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Pictorial Drawing Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing Section 12.2 Creating Pictorial Drawings

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Pictorial Drawing Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing Section 12.2 Creating Pictorial Drawings 12 Pictorial Drawing Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing Section 12.2 Creating Pictorial Drawings Chapter Objectives • Identify and describe various types of picto- rial drawings. • Explain the differ- ences in the three types of axonometric projection. • Make cavalier, normal, and cabinet oblique drawings. • Create one-point and two-point perspective drawings. • Select appropriate isometric sections. • Manipulate 3D models in AutoCAD to achieve isometric, oblique, and perspec- tive views. Fashion and Function In this store design, Koolhaas has completely opened the storefront to passersby on Rodeo Drive. What else in this photo seems unusual for a store display? 406 Drafting Career Rem Koolhaas, Architect and Designer One remarkable feature of the Prada store in Beverly Hills is the absence of a façade. There is neither door nor display window—the entire width of the building is open to Rodeo Drive. Look down as you cross the “air curtain” and you see merchandise in large display cones embedded in the ground. Walk ahead and you climb a large wooden stair fi rst up and then down the far side like a hill. Rem Koolhaas, architect, wants to transform the shopping experience. Every aspect of shopping here is a new experience for the novice. Dressing rooms have “magic mirrors” that allow you to see front and back at the same time. A touch screen lists your possibilities as you try them on and allows you to browse for alternatives. Later, at home, you can rethink your selections and make fi nal choices by logging on to your virtual garment closet. Everything you tried on is right there for you. Academic Skills and Abilities • Academic skills and abilities • Math and science • Visual orientation • Spatial reasoning • Computer applications • Drafting and drawing Career Pathways Bachelor’s degree programs in architecture often require fi ve years to complete. Helpful high school courses include advanced mathematics, sci- ence, and computer-aided design (CAD). All states require architects to be licensed. Go to glencoe.com for this book’s OLC to learn more about Rem Koolhaas. 407 Arcaid/Alamy 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing Connect Scan for this section’s content vocabulary terms and try to defi ne them using what you already know about them, as well as contextual clues, decoding, or dictionary look-up. Content Vocabulary • isometric drawing • dimetric • picture plane • perspective • isometric axes projection • cavalier oblique drawing • axonometric • trimetric • normal oblique • vanishing point projection projection • cabinet oblique • technical illustration Academic Vocabulary Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects and tests. • fundamental • specifi c Graphic Organizer Use a chart like the one below to organize notes about pictorial drawings. Isometric Oblique Perspective Go to glencoe.com for this book’s OLC for a downloadable Uses Uses Uses version of this graphic organizer. Drawing Academic Standards English Language Arts NCTE National Council of Teachers of English Apply strategies to interpret and evaluate texts (NCTE) NCTM National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Mathematics NSES National Science Representation Select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve Education Standards problems (NCTM) Science Structure and properties of matter (NSES) 408 Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing Pictorial Drawings What are the three main types of pictorial drawings? Pictorial drawing is an essential part of graphic language. It is often used to show exploded views on production and assembly drawings (see Figure 12-1). These views are made to explain the operation of machines and equipment, to illustrate parts lists, and so on. See Figure 12-2. The three distinct categories of pictorial drawings are: Figure 12-1 • isometric • oblique An example of a CAD-generated, exploded-view pictorial drawing • perspective Each category has variations, but the three fundamental ones are based on how the Isometric Drawing drawings are constructed and how they appear. In an isometric drawing, the object is Each has its own specifi c use and is con- aligned with isometric axes, three axes spaced structed in its own unique way. See Figure at equal angles of 120° (see Figure 12-4A). 12-3 for a single object drawn using various Several vertical and horizontal positions of the pictorial techniques. isometric axes are identifi ed in Figure 12-4B Figure 12-2 An exploded assembly drawing may be used to illustrate a parts list. Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing 409 Figure 12-5 Nonisometric lines TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE ISOMETRIC NONISOMETRIC LINES ARE NOT PARALLEL TO ANY OF THE ISOMETRIC AXES. ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE Nonisometric lines do not appear in their true length, so they cannot be measured. OBLIQUE CAVALIER Axonometric Projection Axonometric projection is projection Figure 12-3 that uses three axes at angles to show three Types of pictorial drawings sides of an object. Isometric projection is one OBLIQUE CABINET form of axonometric projection. The other forms are dimetric and trimetric projection. and C. You will learn how to apply them later All three projections are made according to in this chapter. the same process; the difference is in the angle Any line of an object that is parallel to one of projection (see Figure 12-6). In isometric of the isometric axes is called an isometric line. projection, the axes form three equal angles of Lines that are not parallel to any of the isomet- 120° on the plane of projection. Only one scale ric axes are nonisometric lines (see Figure 12-5). is needed for measurements along each axis. An important rule of isometric drawing is: Isometric projections are the easiest type of Measurements can be made only along isometric axonometric projection to make. In dimetric lines. projection, only two of the angles are equal, AB C 120 VERTICAL HORIZONTAL O 120 120 FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION REGULAR REGULAR O FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION REVERSED REVERSED Figure 12-4 Standard positions for isometric axes 410 Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing 120 150 120 Defi ne What does the term isometric 135 120 120 105 105 105 projection mean? 30 30 45 15 15 15 ISOMETRIC DIMETRIC TRIMETRIC Figure 12-6 Oblique Drawing The three types of axonometric projection What is an advantage of oblique drawings over isometric drawings? and two special foreshortened scales are Oblique drawings are plotted in the same needed to make measurements. In trimetric way as isometric drawings; that is, on three projection, all three angles are different, and axes. However, in oblique drawing, two axes three special foreshortened scales are needed. are parallel to the picture plane (the plane Area of a Triangle Calculate the area of the triangle. The triangle is one of the most common geo- Example 2: metric fi gures used in drafting and through- bh AREA = out industry. Finding the area of any triangle 2 is simple, because the formula is the same in 5" (h) 6 x 5 AREA = every case. 2 30 AREA = 6" (b) 2 The formula for fi nding the AREA = 15 in.2 area of a triangle is: bh RIGHT TRIANGLE A = ___ 2 bh AREA = ___ It can also be stated as: The area of any tri- 2 = × angle equals the product of the base and the AREA 10 6/2 60 AREA = __ altitude to that base, divided by 2. 2 Example 1: AREA = 30 in.2 bh AREA = 2 10 x 6 6" (h) AREA = 2 For help with this math activity, go 60 AREA = 2 to this book’s OLC at glencoe.com 2 and click on Math Handbook. 10" (b) AREA = 30 in. RIGHT TRIANGLE Academic Standards Mathematics Problem Solving Select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems (NCTM) Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing 411 C Figure 12-7 ANY D D O ANGLE W H The oblique axes and B W W H oblique drawings H D A OBLIQUE AXES OBLIQUE DRAWINGS on which the view is drawn) rather than just A one, as in isometric drawing. These two axes on THIS! which drawings are always plotted always make THIS! right angles with each other (see Figure 12-7). As a result, oblique drawings show an object as B if viewed face on. That is, one side of the object is seen squarely, with no distortion, because it is THIS! parallel to the picture plane. NOT THIS! The methods and rules of isometric drawing NOT THIS! apply to oblique drawing. However, oblique drawing also has some special rules: • Place the object so that the irregular outline or contour faces the front. See Figure 12-8A. Figure 12-8 • Place the object so that the longest dimension is Two special rules for oblique drawings parallel to the picture plane (see Figure 12-8B). Oblique Projection in this way, but, as with isometric projection, Oblique projection, like isometric projec- it is a good idea to understand the theory tion, is used to show depth (see Figure 12-9). behind it. Depth is shown by projectors, or lines, to rep- Because oblique drawing can show one resent the object’s receding edges. These lines face of an object without distortion, it has a are drawn at an angle other than 90° from the distinct advantage over isometric drawing. It picture plane, to make the receding planes is especially useful for showing objects with visible in the front view. As in isometric draw- irregular outlines. Refer again to Figure 12-8A. ing, lines on these receding planes, that are Figure 12-10 shows several positions for actually parallel to each other are shown as oblique axes. In all cases, two of the axes, AO parallel. Figure 12-9 shows how an oblique and OB, are drawn at right angles.
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