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A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin. -
Strategies for the Development of the Future City, the Bamako Case
STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUTURE CITY, THE BAMAKO CASE Mau Architecture website: www.mauarch.com e - mail: [email protected] Abstract The emerging future of cities in developing countries largely depends on the way we plan and manage urbanizatio n, and the way we leverage this transformative process to provide the setting, the underlying base and also the momentum for global change. African governments are counting on urbanization to lift their nations out of poverty. The current wave of urban gro wth in Afric a and in particular in Bamako ( the capital of the Republic of Mali) has risen faster and on a larger scale than anything the world has yet witnessed. Population growth has driven the demand for housing and public facilities. In this context, th e need for far - sighted urban planning is crucial. The challenge facing the city is to provide their citizens with equal housing opportunities using limited economic resources efficiently. Keywords: Developing, housing, sustainable, growth. Introduction The report Strategies for the development of the future city wants to provide an overview of issues related to urban transition now taking place throughout Africa and to show our proposal for the city of Bamako in Mali, as a possible sustainable - housing n ew urban development. One of the biggest challenges of our century is the rapid growth of Cities, over the last century world population became predominantly urban and Africa is having the fastest rates of urbanization in the world. It is experiencing si gnificant growth, in terms of economic associated with demographic changes, and the absolute growth of population and the increasing concentration of Africa’s people in cities is transforming the landscape of the urban hinterlands, as demand for building m aterial, food, energy and water escalates; this is not a future transition and the African urban revolution is already firmly under way. -
Concept of a Crusade Within Each Faith in an Attempt to Ascertain the Roots of the Actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades
InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2, FALL 2009 CONCEPT OF A CRUSAID Thomas Jackson* Master of Arts in Teaching Social Studies Program, Rivier College Keywords: Crusades, Islam, Pope, Warfare, Christianity Abstract Mention the word Crusade and depending on who is listening, the word's meaning and cultural impact varies significantly. Specifically, the Medieval Crusades, often traditionally defined by historians as offensive military campaigns waged by Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims are held out as an example of western exploitation of Islam. Much work by authors such as John M. Riddle and Jonathan Riley-Smith has highlighted the historical events but has not considered the possibility these Crusades were defensive actions to counter previous Islamic advances into Christian territories. This paper will first examine the origins of Christianity and Islam, their spread, and the general concept of a Crusade within each faith in an attempt to ascertain the roots of the actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades. There will be an examination of the early Islamic advances into the Christian Levant. The work will assess the 1094 call for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus I to thwart the Seljuk Muslim invaders. The paper will also examine the abhorrent Western European behavior during the Crusades. Finally, in a thoughtful postmortem analysis, the case will made that if the Crusades were not undertaken, Europe and its culture that we know today may not have existed. Introduction Mention the word Crusades and depending on who you converse with, the word's connotation and historical impact varies significantly with Christians and Muslims often holding diametrically opposing views. -
Match Report
Match Report Trinidad & Tobago Cricket Board, Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel vs Barbados Cricket Association, Barbados Tridents Trinidad & Tobago Cricket Board, Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel - Won by 20 runs Date: Mon 27 Jul 2015 Location: West Indies - Trinidad Match Type: Twenty20 Scorer: Balagopal V Toss: Trinidad & Tobago Cricket Board, Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel won the toss and elected to Bat URL: http://www.crichq.com/matches/281519 Trinidad & Tobago Cricket Barbados Cricket Association, Board, Trinidad and Tobago Barbados Tridents Red Steel Score 158-4 Score 178-5 Overs 20.0 Overs 20.0 DR Smith JH Kallis SR Taylor† CS Delport Misbah -ul-Haq Kamran Akmal† KAM Corbin DM Bravo RJ Peterson DJ Bravo* KA Pollard* JN Mohammed JO Holder KK Cooper RR Emrit J Botha AR Nurse DYA Davis R Rampaul S Badree Imran Khan SJ Benn page 1 of 34 Scorecards 1st Innings | Batting: Trinidad & Tobago Cricket Board, Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel R B 4's 6's SR JH Kallis . 2 . 4 1 1 . // b RJ Peterson 8 9 1 0 88.89 CS Delport 4 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 4 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 1 . 1 4 . 1 . 1 1 1 . 6 6 1 1 4 c KA Pollard* b KA Pollard* 50 38 6 2 131.58 . // Kamran . 1 . 1 1 . 4 1 . 2 6 4 1 2 2 1 4 2 . 1 1 . 2 . 4 1 1 2 1 . c AR Nurse b KA Pollard* 60 46 5 2 130.44 . 1 1 6 1 1 4 1 . // Akmal† DM Bravo 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 . -
PLACE and INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZA TIONS INDEX Italicised Page Numbers Refer to Extended Entries
PLACE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZA TIONS INDEX Italicised page numbers refer to extended entries Aachcn, 549, 564 Aegean North Region. Aktyubinsk, 782 Alexandroupolis, 588 Aalborg, 420, 429 587 Akure,988 Algarve. 1056, 1061 Aalst,203 Aegean South Region, Akureyri, 633, 637 Algeciras, I 177 Aargau, 1218, 1221, 1224 587 Akwa Ibom, 988 Algeria, 8,49,58,63-4. Aba,988 Aetolia and Acarnania. Akyab,261 79-84.890 Abaco,178 587 Alabama, 1392, 1397, Al Ghwayriyah, 1066 Abadan,716-17 Mar, 476 1400, 1404, 1424. Algiers, 79-81, 83 Abaiang, 792 A(ghanistan, 7, 54, 69-72 1438-41 AI-Hillah,723 Abakan, 1094 Myonkarahisar, 1261 Alagoas, 237 AI-Hoceima, 923, 925 Abancay, 1035 Agadez, 983, 985 AI Ain. 1287-8 Alhucemas, 1177 Abariringa,792 Agadir,923-5 AlaJuela, 386, 388 Alicante, 1177, 1185 AbaslUman, 417 Agalega Island, 896 Alamagan, 1565 Alice Springs, 120. Abbotsford (Canada), Aga"a, 1563 AI-Amarah,723 129-31 297,300 Agartala, 656, 658. 696-7 Alamosa (Colo.). 1454 Aligarh, 641, 652, 693 Abecbe, 337, 339 Agatti,706 AI-Anbar,723 Ali-Sabieh,434 Abemama, 792 AgboviIle,390 Aland, 485, 487 Al Jadida, 924 Abengourou, 390 Aghios Nikolaos, 587 Alandur,694 AI-Jaza'ir see Algiers Abeokuta, 988 Agigea, 1075 Alania, 1079,1096 Al Jumayliyah, 1066 Aberdeen (SD.), 1539-40 Agin-Buryat, 1079. 1098 Alappuzha (Aleppy), 676 AI-Kamishli AirpoI1, Aberdeen (UK), 1294, Aginskoe, 1098 AI Arish, 451 1229 1296, 1317, 1320. Agion Oras. 588 Alasb, 1390, 1392, AI Khari]a, 451 1325, 1344 Agnibilekrou,390 1395,1397,14(K), AI-Khour, 1066 Aberdeenshire, 1294 Agra, 641, 669, 699 1404-6,1408,1432, Al Khums, 839, 841 Aberystwyth, 1343 Agri,1261 1441-4 Alkmaar, 946 Abia,988 Agrihan, 1565 al-Asnam, 81 AI-Kut,723 Abidjan, 390-4 Aguascalientes, 9(X)-1 Alava, 1176-7 AlIahabad, 641, 647, 656. -
China–Africa and an Economic Transformation OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 1/4/2019, Spi
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 1/4/2019, SPi China–Africa and an Economic Transformation OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 1/4/2019, SPi Praise for the book ‘This book’s accessible up-to-date assessment on the evolving trade and invest- ment relations between China and Africa is a welcome contribution to a field that is under-studied. The asymmetry in Africa-China relations is recognised and honestly addressed, including insights into governance arrangements. Lin and Oqubay’s book is academically rigorous, and also offers immensely practical guidance to Chinese and African stakeholders on how to build this partnership going forward.’ Dr Miriam Altman, PhD, Commissioner in the South African National Planning Commission ‘This is an extremely important volume. In the chatter on China and Africa, the Chinese and Africans are the very ones often left out. The editors them- selves represent a departure from “being spoken to” by a Western world with its own distinct interests. They have assembled a set of chapters of deep insights into collaboration in specific countries and which speak to a complex situation that indicates a changed world because of China and Africa.’ Stephen Chan OBE, Professor of World Politics, SOAS University of London ‘This book comes at a critical moment in China-Africa relations, as both sides explore ways to reach their partnership potential. The 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit launched an ambitious cooperation agenda in support of Africa’s development, as encapsulated in Agenda 2063. We also agreed to advance shared priorities on -
Performance Analysis of T20-World Cup Cricket 2012 Ananda B
Sri Lankan Journal of Applied Statistics, Vol (14-1) Performance Analysis of T20-World Cup Cricket 2012 Ananda B. W. Manage*, Stephen M. Scariano and Cecil R. Hallum Sam Houston State University Huntsville, Texas, USA 77341 Corresponding Author (Email: [email protected]) Received: 13 February 2013 / Revised: 15 May 2013 ABSTRACT Performance analysis of cricket players is always an intricate task due to the correlated nature of the variables used to quantify contributions to the team. Lack of transparency of current methods, probably due to commercial confidentiality, creates a necessity for new and lucent evaluative methods. Here, we present a simple, yet straightforward, method for analyzing the performance of T20-World Cup Cricket 2012 players that can be easily adapted to other team sports. Keywords: Cricket, Principal Component Analysis, Ranking Methods. 1. Introduction Quantifying individual player contributions to a team is an important yet difficult task in all team sports. Usually, there are several indicators available to measure player performances, which are based on different aspects of their contributions to the team. Unfortunately these indicators are mostly related to each other in a manner that oftentimes causes difficulty in constructing an overall performance measure. Our idea is to use a tool acquired from multivariate statistical analysis and apply it directly to T20-World Cup Cricket 2012 data. In this method, the first principal component is used to rank batsmen and bowlers. The technique is simple and can be directly applied to the type of correlated data routinely found in team sports such as cricket. Cricket administrators and sports analysts can use this amenable method to quantify players’ contribution, which could lead to a ranking structure based on their performances. -
The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns
The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns Abstract: The Second Crusade (1145-49) is thought to have encompassed near simultaneous Christian attacks on Muslim towns and cities in Syria and Iberia and pagan Wend strongholds around the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. The motivations underpinning the attacks on Damascus, Lisbon and – taken collectively – the Wendish strongholds have come in for particular attention. The doomed decision to assault Damascus in 1148 rather than recover Edessa, the capital of the first so-called crusader state, was once thought to be ill-conceived. Historians now believe the city was attacked because Damascus posed a significant threat to the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem when the Second Crusaders arrived in the East. The assault on Lisbon and the Wendish strongholds fell into a long-established pattern of regional, worldly aggression and expansion; therefore, historians tend not to ascribe any spiritual impulses behind the native Christians’ decisions to attack their enemies. Indeed, the siege of Lisbon by an allied force of international crusaders and those of the Portuguese ruler, Afonso Henriques, is perceived primarily as a politico-strategic episode in the on-going Christian-Muslim conflict in Iberia – commonly referred to as the reconquista. The native warrior and commercial elite undoubtedly had various temporal reasons for engaging in warfare in Iberia and the Baltic region between 1147 and 1149, although the article concludes with some notes of caution before clinically construing motivation from behaviour in such instances. On Christmas Eve 1144, Zangī, the Muslim ruler of Aleppo and Mosul, seized the Christian-held city of Edessa in Mesopotamia. -
Pollard, Ramdin Rescue Troubled West Indies
Sports FRIDAY, AUGUST 22, 2014 Pollard, Ramdin rescue troubled West Indies ST GEORGE’S: Kieron Pollard and Denesh Ramdin saved the West Indies from a humiliating defeat and engineered a three- wicket victory over Bangladesh in the first one-day international at the National Stadium in Grenada on Wednesday. Reeling at 34 for five in reply to the tourists’ total of 217 for nine, Pollard’s com- manding 89 and Ramdin’s polished 74 BULAWAYO: South Africa’s players celebrate their win turned the match on its head, their 145-run with the series trophy following the third and final cricket sixth-wicket partnership transforming the match of a three one-day internationals (ODI) between improbability of victory into a leisurely can- ter by the time the winning runs were hit Zimbabwe and South Africa at the Queens Sports Club in by Jason Holder in the 40th over. Bulawayo, yesterday. — AFP They played positively and exposed the De Kock leads SA to series limitations of the Bangladeshi bowling attack as visiting captain Mushfiqur Rahim sweep against Zimbabwe was at his wit’s end to stem the flow of runs following the early clatter of wickets. BULAWAYO: Quinton de Kock’s quickfire 84 lead South Africa to a Medium-pacer Al-Amin Hossain crushing 3-0 series victory over Zimbabwe as they won the third one- emerged with the bowling honours, taking day international by seven wickets yesterday. three of the first five wickets to fall and fin- De Kock wasted little time in his 75-ball innings and was aided by ishing with four for 51. -
June 02, 2021 CANADA DENTISTRY Govt Invests $$ in Carpenters’ Training Project DR
CANADIAN SUPERBILT SHUTTERS AND BLINDS Providing smart motorized Window Coverings from Hunter Douglas, Altex/SunProject Provider of Hardwood Flooring. Visit our Showroom at 1571 The Queensway, Etobicoke, Ontario Beautifying homes one window at a time through light control and energy efficiency. John Persaud, CEO B: (416) 201-0109 • C: (416) 239 2863 • [email protected] • www.superbilt.com KEEPING ALIVE THE TIES THAT BIND NOW IN OUR 38TH YEAR: 1983 - 2021 Vol. 38 • No 19 • June 2, 2021 • Tel: 905-738-5005 • 312 Brownridge Dr. Thornhill, ON L4J 5X1 • indocaribbeanworld.com • [email protected] ‘Hire a Guyanese to get the job done’ says NY Mayor de Blasio New York – Mayor of New York Bill de Blasio told a cheering, appreciative audience in New York on May 29, “If you want the job done, hire a Guyanese”. At the time, a celebratory de Blasio was commending the Guyanese community in New York for its industry and contributions that led to Liberty Avenue being co-named Little Guyana Avenue. Such was the feeling of pride and accomplish- ment that the hundreds of New Yorkers gathered for the event did not mind the rainy weather. They were there to celebrate the historic moment, and to soak in the feeling of accomplishment as Guyana’s diasporic footprint grows in New York. Said educator and writer, Dhanpaul Narine, “It is no secret that Guyanese have made an indelible contribution to the development of Queens, and the City of New York. Their numbers suggest that one is likely to find a Guyanese in every block in See Page 14: Little Guyana American & Guyanese flags fly in NY following the May 29 unveiling of the street sign co-naming Liberty Avenue & Little Guyana Avenue. -
Local Intermediaries in Post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Local Intermediaries in Post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity
Local Intermediaries in post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Local Intermediaries in post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Edited by Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Contributors: Armenak Tokmajyan Ayman Al-Dassouky Hadeel Al-Saidawi Roger Asfar Sana Fadel Published in June 2019 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung P.O. Box 116107 Riad El Solh Beirut 1107 2210 Lebanon This publication is the product of a capacity building project for Syrian researchers that was designed and implemented by Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur. Each participant conducted independent research and authored a paper under the editors’ supervision. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be printed, reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Layout and Cover Design: Milad Amin Translation and Editing: Hannah Massih, Livia Bergmeijer, Niamh Fleming- Farrell, Rana Sa’adah and Yaaser Azzayyat CONTENTS Building from the Wreckage Intermediaries in Contemporary Syria........................................................4 Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Politics of Rural Notables...........................................................................21 Armenak Tokmajyan What We Can Learn from the Rise of Local Traders in Syria........................43 Ayman Al-Dassouky Informal State-Society Relations and Family Networks in Rural Idlib..........67 Hadeel Al-Saidawi The Role of the Christian Clergy in Aleppo as Mediators The Nature of Relationships and their Attributes.......................................93 Roger Asfar The Leaders of Damascus The Intermediary Activists in the 2011 Uprising.........................................119 Sana Fadel Building from the Wreckage Intermediaries in Contemporary Syria Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Seven years of war in Syria have shattered many of the social and political relations that existed before the conflict. -
Venus Williams Dons Dress Inspired by Tina Turner Williams Had a Couple of Brief Hic- Cups Against the 34-Year-Old De Los Rios
Wednesday 23rd June, 2010 13 Venus Williams dons dress inspired by Tina Turner Williams had a couple of brief hic- cups against the 34-year-old de los Rios. After racing to a 5-0 lead in each set, the American let up enough to allow her oppo- nent to earn some games. Unlike most players, Williams never enters grass-court tuneup tournaments to prepare for Wimbledon, so this was her first competitive match since a fourth- round loss at the French Open. Still, it's a formula that clearly works: She has reached the final at the All Serbia's Ana Ivanovic wipes the sweat England Club eight of the past 10 years. from her face during her first round "I was just ready to go," said Williams, loss to Israel's Shahar Peer at the All who lost to younger sister Serena in the England Lawn Tennis Championships 2009 final. "Been practicing on the grass at Wimbledon, Monday, June 21, 2010. since Wednesday,So I feel like I had a good (AP Photo/Alastair Grant) feel for it." BY HOWARD FENDRICH WIMBLEDON, England (AP) - RODDICK's 2009 Venus Williams has moved on to a new Pretty much everyone Andy Roddick fashion inspiration: Tina Turner. runs into wants to talk about the way his After causing quite a stir at the 2009 Wimbledon ended. French Open last month with a black lace And that's fine with him. dress she described as having the "illusion A year ago, of course, Roddick lost to of bareness," Williams arrived at Roger Federer in the final at the All Wimbledon on Monday with a more con- England Club, 16-14 in the fifth set.