising 34 34 0' 11 Herdsman and 8h~pherds .. , ." ... 7 7 "12 Breeders and keepers of cattle and buffaloes ... 27. 27 { ... O' 2 Rearing of small animal and insects 3 2 1 0'21 Poultry farmers ... 1 I 0' 23 Silkworm rearers ." 2 1 1 O· 3 Plantation Industries 55 38 17 Q. 31 Owners, managers and workers ip tea planta 55 38 17 tion. 0'4 Forestry and woodcutting .. ' ,., ... 234 233 1 0'''0 Planting, replanting and conservation of f()res(s HtO 140 (inc1udillg forest officers, rangers and guards). 0'43 Woodcutters .. , ... ,.. ... 9' 93 1 DiviJion 1. Mining and Quarrying .,. , 37$ an .. }'1 Coal mining-Mines primarily engaged in the· 356 352 4. extraction of anthracite and of soft coals such as bitumnenous, sub-bitumenous and legnite. 1'" Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Oil Well 17 17 and Natural Gas, well operations (including drilling) and oil or bitumenous sand operations. l' 5 Stone-quarryi ng. clay and sand -pits. Extraction 1 ... from the earth of stone, clay sand and other materials used in building or manufacture of cement. Diviaion 2. Processing and Manufacture-Foodstuft'!, Textiles, 79 63 16- Leather and Products thereof. 2'0 Food Industries otherwise unclassified 1 1 2'05 Slaughter, preparation and preservation 1 1 of meat. %'6 Cotton UKtile 3 2'62 Cotton spinning, sizing and weaving 3 2'7 Wearing apparel (except footwear) and made up ss S4 textile goods. :'71 Tailors, milliners, dress makers and darners 65 54 l 2'8 Textile Industries otherwise unclassified .. , 12 l% 2'81 Jute pressing, baling, spinning and weaving 12 12 2'9 Leather, leather products andfootwear ". •• !' 8 8 .. ~ :'92 Cobblers and all other makers and repairen 1 J of boots. ahoes. sandals and clogs. 2-90 Makers and repairers of all other leather 7 7 products. 95 DiviaioD Subdivisions and Groups Pertons Males Female$ Divi.ion 3. PrOCessing and manufacture-Metals Chemicals and S9 58 1 Products thereof. S'O Manufltcture of metal products, otherwise n ZKl unclasaified. 3'01 Blacksmiths and other workers in iron and 21 22 makers of implements. 3'06 Makers of arms, guns, etc., including worken 1:5 in oI'dance factories. 5'3 Transport equipment ...... 13 '3'32 Manufacture, assembly and reJ)air or Railway 13 equipment, motor vahicles and bicycles. 3'4 Electrical machinery, appar"tuI, appliances l 1 and supplies. ~ . S'41 Manufacture of electric lamps 1 1 3'5 Machinery (other than electrical machinery) including Engineering Workshops Enginaering workshops engaged In producing 18 17 1 machine and equipment parts. Division 4. Processing and Manufacture-Not elsewhere specified 162 159 3 4'0 Manufacturing Industries otherwise un- 9 8 class ifi ed . 4'04 Workers in precious 8tones, precious metals and 9 8 1 makers of jewellery and ornaments. 4'1 Products of petroleum and coal 15 15 4'11 Kerosene and petroleum refineries 2 2 40'10 Other manufactures of products from 13 13 petroleum and coal. 4'6 Wood and wood produets other than furniture 138 136 2 and fixtures. 4'61 Sawyers ... 62 6 2 4'62 Carpenters, turners and joiners 76 76 Division 5. Construction and Utilities 278 264 14 S'u Construction and maintenance of work..-other.. 116 111 5 wise unclassified. 5'1 Construction and maintenahce-Buildings 30 30 S·U Masons and bricklayers 2 2 5.12 Stone-cutters and dressers _. IS 13 5'10 Other persons engaged in the construction or 15 15 maintenance of buildings other than buildings made of bamboo or similar materials. 5'2 Construction and maintenane»-Road.s; 60 55 5 Bridges and other Transport Works. 5" Construction and Maint@nance 0perationl- Irrigation and other agricultural works. s· 5 Works and Services-Elutrie Power and Gas 4 supply. 5'7 Sanitary Works and Servic..... lncluding 41 43 scavengers. 96 Di.,uion. Subdivisions and Groups persons ¥ales Females l>ivisioD .6. Commerce 614 542 72 b'O Retail trade otherwise unclassified' 364 315 :49 6'01 Hawkers and Street Vendors otherwise unclassi- 67 46 21 fied. 6'02 Dealers in drugs and other chemical stores 2 2 6'03 Publishers, Booksellers and Stationers 41 20 21 6'00 General Storekeepers, shopkeepers and persons 254 247 7 employed in shops otherwise unclassfied •. ,,6'1 Retail trade in foodstuffs (including beverages 130 111 19 and narcotics). . 6'1l Retail dealers in grain and pulses; sweet 38 3 meats, sugar and spices, dairy products, eggs and poultry; animals for food ; fodder tor animals, other foodstuffs, vegetables and fruits. 6'12 Vendors of wine, liquors, aerated waters and ice in shops. 6'13 Retail dealers in tobacco, opium and ganja .... 3 S 6'U Hawkers and street-vendors of drink and 21 5 foodstuffs. 6'15 Retail dealers in pan, bidis and cigarettes 12 12 6'2 Retail trade in fuel (including petrol) 16 16 6'21 Petroleum distributors 14 14 6'20 Retail dealers (including hawkers and street 2 2 vendors) in firewood, charcoal, cow dung and all other fuel except petroleum. 6'3 Retail trade in textile and leather goods 78 77 1 Retail trade (including hawkers and street vendors) in piece goods, wool, cotton, silk, hair, wearing apparel, made up textile goods, 11 skin, leather, furs, feathers, etc. ,:6'4 Wholesale trade in foodstuffs 12 9 3 Wholesale dealers in grains and pulses, sweet meats, sugar and spices; dairy products, eggs and poultry ; animal for food; fodder for animals; other foodstuffs; wholesale dealers in tobacco, opium and ganja. 6' 5 Wholesale trade in commodities other than 9 9 foodstuffs. 6'6 Real Estate- House and estate agents and rent collectors 1 1 except agricultural land. ,:6'8 Moneylending, banking and other financial business- Officers, employees of joint stock banks and 4 4 co-operative banks, Munims, agents or em ployees of indigenous banking firms, indivi dual money lenders, exchangers and exchange agents, money changers and brokers and their agents. 97 DIvUiOlt Subdivisions and Group. Persoru Males Females Division 1. Transport, Storage and Communications 4030 6 7'0 Transport and communications otherwise unclassified and incidental services. 7'1 Transport by road- " Owners, managers and employees connected 79 79 with mechanically driven and other vehicles (excluding domestic servant) palki, etc. bearers and owners, pack elephant, camel, mules, ass, and bullock owners and drivers, porters and messengers, persons engaged in road transport not otherwise classified, includ :'ng freight transport by road, the operation of fixed facilities for road transport such as toll roads, highway bridges, terminals and parking facilities. 7'4, Railway transport- Railway employees of all kinds except 274. 274 those employed on construction works. 7' 5 Storage and warehousing- The operation of storage facilities such as ware 7 7 houses, cold storage, safe deposits when such , storage is offered as an independent service. 7'6 Postal Services 71 69 2 7'7 Telegraph Services 1 1 Division 8. Health, Education and Public Administration 1615 1491 1240 8-1 Medical and other Health Services 96 64 32 8'11 Registered medical practitioners 9 9 8·J.4, Midwives 22 22 8'15 Vaccinators 2 2 8'16' Compounders 24 22 2 8-17 Nurses 39 31 8 8' 2 Educational Services and Research ... 485 414 71 8- 21 Professors, lecturers, teachers and research workers employed in Universities, colleges and Research Institution. 8'22 All other professors, lecturers and teachers 422 364 58 8-20 Managers, clerks and servants of educational 63 50 13 and research institutions, including Libraries and Musp.ums, etc. 8'3 Army, Navy and Air Force 729 717 12 8'31 Army 729 717 12 8'4 Police (other than village watchman) 103 103 8'5 Village officers and servants, including village 30 29 1 watchmen. 8'6 Employees of Municipalities and Local Boards 10 10 (but not including persons classifiable under any other division or subdivision). 8'7 Employees of State Governments (but not 162 154 8 including persons classifiable under any other division or subdivision). 98 Subdivisions aT,d Group!l PeraoDS Male. Females Di'tision 9. Services not elS'ewhere specified 1035 961 740 9' 0 Services otherwise unclassified 593 47 9'1 Domestic services (but not including services 167 14.9 18 rendered by members of family households to one another). 9'1l Private motor drivers and cleaners 64. 64 9'12 Cooks 35 35 9·13 Gardenen 3 1 9·10 Other domestic servants 47 17 9·2 Barbers and beauty shops-- Barbets, hair dressers and wig makers, tatooers, 13 13 shampooers, bath houses. 9·3 Laundries and Laundry servicell- Laundries and laundry services, washing and 13 13 cleaning. 9·4 Hostels, restaurants and eating houses 46 42 4 9·5 Recreation services- Production and distribution of motion pictures 13 13 and the operation of cinemas and allied ser vices, Managers and employees of theatres, opera companies, etc. musicians, actors, dancers, etc. conjurers, acrobats, recitors, exhibitors of curiosities and wild animals, radio broadcasting studios. 9·6 Legal and business services 30 80 9·61 Lawyers of all kinds, including qazis, law 1 1 agents and mukhtiars. 9·62 Clerks of lawyers, petition writers, etc. 1 1 9·65 Managers, clerks servants and employees of '18 78 Trade Associations, Chamber of Commerce. Board of Trade, ,Labour Organisation and similar organisation of employers and em ployees. 9·8 Religious; Charitable and welfare Services ... ~3 58 5 9·81 Priests, Ministers, Monks, Nuns, Sadhus, 59 540 5 Religious mendicants and other religious workers. 9-82 Servants in religious edifices, burial and burn 4 4 ing grounds, pilgrim conductors and cir cumcisors, etc. Persons subsisting on non-productive activi ties. Beggars 15 15 Pensioners 34 31 A.G.P. (Census) No.8/52-110-1!-5-1952.