The Demoulin Rule and Newly Mandated Combinations in () Author(s): James L. Reveal Reviewed work(s): Source: Taxon, Vol. 32, No. 2 (May, 1983), pp. 292-295 Published by: International Association for (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1221986 . Accessed: 27/07/2012 12:28

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon.

http://www.jstor.org Massalongo, A. B. 1851. Sopra le piante fossili dei terreni terziari del Vicentino osservazioni .... 263 pp. A. Bianchi, Padova. 1858. Palaeophyta rariova formationis tertiariae agri veneti. Atti Inst. Veneto Sci., Ser. 3, 3: 729-793 [reprint pp. 5-67]. Micheli, P. A. 1729. Nova plantarum genera juxta Tournefortii methodum disposita, .... 234 pp., pls. 1-108. Bemardi Paperini, Florentine. Nicolson, D. H. 1981. Assignment of numbers to recently proposed convervations of family names (algae). Taxon 30: 487-489. Pritzel, G. A. 1872. Thesaurus literaturae botanicae .... 2nd ed. [published in 8 parts between 1871-1877]. Pts. 3 & 4, nos. 6202-9104. Leipzig. [Facsimile reprint Milano 1950.] Silva, P. C. 1979. The benthic algal flora of central San Francisco Bay. In: T. J. Conomos (ed.), San Francisco Bay: The urbanized estuary, pp. 287-345. A.A.A.S. Pacific Division, San Francisco. 1980. Names of classes and families of living algae. Regnum Veg. 103: 1-156. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht. Skuja, H. 1934. Untersuchungen iiber die Rhodophyceen des Stisswassers, VI. Nemalionopsis Shawi, eine neue Gattung und Art der Helminthocladiaceen. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 52 B: 188-192. Stafleu, F. A. et al. 1978. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature .... xiv + 457 pp. Regnum Veg. 97. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht. Steam, W. T. 1973. Botanical Latin .... 2nd ed. xiv + 566 pp. David & Charles Ltd., Newton Abbot, Devon. Targioni-Tozzetti, G. 1826. Catalogus vegetabilium marinorum musei sui, opus posthumum ad secundam partem novorum generum plantarum celeberrimi Petri Antonii Micheli inserviens, cum notis Octaviani Targioni Tozzetti Johannisfilii. 91 pp., pls. 1-3. Tofanis, Florence. West, J. A. and M. H. Hommersand. 1981. Rhodophyta: Life histories. In: C. J. Lobban and M. J. Wynne (eds.), Biology of the seaweeds, pp. 133-193. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Wittstein, G. C. 1852. Etymologisch-botanisches Handworterbuch. vii + 952 pp. C. Junge Verlag, Ansbach. Wynne, M. J. and G. T. Kraft. 1981. Appendix: Classification summary. In: C. J. Lobban and M. J. Wynne (eds.), Biology of the seaweeds, pp. 743-750. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.

THE DEMOULIN RULE AND NEWLY MANDATED COMBINATIONS IN ERIOGONUM (POLYGONACEAE)

James L. Reveal'

Summary The amended Art. 19 Prop. C, passed at the Nomenclature Section of the XIII International Botanical Congress in Sydney, mandating that an autonym will automatically acquire priority over the name of an equivalent rank which established it (herein called the Demoulin Rule) has unforeseen ramifications on nomenclatural stability and radically alters past understandings of priority. Hundreds if not thou- sands of new combinations will have to be proposed since most workers using the modem codes heretofore have not considered autonyms to have priority. Application of the new Article 19 to the genus Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) is presented.

One of the founding principles of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature has been stability of scientific plant names. The concept of"stability" has been given strong support with the conservation of family and generic names, and starting with the Sydney Code, conservation of species names for of major economic importance. From time to time the Code has been wrenched by unforeseen ramifications of well-meaning modifications to existing provisions. The acceptance of the Demoulin amendment from the floor in the Nomenclature Session at Sydney which added to Art. 19 Prop. C

Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, and National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, U.S.A. This is Scientific Article A3112, Contribution No. 6178 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. 292 TAXON VOLUME 32 the sentence "An autonym will automatically acquire priority over the name of equivalent rank which has established it" may well prove to be one of those wrenching experiences. Art. 19 Prop. C states: "In Arts. 19.4, 22.2 and 26.2 delete the word 'not' preceding the words 'to be taken into consideration for purposes of priority' and delete the sentence following this phase. Add to each Article the sentence 'An autonym is accepted as dating from the first valid publication of a name of another taxon at the same rank under the same next higher taxon, whether or not the autonym appeared in print at that time'." As originally stated Art. 19 Prop. C meant that when a variety of a species was proposed, an autonym was automatically created whether the autonym was mentioned or not, and the epithet of such an autonym could be used, if so desired, when transferring that element from its original species to another. In short, as initially expressed without the Demoulin amendment, there was a choice of two equal and competing names. Thus, as stated by the Special Committee on Autonyms (Brummitt, 1981), when Heracleum sibiricum L. subsp. lecokii (Godron & Gren.) Nyman was proposed, this automatically established H. sibiricum subsp. sibiricum even though such a name was not mentioned. And, when Simonkai reduced H. sibiricum, including H. sibiricum subsp. lecokii, to H. sphondylium L., Simonkai had a choice of two names to use: subsp. sibiricum or subsp. lecokii. With acceptance of Art. 19 Prop. C, Simonkai's choice of subsp. sibiricum over subsp. lecokii would be acceptable even though up until the Sydney Congress, subsp. lecokii had priority and must be used. Debate on the floor at Sydney initially resulted in the defeat of Art. 19, Prop. C. However, when Demoulin revised Prop. C and added the additional sentence cited above, the proposal was accepted and the choice of selecting one name over the other no longer became possible. This action means that all authors who correctly followed pre-Sydney codes in this matter are now possibly wrong, and new combinations will have to be proposed, if a certain set of characteristics regarding the history of the taxon are fulfilled. The situations are sometimes complex, and a series of examples are presented so that one can determine when Article 19 comes into play. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. was proposed in 1856. In 1895, Marcus E. Jones proposed E. aureum which he defined to include var. glutinosum and var. ambiguum. The latter is a variety of another species, E. microthecum Nutt., and can be discounted in our discussion. However, the var. glutinosum and E. aureum are taxonomically the same (Reveal, 1971), and both belong to E. corym- bosum, a conclusion Jones arrived at in 1903 when he proposed E. corymbosum var. glutinosum (M. E. Jones) M. E. Jones. The var. glutinosum was the first available name at the varietal rank, and thus had priority over the species name, E. aureum, according to previous editions of the Code. According to the Demoulin Rule, this is not correct, and the following new combination is necessary because the autonym, var. aureum, has priority (although it was not mentioned) over var. glutinosum. The following wording is suggested when making new combinations when following the mandates of the Demoulin Rule.

Eriogonum corymbosum var. aureum (M. E. Jones) Reveal, comb. nov., based on E. aureum M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II, 5: 718. 1895, and the autonym var. aureum established by E. aureum var. glutinosum M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II, 5: 719. 1895.

A slightly more complex situation is found when considering the correct name for a variety of Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. In 1856, Bentham proposed E. simpsonii, a perennial belonging to Eriogonum subg. Eucycla (Nutt.) Kuntze, and a variety of this species, var. floccosolanatum, a biennial actually a synonym of E. annuum Nutt. in Eriogonum subg. Micrantha (Nutt.) Reveal. In so doing, nonetheless, Bentham established the autonym var. simpsonii. A year later, Torrey and Gray proposed E. effusum Nutt. var. foliosum. Yet, E. simpsonii and E. effusum var. foliosum are taxonomically the same, and both belong to E. microthecum. Thus the name E. microthecum var. foliosum (Torr. & Gray) Reveal established in 1971 in accordance with the rules then in effect must now be changed.

Eriogonum microthecum var. simpsonii (Benth.) Reveal, comb. nov., based on E. simpsonii Benth. in DC., Prodr. 14: 18. 1856, and the autonym var. simpsonii established by E. simpsonii var. floc- cosolanatum Benth. in DC., Prodr. 14: 18. 1856.

Unless one is familiar with the whole history of a taxon, one might not know, from looking at the existing synonymy in Eriogonum microthecum, that a variety had been proposed which is now placed in a totally different subgenus! Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. is a complex species that is composed of 10 varieties. One of these, MAY 1983 293 an expression common in Montana, must now be changed as a result of the Demoulin Rule. The following new combination replaces E. ovalifolium var. macropodum (Gandoger) Reveal.

Eriogonum ovalifolium var. ochroleucum (Small ex Rydb.) Reveal, comb. nov., based on E. ochro- leucum Small ex Rydb., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 123. 1900 and the autonym var. ochroleucum established by E. ochroleucum var. macropodum Gandoger, Bull. Roy. Soc. Bot. Belgique 42: 192. 1906.

One of the more unfortunate name changes in Eriogonum that must occur as a result of the Demoulin Rule is the synonymizing of Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. stellatum (Benth.) M. E. Jones, a common and well-known expression of this complex species found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Bentham proposed E. stellatum in 1837, and the species rank was maintained until 1903 when Jones reduced the name to E. umbellatum. Torrey and Gray had established an autonym by proposing E. stellatum var. bahiiforme in 1870. Nonetheless, an autonym was established prior to 1870 and must be used. In 1848, Nuttall proposed E. ellipticum which was placed in synonymy (Reveal, 1969) for what was called var. stellatum. Unfortunately, Nuttall also proposed E. ellipticum var. megacephalum, a synonym of E. sphaerocephalum var. sphaerocephalum. As a result of this action, var. ellipticum was established in 1848 and has priority over var. stellatum.

Eriogonum umbellatum var. ellipticum (Nutt.) Reveal, comb. nov., based on E. ellipticum Nutt., Proc. Acad. Philadelphia 4: 14. 1848, and the autonym var. ellipticum established by E. ellipticum var. megacephalum Nutt., Proc. Acad. Philadelphia 4: 14. 1848.

A final example from Eriogonum is that of a required name change for E. baileyi S. Wats. var. divaricatum (Gandoger) Reveal, a local variant of the species restricted to extreme western Nevada and adjacent eastern California. It must be replaced by the autonym, var. praebens, as the Gandoger species was validly published (Reveal, 1980).

Eriogonum baileyi var. praebens (Gandoger) Reveal, comb. nov., based on E. praebens Gandoger, Bull. Roy. Soc. Bot. Belgique 42: 196. 1906, and the autonym var. praebens established by E. praebens var. divaricatum Gandoger, Bull. Roy. Soc. Bot. Belgique 42: 196. 1906.

In looking elsewhere, other than Eriogonum, one can find some useful examples of the kinds of problems that those using the Demoulin Rule will have to be aware of. For example, some names that were proposed in error, and corrected, must now be recorrected. Peterson and Payne (1973) proposed Hymenoclea salsola Torr. & Gray var. fasciculata (A. Nels.) Peterson & Payne using H. fasciculata A. Nels., published in 1904 as their basionym, instead of H. fasciculata var. patula A. Nels. published in 1909 as then required by the Code. In 1974, they corrected their error and proposed H. salsola var. patula (A. Nels.) Peterson & Payne. Under the Demoulin Rule, the correct name is var. fasciculata as originally made, and not var. patula. Barneby (1964) used Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. ex Hook. var. diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones, noting that A. diphysus var. albiflorus A. Gray, proposed in 1849 had priority. Schoener later proposed A. lentiginosus var. albiflorus following the Code in effect in 1974. Today, under the provisions of the Demoulin Rule, the correct name is var. diphysus. During the course of a review of the nomenclatural repercussions of the Demoulin Rule, a large number of required new combinations were noted. Two additional combinations are proposed at this time, one is a new combination in Dichelostemma pulchellum (Salisb.) A. A. Heller and is the result of my own work in the Intermountain Flora (Cronquist et al., 1977). The second is in Carya ovata (P. Miller) K. Koch and is made at the request of Dr. E. L. Little, Jr. (see Little, 1979).

Dichelostemma pulchellum var. capitatum (Benth.) Reveal, comb. nov., based on Brodiaea capitata Benth., P1. Hartweg. 339. 1857, and the autonym var. capitata established by B. capitata var. pauciflora Torr. in Emory, Rep. U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. 2(1): 218. 1859.

This replaces D. pulchellum var. pauciflorum (Torr.) Hoover.

Carya ovata var. carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Reveal, comb. nov., based on Hicoria carolinae- septentrionalis Ashe, Notes on Hickories 1. 1896, and the autonym var. carolinae-septentrionalis

294 TAXON VOLUME 32 established by Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis var. australis (Ashe) Ashe, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 40: 46. 1924.

The name of the Carolina hickory must now be altered, according to the Demoulin Rule, replacing C. ovata var. australis (Ashe) Little.

References Bareby, R. C. 1964. Atlas of North American Astragalus. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 1-1188. Brummitt, R. K. 1981. Report of the special committee on autonyms. Taxon 30: 183-200. Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal and P. K. Holmgren. 1977. Inter- mountain flora. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. Little, E. L. Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 541. Peterson, K. M. and W. W. Payne. 1973. The genus Hymenoclea (Compositae: Ambrosieae). Brit- tonia 25: 243-256. and . 1974. Erratum-On the correct name for the appressed-winged variety of Hymenoclea salsola (Compositae: Ambrosiae). Brittonia 26: 397. Reveal, J. L. 1969. A revision of the genus Eriogonum (Polygonaceae). Unpublished doctoral dis- sertation, Brigham Young University Library, Provo, Utah. 1971. Notes on Eriogonum-VI. A revision of the Eriogonum microthecum complex (Po- lygonaceae). Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 13(1): 1-45. 1980. The genus Eriogonum Michx. (Polygonaceae) and Michel Gandoger. Great Basin Naturalist 40: 143-148.

[Note: Dr. Demoulin's amendment to Art. 19 Prop. C affected not only Art. 19 (subdivisions of families) but Art. 22 (subdivisions of genera) and Art. 26 (subdivisions of species). The Editorial Committee placed the text (slightly revised) in new Art. 57.3, under Chapter V, Section 3. 'Choice of names when taxa of the same rank are united,' with cross-references under the three affected articles. Two examples were added to Art. 57, Heracleum sphondylium and Lesquerella lasiocarpa. The latter, taken from Art. 26, was revised to meet the new provision. The Campanula gieseckiana example was dropped from Art. 26, because of complexities, and was replaced by a simpler example in Utricularia. Nom. Ed.]

NOMENCLATURE DU GENRE EVERNIASTRUM HALE (LICHENES: PARMELIACEAE)

E. Serusiauxl

Le genre Everniastrum est bien repr6sente dans les montagnes intertropicales, surtout en Am6rique centrale et du Sud; sa taxonomie retient depuis quelques ann6es l'attention de plusieurs auteurs. C'est Hale (1976) qui a confere le rang g6enrique a ce groupe d'especes de Parmeliaceae, a thalle subfruti- culeux, forme de lobes longs et lin6aires, fr6quemment canalicules, munis souvent de longs cils mar- ginaux et a face inf6rieure portant des rhizines. Hale (1976) reconnait 21 especes dans son conspectus; en considerant ce genre dans son sens le plus large, il faut y ajouter une espece decrite par Egan (1978), une par Hale et L6pez-Figueiras (1978), une par Kamefelt (1980), une par Kurokawa (1979), trois par Sipman (1980) et enfin cinq autres par W. Culberson et C. Culberson (1981). La taxonomie de ces especes et la recherche des affinit6s qu'elles pr6sentent entre elles et avec les genres voisins, comme Hypotrachyna (Vainio) Hale, ne sont pas simples. II en a r6sult6 des interpretations et des lors des systemes taxonomiques differents (Sipman, 1980; W. Culberson et C. Culberson, 1981). Le but de cette note n'est pas de reprendre l'6tude systematique de ce groupe, mais, a l'occasion de la discussion

Charge de Recherches au Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, D6partement de Botanique, Universit6 de Liege, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgique. MAY 1983 295