In The Name Of God
Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 2 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Title: Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) Creator: Forests, Range and Watershed management Organization of IRAN/ Deputy of Watershed Management, Range and Desert Affair/Sustainable Management of Land & Water Resources of Hablehroud Project Office Technical Supervisor: Hoda Karimipour Executive Supervisor: Zohreh Jamshidi Translated by: Masomeh Nasiri Address: Forests,Ranges & Watershed Management Organization, After Mini City, Artesh Boulevard.Tehran, Zip Code: 1955756113 Phone: 22488572 Website: www.hablehroud.ir Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 3
Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Forests, Range and Watershed management Organization of IRAN/Deputy of Watershed Management, Range and Desert Affair/Sustainable Management of Land & Water Resources of Hablehroud Project Office 4 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Contents
Introduction 7
1- Water resources monitoring report 8 1-1- Consumption pattern of surface water and ... 8 1-2- Consumption pattern of surface water and... 11 1-3- Surface water and groundwater quality 12 1-4- Conformity to water rights in the northern part of the watershed 12 1-5- Conformity to water rights in the southern part of the watershed 18
2- Land (soil) resources monitoring report 21 2-1- Accordance (Agreement) of the existing cropping pattern ... 21 2-2- Sediment yield 22 3-2- Accordance of land uses with the land use plan 23 2-4- Quantity of herbivores 25 2-5- Fertilizer usage 30 2-6- Pesticide usage 31 2-7- Vegetation cover 32
3- Social and economic monitoring report 36 3-1- Public awareness and capacity building 36 3-2- Employment rate 36 3-3- Average income per capita 37 3-4- Emigration rate 39 3-5- Agriculture and natural resources services 39 3-6- Investment rate 40 3-7- Public participation 45
4- Management practices and soil and water conservation plans 45 6 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 7
Introduction The “Sustainable Management of Hablehroud Land and Water Resources” plan aims at achieving an appropriate model for integrated watershed management in arid and semi-arid areas of the country. The plan intends to reach this aim through strengthening coordination among different sectors as well as implementing local participatory processes. The main outcomes of this plan are: designing an action plan for practicing and implementing watershed management activities, and controlling land degradation through improving living condition of local stakeholders. A coherent and efficient monitoring plan can provide the managers and decision-makers with the data they require to fix the shortcomings. Monitoring is a systematic process of data collection during time which is carried out to compare data with a pre-defined standard. It should be noted that a monitoring plan should not necessarily be complex or expensive. What determines the plan’s efficiency is, collecting suitable and up-to-date data. The Hablehroud watershed soil and water resources monitoring plan was developed through a participatory process in the year 2013 with the aim of assuring that the management activities in the watershed have been effective and in line with the land use planning document. Considering the necessity of monitoring and measurement of the effects of the management activities as well as assessing the current condition of natural resources, the first annual report on integrated assessment of the Hablehroud watershed was published in 2014. This report is the result of the collaborative efforts of the Hablehroud Land and Water Resources Management Plan and all of the stakeholders in Tehran and Semnan provinces.
The Hablehroud watershed map 8 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
The process and steps of developing the annual monitoring report of the Hablehroud watershed is described as follows: ❝❝ Raising the subject (of developing the annual monitoring report for the Hablehroud watershed) in the technical committees of the Hablehroud watershed management and drawing stakeholders’ attention and participation; ❝❝ Establishing a monitoring task force composed of representatives from different related executive agencies and sharing responsibilities among them based on their specialization; ❝❝ Introducing and explaining the framework of an annual monitoring report and presenting some examples; ❝❝ Preparing a draft monitoring report for the indicators selected for monitoring; ❝❝ Revising the monitoring report of the selected indicators in the meetings between the plan consultant and the experts who prepared the report; ❝❝ Finalizing and presenting the monitoring report;
Table 1- List of the indicators for the Hablehroud watershed monitoring plan
Water resources indicators Land resources indicators Social-economic indicators Accordance of the existing cropping Water use efficiency in agriculture Public awareness and capacity building pattern with optimal cropping pattern Surface water and groundwater quality Sediment yield Employment rate Ratio of water use to wastewater Vegetation cover Average annual income generation Groundwater resources balance and Quantity of herbivores Emigration rate usage Drinking water per capita Fertilizer residue in soil Agriculture and natural resources services Surface water resources balance and Pesticide residue in agricultural products Investment rate usage Consumption pattern of surface water Agreement of the current land uses with Public participation and groundwater resources the land use plan Conformity to water rights
1- Water resources monitoring report 1-1- Consumption pattern of surface water and groundwater resources in the northern part of the watershed The amount of available surface water and groundwater: Inspection of the river water yield in the last 13 years of the recording period indicates that the likelihood of reversing the created situation and changing the river flow back to the normal long-term trend is very weak. So, it is suggested that estimating water resources volume and water resources planning should be based on the recent years’ data. The average annual volume of water resources in the hydrometric stations are presented in Table 2. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 9
Table 2- Average annual volume of water resources (million cubic meters) in the hydrometric stations during the recent years
Station Firouzkooh Namrud Delichay Simin Dasht Bonkouh Million cubic 23 105.4 28.2 140.7 meters 163.4
Consumption rate of surface water and groundwater in different sectors including: drinking, environment, agriculture, and industry sectors: In order to estimate current water consumption, about 470 kilometers of the river reaches adjacent to 63 villages were surveyed and all water abstraction sites were identified and the amount of water withdrawals were estimated. A total number of 607 water withdrawal sites with irrigation area of 6190 hectares were identified. The total consumptions in the current condition are presented in Table 3.
Table 3- Total water consumptions in the current condition
Number of water extraction Average annual water Usage sites withdrawal (MCM) Agriculture 586 115.5 Aquaculture 16 6.7 Drinking 1 0.1 Sanitation and landscape 4 0.15 Total 607 122.45
Consumption rate of surface water and groundwater in the upstream and downstream parts and monitoring the amount of water delivered to the villages: the average amount of surface water consumption in different sub-watersheds are given in Table 4 and average amount of groundwater consumption in the Garmsar and Firouzkooh study areas are presented in Table 5. Lack of measurement tools doesn’t allow monitoring water consumption in many locations throughout the watershed. It also prohibits determining the agreement between water consumption and allocation as well as water resources distribution pattern in the upstream and downstream parts of the watershed. 10 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Table 4- A summary of the results of estimating excess water consumption in the sub-watersheds of the Hablehroud watershed
Consumption (MCM) Ratio of current Primary sub-watershed Secondary sub-watershed consumption to Current Reasonable reasonable consumption Hablehroud inter-basin Simindsht inter-basin 1 9.6 4.4 2.2 Ghazghanchay Upstream of Ghazghoun 5.9 2.8 2.1 Hablehroud inter-basin Simindsht inter-basin 2 9.8 4.7 2.1 Hablehroud inter-basin Before Latshour 1.7 0.8 2.1 Namroud inter-basin Namroud inter-basin 6.4 3.1 0.2 Delichay Mishaneh 7.6 0.4 1.9 Downstream of Arjmand- Arjmand-Lazoor 0.6 0.3 1.9 Lazoor Namroud inter-basin Sangdarreh 7.5 4.1 1.8 Arjmand-Lazoor Upstream of Lazoor 11.2 6.2 1.8 Hablehroud inter-basin Downstream of Hablehroud 0.2 1.1 1.8 Arjmand-Lazoor Arjmand 3.9 2.2 1.7 Ghazghanchay Downstream of Ghazghoun 0.4 2.3 1.7 Darre deh Downstream of Darre deh 0.4 0.2 1.7 Delichay Downstream of Delichay 9.8 5.8 1.7 Whole Hablehroud 122.4 74.9 1.6 watershed Hablehroud inter-basin Before Kaftardarreh 5.3 3.3 1.6 Savashi Upstream of Savashi 0.7 0.4 1.6 Hablehroud inter-basin Before Shourdarreh 0.9 0.6 1.6 Darre deh Upstream of Darre deh 2.8 1.9 1.5 Darre deh Amirdarreh 0.8 0.5 1.5 Goursefid Goursefid inter-basin 5.4 3.6 1.5 Firouzkooh inter-basin Firouzkooh inter-basin 1 2.2 1.5 1.5 Darre deh Lash 0.4 0.3 1.5 Hablehroud inter-basin Upstream of Simindasht 0.7 0.5 1.4 Savashi Downstream of Savashi 1.3 7.9 1.3 Goursefid Khardarreh 3.1 2.4 1.3 Namroud inter-basin Upstream of Namroud 3.9 3.1 1.3 Delichay Miandarreh Dlichay 1.2 1.1 1.2 Upstream of Firouzkooh Andour 1.2 1.1 1.1 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 11
Table 5- Groundwater resources of the Hablehroud basin (Garmsar and Firouzkooh study areas) (Source: Saman-Ab-Sarzamin firm 2010-2011)
Garmsar study area Firouzkooh study area Semi-deep Semi-deep Deep well Spring Qanat Deep well Spring Qanat well well Number 83 307 305 16 138 379 445 14 Water 5.42 3.47 10.8 0.37 20.1 6.1 54.96 2.04 withdrawal Amount of groundwater withdrawal and its usage in the Hablehroud watershed (million cubic meters)
Garmsar Firouzkooh Usage Well Spring Qanat Total Well Spring Qanat Total Agriculture 5.67 2.31 0.37 8.35 16.8 15.95 0.99 33.74 Drinking 3.01 0.77 3.78 7.6 2.5 0.05 10.15 Industry 0.05 0.12 0.17 1.7 0.6 3.3 Total 12.3 47.19 Total groundwater consumption in the Hablehroud watershed: 59.49
1-2- Consumption pattern of surface water and groundwater resources in the southern part of the watershed ❝❝ Consumption rate of surface water and groundwater in different sectors including: drinking, environment, agriculture, and industry sectors: Based on the latest results of the second surface and groundwater survey approved by the general office of research, surface water and groundwater consumption in the Garmsar plain is as follows: A) Surface water resources:
Number of water Average annual water Usage extraction sites withdrawal (MCM) Agriculture 6 153 Industry 3 0.6 Drinking 1 6.7 Sanitation and landscape 00 000 Total 11 160.3
B) Groundwater resources:
Number of water Average annual water Usage extraction sites withdrawal (MCM) Agriculture 499 116.2 Industry 20 5.1 Drinking 15 6.4 Sanitation and landscape 17 1.2 Total 551 128.9 12 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
1-3- Surface water and groundwater quality Concentration of dissolved solids (TDS) is a key factor of water quality which has important role in chemical exchanges and ionization of materials. It also is a major determinant of aquatic plants and animals’ community, as many plants and animals are adapted to live in freshwater or saltwater. Comparing the data given in Table 6 and the plots delineated using long-term average of the data recorded at 6 stations with the values recommended for drinking water quality in the Standard 1053 of the National Institute of Standard and Industrial Researches indicates that the Hablehroud surface water quality meet the standards. The values of water quality parameters increase considerably towards downstream (i.e. from northern part of the watershed to the southern part). As the following plots show, the long-term average of total cations and anions in southern part of the watershed (i.e. Semnan Province) is more than two times higher than northern part (i.e. Tehran Province).
Table 6- Surface water quality analysis of the Hablehroud basin
Standard Ca Standard mg Standard Na K Sum.K sar %Na Code 2.79 1.39 0.52 0.08 4.75 0.35 11.96 15-005 1 3.05 2.63 1.44 0.07 7.12 0.86 19.20 47-005 1 1500 2.35 150 1.70 200 0.92 0.04 4.99 0.64 16.44 47-007 1 milligram/ milligram/ milligram/ lit 3.83 lit 2.45 lit 3.56 0.11 9.87 2.05 35.97 47-011 1 2.47 2.02 0.95 0.06 5.45 0.62 16.71 47-013 1 5.47 3.90 10.46 0.12 19.84 4.94 52.09 47-015 22
Table 6- (continued) Surface water quality analysis of the Hablehroud basin
Standard TDS Ec Standard pH Co3 HCo3 Standard Cl Standard So4 Sum.A Code 292.87 460.60 7.8 0.04 2.44 0.64 1.70 4.77 15-005 1 441.58 683.54 7.87 0.09 4.41 0.95 1.74 7.11 47-005 1 200 310.62 477.79 6.5-9.2 7.9 0.03 3.23 600 0.6 400 1.07 4.91 47-007 1 milligram/ milligram/ milligram/ milligram/ lit 628.01 963.46 lit 7.87 0.06 3.28 lit 3.45 lit 3.12 9.87 47-011 1 337.59 524.36 7.95 0.09 3.45 0.89 1.09 5.47 47-013 1 1252.04 1980.26 7.81 0.04 2.92 10.74 6.21 19.89 47-015 22
1-4- Conformity to water rights in the northern part of the watershed The amount of water delivered to the Hablehroud River is estimated based on the data recorded at five hydrometric stations. The monthly and seasonal average water yield at the stations are presented in Table 7. The number of stakeholders utilizing the river water in the upstream and downstream is presented in Table 8. Based on the analyses, the irrigation area of the river water extraction points range from 0.1 to 170 hectares and the amount of water usage varies between 12000 and 20000 cubic meters per hectare. River water extraction data are estimated and summarized in Table 8. The average annual water consumption (extraction) from the rivers is about 19774 cubic meters per hectare. The area of agricultural lands adjacent to the river and estimates of water extractions through direct pumping from the river are also given in Table 8.
Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 13 Annual
11589 12412 1.35 Esfand 3.49 5.63 1.27 7.64
Winter
147 250 Jan.-Feb.
0 0 Fall 1.25 3.66 5.59 1.38 7.26 Dec.-Jan. 0 0
0.64 3.72 4.19 0.44 4.77 Azar
Summer 0 0 Aban 1.20 6.35 8.17 2.50
11.26 184 312
Spring Mehr
820 877 0.67 Aug.-Sep. 3.16 3.83 0.42 4.37
2109 2157 Aug.-Sep. Jul.-Aug.
2730 2698
0.67 Jun.-Jul. 3.57 4.00 0.30 4.63
Jul.-Aug. 2499 2468 May-Jun.
1722 1896 Average reasonable consumption (cubic meters) Average
0.60 4.43 4.56 0.48 5.72 Apr.-May Jun.-Jul.
963 1237 Mar.-Apr. 415 516 0.72 5.93 6.50 1.27 8.45 May-Jun. 103 848 4640 5034 15731 5106 1162 Total Total cubic water meters)
1.28 7.37 9.45 2.95
13.36 (thousand extraction
Apr.-May day Hours per per Hours 12 16 16 17 17 11 16
1.61 5.74 8.71 3.33 12.62 Days Average Average Mar.-Apr. 74 98 88 18 20 extraction 154 154
period in year Length 1.47 3.90 6.40 1.97 8.85 775 439 2598 1756 1462 3269
1904.7
Feb.-Mar. Depth
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.31 Width 3.26 5.16 1.20 7.01 transfer system 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 Jan.-Feb. Characteristics of 1.28 3.30 5.34 1.09 7.31 153 42.1 85.7 area 231.8 164.3 Total Total 910.35 319.15 Dec.-Jan. irrigation 2 4 5 of 27 18 52 23 1.44 3.62 6.02 1.25 7.94 pumps Number Nov.-Dec. 1.38 3.78 6.03 1.33 8.00 Lazur Ahanz Andur Village Bahanak Arjmand Oct.-Nov. (Arjmand) Shadmahan Total 0.94 3.57 4.76 0.81 6.12 Sep.-Oct. Lazur Lazur Lazur Andur Arjmand sub-basin Secondary Upstream of Upstream of Downstream of Station Delichay of Namroud Bonekooh Firouzkooh SiminDasht sub- Table 7- Monthly and seasonal water yield at the hydrometric stations during the years 1969-2009 yield at the hydrometric 7- Monthly and seasonal water Table (cubic meters per second) Lazur basin Table 8- Water extraction information Water 8- Table Firuzkuh Arjmand- Primary Upstream 14 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 11914 12050 11105 64 212 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 266 243 785 842 967 1943 2121 2160 2442 2702 2871 2233 2472 2780 1690 1795 1895 948 1082 1086 453 460 284 2 353 713 195 564 4345 1310 1167 4965 1559 3895 1951 1870 1362 863 18841 1575 8524 1864 1416.1 10963 9 24 23 24 20 17 24 15 24 24 24 17 14 19 12 17 17 20 15 14 18.31 62 73 69 80 76 46 53 65 84 60 73 27 32 42 72 47 48 154 132 103 59.17391 677 990 984 455 758 480 652 699 919 2654 3231 1315 1838 1163 1865 1429 1178 1610 2043 851.4 591.5 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.177 1 1 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.467 44 1.6 61.3 53.7 18.9 42.5 62.5 54.4 66.7 44.6 87.4 76.2 106.5 273.7 274.9 138.2 959.2 238.1 427.0 108.5 745.3 6 6 8 5 7 1 5 10 28 20 40 30 10 14 20 62 18 26 13 41 164 Yahar Kalak Havir Kalfur Pirdeh Momej Dehnar Gavdeh Andarab Jalizjand Kohanak Kadudeh Mashhad Namavar Hesarbon Darehdeh Rudafshan Firouzkooh SiminDasht Total Total Total Lash Lash Savashi Savashi Delichay Delichay Amirdeh Amirdeh Miandare Darehdeh Darehdeh Darehdeh Mishaneh Mishaneh Upstream of Upstream of Upstream of Downstream of Downstream of Downstream of Sandughshekan Savashi Delichay Darehdeh Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 15 12004 11796 11927 229 166 211 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 287 208 264 804 834 843 1979 2128 2105 2475 2738 2663 2263 2506 2436 1739 1762 1806 1134 1017 1125 473 436 474 16 16 24 37 118 217 794 965 676 798 565 822 758 318 551 238 954 2371 3291 2446 2008 1365 2432 9923 - -- 24 24 24 24 24 10 22 24 24 24 24 24 23 24 24 24 23 12 24 19 24 - -- 67 75 37 57 22 144 122 116 136 111 184 154 154 104 117 144 160 132 154 112 184 47.7 53 689 682 679 1764 3093 2165 1337 1114 1127 1820 7844 1755 1701 1757 2009 2364 1821 1546 1337 5509 1850 4144 1515.7 - 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 - 1 0 1 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.9 4 21 1.1 1.7 104 12.7 25.9 51.8 92.5 30.0 70.0 60.8 80.1 50.0 48.1 10.2 40.9 132.4 117.2 131.8 500.7 195.2 121.5 511.8 3 1 6 3 1 1 7 1 1 1 5 6 3 4 8 1 4 1 15 10 14 29 18 49
deh Asur Tares Tares Paein Dehin Vozna Bahan Tarem Tarem Lasem Voshtan Amirieh Kamand Amirieh Najafdar Kaboud- Andarieh Goorsefid Saranzaha Kelarkhan Shahrabad Cheshmeh Firouzkooh Kelarkhane Kelarkhane Siah-deh & Sheikhvoza Sheikhvoza- Total Total Total Khardeh Goorsefid Interbasin Shahrabad Shahrabad Ghezghun Ghezghun Upstream of Upstream of Downstream of Downstream of Chay Goorsefid Shahrabad Ghezghan 16 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 12864 12622 0 254 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 318 892 1142 2258 2194 3057 2744 3104 2509 2132 1929 998 1258 174 525 29 781 420 813 794 1464 2263 3165 1681 8350 1964 3855 2228 3836 4480 29888 1435.0 8 15 17 24 19 23 17 19 24 12 24 24 24 24 24 22.7 18.4 64 59 91 62 52 35 139 137 154 139 114 114 122 154 129 139 119.3 800 690 2008 3521 4095 2038 1291 1202 2301 1635 1598 2016 2809 5341 1844 1930.5 1340.4 - 0 0 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 - 1 1 1 1 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.2 0.7 18 2.3 298 84.5 66.1 60.6 72.3 44.0 63.5 97.3 57.8 137.9 164.3 117.4 179.5 278.2 1185.3 5 2 2 5 2 5 5 9 2 5 1 28 10 14 26 93 28 arreh Enzeha Gacheh Atashan Jalilabad Mahabad Bonkouh Farahabad Marzdaran Dehgardan Simindasht Dami Agha Mahmoudabad Kaboutard - Firouzkooh Gozarkhani (Khookchal) Total Total before before before Simindasht Simindasht Simindasht Simindasht Simindasht Simindasht Firouzkooh Firouzkooh Firouzkooh Firouzkooh Hablehroud Hablehroud Hablehroud Hablehroud Hablehroud Hablehroud inter-basin 2 inter-basin 1 inter-basin inter-basin 1 inter-basin 2 inter-basin inter-basin 1 inter-basin inter-basin 2 inter-basin inter-basin 1 inter-basin Kaftardarreh Kaftardarreh Kaftardarreh Upstream of Downstream of Downstream of before Latshour Ha - kooh - Firouz blehroud inter-basin inter-basin Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 17 12691 12032 179 245 0 0 0 0 0 0 224 307 883 903 2124 2209 2718 2772 2529 2544 1846 1943 1100 1251 430 515 532 266 130 2086 1591 1124 7946 1940 2160 17776 122310.4314 15 23 23 24 24 21 24 24 24 23 218.0548 64 41 77 139 108 113 154 128 154 154 946.1146 - age 4326 1855 2307 1358 2198 1397 1608 3546 1521 Aver 2951.2 1703.7 - 0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 age Aver - 1 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 age Aver 56.6 17.6 79.1 13.4 23.5 86.6 115.2 854.3 121.5 340.8 6464.15 3 4 2 5 9 3 9 1 7 43 606 Tahneh Vashtan Selehbon Daryabak Khamdeh Namroud Harandeh Farahabad Varskhoran Total Total basin Namroud Sangdarreh Upstream of Namroud inter- basin inter- Namroud 18 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
1-5- Conformity to water rights in the southern part of the watershed 1-5-1- Determining the amount of water delivered to the Hablehroud river: The permissible amount of water extraction from river at Bonkouh hydrometric station based on the regulations set by the ministry of power commission on water allocation is given in the table below:
Tehran Semnan Beneficiary provinces Withdrawal reduction in 42.4 57.6 Percentage (%) Tehran province Share 137.8 187.2 Volume (cms)
From total Hablehroud Hablehroud withdrawals Average total Average total Total supply watershed watershed (surface and supply (cms) supply (cms) (cms) potential water precipitation groundwater) yield (cms) (mm) 101 73 98.8 171.8 < 200 < 180 126 101 137 238 200-250 180-220 156 121.2 164.6 285.5 250-300 220-260 160 137.1 181.4 318.5 300-350 260-300 171.5 167 242.3 409.3 350-450 300-380 171.5 171.5 320.9 492.4 > 450 > 380
1-5-2- Determining the river water balance: The river water balance is calculable by using the data recorded at hydrometric stations. A summary of water balance is as follows:
Total Total Total consumption Evapotranspiration Sub-basin code precipitation evapotranspiration and flow out percentage 47 32264 28787 3477 89.2 14 9649 5696 3953 59 15 12125 8025 4100 66
1-5-3- Estimating the water allocation to drinking, agriculture, and industry sectors and determining the river environmental flow: The Environment Protection Organization is responsible for implementing environmental flows. The amount of reasonable water consumptions are given in the table below: 1-5-4- Water balance of the Garmsar aquifer: The results of groundwater balance estimation for the Garmsar plain up to the 2010-2011 water year are summarized in the table below: the reporting period for water balance is at least one year. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 19
Volume (cubic Volume (cubic Title Title meters per year) meters per year)
Discharge and withdrawal (well, Area (square kilometer) 785 128.86 spring, qanat)
Incoming groundwater flow 34.01 Outgoing groundwater flow 3.11
Percolation from precipitation 1.9 Aquifer drainage 0
Percolation from surface flows 24.77 Evaporation from aquifer 0 Outgoing water Percolation from agricultural 23.5 Total 131.97 waste water Incoming water Percolation from industrial and 8.79 drinking waste water
Total 92.97 Change in aquifer storage volume -39 ترجمه نشده
20 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
2014
period 2013 2012 Garmsar
study area
Name of the 2011
recording the 2010
of
2009 2008
area 4705 beginning 2007
the Code of study 2006
from 2005
level 2004
year
2003 Garmsar 2002
Plain name
groundwater
2001
in
2000
changes 1999 1998
0.05 1997
coefficient
cumulative
Average storage 1996 1995 average
of 1994 Plot 531.78 1/00 534.207 -4/00 -9/00
-14/00 -19/00 -24/00
(square meter) Dh(m) Area of the aquifer meter) -93.98 -53.88 -54.43 -108.20 -124.15 -163.41 -205.58 -263.27 -303.44 -309.88 -366.23 -337.82 -370.44 -366.13 -378.37 -494.56 -527.53 -412.13 -438.99 -427.88 -467.44 Average cumulative volume (million cubic change in ground water 4.31 7.44 -6.44 -3.10 -9.13 40.09 -54.32 -15.95 -39.26 -42.17 -57.69 -40.17 -25.12 -39.55 -27.94 -32.94 -27.12 -32.97 -54.43 -33.77 -26.85 -35.90 (cubic meter) Average change in ground water volume -4.07 -4.67 -6.15 -7.73 -9.90 -3.53 -2.03 -2.05 -11.41 -11.65 -12.71 -13.93 -13.77 -13.89 -18.60 -19.34 -14.23 -15.50 -16.51 -17.86 -17.58 cumulative 1.51 0.16 0.28 -2.04 -0.60 -1.48 -1.59 -2.17 -1.51 -0.94 -1.49 -0.24 -1.05 -1.23 -0.12 -1.02 -1.24 -2.05 -0.34 -1.27 -1.01 -1.27 Average level (m) change in ground water 1996 2006 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2012 1995 2003 2004 2005 2007 2013 2014 1994 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Water year 1995 2005 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2011 1994 2002 2003 2004 2006 2012 2013 1993 2007 2008 2009 2010 Plot of long-term groundwater level at the Garmsar plain level at the Garmsar Plot of long-term groundwater Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 21
2- Land (soil) resources monitoring report 2-1- Accordance (Agreement) of the existing cropping pattern with optimal cropping pattern Cropping pattern is a descriptive index indicating the capability of raising a crop in an area with respect to the climate. Cultural, social, economic and technical aspects are also considered when developing a cropping pattern. Cropping plan is the quantification of cropping pattern which means how much area should be allocated to each suggested crop. Accordance of the existing cropping pattern with optimal cropping pattern in the southern part of the Hablehroud watershed: Major agricultural products in Garmsar, Aradan, and Sorkheh are wheat, barley, alfalfa, and cotton which are annual crops traditionally cultivated in these counties. The only horticultural product in the area is pomegranate. In the recent years, there has been a trend towards changing croplands to orchards. The main reasons of this change are low soil quality, water shortage and low water quality, and higher economic value of fruits and horticultural products compared to crops. The following recommendations could be made to modify cropping pattern in the southern part of the Hablehroud watershed: ❝❝ Choosing crops resistant to water and soil salinity ❝❝ Supporting pioneers (farmers) interested in implementing optimal cropping pattern through: financial supports, insurance, and holding training workshops. ❝❝ Regulating markets of agricultural products based on the recommended cropping pattern Accordance of the existing cropping pattern with optimal cropping pattern in the northern part of the Hablehroud watershed: The results of the analysis of cropping pattern in the northern part of the Hablehroud watershed are presented in Table 10. The following factors could decrease or increase the agreement of current cropping with the recommended cropping pattern: ❝❝ Holding training courses for improving cropping pattern ❝❝ Distributing subsidiary plants from the high quality imported varieties among farmers ❝❝ Converting the current apricot orchards to abandoned level 3 orchards due to climate changes, diseases and pests, and frostbite ❝❝ Lack of plant varieties resistant to frostbite ❝❝ High price of good plant varieties that farmers cannot afford ❝❝ Multitasking of gardeners ❝❝ Added value of land which cause land use change to recreational centers The following recommendations could be made to increase agreement of current cropping pattern with recommended cropping pattern: ❝❝ Allocating financial supports to adjust the price of plants ❝❝ Allocating financial supports to recover and restore level 2 and level 3 orchards ❝❝ Training gardeners how to recover and restore their orchards 22 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Table 9- Accordance of current cropping pattern with recommended cropping pattern in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Cropping area based on the recommended cropping pattern- Current cropping area-hectare Percent agreement hectare County Growing season Growing season Growing season
2009- 2012- 2011- 2010- 2009- 2009- 2012- 2011- 2010- 2009- 2009- 2012- 2011- 2010- 2009- 2010 2013 2012 2011 2010 2010 2013 2012 2011 2010 2010 2013 2012 2011 2010
Garmsar 16972 15458 16526 16475 20272 18254 20274 22537 22497 28219 93 76 73 73 72 Aradan 9189 8784 8253 8127 0 9763 12654 11763 11802 0 94 69 70 69 0 Sorkheh 2564 2838 2983 0 0 2564 4172 4388 0 0 100 68 68 0 0
Table 10- Accordance of current cropping pattern with recommended cropping pattern in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin
Cultivation area based on the recommended growing pattern- Current cultivation area-hectare Percent agreement hectare Product Growing season Growing season Growing season
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Walnut 1297 1297 1297 1297 1297 625 615 600 550 500 48.1 47.4 46.2 42.4 38.8 Apricot 0 0 0 0 0 600 610 620 630 650 0 0 0 0 0 Apple 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1272 1243 1230 1214 1204 97.8 97.1 94.6 93.3 92.6 Potato 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1700 1750 1800 1800 1700 106 109 112 112 106 Total 4197 4197 4197 4197 4197 4197 4218 4250 4194 4054
2-2- Sediment yield Based on the available hydrometric data and the assessments of sediment yield in the Hablehroud watershed, the following equation was considered for the Delichay watershed sediment yield (Source: Environmental studies of the Hablehroud watershed, Hydrology and groundwater resources report). Y = 9.057 X 2.442 In this equation: X: flow discharge in cubic meters per second, and Y: sediment load in ton per day. The correlation coefficient of the equation is 0.866. Specific sediment yield of the sub-watersheds of the Hablehroud watershed, estimated based on the above equation, are presented in Table 11. According to the table, a decrease in sediment yield has occurred in all of the hydrometric stations. One of the reasons is the decrease in flow discharge. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 23
Table 11- Specific sediment yield for sub-watersheds of the Hablehroud basin
Station Bonkouh Delichay Simindasht Namroud Tange Rameh
1981- 1993- 1981- 1993- 1981- 1993- 1981- 1993- 1981- 1993- Recording period 1993 2007 1993 2007 1993 2007 1993 2007 1993 2007
Specific sediment yield 7.95 3.12 0.3 0.13 5.14 2.99 0.94 0.46 0.43 0.26 (ton per hectare per year)
Specific sediment yield for the whole recording period 5.35 0.2 4.02 0.68 0.32 (ton per hectare per year)
The investigations through the Hablehroud watershed monitoring plan revealed that, Delichay hydrometric station has no sediment data for the period of the years 1987 to 1995 and very limited data (i.e. sediment sampling and measurement) during the years between 2003 and 2007. So, subdividing the recording periods presented in Table 11 may result in errors in analyses. Therefore, in the recent study, the sediment datasets were divided into two periods: the years before 1987 and the years from 1995 to 2009. Sediment equations were developed separately for each period: ❝❝ Discharge-sediment relationship before the year 1987 – Delichay station Qs = 1.99 Qw1.589 R = 0.761 ❝❝ Discharge-sediment relationship for the period of 1994 through 2009 – Delichay station Qs = 2.834 Qw1.41 R = 0.759 Examining the above equations and their coefficients clearly indicate that, suspended sediment yield before the year 1987 was much lower than the years after 1994. For example, for water discharge of 1 cubic meter per second, the Delichay watershed sediment yield is estimated 1.99 tons per day before 1987 and 2.83 after 1994 which suggest an increase in the Delichay watershed sediment yield between the years 1994 and 2009. So, based on the sediment data of the Delichay watershed, the sediment yield indicator has deteriorated as a result of the increased sediment yield. 3-2- Accordance of land uses with the land use plan Ecological capability assessments through land use planning studies which was one of the practical tools for establishing sustainable management system for the Hablehroud land and water resources was carried out during the years 2012 and 2013. In these studies, the watershed ecological capability was classified in 25 different categories as given in Table 12. 24 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Table 12- Results of the Hablehroud basin land use planning studies regarding land capabilities
Ratio to the total Appropriate use Area (hectare) watershed area
Irrigated farming 126623.21 0.99 Aquaculture 349461.5 2.76 National natural heritage 1573.5 0.01 Orchards 59976.19 4.74 Restoration zone 4414.91 0.35 Woodland 10253.86 0.82 Dry-farming 116653.5 0.92 Protection 392370.36 31.03 Road 2938.59 0.23 Kavir protected area 150921.32 11.91 Kavir national park 187274.75 14.78 Mine 101.1 0.001 Rangeland 168658.54 13.34 Residential area 3197.21 0.25 Military area 6489.53 0.51 Amin-abad Junipers 1210.16 0.09 Waste disposal 7506.55 0.59 River 8133.01 0.64 Dam 0.15 0.0001 Industrial zone 1919.62 0.15 Forest park 335.72 0.02 Salt-lands 13954.08 1.10 Developed areas 33243.88 2.62 Extensive tourism 49018.75 3.87 Intensive tourism 41176.98 3.25 Total 1266247.1266247 100
As the current land uses in the Hablehroud watershed don’t necessarily take into account land capabilities (i.e. land use plan), this indicator seeks to adjust the current condition to conform to the ideal condition (land use plan). But, because the current land use map of the Hablehroud watershed wasn’t accurate enough, calculation of this indicator postponed until the next year (1394). It should be mentioned that, the current land use map available for this analysis includes land use categories of agriculture, barren, residential areas, rangeland, river, road, salt-land, Aminabad junipers, Garmsar industrial zone, and unidentified land uses. The level of details (number of land use categories) of this map is less than the land use planning data layer which influences the results. So, it is recommended that, a more detailed land use data layer containing land use categories similar to those of the land use plan should be used when calculating this indicator for future reports. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 25
2-4- Quantity of herbivores Investigation of the quantity of herbivores in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin: General office of the environment protection of Semnan province have collected and analyzed observations during a three-year period between the years 2011 and 2013. The results are reported as follows. At the first step, three regions were selected for data collection, considering the area, type of habitat, and possibility of continuous monitoring. The results of observations are presented in Tables 13, 14 and 15, and figures in the text and appendix 2. 1- The open areas of Garmsar (western part of the watershed): are habitat for deer and wild sheep. 2- Aradan habitat and Khanar protected area (eastern part of the watershed): have the largest area and various herbivores (wild sheep, pajan, and deer) are surveyed there. The results of observations made in the Khanar protected area are investigated consistently. 3- Kavir national park habitats (southern part of the watershed): The observations made in this area were all within the Kavir national park. One of the characteristics of the area is its independence from the northern part. Perhaps, most observations belong to this area. 26 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 27
Table 13- Total species observations in the southern part of the Hablehroud Basin
Species/Year 2011 2012 2013
Wild sheep 1892 2063 1871 Wild goat 821 844 824 Deer 27 37 32 Jabir 313 101 236
Table 14- Percentage of the total yearly observations in the habitats of the southern part of the Hablehroud Basin
Habitats 2011 2012 2013
Garmsar (west) 2.2% 1.8% 2.5% Kavir national park (south) 57.4% 50.3% 55.5% Khanar (east) 40.4% 47.9% 42%
Table 15- Species observation data in the habitats of the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Area Year Wild sheep Wild goat Deer Jabir Total
2011 47 15 6 0 68 Garmsar 2012 36 13 6 0 55 2013 24 39 10 0 73 Kavir 2011 749 690 0 313 1752 national park 2012 790 640 0 101 1531 (Siahkouh area) 2013 750 659 0 236 1645 Khanar 2011 1096 116 21 0 1233 protected area and 2012 1237 191 31 0 1459 Aradan free region 2013 1097 126 22 0 1245
The results of the analyses of the herbivores monitoring data in the southern part of the Hablehroud watershed (the data in Tables 13, 14 and 15, and the related figures) are described below: ❝❝ Among the four monitored species, wild sheep has the largest frequency and distribution in the three habitats in the southern part of the watershed and consequently the highest susceptibility to the changes and habitat destructions. ❝❝ Kavir national park contains the largest number of species in the region while the eastern habitat has the most susceptibility to destructions and the western habitat is a typical example of restoration activities. ❝❝ Jabir species only inhabits in the Kavir national park but deer has not been observed in this area. ❝❝ The best indicator species for the mountainous areas is wild sheep and for the flat areas is deer. 28 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
❝❝ The Pajan species react differently to changes, which needs a separate analysis. ❝❝ In the western habitats, deer is the most sensitive species to changes. ❝❝ In the eastern habitats, considering land uses such as mining, all the three species are susceptible to changes. ❝❝ Considering the impacts of mining activities on the habitats, a taskforce should be established to regulate mining activities in the watershed. Moreover, it is necessary that general office of industry, mining, and commerce determines and declares the areas of mining activities (e.g. exploration, exploitation, etc.) and compel miners to obey the guidelines devised by deputy of planning and supervision and stop the activities that are against environmental regulations. ❝❝ Changes in wildlife observations may be due to the following reasons: mobility and displacement of the animals, the equipment used, weather condition in the area, and experience of the staff who monitor the wildlife. ❝❝ To better analyze the information, the data were normalized. The plots suggest an increasing trend, and in some cases no trend, in the number of wildlife in the area. ❝❝ With regard to mining information, the data belong to the year 2013. Some changes might have occurred after that time but it’s obvious that the total mining areas haven’t decreased. Investigation of the quantity of herbivores in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin: General office of the environment protection of Tehran province have collected and analyzed observations during a three-year period between the years 2011 and 2013. The results are reported as follows. The data are collected in two protected areas, Kouhsefid in Damavand county and Kavehdeh and Azad-Arjmand in Firouzkooh county. The results of observations are presented in Table 16 and figures in the text. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 29
Table 16- Observations of herbivore species in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin
Summer Summer Summer Summer Fall 2011 Fall 2012 Fall 2013 2011 2012 2013 2014
Species Sex Kouh-sefid Kavedeh and Arjmand Kouh-sefid Kavedeh and Arjmand Kouh-sefid Kavedeh and Arjmand Kouh-sefid Kavedeh and Arjmand Kouh-sefid Kavedeh and Arjmand Kouh-sefid Kavedeh and Arjmand Kouh-sefid Kavedeh and Arjmand
Younger 15 180 - 154 54 263 25 247 29 94 37 129 72 346 than 5
5-8 year old Male 18 128 - 85 18 169 22 183 15 94 17 56 5 226
Older 7 35 - 69 3 97 5 242 2 46 3 37 0 23 than 8 Wild sheep Female 56 363 - 830 87 681 77 641 85 494 91 533 147 708 Total mature male 96 706 - 1138 162 1210 129 1313 131 728 148 755 224 1303 and female
Immature 99 338 - 0 98 822 100 732 117 539 114 168 138 774
Total 195 1044 - 1138 260 2032 229 2045 248 1267 262 923 362 2077
Younger 8 33 - 24 15 40 9 67 9 20 10 42 7 105 than 5
5-8 year old Male 11 9 - 5 13 17 10 27 7 13 6 21 0 77
Older 4 0 - 8 3 13 1 24 2 5 2 8 0 7 than 8 Wild goat Female 37 38 - 157 34 109 23 170 27 117 29 237 12 190 Total mature male 60 80 - 194 65 179 43 288 45 155 47 308 19 379 and female
Immature 66 45 - 0 36 157 33 185 29 128 29 77 13 153
Total 126 125 - 194 101 336 76 473 74 283 76 385 32 532
Younger - 2 ------than 5
5-8 year old Male - 2 ------7 - 8 - -
Older - 0 ------than 8
Deer Female - 5 ------15 - 3 - -
Total mature male - 9 ------22 - 11 - - and female
Immature - 7 ------8 - 0 - -
Total - 16 ------30 - 11 - 15
As the surveying paths in the area were the same during the three-year period, based on the results of statistical analysis of the surveys, the following reasoning and recommendations could be made to increase/decrease wildlife population in the region (i.e. the northern part of the Hablehroud watershed): 30 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
❝❝ Field surveys should be conducted by more and different experts ❝❝ Participation and collaboration of local communities could promote wildlife protection in the area. Timely reports of the presence of unauthorized hunters by local people would decrease offences to wildlife and consequently increase wildlife population. ❝❝ In drought years when water resources are scarce, the wildlife populate around water places which makes it easier to count them. Some species migrate from one area to another. This is the reason why wildlife population decreases in one area and increase in other areas that have suitable water resources (e.g. Kavdeh protected area). ❝❝ Providing financial support for conducting baseline studies and implementing wildlife management plans is necessary. ❝❝ Devising a progressive educational mechanism to train managers, staff, and executive forces for protection and modern management of natural habitats of wildlife ❝❝ Considering economic values of all biological resources and including costs of pollution and destruction of these resources in development plans and projects ❝❝ Developing operational plans for participating local communities in the management of the areas ❝❝ Nowadays, protection and improvement of the environment is considered as one the important components of sustainable development. The role of human as one of the most effective agents of changes in biological conditions of the earth cannot be neglected. The best approach to combat destruction of the environment is to raise people’s awareness about the environmental problems and to involve local communities in protecting the habitats. ❝❝ Developing a drought warning system to support provision of water resources for the wildlife. ❝❝ Increasing executive forces and field surveying groups through involving NGOs ❝❝ From the total 470000 hectares of the Hablehroud watershed in Tehran province, about 200000 hectares are protected areas of Kavedeh, Kouhsefid, and Arjmand where some wildlife species (large herbivores) are monitored. The needed provisions should be made to cover the whole watershed. 2-5- Fertilizer usage Tables 17 and 18 show the fertilizer usage in southern part and northern part of the Hablehroud watershed respectively. The presented information are only based on organizational data. So, they don’t include lowly-used fertilizers such as iron, zinc, manganese, etc. that are provided by the private sector. Usage amount of these fertilizers vary between 1 to 3 liters per hectare. In the southern part of the watershed, fertilizer needs were estimated based on the soil and plant tests conducted by Soil and Water Research Institute. In general, the results show that fertilizer usage by farmers in both northern and southern parts of the watershed are less than the suggested amounts. The reasons are as follows: ❝❝ Negative comments about using chemical fertilizers in the previous years ❝❝ The increasing trend of the price of chemical fertilizers making them not affordable for the farmers ❝❝ Low quality of fertilizers produced in the country Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 31
❝❝ Low solubility of phosphate and potash fertilizers in irrigation water ❝❝ Orchards not equipped with drip irrigation system ❝❝ Absence of some fertilizers such as phosphate fertilizers in the market To optimize the usage of chemical fertilizers, it is suggested that: ❝❝ The studies conducted by the Soil and Water Research Institute should be updated using government funding and free soil and water tests should be done for farmers ❝❝ - The use of organic and biologic fertilizers should be promoted because these fertilizers are environment friendly and increase the carbon content of soil
Table 17- Type and amount of fertilizer usage in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Fertilizer usage (ton) Growing season Growing season Growing season County 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Macro Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Macro Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Macro Garmsar 2231 1934 322 30 4160 1838 475 - 2714 700 240 115 Aradan 1644 - 130 7 1664 790 190 - Sorkheh- 1961 - - - 1260 870 197 20 2496 293 83 - Semnan
Table 18- Type and amount of fertilizer usage in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin
Product Fertilizer Chemical fertilizers usage (liter or kilograms) Optimum usage pattern (liter or kilograms)
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Walnut Macro 165625 174000 195000 189750 185000 437500 430500 420000 385000 350000
Apricot Macro 159000 176900 201500 217350 240500 420000 424000 434000 441000 455000
Apple Macro 337080 360470 399750 418830 445480 890400 870100 861000 849000 842800
Potato Macro 450500 507500 585000 621000 629000 680000 700000 720000 720000 680000
Total 1112205 1218870 2002250 1446930 1499980 2427400 2424600 2435000 2395000 2327800
2-6- Pesticide usage The information on pesticide usage in the southern and northern parts of the Hablehroud basin are presented in Tables 19 and 20 respectively. The data of the southern part of the watershed include all agricultural pesticides except for sulfur, oil and smudge. The data are based on organizational information so they include the pesticides that are sold within the province. (A small amount of pesticides used in the province are directly bought from the suppliers in the nearby provinces. There is no accurate information about these pesticides). 32 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Table 19- Pesticide usage in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Total area under cultivation Pesticide usage Average usage per hectare (croplands and orchards in hectares) (liter or kilogram) (liter or kilogram) County Growing season Growing season Growing season
92-93 91-92 90-91 89-90 88-89 92-93 91-92 90-91 89-90 88-89 92-93 91-92 90-91 89-90 88-89
Garmsar 18254 20274 22537 22497 28219 15586 6610 12180 13340 9879 0.85 0.33 0.54 0.59 0.35
Aradan 9763 12654 11763 11802 0 8791 3056 8730 5637 6993 0.9 0.24 0.74 0.48 0
Sorkheh 2564 4172 4388 0 0 2290 1352 2010 2215 3152 0.89 0.32 0.46 0 0
Table 20- Pesticide usage in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin
Pesticide usage (liter or Optimum usage pattern Percent agreement with optimum Product Pesticide kilograms) (litter or kilograms) usage pattern in the year 2014 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Walnut 500 514 590 623 633 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Usage is less than the optimum usage Apricot 300 366 418.5 472.5 520 1800 1830 1860 1890 1950 Fungicide pattern and insecti- Usage is less than the optimum usage Apple cide 1451 1563 1652 1734 1823 5088 4972 4920 4856 7292 pattern
Potato 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 2251 2443 2660.5 2829.5 2976 6888 6802 6780 6746 9242 - - - - -
2-7- Vegetation cover Investigation of vegetation cover condition in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin: The presented data belong to three areas (samane orfi) within the Rameh sub-basin namely: Viser Garmaj rangelands (2400 hectares), Emamzadeh Erahim (4393 hectares), and Sinkchal (3102 hectares). Table 30 shows the results of the assessment of vegetation composition in the selected areas along with the information about indicator plants and vegetation types in these rangelands. Based on these information, the most frequent plant species in the vegetation types are: 1- Artemisia, 2- Astragalus, 3- Onobrychis, 4- Kaleh, 5- Acanthophyllum, and other species.
Table 21- Assessment of composition of vegetation types in the selected areas (southern part of Hablehroud basin)
Canopy cover Diversity and Composition Species Plant class (%) frequency (%) Artemisia 24 58.3 III Class II Class III Astragalus 4 14 III Onobrychis 4 11.5 III 13 87 Kaleh 3 7 II Acanthophyllum 2.5 3.2 III Other species 5 6 II or I Total canopy cover 42.5 100 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 33
Table 22- Assessment of rangeland condition in the selected areas (southern part of Hablehroud basin)
Canopy Composition Soil Freshness Rangeland Conventional Species Sum factor factor factor factor condition territory Artemisia and Astragalus 9 6 15 7 37 Moderate Average
Artemisia and Astragalus 10 5 14 6 34 Moderate Viser and Garmaj Artemisia aucheri 8 7 17 7 39 Moderate Sinkchal Artemisia and Bromus 9 6 14 8 37 Moderate Emamzadeh Erahim
Trend means the direction of changes in the rangeland condition. Trend may be upward (improvement) or downward (deterioration). To indicate trend, type of use and criterion of use must be identified. In the context of succession, upward trend means trend towards climax and downward trend means getting away from climax. Protected areas for research are important tools for discriminating between climate impacts and grazing impacts. Based on the investigations, the rangeland condition is moderate with no trend thanks to the implementation of rangeland management plans in the past years which changed the negative trend to no trend. Investigation of vegetation cover condition in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin: Many range management plans have been prepared for the rangelands of the northern part of the Hablehroud watershed. Most of the plans were implemented between the years 2001 until 2011 and are now under review or revision. New studies have been done for Arou (Taroud, Firouzkooh), Atashan, and Marzdaran sub-watersheds (with total area of 51000 hectares). The study of Arou sub- watershed is finished but Atashan and Marzdaran sub-watersheds are still being studied. The results of the revised plans such as Havir and Cheshmeh-Ebrahim rangeland plans could also be used as supplementary information. The studies conducted for Havir (in the northwest and west of the watershed), Lazour (in the north of the watershed), and Arou (in the east and southeast of the watershed) were used for the assessment of vegetation condition in the northern part of the watershed. The results are presented in Table 23. The information could be generalized to other parts of the watershed. Based on the available information, most of the study area is situated in the zone of semi-arid forests and high mountains. Table 23 indicates that the condition of some vegetation types in the watershed, specifically in the eastern and southeastern parts is poor but the western and northwestern parts are in good condition which is due to the implementation management activities such as protection and biological practices. Regarding the environmental factors affecting vegetation cover, the plant communities in the study area are mostly affected by the climate, specially precipitation and winter temperature which are controlled by latitude and elevation. Generally, the main reasons of vegetation degradation in the study area are: ❝❝ Overgrazing, early grazing, and long grazing ❝❝ Using some shrubs (e.g. Acantholimon) as fuel, mostly by nomads ❝❝ Changing rangelands to dry farms ❝❝ Presence of many goats in herds ❝❝ Inadequate distribution of water resources for livestock ❝❝ Lack of a well-developed mandatory grazing plan for the rangelands of the watershed 34 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor class Good Good Good Good Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Condition North North North North North Northwest and west Northwest and west Northwest and west Northwest and west northern watershed Growing zone in the East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south East, southeast, and south 27 35 39 49 85 34 31 28 36 33 31 24 22 22 60 65 62 74 Canopy Dominant species in vegetation composition Onobrychis cornuta - Psathyrostachis fragilis - Leucopoa sclerophylla Onobrychis cornuta - Psathyrostachis Onobrychis cornuta - Psathyrostachis fragilis Onobrychis cornuta - Psathyrostachis ovina Onobrychis cornuta- Festuca ovina Onobrychis cornuta -Festuca Hordium violaceum- Agropyron intermedium Artemisia aucheri-Astragalus sp.-Onobrychis cornuta-Pe.gr. Artemisia aucheri-Astragalus sp.-Pe.gr. Artemisia aucheri-Eurotia ceratoides.-Acantholimon sp.-Astragalus sp. Astragalus sp.-Acantholimon sp.-Acanthophyllum sp. Astragalus sp.-Acantholimon sp.-Stipa barbata Astragalus sp.-Onobrychis cornuta-Pe.gr. Poa bulbosa-Onobrychis cornuta-Astragalus sp. Poa Psathyrostachis fragilis-Artemisia aucheri Psathyrostachis Psathyrostachis fragilis-Astragalus sp. Psathyrostachis Astragalus sp – Thymus kotchianos Astraglus sp – Annual grass Astragalus sp – psatyrostachis fragili Asteregalus sp – Diplotenia damavandica Vegetation type code Vegetation On co- Ps fr- Le sc fr- On co- Ps On co- Ps fr On co- Ps ov On co- Fe ov- Br to On co- Fe gr Pe Ar.au.-As.sp.-On.co.-Pe.gr. Ar.au.-As.sp.-Pe.gr. Ar.au.-Eu.ce.-Ac.sp.-As.sp. As.sp.-Ac.sp.-Ac.sp. As.sp.-Ac.sp.-St.ba. As.sp.-On.co.-Pe.gr. Po.bu.-On.co.-As.sp. Ps.fr.-Ar. Au. Ps.fr.-Ar. Ps.fr.-As.sp. Type I Type Type II Type Type III Type Type IV Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Row Table 23- Assessment of rangeland condition for the selected areas (Northern part of the Hablehroud watershed) (Northern part of the Hablehroud the selected areas Assessment of rangeland condition for 23- Table Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 35
3- Social and economic monitoring report 3-1- Public awareness and capacity building The results presented in Table 24 show the activities conducted to improve public awareness and capacity building of stakeholders in the Hablehroud watershed. An exploration into the information indicate that, the attitude of authorities and stakeholders has changed towards adjustment of resources utilization which has led to adjustment of management procedures in the watershed.
Table 24- Information about monitoring of the public awareness and capacity building indicator
Counties Parameters Firouzkooh Damavand Sorkheh Garmsar Aradan Number and diversity of workshops, seminars, 135 15 5 10 8 conferences, and scientific sessions 11960 person- Number of attendees, training hours, and target groups hour and 5980 840 250 550 300 (person-hour) persons Number of broadcasted programs, their hours, and also 3 programs and 3 to 4 hours program broadcasted - news articles 5 news report in the province media Number and diversity of festivals, exhibitions, cultural 2 exhibitions 4 2 15 12 events, and visits and 10 visits Number and diversity of papers, theses, scientific and 2 1 1 3 3 research activities and publications Number and diversity of NGOs active in capacity building 5 cooperatives 4 0 2 3 and raising awareness Effectiveness of awareness programs in revision of Good Moderate High High High development plans and managerial decisions Number and diversity of educational booklets, movies, 5 3 2 5 3 posters, brochures, bulletins, etc. Relatively good Relatively Quality and distribution of the developed training tools Good Good Good quality good quality Very Very Estimation of the results of capacity building programs Excellent Very good Very good good good
3-2- Employment rate Based on the available data, population and consequently active population has increased during the past years but the population of employees has not increased very much. In fact there weren’t enough job opportunities for job seekers so employment rate has decreased during the recent years. The main factors contributing to the decrease of employment rate include: economic problems (e.g. political and economic sanctions), drought and climate change which impact activities such as agriculture, and etc. 36 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Table 25- Employment rate in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Semnan Population Number of Active Employed Employment province Population Male Female older than households population population rate statistics 10 years 2011 24760 80593 40590 40003 69649 26197 23529 89.8 2006 21726 78619 40448 38171 67221 26818 24206 90.3 2001 1191 67847 34746 33101 53824 19482 18379 94.3 3-3- Average income per capita ❝❝ Based on the information presented in Table 26, the total savings of urban and rural households in most years are negative which means that the expenditures of an urban or rural household living in the southern part of the watershed is more than their income. The main reasons of the decrease of rural population and increase of urban population are: households’ negative savings, recent droughts, and soil and water resources degradation as a result of improper utilization of agricultural inputs. ❝❝ The information on gross domestic product are provided at province level so average income per capita cannot be calculated at county level. ❝❝ Based on the available data, average income per capita has increased during the recent years. One of the factors contributing to this increase is subsidies paid to households which increased gross domestic product and consequently increased average income per capita.
Table 26- Average income per capita in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Population Gross domestic product Average income per capita Year Rural Uran Total (million Rials) (million Rials)
2001 158,991 342,455 501,446 6,411,800 12.79 2002 158,991 342,455 501,446 4,728,800 9.43 2003 158,991 342,455 501,446 5,799,900 11.57 2004 158,991 342,455 501,446 7,187,400 14.33 2005 158,991 342,455 501,446 9,211,400 18.37 2006 144,813 445,199 590,012 14,677,300 24.88 2007 144,813 445,199 590,012 18,391,000 31.17 2008 144,813 445,199 590,012 30,588,000 51.84 2009 144,813 445,199 590,012 36,549,000 61.95 2010 144,813 445,199 590,012 33,709,000 57.13 2011 144,873 486,345 631,218 40,098,000 63.52 2012 144,873 486,345 631,218 40,098,000 63.52 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 37 Total 84,966 84,966 81,469 81,469 81,469 81,469 81,469 70,541 70,541 70,541 70,541 70,541 60,115 60,115 54,887 54,887 54,887 54,887 54,887 42,493 42,493 42,493 42,493 42,493 Urban household Population Rural 24,851 24,851 26,582 26,582 26,582 26,582 26,582 28,048 28,048 28,048 28,048 28,048 household Total -724,224 2,230,292 7,987,258 3,802,159 -9,804,749 -1,272,813 -3,447,366 -3,493,486 -2,488,876 -6,070,172 -2,079,275 10,109,319 36,811 Urban -153,612 -515,431 -342,216 7,060,888 7,083,526 3,415,394 -2,988,830 -4,898,053 -2,660,747 -1,715,285 -1,158,076 household Savings (Rial) Rural 903,732 386,765 -382,008 3,625,240 -4,830,596 -6,815,919 -7,448,572 -3,484,177 -1,778,201 -2,335,264 -4,912,096 -1,563,844 household Total 90,051,587 77,327,883 68,065,831 56,111,457 49,506,105 39,234,717 32,770,609 204,864,862 179,076,657 131,408,759 136,985,435 105,459,169 Urban 76,385,774 87,412,568 68,268,471 56,064,064 48,573,041 43,553,205 37,496,778 31,497,982 23,267,691 19,819,373 household 126,557,509 112,224,606 Average income (Rial) Average Rural 78,307,353 66,852,051 55,022,985 49,572,867 37,190,698 33,987,523 28,754,842 24,512,626 18,614,679 18,008,123 15,967,026 12,951,236 household Total 93,498,953 80,821,369 70,554,707 62,181,629 45,703,946 41,313,992 33,494,833 202,634,570 171,089,399 132,681,572 146,790,184 115,568,488 Urban 81,283,827 90,401,398 70,929,218 56,027,253 50,288,326 43,706,817 38,654,854 28,082,588 23,783,122 20,161,589 household 119,496,621 105,141,080 Average expenditure (Rial) Average Rural 83,137,949 65,948,319 51,397,745 56,388,786 44,639,270 37,471,700 30,533,043 26,847,890 23,526,775 17,621,358 17,530,870 13,333,244 household 2012 2011 2009 2010 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Year Table 26 (continued)- Average income per capita in the southern part of the Hablehroud watershed capita in the southern part of Hablehroud income per Average 26 (continued)- Table 38 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
3-4- Emigration rate The data needed for estimating emigration rate were extracted from the information provided by the Iranian Statistics Center. As there were no county-level data, the emigration rates for the southern part of the Hablehroud watershed were calculated at province level. The results are presented in Tables 27 and 28. Based on the available data, it is concluded that during the period of the years 1976 through 1996, the area attracted emigrants, also the rate of emigration from rural areas in the southern part of the watershed has increased.
Table 27- Emigration rate in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Net emigration Year 1365 population Year 1996 population Emigration level Item (annual - thousands Census Estimated Census Estimated 1976-1986 1986-1996 1976-1986 1986-1996
Rural areas 31963 34099 32807 37392 -2136 -4585 -7.1 -14.2
Urban areas 29264 17810 42493 35546 11454 6947 53.5 19.4
Total 61227 51909 75300 72938 9318 2362 18.1 3.5
Table 28- Emigration rate in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
Province Year Population Population entered Population left Emigration rate
1976-1986 501447 94290 74974 3.9 Semnan 1986-1996 589742 74454 63715 1.8
3-5- Agriculture and natural resources services Thanks to the allocation suitable funds, there were a considerable growth in the number of soil and water projects in the southern part of the watershed during the period of the years 2009 through 2011. The data are presented in Table 29. In the 2011-2012 growing season, despite the drought, the volume of soil and water management practices considerably decreased due to the lack of funds. This continued until the 2012-2013 growing season. It should be mentioned that, in the presented data for the years 2009-2010 and 2011-2012, the data of Aradan and Sorkheh counties were merged into the data of Garmsar and Semnan counties. The agriculture and natural resources services in the northern part of the Hablehroud watershed are presented in Tables 30 (training courses) and 31 (technical and engineering services). The main issues in providing services to farmers are as follows: ❝❝ Lack of funds for holding training courses ❝❝ Low learning level of participants (as most of them are seniors) Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 39
Table 29- Agricultural services in the southern part of the Hablehroud basin
2012-2013 growing 2011-2012 growing 2010-2011 growing 2009-2010 growing season season season season
County Drip irrigation (ha) Equipment and renovation (ha) Qanat repair transfer Water (km) Drip irrigation (ha) Equipment and renovation (ha) Qanat repair transfer Water (km) Drip irrigation (ha) Equipment and renovation (ha) Qanat repair transfer Water (km) Drip irrigation (ha) Equipment and renovation (ha) Qanat repair transfer Water (km)
Garmsar 53 50 0.64 0.996 183 180 0.09 3 248 306 1 47.3 158 537 0.7 58.1 Aradan 83 54 0.01 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sorkheh 321 5 0.125 0.7 323 2 0.51 0.174 34 10 4 21.75 211 10.2 1.3 39.95
Table 30- Agricultural services (training and extension) in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin
Course topic Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 Year 2014 Number Number Number Number Number Person Person Person Person Person of of of of of day day day day day courses courses courses courses courses Pesticide usage 8 160 5 100 6 120 4 80 3 60 reduction Chemical fertilizer 3 60 4 80 3 60 2 40 2 40 reduction Crop pattern change 4 80 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 Total 15 300 12 240 12 240 9 180 8 160
Table 31- Agricultural services (technical and engineering practices) in the northern part of the Hablehroud basin
Volume of practices Volume of practices Volume of practices Volume of practices Volume of practices in the year 2010 in in the year 2010 in in the year 2010 in in the year 2010 in in the year 2010 in hectares hectares hectares hectares hectares reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction reduction Water usage Water Water usage Water Water usage Water Water usage Water Water usage Water Pesticide usage Pesticide Pesticide usage Pesticide Fertilizer usage Fertilizer Fertilizer usage Fertilizer Pesticide usage Pesticide Pesticide usage Pesticide Pesticide usage Pesticide Fertilizer usage Fertilizer Fertilizer usage Fertilizer Fertilizer usage Fertilizer
2805 3276 2755 3116 3485 3062 3462 3708 3402 3847 3845 3780 4050 4197 4197
3-6- Investment rate To estimate this indicator, the information about the investments made by government and private sector should be collected and checked to make sure that these investments were used for sustainable soil and water resources management. Conclusions could then be drawn about the trend (increasing or decreasing) of investments in the Hablehroud watershed. 40 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Attempts were made to gather and analyze all of the needed data but only the governmental investments data were available. Table 32 shows the investments that were in line with protection and sustainable management of soil and water resources in the Hablehroud watershed.
Table 32- List of the government plans consistent with the objectives of sustainable management of soil and water resources of the Halehroud basin
Sector Main soil and water conservation related plans
Financial, technical, management and planning services Meteorology services plan
Provision, protection, and repair of valuable cultural and Culture and art, mass media and tourism historical heritage
Agriculture and natural resources Watershed management and soil conservation plan
Agriculture and natural resources Agricultural lands management plan
Agriculture and natural resources Forests restoration, development, and utilization plan
Agriculture and natural resources Rangelands restoration, development, and utilization plan
Agriculture and natural resources Extension services improvement plan
Water resources River and coastal engineering plan
Water resources Water resources conservation and utilization improvement plan
Environment Biodiversity and nature conservation plan
Environment Pollutant and waste management plan
Housing, and urban, rural and nomadic development Sewage and wastewater systems plan
Housing, and urban, rural and nomadic development Nomads management plan
After the selection of the plans specified in Table 32 and investigation of the amount of exchanged credits (in Firouzkooh, Damavand, Sorkheh, Garmsar, and Aradan counties), the ratio of investments in the field of soil and water resources conservation to the total funds allocated to the counties was calculated. The results are presented in Tables 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 41
Table 33- Allocated and expended funds for soil and water projects and the total funds for Damavand County
Exchanged Last Last County Year Item funds allocation expenditure
Funds for soil and water conservation projects 28326 28126 28094
2007 Total funds 165125 151152 139629 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.17 0.18 0.2 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 24752 24252 24016 2008 Total funds 176654 172147 169142 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.14 0.14 0.14 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 59072 59072 53670
2009 Total funds 221167 213367 204442 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.26 0.27 0.26 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 13534 13534 13533 2010 Total funds 210764 195932 194298 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.06 0.06 0.06 Damavand Funds for soil and water conservation projects 17230 15955 15488 2011 Total funds 267779 237609 233934 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.06 0.06 0.06 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 44314 19256 19256 2012 Total funds 177210 56926 53406 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.25 0.33 0.36 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 24759 8947 8924 2013 Total funds 306950 154486 154213 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.08 0.05 0.05 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 31330 20438 2014 Total funds 323901 272844 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.09 0.07 Average ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds (during 0.13 0.14 0.16 the years 2007 through 2014)
It can be concluded from the presented data that, the funds allocated for soil and water resources conservation fluctuated but generally had a decreasing trend. Also, economic crises affect the amount of finances allocated to soil and water resources conservation sector immediately. It implies that, protection of the environment is of low priority to managers and decision makers. So, more attempts should be made to sensitize this group of watershed stakeholders. 42 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Table 34- Allocated and expended funds for soil and water projects and the total funds for Firouzkooh County
Exchanged Last Last County Year Item funds allocation expenditure Funds for soil and water conservation projects 18975 18840 18351 2007 Total funds 121181 119027 113045 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.15 0.15 0.16 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 27117 26017 25867 2008 Total funds 229651 216068 212828 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.11 0.12 0.12 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 37440 37440 35177
2009 Total funds 149335 144085 200343 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.25 0.25 0.25 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 13227 13227 12009 2010 Total funds 376364 354823 353355 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.03 0.03 0.03 Firouzkooh Funds for soil and water conservation projects 22120 21045 21042 2011 Total funds 388624 373142 372989 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.05 0.05 0.05 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 16070 2331 2331 2012 Total funds 364315 194630 194238 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.04 0.01 0.01 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 33357 7476 7426 2013 Total funds 403767 242724 242491 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.08 0.03 0.03 Funds for soil and water conservation projects 30715 17680 2014 Total funds 320191 252720 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 0.09 0.06 Average ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds (during 0.1 0.08 0.09 the years 2007 through 2014) Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 43
Table 35- Allocated and expended funds for soil and water projects and the total funds for Garmsar County
Exchanged County Year Item funds Funds for soil and water conservation projects 34929 2012 Total funds 210032 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 16.6% Funds for soil and water conservation projects 28534
Garmsar 2013 Total funds 362971 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 7.7% Funds for soil and water conservation projects 27296 2014 Total funds 241980 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 11.3% Average ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds (during the years 2012 through 2014) 11.1%
Table 36- Allocated and expended funds for soil and water projects and the total funds for Aradan County
Exchanged County Year Item funds Funds for soil and water conservation projects 4801 2012 Total funds 53638 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 8.9% Funds for soil and water conservation projects 11042 Aradan 2013 Total funds 71940 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 15.3% Funds for soil and water conservation projects 11309 2014 Total funds 118797 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 9.5% Average ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds (during the years 2012 through 2014) 11.1%
Table 37- Allocated and expended funds for soil and water projects and the total funds for Sorkheh County
Exchanged County Year Item funds Funds for soil and water conservation projects 13323 2013 Total funds 57631
Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 23.1% Sorkheh Funds for soil and water conservation projects 12104 2014 Total funds 103878 Ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds 11.6% Average ratio of soil and water conservation funds to total funds (during the years 2013 through 2014) 15.7% 44 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
The average ratio of expended funds in soil and water sector to the total expended funds (during the years 2007 through 2014) for Damavand, Firouzkooh, Garmsar, Aradan, and Sorkheh counties were 16, 9, 11, 11, and 16 percent, respectively. It means that in normal economic conditions the funds allocated for soil and water conservation much less than the total funds allocated to the counties. Consequently, the opportunities for implementing environmental resources protection and management practices are very limited. 3-7- Public participation The results presented in Table 38 show the activities carried out to improve stakeholders’ participation in the Hablehroud watershed management. The data are categorized by counties. The results indicate the activation of (watershed) management committees in the counties and an improvement in participation of government and private sector in the watershed management. However, an exact assessment of participation level which can lead to the determination of practical measures for improvement of public participation is necessary.
Table 38- Information about public participation
Parameters Counties Firouzkooh Damavand Sorkheh Garmsar Aradan Number, diversity and amount of expenditures on 2.5 billion Rials 1.4 billion No estimates the Hablehroud watershed management plan by the (during three Rials were made government, private sector, and local communities years) Number and diversity of NGOs, cooperatives, unions, and rural organizations active in sustainable 5 cooperatives 3 3 8 4 management of the Hablehroud soil and water and NGOs resources Number and diversity of the signed pacts and agreements and estimates of expenditures and the 1 - 0 1 0 quality of the jobs done Number of the meetings related to sustainable management of soil and water resources of the 45 20 10 10 20 Hablehroud watershed Number of managers, experts, and representatives of NGOs, unions, and local communities participating 400 20 10 10 in the sessions related to sustainable management of soil and water resources of the Hablehroud watershed Number of projects proposed by government and 14 7 3 5 5 private sector
4- Management practices and soil and water conservation plans The main soil and water conservation activities in the Hablehroud basin during the years 2012 and 2013 are presented in Table 39. Most of the practices are implemented by the Hablehroud Land and Water Resources Management Plan in collaboration with Jihad-e-agriculture organization and general offices of natural resources and watershed management in Tehran and Semnan provinces. It’s necessary that in the future studies this section include all of the activities and practices implemented in the Hablehroud watershed by all of the soil and water related entities. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 45
Table 39- Information about soil and water conservation plans in the Hablehroud basin
Description and volume of the Time and location Collaborating Row Activity management practice of implementation organizations Theoretical and practical workshops were Vermi-compost Dehnamak inter-basin Jihad-e-Agriculture held to train the production of biological 1 production in Semnan (Sorkheh county, organization of fertilizers (vermi-compost) to the attendees. province Lasjerd) - 2013 Semnan The trainings were practiced step-by-step. Locating the existing springs within each Rameh sub-basin General office of conventional boundary and constructing 9 (Aradan county), Ij natural resources Rangeland restoration watering places in collaboration with ranchers sub-basin (Sorkheh 2 and watershed in Semnan province (Three watering places were constructed in county), and Chandab management of Rameh sub-basin, two in Ij sub-basin, and sub-basin (Garmsar Semnan province four in Chandab sub-basin) county) - 2013 Enabling stakeholders to implement sustainable agriculture and to expand it by Hesarbon, Jihad-e-Agriculture Sustainable agriculture forming a local management network based Roudafshan, and 3 organization of in Tehran province on the integrated production management Mashhad villages - Tehran approach in agriculture and natural resources 2013 sector Holding a series of workshops with the aim General offices of Capacity building for Rameh sub-basin of capacity building and involving ranchers natural resources the implementation of (Aradan county), and other stakeholders and implementing and watershed 4 rangeland management Taroud sub-basin participatory rangeland management and management of plan in Semnan and (Firouzkooh county) restoration plans in collaboration with 20 to Tehran and Semnan Tehran provinces - 2013 40 people provinces General office of Repairing several gabion dams in the streams Enzeha village natural resources Repairing the gabion ending to Enzeha village with the objective of 5 (Firouzkooh county) and watershed dam in Enzeha village flood control and preventing damages caused - 2013 management of by flood and sediments. Tehran province Considering the expansion of desertification phenomenon in the southern parts of the watershed, this project aimed at preventing desertification and rehabilitating desert lands using indigenous knowledge and with Capacity building for General office of participation of local people. The project was the implementation Dehnamak inter-basin natural resources implemented through three phases in 670 6 of desert reclamation (Sorkheh county) - and watershed hectares of desert lands. plan using indigenous 2013 management of Phase 1- Identification; study and capacity knowledge Semnan province building; soil desalinization Phase 2- Planting adaptive species Phase 3- Harvesting the crops/plants and returning the land rehabilitated and covered with Gaz (Tamarix sp.) plants. Considering the availability of land for General office of cultivation but scarcity of water for irrigation, Construction of a water Arou village natural resources a storage pool (with the dimensions of 4.5m 7 storage pool in Arou (Damavand county) and watershed * 20m * 22m) was constructed to harvest village - 2013 management of and store spring water and provide irrigation Tehran province water during dry periods. 46 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014)
Two centers exhibiting capacities and skills of women were established in northern part (Damavand county) and southern part Jihad-e-Agriculture (Aradan county) of the watershed. These organizations and Women empowerment Jaban village centers acted as local hubs (covering their General offices of and developing rural (Damavand county) nearby villages) for training, presenting and natural resources 8 entrepreneurship and Farvan village selling products prepared by women. In and watershed centers in Jaban and (Aradan county) - addition, 10 workshops were held that helped management of Farvan villages 2013 in forming two local organizations (namely Tehran and Semnan Kolbe-rouyesh-e-mehre Jaban and Farvan’s provinces women organization) and running two local banks and two stores in the villages. First, the project sites were selected based on the watershed land use plan and considering stakeholders’ demands and the existing threats. A total area of 15000 hectares in Rameh sub-basin General office of Sorkheh and Aradan counties were identified (Aradan county), Ij natural resources Rangeland restoration as suitable areas for implementation of sub-basin (Sorkheh and watershed 9 (grazing management) the project. Then, the stakeholders were county), and Chandab management of in Semnan province identified and attempts were made to sub-basin (Garmsar Semnan province organize them or rehabilitate the existing county) - 2012 organizations. The local organizations then introduced a rangeland guard and initiated implementing a participatory grazing plan. The first step in this project was to locate the springs in need of repair. This was General office of Rangeland restoration done with cooperation and participation of Rameh sub-basin natural resources through repairing stakeholders and their representative. The 10 (Aradan county) - and watershed springs in Semnan plan was then approved and one spring was 2012 management of province repaired in collaboration with stakeholders. Semnan province Maintenance of the spring was also assigned to stakeholders. First, the areas impacted by wind erosion were identified. Then, volunteer farmers Dehnamak inter-basin were selected and a mutual agreement of Combating (Aradan county), General office of construction of 8 kilometers wind break was desertification by Dehnamak inter-basin natural resources signed. The farmers were obliged: 11 constructing wind (Sorkheh county), and and watershed 1- to plant saplings according to the technical breaks in Semnan Garmsar sub-basin management of instructions province (Garmsar county) - Semnan province 2- protect and maintain the plants 2012 3- to irrigate the plants according to technical instructions First, the areas that were suitable for croplands and orchards but had water loss problem were identified. Then, Jihad- e-Agriculture and the Hablehroud Plan Dehnamak inter-basin made the preliminary arrangements for (Aradan county) and Jihad-e-Agriculture Water transfer to implementation of the project. 12 Behvard sub-basin organization of Behvard sub-watershed Three kilometers of concrete canal and five (Garmsar county) - Semnan kilometers of piping were implemented 2012 to transfer water to Behvard sub-basin. The responsibility of the maintenance and renovation of waterways was assigned to the farmers’ representative. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation Report of Hablehroud Basin (2014) 47
At the first step, the potentials for utilizing rangeland byproducts in different areas were investigated. Then the stakeholders in each area were identified and an organization General office of for utilization of rangeland byproducts was Management of Barijeh Rameh sub-watershed natural resources formed. The correct utilization methods 13 (Galbanum) zones in (Aradan county) - and watershed were taught and it was agreed that collection, Rameh sub-watershed 2012 management of marketing, and selling of the byproducts is Semnan province done by the organization. This project was implemented in a 5000 hectare area and 2 tons of seeds were collected and sold by the organization members during the project.