Cambridge National Sports Studies Student Booklet

Name ______Unit Name LO1 LO2 L03 LO4 LO5 (Exam) Understand the Know about the Understand the The role of Contemporary issues which affect role of sport in importance of National Governing Issues in Sport participation in promoting values hosting major Bodies R051 sport sporting events (NGB’s)

Developing Sport Be able to use Be able to use Be able to Practice methods to Skills skills, techniques skills, techniques officiate in a support & in an individual & in an sport improvements in a sport sporting activity RO52 (practically (practically assessed) assessed) (practically assessed)

Sports Leadership Effective sport Sports activity Sports activity Sports Activity leadership session plan delivery plan evaluation

R053 Risk assessment (practically assessed) Sport and the Media Coverage Positive effects of Negative Effects Relationship Evaluate media Media the media of the media between sport and coverage of R054 the media sport Unit R051 R052 R053 R054 Name Contemporary Developing Sports Media in issues in sport sport skills leadership sport Exam % of final 25% 25% 25% 25% grade Marks 60 60 60 60 out of L2D* 51 54 54 54 L2D 45 48 48 48 L2M 39 42 42 42 L2P 33 36 36 36 L1D 28 30 30 30 L1M 23 24 24 24 L1P 18 18 18 18 OVERALL R051 R052 R053 R054 ?/60 ?/60 ?/60 ?/60 TOTAL ?/240 L2D* 216 L2D 192 L2M 168 L2P 144 L1D 120 L1M 96 L1P 72 U 0 R051 – Contemporary issues in sport R051 – Contemporary issues in sport

Learning Outcomes

 LO1 - Understand the issues which affect participation in sport

 LO2 - Know about the role of sport in promoting values

 LO3 - Understand the importance of hosting major sporting events

 LO4 - Know about the role of national governing bodies in sport Issues affecting participation in sport There are a number of user groups who may participate in sport:

• Ethnic minorities • Retired people/people over 50 • Families with young children • Single parents • Children/teenagers • Disabled • Unemployed/economically disadvantaged • Working singles and couples Issues affecting participation in sport User group Possible barriers Ethnic minorities (Black, Asian, Arabic) Retired people/people over 50 Families with young children Single parents Children/teenagers Disabled Unemployed/economic ally disadvantaged Working singles and couples Think. Pair. Share – What are the possible barriers to each of the user groups taking part in sport? Issues affecting participation in sport The following are possible barriers to participation in sport.

Disposable income: The amount of money people have available will influence what sport they choose to participate in.

The cost of participation in some sports is high compared to others. i.e. Cricket, Golf and Skiing Issues affecting participation in sport Employment/time: Some jobs leave very little free time for individuals to take part in sport. Some sports are particularly long to complete. i.e. golf

Work restrictions and family commitments: Women are still seen as individuals who should bring up the family and therefore not be as involved in sport as they would like. Issues affecting participation in sport Accessibility of facilities/equipment: Where the access for a facility is good there is generally more participants. Good public transport links, disabled access and parking means more people can access the facility.

Provision of activities: Local areas will offer different activities depending on location and surroundings. The hope is that requirements of the prospective participant will be met by this provision. Issues affecting participation in sport Awareness of activity provision: Advertising and promotion is how potential participants are made aware of what is currently available in an area.

Think. Pair. Share – How are you made aware of activities in your local area? Issues affecting participation in sport Lack of role models: Many sports and ethnic groups are unrepresented and lack role models for others to aspire towards. This is especially the case for women, ethnic minorities and disability sports stars. Issues affecting participation in sport Portrayal of gender issues by the media Males and females are both encouraged to take part in sport but TV coverage favours male sports and men make up most of the presenters of sport programmes.

In recent years we have seen an increase in women’s football, rugby and cricket coverage as well as more TV sports pundits. Solutions to barriers which affect participation There are many organisations and structures in place to increase the number of people regularly engaging in physical activity.

• Sport England • National Governing Bodies • Department of Culture, Media and Sport

Each of the organisations above will be responsible for promotion of the opportunities in local areas, providing a range of different provisions to interest everybody and ensuring these places are easy to access. Solutions to barriers which affect participation Provision (what is provided, supplied or arranged): The programme provided should consider the different user groups, specific demands of the area locally and timings of the activities.

Activities which might increase participation could include: • Women only sessions • Kabaddi • Wheelchair basketball • Mid-morning classes for parents with young children. Solutions to barriers which affect participation Promotion (actively encouraging or publicising): Using targeted advertising is aimed at specific user groups and may involve the use role models to increase participation.

Local and national initiatives are aimed at promoting activity and inclusion i.e. Campaigns such as 'Kick it Out‘, Disability Football and 'This Girl Can' Solutions to barriers which affect participation Access (transport, entry and opportunities of use): Sports and facilities need to be local, available and affordable. The categories below should be considered:

• Transport – the availability of public transport, adequate car parking, safe cycling/walking routes. • Entry – ramps/wider doors for disabled access. • Equipment – access to equipment that is adapted for age/disability. i.e. hoists for swimming pool access. • Cost – sensible pricing to participate, reduced charges for certain groups. i.e. unemployed or young children Popularity of Sport in the UK There are a number of factors that will impact on a popularity of a sport.

1. Participation: Sports with widespread mass participation will always remain popular. Football is the most popular game played in the U.K. due to the accessibility of pitches, equipment and teams as well as media and role model related factors.

Think. Pair. Share – In recent years, which sports have seen an increase in popularity? What is the reason for this? Popularity of Sport in the UK 2. Success for individuals and teams: Positive outcomes during high profile events causes an increase in popularity. This has been seen in gymnastics and cycling after the Rio Olympics 2016. Popularity of Sport in the UK 3. Provision: Access the necessary facility, specialist equipment or coaching will impact on the rate of participation. i.e. a lack of accessible tennis courts limits the base level of participation.

4. Environment/Climate: Many sports that require access to specific natural environments are not suited to the UK. Man made sporting environments are common replacements. i.e. snow sports require appropriate terrain and climate.

Think. Pair. Share – What other sports lack accessible provision or is affected by the climate in the UK? Popularity of Sport in the UK 5. Spectatorship: The opportunity to watch professional games either live or televised are vast. Audiences are more likely to participate in the sport they watch. i.e. participation in tennis increases during Wimbledon.

6. Media Coverage: Sports that are covered by free to air channels (BBC) are likely to gain significantly more popularity than those shown on subscription channels only (NBA Basketball on Sky Sports) Popularity of Sport in the UK 7. Role Models: Sports with limited role models suffer from a lack of interest. Particular ethnic groups are also under represented due to a lack of significant others. i.e. Asian footballers or ethnic minority swimmers.

Athletics has female role models such as Jessica Ennis and Dina Asher- Smith whom encourage others to participate.

Think. Pair. Share – What particular user groups are under represented in sport? Popularity of Sport in the UK 8. Acceptability: Some sports are seen as less acceptable especially if they involve violence or cruelty to animals.

Examples: • Boxing still has vocal opposition who feel that it is violent and the aim of the sport is to hurt opponent and that it is therefore not appropriate, especially for younger people. • Horse racing has opposition due to the use of a whip. Think. Pair. Share – Discuss the thought that boxing should not be televised due to the violent nature of the event. Popularity of Sport in the UK

Think. Pair. Share – Discuss the graph and what the data tells you about popularity of sports by gender. Popularity of Sport in the UK In recent years statistics has shown a growing interest in: • Fitness/aerobics activities • Cycling • Swimming • • American Football Popularity of Sport in the UK The growth of new or emerging sports such as Ultimate Frisbee and Foot Golf is a sign that participation rates are more varied in the UK than they have ever been. Retrieval Practice

Name 3 factors that will Describe different user groups impact on a sports popularity who might participate in in the UK. sport.

Issues which affect participation in sport

Explain the meaning of the Using an example, explain following categories related to how time, accessibility and solutions to participation disposable income are a barriers: Provision, barriers to participation. Promotion and Access. Exam Question Application 1. Which one of the following would not be classed as an emerging sport in the UK? (4)

(a) American Football (b) Ultimate Frisbee (c) Cricket (d) Handball Exam Question Application 2. Many parents and teachers are concerned that teenagers do not participate enough in physical activity. Give three possible barriers which can prevent teenagers from regular participation in physical activity and sport. (3)

1 ...... 2 ...... 3 ...... Exam Question Application 3. (a) Give three factors, other than environment and climate, which can have an impact upon the popularity of sport in the UK. (3) 1 ...... 2 ...... 3 ...... (b) Using examples, explain two reasons why the environment and climate can have a negative impact the popularity of sport in the UK. (4) 1 ...... ……………………………………………………………………………………………….... 2 ...... ……………………………………………………………………………………………….... Exam Question Application 4. Tom is 66 years old and his partner Caroline is 59. Tom is retired but Caroline still works full-time. They only have one car. Both would like to get fitter by playing more sport. Describe two barriers to Tom’s participation in sport and two possible solutions. Barrier 1 ...... (1) Solution 1 ...... (1)

Barrier 2 ...... (1) Solution 2 ...... (1) Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 1. C - Cricket

2. Lack of time (due to education) • Lack of money/income • No role models (in certain sports) to encourage participation • Expense of equipment/participation charge • No suitable programmed sessions/suitable activities • Poor body image/lack of confidence • Lack of motivation/can’t be bothered • Lack of transport • Peer pressure/friends don’t play sport/sport is not seen as being ‘cool’ Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. (a) • Participation levels • Provision/availability • Spectatorship • Success of a team/individual • Role Models • Acceptability • Media coverage. Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. (b) Climate/weather 1. Less people participate in outdoor sports during bad weather 2. Interruptions in game play due to weather can cause people to lose interest 3. Short season for some sports because of weather means limited opportunities to play/watch (e.g. cricket) 4. Climate means that some activities are only available in some areas of the UK and at limited times (e.g. snow sports, water sports) Environment 5. Where you live can affect access to some activities (e.g. in towns and cities there may be little or no facility for water sports or outdoor activities 6. Paying to hire facilities instead of being able to use natural spaces has cost implications (e.g. rock climbing) 7. Having to travel long distances to participate in some activities as there aren’t opportunities locally 8. Better provision for other social activities in some areas may reduce the popularity of a sport. Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 4. Barriers (Sub max 2) 1. Lack of mobility/fitness/ health issues (due to age) 2. Lack of suitable activities that meet Tom’s interests/needs 3. Partner’s work commitments 4. Cost of transport/lack of transport (while partner is at work) 5. Cost of facilities/equipment/membership 6. Lack of role models 7. Lack of awareness.

Solutions (Sub max 2) 8. Provide appropriate/adapted activities that meet physical needs/Tom takes part in/tries easier or adapted activities 9. Provide activities that meet Tom’s interests 10. Programming of/number/timing of sessions to allow more options for participation 11. Reduce/subsidise cost 12. Provide transport/subsidise transport/use public transport 13. Use (suitable) role models 14. Targeted promotion/advertising R051 – Contemporary issues in sport

Learning Outcomes

 LO1 - Understand the issues which affect participation in sport

 LO2 - Know about the role of sport in promoting values

 LO3 - Understand the importance of hosting major sporting events

 LO4 - Know about the role of national governing bodies in sport Role of Sport in Promoting Values

What is meant by a ‘Value’? Name and explain values that are promoted through sport. Role of Sport in Promoting Values Values are principles or standards of behaviour that are judged to be of importance. Sport is a great way to encourage these values to be displayed and reinforced. Typical values include:

1. Team Spirit: All aspects of life require you to work with and get along with other people. Sport encourages working together with other individuals towards a common goal. i.e. winning a match.

Think. Pair. Share – Which sport/s encourage the value of team spirit the most? Why? Role of Sport in Promoting Values 2. Fair Play: Life has rules, legal, social, moral and ethical, that we must abide by. Learning the importance of adhering to rules and being fair to others can be achieved through playing sport.

3. Citizenship: Sport creates a feeling of belonging and helps to create/maintain pride in surroundings and a desire to be socially responsible. This value is promoted by getting involved in local community sport clubs. Role of Sport in Promoting Values 4. Tolerance and Respect: Tolerance is needed in order to cooperate and get on with other people. Physical activity can develop an understanding of other people, countries and cultures. Role of Sport in Promoting Values 5. Inclusion: Everyone has differing abilities/needs and society should accommodate these as best it can. Adapting sport so that people of all abilities can participate makes it inclusive.

6. Excellence: Sport creates opportunity for individuals to strive to be the best they can be. Role of Sport in Promoting Values 7. National Pride: National pride fosters positive self image and pride in achievements and surroundings. Supporters and performers unite behind the country/team. i.e. 2018 and England.

Think. Pair. Share – Does hosting a major sporting event give the home country additional benefits? The Olympic and Paralympic Movement The ancient Olympics games were held in Greece but developed into the Modern Olympic Games in 1896. The Olympic games was developed by Baron Pierre de Coubertin. He believed in a healthy/balanced mind and body and encouraging performers to strive to do their best.

The Olympic creed (message) was as follows: "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well" The Olympic and Paralympic Movement The aims of the Olympic Games are: 1. To promote the development physical and moral qualities using sport. 2. To bring athletes from around the world together. 3. To educate young people through sport, developing friendship and a more harmonious world.

Unfortunately, in recent Olympic Games these have not always been adhered to amidst cheating, corruption and bribes. The Olympic and Paralympic Movement The symbol of the Olympic Games is five interlocking rings of the same size which represent the union of the five continents. The Olympic and Paralympic Movement

Values How the Olympics and Paralympics encourage these values Respect Excellence Friendship Courage Determination Inspiration Equality

Think. Pair. Share – Explain how the Olympic games encourages these values amongst the participants? The Olympic and Paralympic Movement Olympic and Paralympic Games values: The Olympics games values are central to the movement and have been retained over many years.

Respect – Excellence – Friendship – Courage – Determination Inspiration Equality – – for all Achieve promotion this is – role all nations countries, of friendly pushing Perseverance models to have equal the best to succeed cultures and competition yourself inspire the opportunities. you can. despite other even when barriers. next performers it gets generation. tough. Other Initiatives to Promote Values There are other programme which have successfully promoted the development of core values amongst children and adults:

• ‘Football for Hope’ campaign launched by FIFA. • ‘Chance to Shine’ from the England Cricket Board. • Sport Relief • ‘Creating Chances’ from the Premier League • ‘This Girl Can’ – Sport England initiative.

Think. Pair. Share – Are there any other campaigns in sport which promote core values? Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour Sport has unwritten rules or customs to uphold respect and fairness when competing. These help people to play in the 'spirit of the game'. They often require players to take an active approach to respect and fairness, not just avoid breaking the rules. i.e. acknowledging that a ball was out in tennis or shaking hands with an opponent even if you lose.

By observing the etiquette of sport participants are safe and the core values are promoted. Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour Sportsmanship an set of unwritten rules or code of behaviour that a player stands by when competing. Each sport has its own code of behaviour and ‘sportsmanship gestures’.

Think. Pair. Share – How many different displays of sportsmanship, fairness or etiquette can you think of? Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour There are places or times in a game situation or competition when sporting gestures are expected to take place.

After an injury in Respect in rugby – football - The ball is After a match both kicked out after an injury teams form a ‘tunnel’ occurs to a player. The and clap each other off. ball is then thrown back. Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour

With success – After a defeat – Even as a winning team Even after loosing a players should be match player should gracious. Shaking hands shake hands and show is an offer of mutual respect. commiseration. Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour Gamesmanship is slightly different to sportsmanship as it is the bending the rules to gain an advantage over opponents. Usually a tactical and unethical ploy. i.e. fainting an injury in football to waste time.

Think. Pair. Share – Can you think of any other examples of gamesmanship within sport? Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour Other acts of gamesmanship in sport are below:

• Taking injury time outs during a tennis game. • Over appealing in cricket. • Standing in front of a snooker players shot line. Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour Sporting behaviours are not just for the participants but extend to the spectators too. Certain sports have a reputation for high levels of spectator etiquette i.e. crowd silence during a golf shot.

Think. Pair. Share – Can you think of any other examples spectator etiquette? Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour Other examples of spectator etiquette include:

• Quiet during a National Anthem - In football when the opposition national anthem is played the crowd are quiet. • Quiet during play - In tennis or snooker when shots are being played out. • Do not use abusive language - Rugby fans are supportive of their own team but respectful of the other team. • Applaud fair play/opposition – Crowds should applaud when performers demonstrate acts of sportsmanship. Etiquette and Sporting Behaviour There are numerous sporting initiatives that have been introduced to reduce negative sporting behaviour and promote sportsmanship and etiquette.

Participants – Respect campaign Spectators - Kick Racism Out of Football Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport

What sports or athletes have been involved in recent incidents of drug taking in sport? Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport Performance enhancing drugs are substances that are used to improve any form of athletic performance. The rewards that come with winning are so great that athletes are increasingly temped to cheat with the use of drugs.

Think. Pair. Share – Why do sportspeople take drugs? Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport 1. Pressure to succeed as an individual Elite athletes are under a huge amount of pressure from competitors, coaches, family and themselves to win. This pressure can cause individuals to make poor decisions/judgements.

2. Pressure as a nation is increasingly common and is linked to politics especially during home games or events. A nation’s success and can lead to politicians gains.

The Russian athletics scandal highlights the pressure placed on coaches to produce gold medal winning performances. Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport 3. Rewards In today’s sport, winning and success leads to a higher profile, increased appearance fees and lucrative sponsorship deals.

Prize money/fame can motivate athletes to cheat and take performance enhancing drugs. Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport 4. To match the competitors In some events drug abuse has become so common that athletes often say ‘if everyone else is, then I will follow in order to keep up’

It is difficult to constantly detect new drugs being used by athletes and some believe doping is just a part of sport.

i.e. Over the last decade the Tour de France has had widespread drug doping problems. Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport Athletes should be aware that doping can have severe health and social consequences. Reasons against drugs use includes: 1. Performers gain an unfair advantage and undermines the integrity of sport. 2. The consequences of being found guilty are large fines/ bans and significant reputation damage. 3. The health risks to the performer are clear ranging from organ defects to severe long lasting damage to the body. Performance-Enhancing Drugs – Current News World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) WADA is an independent organisation responsible for drug testing, anti-doping programs and research.

WADA has a list of banned substances which is regularly updated in the light of new drugs being detected.

Think. Pair. Share – What can WADA do to reduce the number of drug cheats in sport? World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) WADA introduced the whereabouts rule in 2004 as part of its out of competition testing procedures. Athletes are required to provide details of where they can be found for one hour every day.

While this rule inevitably creates some inconvenience for professional athletes it is the responsibility of the individual to be where they state they are and keep this personal information up to date. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Regular and random drug testing during and out of competitions will help to deter cheats.

Advanced research into new ‘undetectable’ drugs will help to eliminate laboratories who manufacture the illegal drugs used by performers. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) WADA have also developed the methods of testing for performance enhancing drugs. Common methods include: • Blood sample • Urine sample • Hair sample • Nail sample World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Current initiatives from WADA include the Education of coaches and athletes to raise awareness of the risks and consequences associated with doping.

All governing bodies will have an anti- doping program and will visit training institutes and schools to educate young potential athletes.

Using both positive and negative role models can help deliver this message. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Another strategy in the fight against drugs in sport is the introduction of stricter punishments. In 2015, WADA increased bans to 4 years and a lifetime ban for a second offence.

Medals have also been striped from athletes retrospectively and bans extended to coaches too. Drug Offences by Elite Performers Dwain Chambers: Chambers failed an out-of-competition drug test in 2003, subsequently admitting to the use of THG, a performance enhancing substance, for which he was banned from athletics for two years.

He was stripped of the 100 m European title and record he achieved that year but has since returned to competition and won gold in the 4×100 m in 2006.

What reasons does Dwain Chambers state for him taking performance enhancing drugs? Drug Offences by Elite Performers David Millar: Millar was a British road race champion who served a two-year doping ban for use of EPO. He has also admitted taken banned substances under a TUE (Therapeutic Use Exemption) certificate for a fake injury.

David Millar now works with WADA and the UCI to educate performers about drug use in cycling. Consequences and implications of doping Sports that have been constantly linked to cases of drug taking have had their reputation damaged. As a result it can be difficult to gain sponsorship deals and will lose public following.

Negative press can cause sponsors to withdraw from deals due to their brand being associated and called into question.

Sports are under increasing pressure to ensure it has a clean image. This has resulted in harsher punishments and stricter testing procedures. Consequences and implications of doping Damage to the Tour de France competition has been widespread over the past 10 years with numerous reported cases of doping and even death.

These damages are: • Reputational – a sport can become known for cheating and may affect young people taking it up. • Credibility linked – performance will be difficult to believe and will affect the number of spectators. Consequences and implications of doping Elite sport is traditionally seen as fair contest between individuals and is an opportunity to watch athletes perform at the highest level.

Society cannot accept or condone acts of drug taking/doping in sport without individual’s being challenged. Such behaviours go against the cultural norms and values of society. Consequences and implications of doping Many sports performers use legal substances to maximise training and performance. This includes vitamins, minerals, bicarbonate, carbohydrate gels/drinks and creatine based supplements.

These are accepted by sport as they do not significantly enhance performance or affect the health of an athlete.

Little is known of the long term effects of prolonged use of legal supplements. Consequences and implications of doping

For Against

• Spectators want to see the best • Proven health risks / side performance possible effects Used correctly there is limited • • Not all performers have access health risk to doping methods/can afford • Performers don’t ask to be role drugs models • Against nature of sport / • Level playing field for all unethical / cheating / contract performers to compete/ not use of natural • Saves money/time on expensive ability testing/money could be used for elsewhere • Negative role model for children / wider implication for society • Testing always one step behind the cheats /chemists/technology Consequences and implications of doping

Think. Pair. Share – Should all drugs be banned in sport? Consequences and implications of doping Many arguments can be made for allowing drug taking by athletes. Presently the fight against drugs in sport continues.

For Against

Think. Pair. Share – Should we lift the ban on drugs in sport? What reasons can be given for both arguments? Consequences and implications of doping

Advantages and disadvantage of taking legal substances:

Advantages Disadvantages • Provides a boost to • Some supplements may contain health and well-being. banned substances or are not Can help recovery what they seem to be. • • Research has yet to confirm if process and building there is any long term effects of muscle. persistent usage. • Available in a range of • Many energy drinks are high in formats which make it sugar and other health issues easier to administer. such as obesity or tooth decay might prevail. • Increased chances of • Not in the spirit of fair play in success. sport. Retrieval Practice

Discuss possible methods that Name 3 values promoted by could be used to more sport and examples of each. effectively deter the use of performance-enhancing drugs. Role of sport in promote values

Explain the difference between sportsmanship and Explain Olympic movement gamesmanship and some and the values it instils. Is this common spectator etiquette still true today? observed in sport. Exam Question Application 1. Give two examples of sportsmanship and explain why it is important in sport. (4)

(a) ...... …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(b) ...... …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. What do the initials WADA stand for? (1) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. Exam Question Application 3. Which one of the following best describes the values that are promoted by the Olympics? (1) a) To win at all costs b) To become famous by taking part in the Games c) To promote fair play, excellence and respect d) To gain a new personal sponsorship deal. Exam Question Application 4. Using examples, explain how three different values can be promoted through sport. (6) 1 ...... ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ...... ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 ...... ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 1. 1. When someone gets injured during a football match players will send the ball out of play even when it is a player from the opposition who is injured. 2. When this happens it is usual for the team who has had the injured player to throw the ball to the opposition if they sent the ball out so that the player could be treated for the injury. 3. Shake hands with the opposition/official at the end of the game 4. Acknowledge that you have committed a foul which the referee may not have seen (e.g. admitting that you have touched the ball with your sleeve in snooker; a batsman ‘walking’ when he knows that he touched the ball with his bat and it was caught) 5. Fairness to ensure a fair result and protect the integrity of the sport 6. Promoting values, respect for others 7. To ensure the safety of participants 8. Sets a good example to young people who see participants as role models

2. World Anti-Doping Agency Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. To promote fair play, excellence and respect

4. • Team spirit (e.g./explanation) learning how to work together with and support others by playing as part of a team. • Fair play (e.g./explanation) learning the importance of adhering to rules and being fair to others through playing sport. • Citizenship (e.g./explanation) get involved in your local community through sport. • Tolerance and respect (e.g./explanation) developing understanding of different countries and cultures through sport. • Inclusion (e.g./explanation) initiatives to get underrepresented social groups involved in sport. • National pride (e.g./explanation) supporters and performers unite behind country in international events. • Excellence (e.g./explanation) striving to be the best that you can in your favourite sport R051 – Contemporary issues in sport

Learning Outcomes

 LO1 - Understand the issues which affect participation in sport

 LO2 - Know about the role of sport in promoting values

 LO3 - Understand the importance of hosting major sporting events

 LO4 - Know about the role of national governing bodies in sport Hosting of Major Sporting Events

Think. Pair. Share – Name as many major sporting events as possible. What sport are they linked to? When and where do they happen? Hosting of Major Sporting Events In all major sports a regular competition is held to determine the world champion. These events are organised by the ISF and format varies depending on number of entrants and length tournament. Sport Name of event Regularity Football FIFA World Cup 4 Years

Swimming FINA World Aquatics Championships 2 Years

Netball INF Netball World Cup 4 Years

Cycling UCI World Cycling Championship Every Year

Cricket ICC 4 Years Athletics IAAF World Championships in Athletics 2 Years

Gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Every Year Championships Hosting of Major Sporting Events The modern Olympic Games is a global event attracting huge media coverage and the best athletes in the world. It takes place every 4 years with over 200 nations participating.

Athletes selected for both the Olympics and the Paralympics are done through a ranking and trials process. Hosting of Major Sporting Events Major sporting events around the world have many common features. They are set to occur regularly and follow a planned schedule set by a committee.

These events many be: • One off events – Olympic and Paralympic Games are hosted by a given city/country. i.e. London 1948 and 2012 • Regular – The UEFA Champions League Final is an annual event hosted by a City. This has been the same City but is shared around. Hosting of Major Sporting Events Some sporting events are recurring for a contracted amount of time. This is repeated every season until review/renewal. i.e. The British Grand Prix happens once a year at Silverstone. Hosting of Major Sporting Events Major sporting events involves athletes from more than one country and is the highest standard of competition. This generates huge interest from supporters around the world. Hosting of Major Sporting Events The media can raise the profile of many sports events. Exposure can also lead to increases in participation. The Olympics and Wimbledon are two good examples of this.

Increased media coverage also increases the amount of revenue from sponsorships. Hosting of Major Sporting Events Any major sporting event will require significant investment to run but also attracts sponsorship from brands around the world.

Think about the level of investment required for the following sporting events: • The Olympics • FIFA World Cup • • FA Cup Final

Think. Pair. Share – Which brands typically invest in major sporting events? Why do they choose to do this? Hosting of Major Sporting Events The cost of staging the Olympic/Paraylmpic Games is huge. Money for the stadiums, buildings and facilities comes from a number of sources.

Some London 2012 Funding sources Public finance (TAX) 9,325 billion National Lottery 2,175 billion London development agency 250 billion

Major brands contribute to the cost of hosting a games through sponsorship. i.e. Visa, Coca-Cola Hosting of Major Sporting Events The potential legacy left behind after hosting a global event includes: • Sporting legacy • Social legacy • Economic legacy

Sporting legacy: 1. Raises the profile of the sport and leads to more participating and watching. 2. New and regenerated sporting venues which leave a positive legacy for years after. 3. Minority sports and Paralympic sports get exposure. 4. Increased funding to ensure host nation do well. 5. Increased revenue for the NGB’s for each sport. Hosting of Major Sporting Events

Social legacy: 1. More money brought into the city to be used to support public services. 2. Generates a sense of national pride. 3. Improve transport or city infra-structure. 4. Regeneration of the area – Help poorer areas with housing and facilities.

Economic legacy: 1. Boost in tourism and income into the country. 2. More jobs are created. 3. Increased sale of goods both event and non- event related. Hosting of Major Sporting Events

Think. Pair. Share – What were the positive and negatives of hosting a major event like the London 2012 Olympics? Hosting of Major Sporting Events Staging a global event has benefits and drawbacks for the host City/Country: Benefits Drawbacks Investment/development of transport Bidding for the event is expensive and not a system. guarantee to be awarded it. Increased tourism Event costs can be greater than the revenue received. Commercial benefits – money from Facilities can end up empty and unused after sponsors and external investment. the event.

Participation rates increase in some sports. Negative reputation if the games are organised and run poorly. Housing and infrastructure improved for Focus on hosting the event can cause a residents in the area. consequence to other services. New sporting facilities built Can cause a division in the country if the host city is seen as the only beneficiary. National pride increased Hosting of Major Sporting Events Many of the benefits and drawbacks can be linked to the sporting, social and economic legacies.

Benefit/Drawback Legacy linked to Increase in tourism and revenue. Social Economic Generates a sense of national pride. Social

Improve transport/city infra- Sporting structure/facilities available. Social More individuals engaging in sport as a Sporting result of the major event. Social More jobs are created. Social Economic Retrieval Practice

Name 3 regular major sporting events and any Discuss possible advantages common features they all and disadvantages of hosting have. an Olympic Games.

Hosting a global sporting events

Describe the investment Explain how a sporting and opportunities available for a social legacy can be achieved major sporting event. Exam Question Application 1. Identify whether hosting the following major sports events is ‘one off’ or ‘regular and recurring’ by completing the table below. (4)

Event One off or regular and recurring British Grand Prix

Paralympics

Wimbledon

World Athletics Championship Exam Question Application 2. The Football World Cup is one of the largest sports events to organise yet many nations spend a lot of money bidding to host it. (6) (a) Suggest three reasons why a nation would bid to host the Football World Cup.

(b) Apart from cost, give three drawbacks for a country hosting the Football World Cup. Exam Question Application 3. Many countries want to hold major sporting events. Evaluate the potential benefits to the host country of holding a major sporting event. (8) Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 1. British Grand Prix – recurring & recurring Paralympics – one off Wimbledon – recurring & recurring World Athletics Championship – one off

2 (a) • Investment or improvement of infrastructure/transport/ facilities • Direct/indirect tourism • Raises status of the country/shop window effect • Morale will be improved/generates national pride • Commercial benefits to businesses/boost to the economy • Increases employment Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. Cost of participation • Some sports cost more than others to take part in • Football and swimming cheaper so more people participate E.g. swimming in the sea/football in a park are free • Golf and Tennis more costly which may explain lower participation rates • E.g. cost of purchasing golf clubs/hiring tennis courts/golf or tennis membership fees

Amount of specialist equipment • E.g. Football and swimming require relatively little equipment which reflect the higher participation rates • E.g. Tennis and golf require large amount of equipment, which could impact on participation rates Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. Availability of facilities/clubs/coaches • E.g. Football is very accessible • Lots of clubs, can be played anywhere, most teams have a coach • E.g. Swimming pools are accessible for most so participation rates in swimming are high/swimming can take place in the sea or river where no specialist facility is needed • E.g. Golf course/ tennis courts are available in most areas • However, golf and tennis tend to be more exclusive to their members which could impact on participation

Amount of participants required • The amount of participants a sport needs can affect whether people play or not • E.g. Swimming can be done alone (so that give more opportunity to participate) Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. Media coverage • The amount of media coverage can affect participation levels • E.g. Media coverage for football is high and this can encourage • participation • However, golf and tennis media coverage is high but participation rates are lower than football • However, media coverage for swimming is very low but this has the highest participation rates

School past experience • Opportunities when at school can influence participation (as an • adult) E.g. Football is played frequently at many schools • Swimming not offered in many schools but has the highest adult • participation rates • Tennis and golf not experienced in many schools and participation rates reflect this

7. Role models Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. Role models • The visibility/awareness of role models can affect participation • Some sports are stereotypical in terms of gender • E.g. Football, tennis and golf all have high profile role models which can encourage participation • E.g. however, swimming has fewer visible role models but participation rates are the highest

Geographical/demographic/class/regional issues • There are only limited influences on participation • However, some rural areas may not have the same range of facilities and sports as urban areas E.g. Tennis/golf viewed – middle class.

Environment/climate - Some sports affected by the weather E.g. Football can be played in all weather/Swimming not affected. Tennis a ‘summer’ outdoor sport but some indoor courts available. R051 – Contemporary issues in sport

Learning Outcomes

 LO1 - Understand the issues which affect participation in sport

 LO2 - Know about the role of sport in promoting values

 LO3 - Understand the importance of hosting major sporting events

 LO4 - Know about the role of national governing bodies in sport The Role of National Governing Bodies

What structures in place to help the development of a potential elite cyclists? The Role of National Governing Bodies Each sport has a governing body organisation who will promote participation for all as well as identify and nurture young sporting talent. i.e. The Football Association/UK Athletics/British Cycling

In addition, NGB’s aim to increase popularity of the sport with school schemes and through media exposure and public relations events. The Role of National Governing Bodies The government recognise the importance of UK sporting success and in recent years have increased the amount of funding received to grow sports organisations and athlete excellence.

• London 2012 was the most successful games for Team GB (65) • Rio 2016 was the best away games in terms of medal count (67)

Think. Pair. Share – What should the Tokoyo 2020 Olympic Games target be for Team GB? The Role of National Governing Bodies Sport England works with National Governing Bodies to identify and develop talent.

NGB’s will oversee: 1. Elite training and player development – focus on National Team squads performance. 2. Coaching developments – NGB’s all run awards for aspiring coaches from Level 1 to professional licenses. 3. Training of officials – Young leaders awards are often the beginning of a career as a referee. The Role of National Governing Bodies NGB’s will maintain the infrastructure of the sport by organising and running competitions and tournaments. This creates high profile opportunities for athletes to perform.

In addition NGB’s will:: • Enforce the rules and undertake disciplinary procedures. • Provide a vision and strategic direction. • Produce guidance materials for members • Assist with facility developments. The Role of National Governing Bodies National governing bodies (NGBs) promote and set policies within their sport. NGBs generally:

• Oversee anti-doping policies. This involves regularly reviewing the list of banned substances. • Promote fair play and conduct educational programmes. • Develop community links and opportunities. • Update members with information and guidance on safeguarding. The Role of National Governing Bodies National Governing Bodies will make decisions on how funding is spent. This enables them to operate a world class programme ensuring athlete receive all the support necessary to achieve success.

Income is received from: • Grants • Membership • Subscriptions/match fees • Lottery funding • Media/sponsorship monies • Merchandising • Events • Private investment and donations. The Role of National Governing Bodies Ultimately, a NGB must support all aspects of a player, coach and officials development as well as nurture mass participation.

Support can include: • Technical advice regarding equipment and playing surfaces. • Location and contact details for local clubs and foundation stage opportunities. Retrieval Practice

Describe 3 main roles of the Name 3 NGB’s in sport. Football Association (National Governing Body for Football)

Role of National Governing Bodies

Explain how NGB’s receive How might NGB’s develop funds and how these are talented athlete in a particular spent. sport? Exam Question Application 1. Identify two sources of funding available to a national governing body to help fund new sports facilities. (2)

1 ......

2 ...... Exam Question Application 2. Suggest two ways a national governing body might promote sport to women (2)

1 ......

2 ...... Exam Question Application 3. Identify three ways national governing bodies such as the English Basketball Association are involved in developing their sports and give an example for each. (6) Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 1. • Government grants • Lottery funding • Sport England funding • Distribution of private donations • Sponsorship/advertising revenues • Membership/national affiliation fees

2. Organise elite training e.g. national performance squads (in basketball) Developing coaching awards/coaching qualification structure e.g. various levels of coaching qualifications Training of officials e.g. training and selecting officials to officiate at different levels (of basketball) Exam Question Application Marks Scheme: 3. • Exposure in the media • Advertising/promotional campaign (e.g. This Girl Can) • Equal opportunities policies (that actively enable women to have equal access to sports equipment and facilities) • Taster sessions • Women’s only sport (sessions) • Use of (female) role models • Training female coaches