sign in sign up
<<
Home , First white child, Oregon Bottle Bill, Red Brigades

11898 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS BILL TARGETS FUNDS TO 1890 pose of this bill is to provide $10,000,000 for Yet, over 60 percent of the degrees awarded LAND-GRANT INSTITUTIONS each of fiscal years 1981 through 1985 to to black students last year were awarded at the sixteen 1890 public land-grant colleges, the historically black institutions. Further­ and Tuskegee Institute, a private college more, the majority of our black doctors, HON. HAROLD E. FORD that has had a historical role in agriculture lawyers, dentists, and other professionals OF TENNESSEE instruction and research. are graduates of the historically black col­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The funds are to be used for assisting leges. these colleges and universities in the pur­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 As you know, the primary mission of any chase of equipment and land, and the plan­ institution of higher education is instruc­ • Mr. FORD of Tennessee. Mr. Speak­ ning, construction, alteration, or renovation tion, research, and public service. The 1890 er, recently I submitted testimony on of buildings to strengthen their capacity for institutions have done an outstanding job in H.R. 1309 before the Subcommittee on research in the food and agricultural sci­ instruction and public service, but they have Department Operations, Research and ences. never received adequate funding in order to Foreign Agriculture. This bill calls for These seventeen 1890 institutions in our conduct research or to create an environ­ nation. They are Alabama A & M University ment conducive to conducting research. the Department of Agriculture to allo­ <1875>; University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Most do not receive funds from their respec­ cate $10 million per year for the next <1873>; Delaware State College <1891>; Flor­ tive States to conduct research, especially in 5 years to the 16 1890 land-grant insti­ ida A & M University <1873>; Fort Valley the area of agriculture, despite their land­ tutions and Tuskegee Institute. State College, Georgia <1895>; Kentucky grant mission. These moneys are catchup funds for State University <1886>; Southern Universi­ Furthermore, the 1890 institutions were years of neglect by the Federal Gov­ ty, Louisiana <1880>; University of Mary­ not eligible to participate in the facilities ernment as well as the States in which land-Eastern Shore <1886>; Alcorn State programs provided in the late 1960's and University, Mississippi <1871>; Lincoln Uni­ early 1970's by the Federal Government. these institutions are located. The versity, Missouri <1866>; North Carolina A & funds will be used to purchase equip­ Under the Research Facilities Act of 1963, T State University <1891>; Langston State only the 1862 land-grant institutions were ment and land, and in the planning, University, Oklahoma <1897>; South Caroli­ permitted to participate in this program. construction, alteration and/ or ren­ na State College <1897>; Tennessee State Not until 1967 did the Federal Government ovation of buildings to strengthen University <1912>; Prairie View A & M Uni­ start to provide research funds to the 1890 their capacity for research in the food versity, Texas <1876>; Virginia State Univer­ programs. As you know, these funds were and agricultural sciences. sity <1882>; Tuskegee Institute, Alabama for research projects, and not for construct­ The 1890 institutions are all histori­ (1881). ing research facilities. cally black institutions created by I stand before you today as a proud alum­ Without adequate research facilities, the nus of one of these 1890 institutions-Ten­ 1890 institutions have had to perform mir­ States during the second Morrill Act. nessee State University-and I have 11 They were created because, rather acles in order to conduct research. other brothers and sisters who also attend­ Currently, many of the 1890 institutions than educate black students at the ex­ ed that fine institution in Nashville. are using classrooms as make-shift research isting 1862 land-grant institutions Now, let us first remember why we have facilities. How can one conduct research started through the first Morrill Act, 1890 institutions, all which are historically without adequate facilities for research? the States opted to build, in exchange black colleges and universities generally lo­ cated in the Southern region of the United They have been forced to limit agriculture for Federal land, separate institutions States. research programs as the result of inad­ for black students. These colleges and universities are called equate funding for this purpose. It not only The 1890 institutions, throughout 1890 land-grant institutions because of the shortchanges the faculty at the 1890 land­ their nearly 100 year history, were second Morrill Act of 1890 as opposed to the grant institutions who are capable of agri­ never funded to par as the 1862 insti­ first Morrill Act of 1862. These two acts, culture-related research and the students often called the land-grants acts, estab­ who could gain first-hand knowledge and tutions were. They were charged with experience from participating in research, the responsibility of providing instruc­ lished the public land-grant institutions. We must also remember that in the 1800's but the country and the entire world as a tion, public service, and research, but the States in which these institutions are lo­ whole is also shortchanged. not provided funds to establish a re­ cated were told that they had to provide I should also note that, despite this handi­ search environment. education to their black citizens at the ex­ cap, the 1890 institutions still have managed H.R. 1309 does not correct all the isting segregated 1862 land-grant institu­ to contribute to the state of the art regard­ problems that have resulted through tions. ing agricultural research. 100 years of neglect toward the 1890 Instead of integrating the public institu­ Furthermore, at a time when many insti­ institutions. It does, at least, recognize tions established under the Morrill Act of tutions have been accused of catering to the the initial need to adequately fund 1862, they opted to establish segregated in­ big agri-businesses, the Fortune 500 of agri­ stitutions for blacks which were funded culture, the 1890 institutions have concen­ these institutions in order for them to through the Morrill Act of 1890. Thus, each trated on conducting research that benefits have greater participation in solving of these States today still has two land­ the small farmer who still comprises the the various food and agriculture relat­ grant institutions-one established under majority of all farmers in this·country and ed problems of the world. the 1862 land-grant act and the other under the world. Following is a copy of my testimony the 1890 act. So now we have an interesting situation. submitted at the Agriculture Subcom­ However, the 1890 institutions were never Seventeen colleges charged by their States mittee on Department Operations, Re­ adequately funded the way they should and the Federal Government with the re­ search, and Foreign Agriculture's have been by the various States. With as­ sponsibility of research, as one of their sistance from the various States and the prime missions, and, yet, not getting re­ recent hearing. Federal Government, the 1862 institutions search money from the State or the govern­ T!:sTIIIONY OF CONGRESSMAN HAROLD FORD were permitted to thrive and expand, while ment. At the same time, not being provided OF TI:NNI:sSEE ON ADDITIONAL FuNDING FOR the 1890 institutions received meager fund­ the funds to construct facilities in which to 1890 LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSI· ing from both their respective State and the conduct research. TIES, INCLUDING TuSKEGEE INSTITUTE of all black students that the 1890 land-grant institutions must 1309 before my colleagues today. The pur- still attend historically black institutions. play in helping to resolve food and nutrition

e This "bullet.. symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor. June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11899 problems, not only in this country, but in­ many members of UNESCO are pro­ stitution of the and its satel­ ternationally as well. We must remember posing is nothing but a transparent at­ lites mean nothing. The battle will have to that almost one-fourth of the world still tempt to stifle freedom of the press in be fought in and by the free press itself, es­ goes to bed hungry at night. the interest of protecting governments pecially the free press in those parts of the However, it should be noted that even if world where it still exists and is threat­ H.R. 1309 is approved, and we disregard the which fear the free flow of informa­ ened.e proposed formula and simply divide the tion. annual $10,000,000 by the seventeen 1890 Mr. Speaker, an excellent editorial land-grant institutions, each one will get ap­ on this subject appeared in the Chica­ COWBOY ECONOMICS-A CRI­ proximately $588,000. Remember now, most go Tribune of Tuesday, June 2, 1981, TIQUE OF SUPPLY-BIDE ECO­ of the 1890 institutions are 100 years old which I offer here for my colleagues' NOMICS and have been through their history ne­ attention. glected by their respective State and the UNESCO AND FREEDoM OF THE PREss Federal Government. HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. Will the average of $588,000 annually for For a number of years, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Orga­ OF the next five years make up for nearly 100 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES years of neglect in the areas of agricultural nization has served as the stage research that the 1890 land-grants have ex­ upon which assorted communist and Third Tuesday, June 9, 1981 perienced? World governments are trying to bring about new laws "to protect journalists." e Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Nevertheless, I think that Rep. DE LA GARZA in introducing H.R. 1309 and my col­ This is a euphemistic way of saying that Speaker, I recently came upon an in­ leagues who are members of this Subcom­ they want laws to protect themselves from teresting essay about the economic mittee in considering the bill, are to be com­ prying journalists. theories of the Reagan administration. mended for recognizing H.R. 1309 as a step Until recently, the battle against I commend this essay, written by Dr. UNESCO and its latter-day George Lorn­ in the right direction. mens as its chairman. COWBOY EcONOMICS H.R. 1309 also says that we recognize the The assault has been slowed but not [By Kenneth Bouldingl important role that the 1890 institutions stopped. As soon as one proposal seems to have played in the past in the education of As one contemplates the political scene have been laid to rest, a new version arises nowadays, it is hard not to get the feeling hundreds of thousands of students who be­ to take its place. There have even been cause of the color of their skin could not that one is sitting through a very long and sneak plays which could only have been de­ rather bad cowboy movie. The world is di­ attend any other state college or university, signed to prevent the participation of the despite the fact that their parents, too, paid vided into good guys and bad guys in the in­ Western press: one recent meeting, for ex­ ternational scene, with the , of State and Federal taxes. ample, for which notices went to communist course, clearly wearing the white hat. In the H.R. 1309 has been endorsed by the De­ and Third World delegates but not to partment of Agriculture and the Adminis­ domestic scene, the private sector is wearing American delegates. white and the public sector black. To people tration. It is my hope that other agencies The proposals have included licenses for which provide research and public service to raised on cowboy movies, this scenario has a journalists, local government controls over certain nostalgic charm. However, one has various colleges and universities will also them and their movement, and most recent­ recognize the importance of the 1890 insti­ grave doubts about whether the plot is ade­ ly a program of "education" presumably de­ quate to deal with international and domes­ tutions. signed to teach them proper respect for gov­ H.R. 1309 will ensure that the 1890 land­ tic complexities. It may be that the world's ernment authorities. What the Communists a stage, but the play is by no means simple. grant institutions will be able to enhance and Third Worlders want, quite clearly, is a their research environments in order to In the age of space travel, it is ironic that press which will spread only the news that we have landed ourselves in what future his­ strengthen their capacity for agricultural the governments want spread. It is the kind research. In this way, they will expand their torians may well call the "first cowboy ad­ of press that already exists in totalitarian ministration." opportunities to have a greater role in as­ countries and is spreading, through the sisting the country and the world, particu­ mechanism of "licensing," in parts of the HORSE POWER ,AND COW SUPPLY larly the third world nations, diminish and Third World, including . I cannot recall ever seeing a treatise on eliminate our food problems and the devas­ As in the case of Near v. Minnesota, more cowboy economics. In the movies, at least, it tating effects of hunger and starvation. and more of the free world's press is awak­ appears to involve horses, cows, and shoot­ Thank you for permitting me to testify ening to the threat that the news appearing outs. Historically, horses have created chev­ before you today.e in the rest of the world-and even the news aliers and caballeros, that is, knights. In emanating from much of it-may be con­ most societies, there was not enough hay trolled by governments who do not wish to for everybody to have a horse, so that who­ UNESCO AND FREEDOM OF THE be subject to any check and regard the free ever owned one was in a superior position to PRESS press as "a public nuisance." • anyone who did not. Horses, therefore, Two weeks ago in Talloires, France, repre­ tended to produce feudal systems. The brief HON. ROBERT McCLORY sentatives of the free world press, including American cowboy era may have been an ex­ representatives from a number of Third ception: because of the low density of the OF ILLINOIS World countries, listened to Amadou human population, there was enough hay IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mahtar M'Bow, director general of for everybody to have a horse. But even Tuesday, June 9, 1981 UNESCO, try to soothe them while at the then horses tended to produce bellicosity. same time citing the importance of the Perhaps when males look at the world from e Mr. McCLORY. Mr. Speaker, I was press as "the key to power," and declaring an unnatural ten feet up in the air, they get heartened to read the other day that his determination to push ahead with delusions of macho grandeur. It is also hard Elliot Abrams, the Assistant Secretary UNESCO's " Information to be very productive ·on a horse; we do most of State for International Organiza­ Order." of our work on two feet as pedestrians, or in tion Affairs, has warned UNESCO The next day, the conference replied with the old days, as peasants. Not surprisingly, edented international "bill of rights" for the ily on threat systems, threat-counterthreat, free press. In effect, it was a challenge to being quick on the draw, and thievery when that the United States may quit that UNESCO. But here there is no orderly proc­ you can get away with it. body if it proceeds with plans to regu­ ess by which a Supreme Court can issue an Cowboy economics, of course, also de­ late journalists in the performance of order to which communist and Third World pends on cows, curious creatures that have their professional duties. The so-called governments and their courts will listen. some tendency to become sacred. Cows, es­ New World Information Order which Guarantees of freedom of speech in the con- pecially on the open range, are the perfect, 11900 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 and perhaps the only, example of supply­ because a governed ecosystem, a farm, is far split-basing mode for the deployment of the side economics. All one has to do is leave more productive than an ungoverned one, a M-X missile system.e them alone while they breed and feed them­ cattle range. The moral would seem to be selves, corral them, and drive them to that a well-governed society is more produc­ market when the time is ripe. The student tive than a not-governed society. TIME HAS COME FOR A NEW of an economist friend of mine once re­ Undoubtedly, the most dangerous aspect sponded to an examination question on mar­ of the present situation is the almost uni­ EFFORT TO CAP STRATEGIC ginal productivity: "You have a cow and it versal belief in the capacity of our national has a calf; that's marginal productivity!" It defense. The truth is that traditional unilat­ is not surprising that cowboy economics be­ eral national defense can only assure our de­ HON. BARNEY FRANK lieves in the magic of unleashing supply. struction. The more we put into our de­ Another characteristic of the cowboy fense, the less secure we become and the OF MA.SSACHUSET.l'S economy is that it does not have very much more we hinder our productivity. The rela­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in the way of grants, or one-way transfers, tionship between the proportion of GNP except maybe in the gambling saloon or that goes into national defense and the fail­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 thievery. Public transfers, certainly, are ure of productivity is very clear. National • Mr. FRANK. Mr. Speaker, former never heard of. There are remarkably few defense is a cancer that eats out the health U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, children, old or indigent people, or women of the rest of the body politic and virtually in cowboy movies; apart from the occasional guarantees our eventual extinction in nucle­ Thomas J. Watson, Jr., recently deliv­ "mush," there didn't even seem to be any ar . Fortunately, there is a substitute: ered one of the most elucidating and sex. Cowboys are obviously cloned straight multinational defense based on a positive compelling defenses of the need for from the mind of the moviemaker. All is ex­ policy for stable peace. This is a long way arms control agreements that I have change-the tinkle of coins at the bar, bluff from the cowboy economy. One only hopes heard in a long time. Mr. Watson transactions at the cattle market. we will reach it in time.e spoke before Harvard's 330th com­ Another thing lacking in the cowboy econ­ mencement ceremony. omy is conservation. Conservation may be all right for the crowded rice fields, but who TEXAS CONCURRENT In his remarks, Mr. Watson makes needs it in great open spaces? The world is a RESOLUTION 53 the case that the United States needs great ripe fruit waiting to be picked, and a cap on the strategic arms race. never mind who planted it or whether we HON. JAMES M. COLLINS Drawing on his years of experience in need to plant another. No cowboy ever felt the Soviet capital, Watson is intimate­ an urge to recycle the manure, and why OF TEXAS ly familiar with Soviet perceptions of should he? It recycles itself. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES effective nuclear deterrence and the THE LAST SHOOT-OUT Tuesday, June 9, 1981 myths many Americans hold about Any resemblance between this fantasy e Mr. COLLINS of Texas. Mr. Speak­ the current defense debate. and the present administration may not be er, George W. Strake, secretary of the The simplistic approach adopted by wholly accidental. The cowboy is our na­ State of Texas, sent me a copy of the advocates of huge increases in defense tional hero and the country is in a cowboy senate concurrent resolution number mood. Unfortunately, cowboy eras always spending is tempered by Watson's seem to contain the seeds of their own de­ 53 which was passed by the 67th Legis­ careful analysis of the true meaning of struction. The great hunters that invaded lature of Texas and signed by Gov. an adequate strategic balance. Watson across the Bering land Bill Clements on May 26, 1981. calls for nuclear sufficiency, not supe­ bridge some 11,000 years ago took a few This issue of the MX missile system riority; he does so with a clear under­ hundred or maybe a couple of thousand is very important in Texas and the standing of the current strategic bal­ years to kill off all the big game. They ate Members will be interested in seeing ance between the superpowers and the all the horses without learning how to ride the views of our Texas State Legisla­ need for a deescalation of the strategic them. There must have been a phenomenal ture. unrecorded collapse between 10,000 and arms race. 9,000 B.C.: Mongols on horseback ravaged S.C.R. No. 53 Mr. Watson's remarks, which ap­ nearly all of Eurasia for space. Now Mongo­ Whereas, United States Air force plans peared in the Boston Globe, June 6, lia is a minor buffer state, and now barbed call ·for a sheltered road-mobile basing 1981, follow: wire has closed many of our great open system for the M-X missile system, and cur­ rently under consideration are plans for "TIME HAS COME FOR A NEW EFFORT TO CAP spaces. STRATEGIC ARMs RACE" Therefore, it could be catastrophic that at either full basing in Nevada/Utah or a split the precise moment in history when the basing in Nevada/Utah and Texas/New Thomas J. Watson Jr., former US ambas­ cowboy era has reached its end and the Mexico; and sador to the Soviet Union, delivered the key­ cowboy economy has become almost gro­ Whereas, A decision to adopt the split­ note address at Harvard's 330th commence­ tesquely inappropriate, we have a cowboy basing mode would require the relocation of ment Thursday. Following are excerpts from government. The philosophy of the shoot­ approximately 500 families and would re­ his address. out threatens to destroy our whole society quire United States Air Force acquisition of Let me start out by speaking to today's in a nuclear war, the chances of which have many acres of highly productive land in graduates and those of you who are young. increased quite perceptibly in the last few Texas which would be unlikely to be re­ Throughout the past half century, young months. We live in a world in which the claimed for agricultural purposes; and Whereas, An amendment to the Depart­ people have played many heroic roles. You management of conflict has become a major went to World War II and brought down problem, simply because the costs of un­ ment of Defense Supplemental Appropri­ ations Act, Section 2.02(b), June 27, 1979, . You fought and died in the moun­ managed conflict have skyrocketed almost tains of Korea. You fought heroically in to infinity. Yet we have retreated into a phi­ states that it is the sense of Congress that the basing mode for the M-X missile should Vietnam. And you worked courageously losophy of winning fights, which is a wholly within the system, joined it in large num­ different skill from managing conflict. be restricted to location on the least produc­ tive land available that is suitable for such bers, became a potent political force, influ­ A RIDERLESS HORSE purpose; and enced public opinion, and helped bring that We also have retreated into extraordinary Whereas, The January 19, 1981, Depart­ tragic war to an end. illusions about supply economics, as if all we ment of Defense M-X Split Basing Report We need this kind of courage and convic­ had to do was let the bulls in with the cows. to Congress states that there exists a rela­ tion. And especially we need today the cour­ Instead, we face an infinitely painstaking tive balance in the environmental impact age and conviction of youth to face up real­ and tedious learning process from which between the two alternatives, while also istically to a change of course as a nation­ productivity might be reborn. If we think stating that the split-basing mode would re­ our course on stratetic arms control and our our whole trouble is having the government quire the additional expenditure of $3.475 whole handling of the nuclear equation. on our backs, then our ideal is a riderless billion over the cost of the full-basing mode; The hour is late. The imperative of real­ horse. Are we looking for the bucking now, therefore, be it ism and reason is urgent. And we confront bronco that throws its rider off? We have Resolved by the Senate of the State of many illusions. some pretty poor riders, but the solution of Texas, the House of Representatives concur­ First is the illusion of victory: the illusion no rider at all seems unrealistic. The_hl.rmer ring, That the 67th Legislature respectfully that one side or the other can start a nucle­ triumphs over the cowboy in the long run request that the congress do not adopt the ar war and win it. June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11901 WHAT'S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE? perpowers have piled weapon on useless "ARM UP AND STAND FIRM" FORMULA Common sense analysis will tell anyone weapon. Finally, we confront the illusion of soft­ that this is impossible. Consider this illusion SOVIET UNION CLOSED THE GAP headedness; that anyone who favors an end in its most popular package: In 1945, when we exploded our first to the arms race must be soft on U.S. de­ The Soviets launch a surgical first strike atomic bomb at Hiroshima, we had a four­ fense or even soft on . And we and destroy most of our Minutemen and year lead over the Russians. In 1952, when confront its corollary: the simplistic formula Titan missiles in their underground silos. we exploded our first H-bomb, we had a 10- "arm up and stand firm," though war would Thus they leave us few weapons capable of month lead. The Soviet Union closed the mean losses of 50 to 75 percent on each side. retaliation in kind-of wiping out their re­ gap despite having a country severely torn The illusion of softheadedness is thermo­ maining underground missiles. And thus by the ravages of a war of a ferocity never nuclear McCarthyism. Because the search they force us to a choice: attack Soviet cities visited on our country. And it has kept up in for a way out of this morass-the search for with our submarine missiles and bombers, the race, despite the burden of a hopelessly an avenue of negotiation and survival in­ thereby provoking a counterattack on inefficient economy, by ruthlessly channel­ stead of confrontation and weaponry-has a American cities from Boston to Seattle; or ing its resources, and by calling upon the long and honorable heritage. surrender. Soviet people for an endless acceptance of That heritage includes Republicans and What's wrong with this picture? Lots of sacrifices. Democrats; military and non-military lead­ things. It assumes, against all common Between us, our two countries now have ers, among them some of the greatest and sense, that the Soviet leaders, notoriously explosive power equal to a million Hiroshi­ most tough-minded of our time. cautious about security, would bet their ma A-bombs. We have between us some 15 It began in 1946 under President Harry total nation on at least four fool-hardy an­ thousand "city killing" weapons-one bomb, Truman with the proposal of a hardheaded or-nothing gambles: one city. Bigger stockpiles do not mean financier, Bernard Baruch, for international The gamble, against all technological like­ more security. Enough is enough. And we UN control of atomic energy. lihood, that their first strike would be es­ are far beyond that point now. It continued with President Dwight Eisen­ sentially perfect-that it would leave few, if There is a third illusion, rooted in the hower, who in his first major foreign policy any Minutemen or Titans to retaliate in belief that nuclear victory is possible and address denounced the tragic waste of arma­ kind; strategic superiority attainable. It is the il­ ments, and in his farewell message warned The gamble that we would not use some lusion of nuclear omnipotence, that if we against the power of a military-industrial of our remaining underwater and airborne just have more weapons we can use nuclear complex. weapons, nearly three fourths of our total threats to deter Soviet misbehavior any­ It embraces the last legacy of President warheads, to attack the thousands of vul­ where in the world. Kennedy, the nuclear test ban treaty of nerable military targets in the Soviet Union I can think of no quicker prescription for 1963; the SALT I accords under President other than missile silos; disaster. Our nuclear weapons are useless Nixon; and the SALT II treaty initiated by The gamble that when our President except for their mission of preventing direct President Nixon, continued by President learned the Soviet missiles were flying our attack on us. Ford, and completed by President Carter. way he would freeze and do nothing-that Fourth is the illusion of futility: the illu­ Thermonuclear McCarthyism is a slander he would not send those targeted Minute­ sion that we cannot sign treaties with the against the wisdom of many great Ameri­ men and Titans flying toward Russia's re­ Russians because they systematically vio­ cans. maining silos before the enemy missiles late them. Against all these illusions, what is the re­ landed; Let us be clear about this: there are major ality? The reality is that thermonuclear war And the ultimate gamble: That in desper­ differences between our two countries. in any form is suicide. ate retaliation we would not rain down total Soviet values are diametrically opposed to Our imperative is to change our course­ destruction on Soviet cities, even though ours. Contention between us on a global to take the only road which offers a viable that might mean our own destruction as scale is a fact of life. Suspicion is the key­ hope for the future: not a road to unilateral well. note of our relations. action of any kind, but a road toward the Make no mistake: That scenario would be But having said that, let me add this: On joint continuation of the SALT process; a the most risky and ultimately costly gamble the evidence, the Soviets do keep agree­ road to a long series of mutually verifiable in history. By overwhelming odds, the result ments provided each side has an interest in treaties. of any use of nuclear weapons would not be the other's keeping the agreement; and pro­ I know from experience how maddening victory. It would be all out war and total de­ vided each side can verify compliance for protracted negotiations with the Russians struction. And in the words of President itself. can be. I know what these negotiations will Kennedy, "The living would envy the dead." Look for example at the 1972 Anti-Ballis­ demand of us: in the words of St. Francis of The illusion of Soviet preemptive victory tic Missile Treaty and the Interim Agree­ Sales, "A cup of science, a barrel of wisdom, has a corollary: the illusion of achieveable ment: the two parts of SALT I. The Soviet and an ocean of patience." But we have no American superiority-the illusion that like Union has violated neither. For these trea­ choice. the Red Queen in Through the Looking ties do not depend on trust or good will. The time for action is at hand. And that Glass we can outrace the danger by going They depend on cold self-interest and uni­ action must begin in Washington, D.C.­ "faster, faster;" outproducing the Soviets in lateral verifiability. begin with the same urgency and effective­ nuclear arms; playing a multibillion-dollar Fifth is the illusion of benign neglect-the ness the Administration has shown in con­ shell game in the desert; hoping that some­ idea that if we just muddle along, in the fronting our serious economic difficulties: how with exotic weapons we can erect ·a pro­ phrase of Dickens' Mr. Micawber, "some­ the same urgency and courage the President tective umbrella over our country. thing will turn up;" that the current aging has shown in already beginning a major So-called nuclear superiority assures no Soviet leadership, for example, will soon be buildup in our conventional forces. safety-not for the Soviet Union; not for us; replaced by enlightened and reasonable The time has come for all of us. to reject because what counts is not superiority but men; that the Soviet system will crumble the scenarios of the theoreticians mesmer­ sufficiency, the guaranteed power to de­ from within; or that we can indefinitely ized by computer projections into thinking stroy the other side under all circumstances. stall on serious negotiations, let the Soviets that the leaders of the Soviet Union would And we both have it. cool their heels waiting, and use the inter­ bet their homeland on a lottery chance at Think of it this way: Would you, if you sat vening time for our own advantage to arm victory. in the Kremlin, attack the United States, up. The time has come to realize. that our nu­ even knowing that you could knock out 95 Let us not delude ourselves. We can take clear deterrent is robust under any possible percent of our weapons, but realizing that no comfort from all these kinds of wishful contingency. Let our politicians and arms the remaining five percent could destroy lit~ thinking. technicians stop poor-mouthing it. erally the whole Soviet Union? To be sure, the average Soviet Politburo Would you, sitting in Washington, attack member today is 69 years old. But I have TIME TO REJECT SCENARIOS even a small country which had only a thou­ met many of the possible successors, and I Above all, the time has come for a new sand warheads knowing that if you missed can tell you: I foresee no real change. I do effort to cap the strategic arms race-cap it only 10 percent they could wipe out 100 not see the Soviet Union becoming more through a verifiable treaty which gives both American cities? pro-American. I do not see a revolution sides the security they require. You know the answer: There is no safety around the comer. I do not foresee the SALT II offers a good framework. Minor in numbers. The war planning process of demise of the rigid system or the rigid changes could be made at the negotiating the past has become totally obsolete. Attack thinking that runs it. And I see no chance table if necessary. But there is little time is now suicide. that the Soviet leaders will be hoodwinked before technology and pressures on both Yet the pursuit of the mirage of superior­ by protracted negotiations while we try to sides push us into a new and unmanageable ity persists. And over the years the two su- jump ahead in strategic arms. spiral. 11902 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 We cannot wait for improved Soviet be­ argued the case for farmers to be able bility, even those who had had legal thera­ havior around the world, or for better US­ to establish a union and, after many peutic abortions. Soviet relations. Control of strategic arms is legal and political battles, Rural Soli­ Having done primarlly infertility work for not a concession to the Soviets. It must not darity came into existence. the past 20 years, of course, I welcomed the be linked to irrelevant issues. Those who decision of the Supreme Court which de­ urge delay take an awesome responsibility Before Solidarity, Cardinal Wys­ clared abortions legal for the past 200 years, on their shoulders.e zynski assisted in the organization of because I saw so much permanent infertility Christian trade unions in the 1930's following so-called illegal abortions per­ believing that these groups should formed by untrained individuals. CARDINAL WYSZYNSKI focus their energies on social problems Sincerely, and work safety rather than becoming ALBERT M. ALExANDER, M.D., P.C.e HON. LAWRENCE COUGHUN involved in politics. During World War OF PENNSYLVANIA II, the cardinal lent his support to the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Warsaw and Lublin underground resi­ BILL TO TEMPORARILY EX­ Monday, June 8, 1981 tance movements against the Nazis. CLUDE FOREIGN PROCESSING Cardinal Wyszynski's accomplish­ VESSELS FROM THE INTERNAL e Mr. COUGHLIN. Mr. Speaker, I WATERS OF ALASKA would like to pay tribute to the late ments are many and great, and I join Cardinal Wyszynski, primate of the the people of Poland in mourning the Roman Catholic Church in Poland. As death of this most faithful and effec­ HON. DON YOUNG tive leader. His compassion for and his Poland's spiritual leader for more OF ALASKA devotion to a free and independent than three decades, Cardinal Wys­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES zynski was responsible for his nation's Poland will long be remembered. He pursuit of freedom and independence. truly loved his church and his nation Tuesday, June 9, 1981 He represented social and political sta­ and I pray that his vision of a free Poland will come to pass in the 20th e Mr. YOUNG of Alaska. Mr. Speak­ bility to his followers as he would not er, I am introducing today a bill which give in to the demands of the Commu­ century.e will temporarily exclude foreign fish nist regime. For a long time, the processing vessels from the internal Roman Catholic Church, under the WHEN LIFE BEGINS waters of Alaska, subject to certain cardinal's leadership, was the only or­ overrides by the Governor of Alaska ganization in Poland to maintain its HON. HAROLD E. FORD and the U.S. Department of Com­ independence despite the repressive OF TENNESSEE merce. This is a companion measure to power of a totalitarian state. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a bill introduced by my Alaskan col­ Although Cardinal Wyszynski was leagues in the Senate and the State of Alaska have suggest­ Cardinal Wyszynski also acted as an would be deemed a birth and death there­ ed that it may be appropriate to hold intermediary between the Communists fore and due an income tax deduction, as a hearings on this measure before and Solidarity when Polish authorities dependent child, for that year. Furthermore asking the House to rush it through. I beat union activists in the town of if that nebulous individual existed in No­ agree completely. However, in the Bydgoszcz. At this time, he preached vember and aborted in January there would event that an emergency does become to government officials of the need to be a deduction for 2 years. apparent, I will ask the chairman of Secondly, any pregnancy that extended serve society and respect past January 1 and resulted in a live birth the House Merchant Marine and Fish­ while he preached to Solidarity mem­ would be due a deduction for the previous eries Committee to expedite passage of bers of the need for time and patience year as well as the year of birth. this measure. Further, I hope that in obtaining ·social and economic Following this rather absurd logic, individ­ hearings can be held as soon as possi­ demand. Additionally, the cardinal uals could go back and revise their tax lia- ble. June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11903 I want to stress that this is a tempo­ president of that company since it was Mayflower Hotel. Even today, he has a rary measure designed to correct a founded in 1930 as a subsidiary of White House pass given him by Truman. particular problem in a particular area Cannon Mills. "In those days, synthetic fibers were just during one fishing season. I do not Mr. Lew has · been throughout his getting going, and we had to work to ward off their efforts to take over our cotton view it as a long-term solution nor do I life, very active in politics and public markets," he said. feel that passage of this bill should policy, especially in legislative propos­ Through the years in which he was a preclude the concerned interests als that affected cotton. He has been factor in agricultural and cotton legislation, throughout the country from develop­ an unofficial adviser to many Mem­ Barringer worked behind the scenes. He ing a comprehensive approach to clos­ bers of Congress and was an agricul­ never accepted an official position, but was ing what appears to be a loophole in tural adviser to President Harry close to numerous U.S. senators and repre­ existing law. The approach used in Truman. Whenever there were impor­ sentatives and high government officials . . this bill may serve as a model for tant policy decisions to be made re­ Truman was "knowledgeable and fair future action. However, it should not garding cotton, Mr. Lew Barringer was about agriculture, including cotton," said be viewed as necessarily the best always there offering his knowledge Barringer. In fact, the former President worked on a farm his parents owned near means to accomplish what we seek. and his insight into the needs of the Independence, MO., as a youngster. Any long-term approach should only cotton industry. "Truman was agriculture all the way," said be developed with the full participa­ It is reassuring to know that Mr. Barringer. · tion of all interested parties, including Lew, at the age of 80, is not going to In the 1940s, Barringer said, he was able fishermen, processors, affected coastal go into complete retirement. He will to swing one the biggest advance bookings States, and the Federal Government.e keep his offices at L. T. Barringer & of cotton in history. Anderson, Clayton & Co., and will continue to serve as a Co., which no longer is in the cotton busi­ consultant to the company. N onethe­ ness, was financing some California cotton DANIELL. SCHLAFLY-"MR. less, I wanted to share with my col­ producers' crops. A-C planned to buy the BOARD OF EDUCATION" cotton as it was ginned. Barringer asked leagues in this body his decision to how many bales would be involved and was HON. RICHARD A. GEPHARDT retire and include in the RECORD a told 70,000 to 80,000 bales. copy of a recent story in the Memphis "I told them we would buy all of it," he OF MISSOURI Commercial Appeal noting his retire­ said, "and it turned out to be a total of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ment. 78,000 bales. We paid the current market Tuesday, June 9, 1981 BARRINGER To RETIRE AS COMPANY HEAD price each day when the farmers were ready to sell the cotton. e Mr. GEPHARDT. Mr. Speaker, I Barringer's presence in agricultural policy want to take this opportunity to salute L. T. 'Lou' Barringer, 80, considered one of efforts hs continued throughout his career. DanielL. Schlafly, who is retiring this the most valuable men in helping to achieve His collection of Washington memorabilia month after 28 years of service on the cotton legislation, will step down Aug. 1 as includes large signed photographs of president of L. T. Barringer & Co., cotton St. Louis Board of Education. During subsidiary of Cannon Mills Co. Truman, key Truman aides with whom he that period he has served responsibly, Barringer, an agricultural confidant of worked and former President Lyndon B. wisely, and well; and every person who President Harry Truman, will retire after 63 Johnson, as well as invitations to gatherings has attended school in St. Louis since years in the cotton business. like the "housewarming" former Vice Presi­ 1953 owes him a vote of thanks. But, Barringer said, "The next day, I will dent Nelson Rockefeller held for his new Our schools have changed a lot be back at my desk, doing what I've been quarters in 1975. doing for so many years." During the Carter administration, when during the past 28 years. The prob­ cotton exports were lagging, Barringer re­ lems they face today are different No successor has been named, "and I have no idea who will become president," Bar­ called, "The Export-Import Bank head was from those of the early 1950's. The ringer said. At the same time, Hugh J. resisting a $75-million loan to Japan for the methods used by Daniel L. Schlafly Tourney, board chairman and chief execu­ purchase of cotton." Barringer said he and remain relevant, though. In fact, his tive officer of Cannon Mills, Inc., sales sub­ some Southern senators worked closely, and efforts to reform and remold the sidiary of Cannon Mills Co., will retire. the senators finally persuaded former Presi­ board have made it the effective Barringer is in his office from 9 a.m. to 6 dent Carter to push for the loan. agency it is today in dealing with our p.m. weekdays and usually 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. "If Japan hadn't received it and bought Saturdays and Sundays. The only difference the cotton, prices for cotton probably would city's schools. have dropped quite a bit, and our exports He has worked hard in this part­ is that he will be serving as consultant rather than president, a position he has would have been down sharply. That didn't time position. He has contributed held at the company at 1195 Union since it cost the taxpayers a penny, because Japan more to our schools than some who was organized in 1930. pays its obligations." devote a lifetime of service · to them. Otto G. Stoltz, board chairman and presi­ Barringer in 1918 started his cotton career He is called Mr. Board of Education dent of Cannon Mills Co., based in Kan­ with Cannon Mills as a "squidge," or clerk, with good reason. napolis, N.C., said, "Lou Barringer has made in Concord, N.C. Later he moved to the He has served us well and we are a long and valuable contribution to Cannon firm's cotton department in Atlanta. Final­ grateful. It will be hard, if not impossi­ and the cotton industry. We are very proud ly, in 1930, Charles A. Cannon, who was ble, to replace him.e to have been associated with him." board chairman and president, decided the While Truman was a U.S. senator from company was using so much cotton it Missouri, he and Barringer met on one of should open its own cotton firm. So L. T. BARRINGER TO RETIRE Truman's visits to the Bootheel. Thereafter Barringer & Co. was founded here. Today, they often discussed agricultural matters, John W. Barringer, a son who. iS a Collier­ especially cotton. Barringer helped Truman ville farmer, serves as assistant to the presi­ HON. ED JONES learn a great deal about cotton and said dent of the cotton company. The younger OF TENNESSEE that as senator and later as President, Barringer has been a prime mo.ver in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Truman was a big help in agricultural legis­ group organizing the Mid-South Agricenter, lation, including cotton programs. Inc., for Memphis. Tuesday, June 9, 1981 During the Truman administration, Bar­ In 1976, Barringer was honored with a • Mr. JONES of Tennessee. Mr. ringer frequently visited the White House, surprise dinner at the Mayflower. Many Speaker, I want to take this opportu­ often for meetings with the President con­ speakers lauded the Memphian, including nity to note the retirement of my good cerning agriculture, but sometimes on ef­ Truman's daughter, Margaret Truman friend, Mr. Lew Barringer, president forts related to the then-developing space Daniel; Rep. Ed Jones

79-059 0 - 85 - 52 (Pt. 9) 11906 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 CORPORATE AIDES FILL KEY CONGRESSIONAL tee and is under the direct supervision of Johnstown,. Pa., and the project is pending ROLES the chairman of that subcommittee. for approval before the new U.S. Synthetic Staffers are assigned to legislative work Fuels Corporation. WASHINGTON.-Some of the largest corpo­ that supposedly would not benefit the home Storat's subcommittee is responsible for rations in America pay the salaries of key office, although safeguards can hardly pre­ initial drafting of legislation affecting syn­ staff assistants in Congress. vent all benefits gained thr.ough contacts in thetic fuel projects. These corporate interns have played and Congress. U.S. Steel Corp. assigned a $36,000-a-year continue to play major roles in drafting leg­ At the very least, in a general way, many environmental engineer to the Senate Com­ islation, and some are given credit as chief of the corporations have reaped benefits of mittee on Energy and Natural Resources. movers behind the enactment of federal federal legislation their employes helped get That co:nml.tttee has major responsibility laws. through Congress. over legislation dealing with the nation's Records show that some corporate interns An example is passage of the 1979 Paper natural resources, such as coal used in the are being assigned to key committees in Reduction Act. A General Motors Corp. pro­ production of steel. The committee recently Congress that enact legislation directly af­ duction executive organized field hearings drafted legislation that would give steel fecting their companies. to take testimony and made key recommen­ companies extensions on meeting clean air Few Americans are aware that, since 1976, dations on the law's content to Sen. Lawton deadlines. 25 of the country's blue-ribbon corporate Chiles seriously sure to the working of our federal system of questions the propriety of the program. government that one gets through the Con­ Americans and the cultural richness "It at least raises the question of serious gressional Assistant Program." which they have brought to our soci­ conflicts of interest," Bumpers said. "I can In 1977, Allan Cors, vice president and di­ etal community in the United States, see how an argument might be made for the rector of government affairs for Coming by cosponsoring House Resolution 145, program, but I see that it also raises serious Glass Works, commented about one of the requesting the President to declare problems. I certainly would not want some­ company's executives sent to Washington the week of June 7 to 13 as National one from Common Cause on my staff, and I under the program. Italian American Heritage Week. As wouldn't want anyone whose salary is paid "The program has been very good for him the Representative of the largest con­ for by private enterprise on my staff, either. and Coming Glass Works," Cors said. "Joe's "I'm not saying any of these people would experience has definitely made him a much centration of Italo-Americans of any do anything improper, but it raises that more valuable resource to the company. His congressional district, I would like to question," Bumpers added. "It just isn't better understanding of the governmental pay tribute to this rich cultural group, worth it." process has given him a substantially en­ which has not only influenced the New York officals of The Conference hanced ability to make decisions now, as state of Rhode Island, but also has Board claim they scrupulously avoid any well as the future." played a substantial role in shaping possibility of a conflict of interest in their The praise doesn't all come from the pri­ the essence of a country we take great Congressional assistant program. vate sector. pride in calling the land of opportuni­ "The overall aim of the program is to con­ clines, chairman of the Senate Federal tribute to better understanding and commu­ Spending Practices and Open Government ty, diversity, chance for acceptance, nication between the United States Con­ Subcommittee, praised Stephen Cole, a growth and progress. gress and the private sector," a board publi­ General Foods executive assigned to his su­ Two bronze plaques in the Italian­ cation states. "The experience offered these pervision. ethnic area of Providence, Federal men and women is to learn about the legis­ "Steve turned out to be a real tiger," Hill, are dedicated to the men of the lative decision-making process while work­ Chiles said. Muratori and Garafalo families whose ing with the staff of a congressional com­ Another assistant assigned to Chiles' sub­ fruit stands were located on that site mittee during one legislative session of Con­ committee was Richard R. Grosse of Gener­ gress. al Motors who arranged field hearings on for 40 years. These men came to this "The responsibilities proposed for a con­ the 1979 Paperwork Reduction Act. country, worked their way through gressional assistant are carefully reviewed "He virtually drafted the legislation," said the depression and successfully sup­ by The Conference Board, the sponsoring a subcommittee staffer who worked with ported their families as fruit vendors. corporation and the congressional commit­ Grosse. "He briefed the senator on what he The Italian Americans, many of whom tee to anticipate and avoid any real or ap­ recommended him to do." are the descendents of early immi­ parent conflict of interest between their as­ Some assignments raise immediate ques­ grants, have contributed to the arts, signment and their corporation." tions: medicine, education, construction But 1981 assignments show several poten­ Richard E. Storat, chief project engineer trades, business, the list goes on. tial conflicts. Several executives are as­ for Bethlehem Steel Corporation, has been signed to committees or subcommittees that assigned this year to the House Committee In 1950, John 0. Pastore of Rhode study legislation directly affecting the com­ on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Island, became the first Italian Ameri­ panies. Fossil and Synthetic Fuels. can to be elected to the U.S. Senate. In Under the program, the corporation-paid Bethlehem Steel is involved with Westing­ years to come, Senator Pastore was staffer is assigned to a specific subcommit- house in a proposed methanol plant at followed by many distinguis~ed Ital- June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11907 ian Americans who later joined the [From the Los Angeles Times, June 4, 19811 greater advantages from space. The Soviet House and the Senate. Senator Pas­ ARMS RACE IN SPACE?-BIG PuSH FOR Union does not appear to be experimenting tore is only one example of the Italian ANTISATELLITE WEAPONS SHOULD BE AVOIDED with the more sophisticated uses of space, Americans who, to this day, are the . That's some­ make military communication satellites vul­ ed for synchronous orbits, for which the sat­ thing the NASA folks don't like to hear, but nerable in time of war would seriously ellites must be equipped with powerful it is true. threaten the combat capabilities of our rocket-propulsion systems to lift them from Mr. Speaker, there is time to avoid forces. the low orbits of the shuttle to 21,000 miles. an arms race in space. Dr. George B. The United States makes much more ex­ The shuttle payloads can, of course, in­ Kistiakowsky, former science advisor tensive use of outer space for these activi­ clude anti-satellite systems, but interference ties than does the Soviet Union. Although with the opponent's intelligence satellites is to President Eisenhower, discussed the United States has fewer but perhaps contrary to the commitments made by the this subject in a recent article which I more elaborate and sophisticated systems in United States and the Soviet Union in commend to my colleagues. space, it has grown more reliant on space SALT I and the unratified SALT II. Even The article follows: for its daily military operations and derives the development of systems for this purpose 11908 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 will threaten the benefits that we gain from representatives who saw the equip­ On Sunday 24 May the Greek inhabitants the application of superior technology to ment in operation," according to the of Cyprus will be called to the polls to elect outer space. Hence it is to our advantage to GAO report. the next President of the Republic of reach an agreement with the Soviet Union The Army had questioned Mr. Cyprus and thirty-five members of the to stop the incipient anti-satellite projects Vouli (parliament). One month later the under way. To engage, instead, in an anti­ Julie's assumptions made in develop­ Turkish inhabitants of the island will go to satellite arms race would be folly.e ing projected cost savings for the use the polls to elect their leaders. Western ob­ of his equipment. But the GAO noted servers consider this to be the most impor­ that the Army had either failed to de­ tant election since the birth of the Republic THE LOEBE JULIE CASE: AN EX­ velop accurate data of its own, or had of Cyprus in August of 1960. It is the first AMPLE OF WASTE IN DEFENSE simply not furnished it to GAO. election without the impressive presence of SPENDING The Secretary of the Army has or­ the late President of the Republic, Arch­ dered his Department's Inspector bishop Makarios. An election of great im­ General to investigate the situation, portance to the future of the Republic, HON. TED WEISS therefore an election which now more than OF NEW YORK and I am hopeful that the waste in­ ever before demands unity, wisdom and po­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES volved can be identified and corrected. But I must point out that there are litical and social discipline on the part of all Monday, June 8, 1981 the people of Cyprus. The future leaders of strong indications that further investi­ the two of Mr. Ezekias Pa­ our weapons in the highest possible ices, and civilian industry who can tes­ paioannou; the socialist party of state of readiness. If incorrectly cali­ tify to the waste that is countenanced Dr. Vassos Lyssarides; the 'Union of the brated, weapons guidance systems will each day by our Defense Establish­ Centre' of Mr. Tassos Papadopoulos; the send missiles off course, to use a crude ment. We must continue our efforts to 'New Democratic party' of Mr. Alekos Mi­ see that this waste is identified and chaelides; and the 'Pancyprian party' of Mr. example. Chrysostomos Sofianos. On the Turkish According to many experts and the eliminated. This cause is important side two major parties are contesting the Army itself, Mr. Julie manufactures not only to the small businessman June election. They are led by Dr. Kutchuk, an exceptionally accurate and reliable such as Mr. Julie, but to every citizen ex-Vice President of the Republic of Cyprus calibrations set. The Army has refused with an interest in both effective use and the current Turkish-cypriot leader Mr. to purchase his equipment for f.ield of Government funds and a strong na­ R. Denktash. tional defense.e The intercommunal talks which first took use, however, insisting that it is both place under the auspices of the U.N. Secre­ too expensive and too sophisticated. tary-General Dr. Kurt Waldheim first be­ Mr. Julie has argued that purchase CYPRUS 1981: ONLY THE PAST IS tween the late President, Archbishop Ma­ and deployment of his equipment CERTAIN karios and Mr. R. Denktash (27 January would save the Army about $600 mil­ and 12 February 1977>, and again on 18 and lion over its 20-year span of operation. HON. PHIUP R. SHARP 19 May 1979 between President Speros Ky­ Indeed, he has pointed out that the prianou and Mr. R. Denktash continued in Army has likely wasted about $70 mil­ OF INDIANA 1980. However, because of the coming elec­ lion over the past decade by purchas­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tions on both sides Mr. Hugo J. Gobbi, spe­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 cial representative of the U.N., Secretary­ ing equipment that either proved to be General proposed a new time table for the inadequate or was obsolete. • Mr. SHARP. Mr. Speaker, I would intercommunal talks. 15 constitu­ A General Accounting Office study like to bring to the attention of my tional aspects; 29 April, Territorial aspects; of this situation, requested by myself colleagues the following essay on cur- 6 May, Resettlement of Varosha; 3 June, and Congressman JosEPH P. ADDABBO, . rent elections in Cyprus and Turkey Initial practical measures; 8 July, constitu­ concluded that the Army "has not by Prof. John T. A. Koumoulides. The tional aspects; and 15 July 1981, Territorial adequately considered" the Julie holding of democratic elections on the aspects. Thereafter the talks will revert to the normal weekly pace. However, other equipment. In fact, Army evaluations island is especially noteworthy in light than the comfort of knowing that the two of Mr. Julie's product "appear to be of the history of international conflict sides are at least talking to each other based on some questionable conclu­ and tension in this area, and I believe across the diplomatic table, no real progress sions and assumptions, and largely Professor Koumoulides provides inter­ has taken place in the intercommunal talks. ignore favorable impressions by Army esting insights into this endeavor: Yet the problem of Cyprus continues to be June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11909 extremely critical and potentially danger­ and the mission of the Metric Board spread respect and friendship of the ous. Europe and the western world in gener­ should have been to encourage volun­ entire police force. After joining the al needs an independent, strong, united and tary adoption of the metric system­ peaceful Cyprus. Today American 'efforts' department in 1947, he rose quickly to bring a just solution to the problem have not using propaganda methods to through the ranks, as sergeant, lieu­ had an extremely limited success. It is scare the public into believing that tenant, and captain. He held eight therefore time for a new, fresh approach to they ought to accept metric because command positions during his career, the problem. A new initiative to be vig­ the law dictates it. and in 1965 was named "outstanding orously undertaken by the European Com­ Furthermore, there is nothing new district commander of the year" by munity. with a constitutional obli­ about voluntary use of metric meas­ the highly respected Chicago Crime gation should lead the new peace initiative urement in this country. Such use has Commission. It is reported that at one assisted by Greece, Turkey and other Euro­ been authorized since 1966-115 years point, J. J. was offered the pean states. ago. There has been no success during The pre-1974 situation of Cyprus is now superintendent's position. However, historical. A de-facto partition of the island these years because the American his skills and intelligence as an admin­ is extremely dangerous, unrealistic and un­ people do not favor conversion. istrator, and his savvy as a streetcop, thinkable. What is possible is to maintain Other facts we all should be aware convinced him to forgo the opportuni­ the unity and independence of Cyprus on a of, Mr. Speaker, include the informa­ ty, retaining his reputation as a "po­ different arrangement. An arrangement tion that Great Britain and Canada liceman's policeman." which should include a bizonal constitution, both regret their statutory acceptance The ultimate irony was struck when with a strong federal government responsi­ of metric, and efforts are underway in it was discovered that the accused as­ ble for the conduct of national defense, for­ both nations to return to the pre­ eign policy, and the economic affairs of the sailant was a former Davenport, Iowa, metric status quo. policeman himself. Republic of Cyprus. Conversion to metric would unfavor­ Only through serious and effective inter­ We seem to be a battered people of communal negotiations a viable and just so­ ably affect all aspects of our lives and late. To say that James Riordan lution to the tragic situation in Cyprus can subject Americans to a financial cannot be replaced is a gross under­ be found. The two ethnic communities of burden of billions of dollars in this statement. I offer my prayers and con­ Cyprus have capable and wise leaders who conversion of weights and measures. should be encouraged to meet, discuss, and I recently read through some of the dolences to his wife, Loretto, and his solve their problems and find effective and materials used for National Metric seven children.e lasting solutions to their difficulties and Week, May 10 to 16. Included was a misunderstandings. An atmosphere of trust, true-false quiz testing a person's confidence and justice must be created on TERRORIST LEADERS IN Cyprus where Greeks and Turks might live knowledge of metric, a metric cross WASHINGTON and work together-with respect for each word puzzle and other propagandistic other's religious, social and political rights­ items that attempted to ridicule legiti­ HON. LARRY McDONALD mate opposition to metric. There is a for social and economic progress. Greece OF GEORGIA and Turkey, so close geographically, must devious effort to convince the Nation also attempt to put aside their antagonisms, that metric conversion is mandatory. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES polemics and general hostilities which en­ This is false. Tuesday, June 9, 1981 danger the security of both-they should The forces that wish to impose the • Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, yes­ stop being prisoners of the past. Rather metric system on the people of our these two nations must realistically and dili­ terday I was shocked to receive a press gently work to solve their problems and dif­ country should draft legislation to do release-Information Note No. 3581, ferences in Cyprus and the Aegean and help so legally for consideration of the Con­ June 5, 1981-from the United Nations establish between themselves and with their gress. The people deserve honesty·• Centre Against announcing Balkan neighbours an atmosphere of cultur­ a conference on the United States and al, diplomatic, social and economic coopera­ JAMES RIORDAN South Africa held at Howard Universi­ tion for peace, justice and prosperity in the ty and which listed the speakers as in­ area.e HON. JOHN G. FARY cluding B. Akporode Clark, chairman of the U.N. Special Committee on MORE OPPOSITION TO METRIC OF ILLINOIS Apartheid; Oliver R. Tambo, presi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dent, African National Congress HON. ELDON RUDD Tuesday, June 9, 1981 ; Moses Garoeb, administrative OF ARIZONA • Mr. FARY. Mr. Speaker, all of us in secretary of the South West African IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this body have been shocked recently People's Organization ; Rep­ by the attempts on the lives of Presi­ resentative WILLIAM GRAY, vice-chair­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 dent Reagan and His Holiness, Pope man, Congressional Black Caucus; Dr. • Mr. RUDD. Mr. Speaker, I have in­ John Paul II. We all are blessed by Robert Cummings, Department of Af­ troduced H.R. 1660, a bill to repeal the their recovery and their near-miracu­ rican Studies, Howard University; Metric Conversion Act of 1975. Since lous return to sound health. Canon Robert C. S. Powell, director, that time I have received literally hun­ I regret that such good fortune was African Office, National Council of dreds upon htindreds of letters from not the case for the citizens of the city Churches; and Randall Robinson, di­ people all over this Nation supporting of Chicago this week. I just received rector of Transafrica. that bill and expressing the hope that the tragic news that the first deputy It is shocking that two high-level Congress will act favorably upon it superintendent of the Chicago Police leaders of Soviet-dominated terrorist soon. Department, James J. Riordan, died groups, the African National Congress I think, Mr. Speaker, the time has last weekend from gunshot wounds re­ and South West Africa People's Orga­ come for a brief reminder of the need ceived in the line of duty. Although nization, were permitted to enter the for my bill, of the necessity to repeal off-duty at the time, Deputy Superin­ United States and travel without re­ the Metric Conversion Act and abolish tendent Riordan attempted to quell a striction. the Metric Board. minor disturbance in a downtown res­ While in Washington, Tambo met There is a great misconception taurant. The fact that the second­ with some Members of the House and abroad in the land that United States ranking officer in the department has Senate in an effort to lend an aura of conversion to the metric system is na­ fallen victim under such seemingly in­ credibility to his brutal terrorist orga­ tional policy and that the Metric nocuous circumstances numbs my nization. Board exists to implement that policy. senses. I understand that this Marxist ter­ The facts are that conversion to James Riordan was a "policeman's rorist today plans to visit Atlanta, and metric is not a matter of ·u.S. policy, policeman" who enjoyed the wide- lunch with its mayor, Maynard Jack- 11910 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 son. That Mr. Jackson, properly occu­ have seen addressing a body purport­ zation called Umk.onto We Slzwe . killers of innocent children in his city, packing PLO chief Yasir Arafat and The official history of the South Af­ should meet with a man who directs Fidel Castro who gives terrorist train­ rican Communist Party, written pseu­ the of tnDocent people in ing on a wholesale basis to revolution­ donominously by Michael Harmel and South Africa-both black and white­ aries from all over the world, as well printed in East Germany in 1971, · is an affront to decent people. as the representatives of terrorist so­ admits that the leaders of the African It is also the height of illogic for At­ called national liberation movements National Congress and the Communist lanta's mayor to meet with a terrorist and diplomats from regimes whose rise Party set themselves to recruit and boss whose henchmen have maimed to power was accompanied by terror­ train fighting cadres which entered and killed innocent civilians-both ism such as Vietnam, Zimbabwe, Alge­ the field of action on December 16, black and white-in South Africa, ria, Angola and Mozambique. 1961, with the opening of a campaign while at the same time refusing to Is it surprising that the United Na­ of planned throughout the meet with the South African Ambassa­ tions has been unable even to define country. Harmel, alias A. Lerumo­ dor to the United States, or indeed , let alone condemn it, when Zulu for teacher-wrote: any official of the South African Gov­ so many of the U.N.'s member states Numbers of young militants were recruit­ ernment. use terrorism as a means for destabi­ ed and sent abroad for combat training as It is my understanding that the lizing their neighbors? guerrillas of Umk.onto We Slzwe. Following State Department in response to ques­ Of course the terrorists and their the examples of Nelson Mandela, a number tions by John Rees, Washington supporters try to camouflage their ter­ of leaders of the Party and the Congress or­ bureau chief of the Review of the rorism with rhetoric. They try to con­ ganizations were directed to leave their News, admitted that Tambo received fuse the issue by calling terrorists homes and assume new identities and dis­ his visa in error from the U.S. Embas­ freedom fighters and terrorist organi­ guises. Secret headquarters were set up at a sy in Lusaka, Zambia, and stated that zations national liberation movements. farm in Rlvonla, near Johannesburg, and the State Department recognizes that However, those who adhere to the elsewhere. elements of the African National Con­ values of civilized free societies I be­ The House Committee on Internal gress directed by Tambo are terrorists. lieve agree with the definition of ter­ Security staff study continued: The State Department also said that rorism I first offered in July 1976: Subsequently, Abram Fischer, a white Tambo had been brought to this coun­ Terrorism: A violent attack on a Communist Party member • • • of a promi­ try in 1961 by the American Commit­ noncombatant segment of the commu­ nent Afrikaans family, was captured. He ad­ tee on Africa

79-059 0 - 85 - 53 (Pt. 9) 11922 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 U.S. POLICY TOWARD THE We recognize that we need to go beyond ment, greaty extended service lives. A PERSIAN GULF-I the doctrine developed in the final years of number of fast and modern cargo ships will the Carter Administration. There is much be procured. FaCility improvements neces­ more that can and must be done to provide sary to support our peactime presence will HON. LEE H. HAMILTON an effective presence, enhance our ability to be undertaken at Diego Garcia and in OF INDIANA deploy and sustain forces in the region, and Oman, Kenya, and Somalia. These facilities IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES increase our cooperation with our friends. would also be available in times of crisis. Tuesday, June 9, 1981 We are prepared to do that extra work. Prepositioning of materiel and equipment We will be a better and more reliable part­ aboard ships in the Indian Ocean in support e Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I ner. We recognize that the cooperation of of Marine forces will be expanded and mod­ would like to bring to the attention of our friends is essential and that we cannot ernized through the procurement of new my colleagues information provided by simply impose our policy desires on them. ships. Approval of the increases to make the Department of State on our strat­ We are consulting with them extensively, these improvements possible will signifi­ egy toward the Persian Gulf and and are formulating our policy deliberately. cantly enhance our capability to deploy and Southwest Asian region. Although some adjustments may be neces­ sustain our forces in Southwest Asia. sary to meet changing circumstances, we Questton. What is our current capability The information sets forth a fairly will avoid the frequent changes in direction to project power into the region? explicit definition of what our objec­ which, under the previous administration, Answer. Upon completion of certain pre­ tives are in the Persian Gulf and what so dismayed our friends. deployment enhancement activities, the our capabilities are to meet those ob­ Question. What steps are being taken to United States could currently deploy to jectives. Of particular note are de­ implement U.S. policy towards the Persian Southwest Asia, within 30 days of warning, scriptions of the status of our Rapid Gulf? a corps-sized force with supporting air and Deployment Force efforts and of the Answer. We are not awaiting the comple­ sea power. nature and impact of a U.S. military tion of our policy development before Mobility and · logistics considerations­ taking certain steps which will be necessary which are prime determinants of our reac­ presence in the region. regardless of the policy we choose. First, we tion capability-are dominated by the great These State Department answers are have entered into extensive consultation distances to and within that region, harsh replies to questions I submitted to Mr. with our friends inside and outside of the geographic and climatic conditions, the rela­ Richard Burt, Director of Politico-Mil­ region. Secretary Haig's Mideast trip was tive paucity of logistic infrastructure, and itary Affairs, subsequent to his ap­ part of this process, as have been his meet­ limited U.S. access to regional facilities. pearance before the House Foreign Af­ ings here and abroad with Western leaders. Question. How long will it take for the fairs Committee, Subcommittee on In­ We have also moved to insure that the secu­ United States to have the capability to ternational Security and Scientific Af­ rity assistance for certain critical states is deploy forces in the Persian Gulf region to adequate. This has required an increase in meet the most-likely-to-occur contingencies fairs, on March 23, 1981. Because of the fiscal year 1982 Security Assistance there? the length of this exchange, the budget. Further we have requested in­ Answer. There is a range of possible second half of it will appear in a subse­ creases in the funding during fiscal year threats to our vital interests in the Persian quent record. 1981/82 for numerous projects required to Gulf region against which we Inight need to The answers of the first part of the improve our capability to deploy U.S. forces deploy military forces. Prudent military exchange follow: to the region rapidly and sustain them once planning requires the capability and flexi­ 1. In testimony before the Committee on there. bility to deploy, employ, and sustain a vari­ Foreign Affairs on March 18, 1981, Secre­ Question. What is the status of Rapid De­ ety of forces to meet those threats. At tary Haig indicated that changes in the ployment Force ? present, the United States can deploy on a status quo in the Middle East/Persian Gulf Answer. Since its activation one year ago, timely basis the necessary forces to meet region would be "a matter of vital concern the Headquarters, Rapid Deployment Joint many threat scenarios. ... that would have to be dealt with with Task Force has made considerable progress. The United States already has sizable the full range of the power and assets avail­ Planning for contingency operations in forces in the area in the form of Navy carri­ able to us." He appeared to be endorsing the Southwest Asia is underway, as are parallel er battle groups and Marine air and ground concept of the and the planning efforts by the Service components elements. Other air elements can deploy to Rapid Deployment Force. which comprise the RDJTF. Steps to im­ the area within hours and CONUS-based Question. To what extent do you sub­ prove the RDJTF command structure were ground forces can begin their deployment scribe to the principles outlined in the recently announced by Secretary of Defense soon after notification. Carter Doctrine? Weinberger. The first change directed in However, improvements in airlift, sealift, Answer. To the extent that the Carter the RDJTF's organization will be the as­ and pre-positioning capabilities are required Doctrine recognizes that the vital interests signment of XVIII Airborne Corps. to meet the larger threats to U.S. national of the West are at stake in the region, that Headquarters, RDJTF and its Service security interests in the region. Achieving a one of the major threats to those interests components have planned and conducted full capability to respond directly and ade­ is the strategic Soviet threat, and that we exercises both in the United States and in quately in the most difficult situations de­ need to be able to protect those interests­ the Persian Gulf area. Lessons learned from pends on implementation of program recom­ by force if necessary-! agree with it. these exercises are being incorporated into mendations made by this Administration, Question. How does U.S. policy towards operational plans and standard operating including many pertaining to the RDJFT the Persian Gulf differ from that of the procedures. Finally, support requirements and our ability to deploy forces to SWA previous administration? such as the upgrading of Reserve units, pre­ made in the Congressionally-mandated Mo­ Answer. Although the development of our positioning and facilities access needs are bility Study. policy for the region is not yet complete, being identified and pursued. Question. What is our capability today in our approach differs from that of the previ­ Question. What steps have been taken by terms of the number of divisions and ous Administration at least in the following the Administration to speed up and/or im­ amount of material that we can deploy ways: prove the deployment of the RDF? within a week's time, a month's time, two It is more comprehensive. We recognize Answer. The Administration has recom­ months' time? that our policy cannot be directed just mended significant increases in the fiscal Answer. The amount of warning time Is toward the Persian Gulf, or even something year 1981 and 1982 defense budgets. Added one of the crucial determinants of our abili­ called Southwest Asia. Our interests are af­ requests for the RDF are $329 million in ty to deploy forces in a contingency. With fected and threatened by events in the fiscal year 1981 and $2.1 billion in fiscal ample warning, we would be able to estab­ entire region which stretches from Turkey year 1982. Together with funds already pro­ lish efficiently the logistical infrastructure to Somalia, from Egypt to Pakistan. We grammed, these added resources will make necessary for optimum sea and air lift. With need an integrated strategy for dealing with improvements possible in several areas, in­ reduced warning time, we Inight have to the region's closely interrelated political cluding mobility, pre-positioning, materiel begin actual force deployments before es­ and military problems, including the Arab/ and equipment, and support facilities. tablishing this infrastructure. That would Israeli conflict. But we also recognize that "Stretching" of the C-141 airlifter fleet make our efforts less efficient. none of the political problems in the area will be completed and the entire fleet will be Within two weeks after a decision to can be resolved unless we move to restore made capable of in-flight refueling. The deploy, we could have about a division-size the regional balance of power and secure wings of all C-5 Galaxy aircraft will be re­ ground force and supporting land and sea­ local countries against Soviet/radical coer­ placed, giving . those aircraft, which can based air power available in the Gulf region. cion. carry the largest items of military equip- Within one month, we Inight have placed an June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11923 additional division, more or less, on the have gone on record in support of perma­ control initiatives are dismal. On the super­ ground, with commensurate increases in tac­ nent military bases in the region. power level, Soviet arms control initiatives tical airpower. Within two months' time, we Question. What countries in the region­ apply only to naval forces. This would do a could add an additional division or more, other than Somalia, Oman, and Kenya­ good job of limiting U.S. military presence with air and logistical support, to our forces have indicated a willingness to provide the in the region-since the preponderance of in the Gulf region. United States with facilities access? our forces are naval-while leaving the mas­ Question. What are our objectives with Answer. As you have seen, in the press, sive Soviet land presence, Afghanistan, and regard to increasing the number of forces Presidents Sadat and Nimeiri have indicated Soviet military involvement in and assist­ that can be deployed and shortening the de­ a willingness to allow temporary use of facil­ ance to regional states completely out of the ployment time? ities in Egypt and Sudan in certain situa­ picture. Answer. Our goal is to respond effectively tions. In neither case, though, are we dis­ We believe that U.S. efforts to suggest to any outside threat to the security of the cussing "permanent military bases." arms control measures for the region would Gulf region. That includes the capability of Question. Has any country offered to pro­ be inappropriate in the present political and thwarting any attempt to present us with a vide the United States with permanent security atmosphere. The Indian Ocean fait accompli. bases? talks with the Soviets were suspended by Long-term goals to be in meeting the their capability in peacetime-improves our past few years, even this goal may be too threats-Soviet, regional, and indigenous­ ability to perform military missions during lofty. We will continue, nevertheless, to give to U.S. interests in the Gulf and Hom of the initial stages of a Southwest Asian con­ our best effort to the committee's work.e Africa? flict. Answer. The Reagan Administration is de­ Our naval and amphibious forces in the veloping an integrated strategy for meeting Indian Ocean, including two carrier battle MRS. MARY ROSENSTEIN the threats to our interests in the region. groups, provide us v.lth a significant con­ Although that process is not complete, it is tinuous military presence. In addition, we likely that we will conclude that some kind have made and will continue to make tem­ HON. WAYNE GRISHAM of rapid deployment or reinforcement capa­ porary deployments, such as the AWACS OF CALIFORNIA bility is necessary to meet the threat which presence in Saudi Arabia, and conduct var­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the regional states alone cannot meet-that ious training exercises. Given the forces the posed by the Soviets. Soviets can bring to bear in the region, we Tuesday, June 9, 1981 Question. To what extent do the access ar­ intend at least to maintain this level of Mr. GRISHAM. Mr. Speaker, I rangements initiated by the Carter Adminis­ peacetime presence for the foreseeable e tration meet the needs of the RDF? future. would like to bring to the attention of Answer. The final size and composition of 5. Question. How do the Soviets view U.S. the House the accomplishments of the RDJTF for various contingencies has efforts to increase its presence in the Per­ Mrs. Mary Rosenstein on the occasion not been determined, so we cannot charac­ sian Gulf-Hom of Africa region? of her retirement from the Family terize the access we now have as adequate Answer. Publicly, the Soviets have said Service Association of the Rio Hondo or inadequate. that U.S. efforts to increase our presence in area in my home State of California. Question. What are the views of the coun­ the Persian Gulf-Hom of Africa region have tries in the region to even this limited ex­ nothing to do with the Soviet Union. In­ Mary Rosenstein is an outstanding pansion of the U.S. military presence? stead, they maintain, the growing U.S. pres­ example of all that one American can Answer. The views of the countries of the ence in the area is designed to cow the oil­ accomplish when she sets her mind to region to a U.S. presence are generally well producing states into submission and to helping her community. In the vital known-they want us near but over the ho­ extend U.S. "hegemonism" to the area. The area of mental health, Mary's contri­ rizon. We have their political imperatives Soviets deny that there is any linkage be­ butions will long be remembered by · well in mind as we develop our strategy. We tween Soviet moves in Afghanistan and the those who benefited from her services must still convince them that given our U.S. buildup. and those who had the pleasure of track record of the last few years, they have Question. What are the prospects of Per­ more to gain than to lose by associating sian Gulf-Indian Ocean arms control initia­ working with her. with us. tives? Mary was part of the original steer­ 3. Both former Secretary of State Kissin­ Answer. In the present atmosphere, pros­ ing committee responsible for the or­ ger and Secretary of Defense Weinberger pects for Persian Gulf-Indian Ocean arms ganization of the Rio Hondo Family 11924 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 Service Association, and has served whatever we can to aid and assist the question. The Chinese Reds speak about with that agency since 1954. She those who are willing to stand up for peace talks, but their goal is to destroy the began as a part-time caseworker, freedom. Since the future security of Republic of China, bring Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu under their control, and served for a time as acting executive the world rests with free societies, and turn the Chinese in the presently free area director, and has been a full-time staff Dr. Ku Cheng-kang has made some ex­ into objects of enslavement and oppression counselor for the past 15 years. cellent points as what needs to be just like the masses of Chinese mainland Outside of her work, Mary dedicated done to preserve world freedom, I people. Peiping regards peace conference as herself to community and civic activi­ highly recommend his perceptive a form of war to weaken the anti-Commu­ ties, serving as president of her local speech to you: nist determination of free nations and de­ PTA, and with the United Nations As­ UNITED STATES-REPUBLIC OF CHINA stroy the free world unity. sociation, the League of Women RELATIONS AND CHINA'S FuTURE II. GLOBAL INFLUENCE OF CHINA ISSUE Voters mental health study committee Mr. Chopiwskyj, Ladies and Gentlemen, How the China issue develops has impor­ and the regional mental health liaison my last visit to this beautiful Arizona city tant bearings on the entire world. committee. In addition to her many was in 1969. Back here again now, I have If the 900 million people remain under activities she found time to play the been very much impressed by the develop­ Peiping's control as tools of "world revolu­ cello in the Rio Hondo Symphony Or­ ment and prosperity achieved by Phoenix. tion," serious threats to Asian-Pacific secu­ chestra and raise a fine family. Even more overwhelming are the deep con­ rity and world peace will continue. cern and sincere friendship shown by you If, on the other hand, those people are In recognition of her work and activ­ for the Republic of China, this time as well ities, Mary was a recipient of the Las given freedom, they will be a tremendous as the last. You have indeed touched me to plus to the free world, because they can Distinguidas Award of the AAUW in the heart. I am truly happy this evening then start contributing to the region's secu­ 1978. Her career has truly been an out­ being with you, new friends and old friends. rity and to global peace. standing example of dedication to My hearty appreciation goes to each of you Peiping has been and still is militant and work, family, community, and self-ful­ for your thoughtfulness and hospitality. bellicose. This is clear from the regime's fillment. She stands as an example to This is a gathering of Friends of Free race with Moscow for hegemony. Threat­ us an.e China and you know that I am ened by Peiping's international united front from the Republic of China. Because you all operation are not just Asia, African and are very much concerned about Chinese Latin American free nations. All other free issues, I would like to make an honest ap­ nations similarly face crises of war. FRIENDS OF FREE CHINA praisal of the pertinent present situation, the trend, and the influence thereof on the A China united in freedom and democracy United States and the world. will certainly play a positive role in check­ HON. DANIEL B. CRANE ing Red advances against the free world. OF ILLINOIS I. ISSUE OF CHINA TODAY The roaring campaign of 900 million Chi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES China's present issue is the unprecedented nese mainland people for freedom and de­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 catastrophe in human history resulting mocracy will stimulate the anti-Red endeav­ from the Chinese Communist insurrection or of other captive peoples and bring down e Mr. DANIEL B. CRANE. Mr. Speak­ and occupation of the Chinese mainland. In the everywhere. er, a tragedy involving millions of in­ a void of freedom are 900 million people. nocent people is taking place on a Properties have been taken away. More III. DIRECTION OF CHINA ISSUE daily basis. Ideas, beliefs, and valuable than 60 million innocent lives have been The course of China issue hereafter will lost. be characterized by widespread campaigns thoughts are being hidden behind the Basically the issue is one of confrontation of Chinese mainland people for freedom of cloak of communism. This is especially and struggle between two diametrically dif­ thinking, political democracy and life of true in the People's Republic of ferent sets of ideologies, social systems and well being. This will be an anti-Communist China, better known as Red China. ways of life, one representing freedom and revolution to topple tyranny from under it There, over 900 million people have democracy and the other characterized by and demolish the Iron Curtain from within. had their inalienable right to free slavery and . The development as a matter of course speech silenced by an unyielding Red In the core of the issue is the Red Chinese will see stepped-up free Chinese effort ev­ curtain. persistence in their "four fundamental prin­ erywhere to bring freedom to their captive ciples"-socialist road, dictatorship of the compatriots. The desire of our people to Communist China not only poses a proletariat, Communist Party leadership, have China's reunification in freedom and major threat to freedom in Asia and and . Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung democracy will grow into an irresistible bul­ the United States, but also to world se­ thought-even as they face the revolution­ wark of national consciousness for anti­ curity. There is hope, however, that ary anti-Communist surge of Chinese at Communism. the world may someday be relieved of home and abroad who insist that China's re­ China's reunification is inevitable but the burden of international commu­ unification must be in freedom with democ­ cannot be in manners contrary to majority nism. Friends of Free China

79-059 0 - 85 - 54 (Pt. 9) 11938 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 contingency. Let our politicians and arms High School, then went on to Bowling the· region, assessments of the Soviet technicians stop poor-mouthing it. Green University and the Tulane Uni- threat to the area, and the sources of Above all, the time has come for a new versity Medical School. After obtain­ instability in the region. The first part effort to cap the strategic arms race-cap it · t · 1958 through a verifiable treaty which gives both ing hiS medical doc or degree m , of this exchange appeared in a previ­ sides the security they require. he interned at Seaside Memorial ous RECORD. SALT II offers a good framework. Minor Center and Los Angeles Good Samari­ The information follows: changes could be made at the negotiating tan Hospital, then served his 3 year 1. Over 60 percent of the Administration's table if necessary. But there is little time residency in internal medicine at Long proposed fiscal year 1982 security assistance before technology and pressures on both Beach Memorial Hospital. goes to countries in the Middle East-Persian sides push us into a new and unmanageable In between these commitments, Ed Gulf region. This represents an increase of almost 30 percent over the Carter Adminis­ sp~~l. cannot wait for improved Soviet be- found time to serve his country as a tration fiscal year 1981 request. havior around the world, or for better member of the U.S. Air Force, where In commenting on the role of U.S. secu­ United States-Soviet relations. Control of he attained the rank of captain. His rity assistance and arms sales in the area, a strategic arms is not a concession to the So- medical expertise was effectively uti­ House Foreign Affairs Committee staff viets. It must not be linked to irrelevant lized as officer in charge of laborato­ report observed: issues. Those who urge delay take an awe- ries, electrocardiography, minor sur­ In some instances additional arms may some responsibility on their shoulders. gery, mass casualty, and a member of not significantly enhance the military capa­ Twenty-eight years ago in Sanders The- other military health and safety pro­ bilities of these states to deter the threats ater across the street, a great American grams. they face. Their limited manpower and journalist, Elmer Davis, delivered the With a full-time medical career, other deficiences make it difficult for many annual Phi Beta Kappa oration. It was a of them to absorb and utilize effectively time of darkness and witch hunts and false most physicians would be unable to some of the military equipment they pur­ accusations. And in calling upon friends of handle additional burden of civil in­ chase freedom to stand up and fight, he quoted volvement. But, Mr. Speaker, Ed has Question. How do you reconcile this obser­ the first book of Samuel, which tells of the met the challenge of civic responsibili­ vation with the Administration's request for fear of the Philistines as they faced a formi- ty with as much energy as he has de­ significant increases in' U.S. security assist­ dable foe. . voted to his medical responsibilities. ance to the region? "Woe unto us!" they said. "Who shall de- He belongs to a long list of organiza- Answer. While it is difficult for many of liver us out of the hands of these mighty . . . . the states in the region to absorb some the gods?" But when they looked around and tlons, which mcludes the Callfornia military equipment they purchase, we rec­ saw that no one else was going to deliver Medical .Association, the Long Beach ognize this fact and devote considerable them, they said to one another: "Be strong, Symphony Association, the American effort to providing training-in many cases and quit yourselves like men; and fight." Cancer Society, and the Long Beach through civilian contractors-and schedul­ And they did, and they saved themselves. Police Officers' Association. Addition- ing transfers in such a way as to enable the The title of that Phi Beta Kappa oration ally, his lifelong love of botany led recipients to use the equipment effectively. was: ','1Are We Worth Saving? And If So, him to full participation in the Ameri­ Our record of success in this regard is good. Why? The title of my remarks today might can Horticultural Society Question. What are the risks for the be: "Can We Be Saved? And If So, How?" . . · . United States as well as for security assist­ I have tried to suggest some answers. And Mr. Speaker, thiS llst of accomplish- ance recipients in this volatile region of in­ despite the somberness of my theme, I ments is but an excerpt of a resume creased arms purchases? remain an optimist. which spans over 31 pages. I know Answer. We recognize that there are risks I regard the first atomic explosion in 1945 that the Long Beach Medical Associ­ associated with increased arms purchases, as an arrival-a culmination of mankind's ation is grateful to have Dr. Palarea as including the possibilities of diversion of long advance to ever greater mastery over its president, and we all remain in his funds from other useful projects, regional the forces of nature. debt for the contribution his work has arms races, large American presences, and I regard that explosion also as a water- . compromise of U.S. technology. We do what shed; because it signaled man's capability made to.our well-~e~g. . we can to manage the risks and believe that for the first time to destroy himself and the My wife, Lee, JOins me in wishmg the benefits which result from security as­ earth he lives on. years of continued success for Dr. sistance far outweigh the risk that remains. But I do not regard that explosion of 1945 Edgar Palarea, his wife, the former On balance, we believe that our security as­ as a beginning of the end. Marilyn Jacobs, and their children, sistance efforts are necessary for safe guard­ The time has come for all human beings Victoria Diane, Melissa Allison, Rich­ ing our national security interests. to realize that we must live together or die ard Duvall and Russell Edson.e Question. If increased levels of security together. ' assistance "buy" the United States influ­ I believe we have the reason and the real- ence in the region, what can we expect that ism and the common sense to choose life.e U.S. POLICY TOWARD THE "influence" to achieve? PERSIAN GULF-II Answer. We are not seeking to "buy influ­ TRIBUTE TO DR. EDGAR ence." We are seeking to help regional states to contribute to their own security PALAREA HON. LEE H. HAMILTON and the security of the region. It is in our OF INDIANA interest as well as theirs that they be able HON.GLENNM.ANDERSON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to do so. Question. OF CALIFORNIA Tuesday, June 9, 1981 How do security assistance and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES arms sales to key countries like Saudi e Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I Arabia, Israel, Egypt, the Yemen Arab Re­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 would like to bring to the attention of public and Jordan, in the region impact on e Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. Speaker, on my colleagues additional information the regional balance? Answer. Since it is a fact of life that not June 13, 1981, the Long Beach Medical on United States-Persian Gulf strat­ all of our friends in the region are friends of Association will conduct its officers' egy, which was provided to me by the each other, we must be careful not to upset installation ceremony dinner at the Department of State earlier this year. the balance between them. In general we Long Beach Elks' Club. Foremost on These State Department answers are want to help all of our friends improve their the agenda of that dinner will be the replies to questions I submitted to Mr. capability to deal with Soviet proxy or honoring of outgoing president, Dr. Richard Burt, Director of Politico-Mil­ client threats, and to enhance our mutual Edgar Palarea. itary Affairs, subsequent to his ap­ capability for dealing with more direct Ed is a man who has become accus­ pearance before the House Foreign Af­ Soviet threats. Question. How will increased levels of se­ tomed to excelling in the face of chal­ fairs Committee Subcommittee on In­ curity assistance deter external aggression lenges which have confronted him ternational Security and Scientific Af­ against countries in the region? since he moved from Guatemala to fairs on March 23, 1981. Answer. Security Assistance will help the United States as a small boy. He These particular replies focus on the deter external aggression in two ways. First gained academic excellence at Forrest impact of our security assistance in it will give regional states an improved capa- June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11939 bllity to counter and defeat external aggres­ these and other Arab countries pleaded however, it is difficult to state with preci­ sion, thus raising the price which an aggres­ with the Carter Administration to take the sion the potential threat that they might sor might have to pay. Second, this in­ Soviet threat to them more seriously. Af­ pose to US interests in the region. creased capabllity will be translated into an ghanistan did bring us to focus on the Until now at least, and with the notable increased willingness to resist intimidation. Soviet threat to the region more clearly, but exception of Iran, most of the governments 2. The Committee staff report also ob­ our slowness to react to the perceived Soviet in the region have been able to make prog­ serves: While there is among Persian Gulf threat in the region heightened local con­ ress toward alleviating these problems and leaders vastly increased awareness of the cerns about our reliability. to retain a fairly high level of popular sup­ Soviet threat to the region, most leaders Though local states are sensitive to port. However, I think it is also clear that in feel the Soviet threat is essentially a matter threats other than purely Soviet ones they recognize the full derlying causes of tension present in many directly. range of threats the Soviet pose to them. key regions in order to foster instability. Question. Could you please comment? The extent to which the regional states This course of action has serious implica­ Answer. Soviet power could be used in and the U.S. share common threat percep­ tions for US interests. We seek to create a many ways and at many levels of violence in tions is reflected in the increasing degree of secure environment so local states can ad­ Southwest Asia. Soviet options include full­ defense cooperation which we enjoy with re­ dress their internal problems. scale invasion, limited direct attacks, efforts gional states. We have signed facilities Moreover, to the degree that we can to subvert or intervene in internal difficul­ access agreements with Oman, Kenya, and employ our development and security assist­ ties, attempts to coerce regional states with Somalia. Egypt has agreed in principle to ance to alleviate the causes of unrest you threats, and attempts to gain influence use of Egyptian facilities by U.S. forces in a have cited, we will be serving our own for­ through manipulation of intra-regional dis­ contingency. At the request of the Saudi eign policy and security objectives as well as putes. government, U.S. AWACS aircraft and helping recipient nations to better their The cooperation and participation of re­ crews are on station in the Gulf region. social and economic conditions. With re­ gional states would be necessary to deal ef­ 3. Question. In the Administration's view spect to the role which our security assist­ fectively with any of these threats. For ex­ how do regional sources of instability, such ance programs play in this regard, I would ample, even through the regional states as the conflict between Ethiopia and Soma­ note that a large part of the major Econom­ would have little direct independent mili­ lia over the Ogaden, and Iran-Iraq war, ic Support Fund programs we are request­ tary effect against a massive Soviet inva­ threaten U.S. security and economic inter­ ing for countries in the region is specifically sion, US forces would need to rely on re­ ests in the region? designed to combat the developmental and gional state military and naval facilities, lo­ Answer. Regional conflicts, such as those social problems you have noted. gistics, and other forms of support. between Ethiopia and Somalia or between Although budgetary constraints necessar­ Strengthened regional military forces could Iran and Iraq, threaten our interests, among ily have had their impact on our fiscal year deter indirect Soviet aggression, and region other ways, by increasing the probability of 1982 request for development programs, I political stability could prevent the success wider regional conflicts, by providing oppor­ would point out that the levels we are pro­ of Soviet-sponsored subversion. tunities for Soviet interference in internal posing constitute a 14 percent increase over Question. In what ways does the Soviet and regional affairs, by threatening the se­ those available in fiscal year 1981.e Union threaten US interests in the Persian curity of our friends, and by jeopardizing of Gulf and Hom of Africa? access to vital raw materials. In addition, re­ Answer. The US has vital interests in the gional conflicts divert the attention of gov­ STATEMENT ON INTRODUCTION Southwest Asia region: ernments from the urgent tasks of economic OF H.R. 3857 We and our allies are dependent on the development and dealing with the strains region for much of our oil. caused by modernization. The region is a strategic bridge between 4. Question. Will a more visible U.S. mili­ HON. SAM GIBBONS Europe, Africa, and Asia. As a trading and tary presence in the region retard or con­ OF FLORIDA industrial power, we are interested in keep­ tribute to the resolution of these regional IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing that bridge open. problems? Our broad interest in regional and global Will a more visible presence help or pre­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 order is at stake. If loosed, the existing ten­ vent the United States trying to play a role e Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, today sions in that part of the world could spill in resolving these conflicts? I am introducing legislation to reas­ over into global conflict. Answer. The evidence of the Iran/Iraq sure lessors of automobiles and trucks Control of the Persian Gulf by the Soviet war suggests that although U.S. presence of their continued entitlement under Union would permit the Soviets to manipu­ may be of limited use in preventing or re­ late the flow of oil and gas for political and solving a regional conflict, our deployment the tax law to investment credits, de­ economic objectives inimical to our own. of AWACs and the presence of Western preciation deductions, and other capi­ Even without a direct military interven­ naval forces served to reassure our friends tal cost recovery tax allowances. I tion, the Soviets could exacerbate regional around the Gulf and thus played an impor­ intend to work to secure action by the tensions by exercising political coercion tant role in limiting the scope of the con­ Committee on Ways and Means ap­ based on unchecked military preponder­ flict and in preventing its spill-over into proving the substance of this bill as a ance. other areas. part of the capital cost recovery provi­ Question. Is this perception of the Soviet 5. Question. To what extent do the follow­ sions of the tax bill which that com­ threat shared by our NATO allies? ing indigenous sources of instability threat­ Answer. The perception of Southwest Asia en US interests in the Middle East, Persian mittee soon will be at work developing. as an area of paramount interest to the in­ Gulf, and Hom of Africa? The need for this clarifying legisla­ ternational community and the security of Poverty, malnutrition, underdevelopment; tion arises from release by the IRS na­ the West is fully shared by our Atlantic and Unequal distribution of wealth; tional office in May 1980 of a "techni­ Pacific Allies. In both June and December Cultural and religious factors; and cal advice memorandum." The techni­ 1980, the North Atlantic Council meeting at Lack of access by the people to the politi­ cal advice took the position that pres­ the ministerial level called attention to the cal decision making process. ence in a motor vehicle lease of a "ter­ implications for the entire Southwest Asian How will over $2.5 billion in security as­ minal rental adjustment clause" of a region of the Soviet invasion of Afghani­ sistance to this part of the world mitigate stan. In their communique of December 12, these sources of instability and unrest? kind traditionally used for more than 1980, the NATO Ministers declared that, Is it not the purpose of economic assist­ 30 years by the fleet vehicle leasing in­ "Members of the Alliance are prepared to ance programs to address many of these in­ dustry should cause the lease negotiat­ work for the reduction of tension in the digenous problems? ed by the parties for their business area and, individually, to contribute to If so, why isn't the Administration propos­ purposes not to be treated as that for peace and stability for the region, while pro­ ing an increase in the fiscal year 1982 eco­ tax law purposes. The position taken tecting their vital economic and strategic in­ nomic assistance program commensurate by the Service in the May 1980 techni­ terests." with the proposed increase in security as­ cal memorandum was a reversal of the Question. By the countries in the region? sistance? Answer. Since the mid-1970s the Egyp­ Answer. As the list above suggests, there one it had generally followed on audit tians and the Saudis have warned of Soviet are a number of possible sources of instabil­ in the past. The change of position re­ efforts to encircle them. In 1977 the Soviet ity in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, and flected in the technical memorandum involvement in the Ethiopian-Somalia war, the Hom of Africa. Viewed ·in isolation, was made without benefit of any prior 11940 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 9, 1981 notice to the public or to Congress and ate its dependence upon Middle East America would regain her proper role without the holding of any public sources. as the leader of the free world. hearings to allow interested persons to Western European countries are I commend this article to my col­ state their views on the issues of eco­ anxious to begin work on this project. leagues. Part I is as follows. Parts II nomic and tax policy connected with At four times the size of the Alaskan and III will be published tomorrow the change. In spite of a U.S. Tax pipeline, the Yamal project would and the day after. Court ruling in April of this year that create considerable business for those SOVIET ENERGY AND THE FuTURE OF THE WEST the new position was wrong, the IRS is European energy equipment manufac­ the audit of selected car and truck les­ In addition, it would satisfy the need The United States and the Soviet Union sors. for the diversification of enegy sup­ are the two largest energy-producing and My bill solves the problems created plies necessary to lessen European de­ consuming countries in the world. During by the technical advice memorandum pendence on OPEC. the last decade, the U.S. witnessed a sharp for future as well as past years. It does There are, however, inherently sig­ decline in its relative energy position and so in a way that does not prevent-but nificant dangers in furthering Western became dangerously reliant upon foreign also does not require-the Treasury European economic dependence upon imports. This reliance has had profound po­ Department and Internal Revenue the Soviet bloc. To an increasing litical and economic implications and had made us think of energy in strategic terms. Service from making a careful study of extent, Western Europe has become During the 1970s, the Soviets did not experi­ the policy and technical issues that vulnerable to economic blackmail. The ence severe domestic energy problems and would be involved in not treating a Yamal pipeline deal-expected to remained major exporters of hydrocarbons. business lease as such for tax pur­ supply 30 percent of West German In the upcoming decade, it appears that poses. The amendment would, howev­ natural gas imports-would dramati­ America's position will remain extremely er, require any proposals for change cally increase this vulnerability and precarious. But the U.S.S.R. will also begin growing out of the study to be imple­ possibly undermine NATO. to experience rapid deterioration of its mented only through submission to To persuade the Europeans to recon­ energy position and it too will be confronted sider their policy of growing depend­ with severe strategic dilemmas. What are Congress for legislative enactment. the dimensions of this Soviet energy crunch Thus, motor vehicle lessors planning ence upon Soviet natural gas, it is nec­ and what are its implications for the future to invest billions of dollars in fleets of essary to convince them it is in their of the West? automobiles or trucks will have in the own long-term interest to do so. This In April 1977 the CIA published a major tax law the assurance they need actu­ requires a creative and realistic alter­ report indicating that the U.S.S.R. was on ally to invest those billions in the way native program. the verge of a severe oil production crisis intended to be induced by our capital Authors Goldman and Schroeder and that Soviet petroleum output will peak cost recovery tax program. present such a comprehensive pro­ no later than the early 1980s. Furthermore, In accordance with the theory and gram. Designed to reduce European the report projected that Soviet oil produc­ energy reliance upon the U.S.S.R.• in­ tion would declirl'e from a high of about 12 result of the recent Tax Court decision million barrels/day to 8-10 in the Swift Dodge case, the bill crease United States-European energy MMB/D by 1985. Currently, the Soviet should be viewed as declaratory of ex- and economic cooperation, and con­ Union is the world's largest oil-producing . isting law·• tribute to the strategic security of the country and has been able to maintain its United States, this plan would include goal energy self-sufficiency while exporting the following: to both Council of Mutual Economic Assist­ SOVIET ENERGY AND THE First. An expanded U.S. coal export ance partners and hard currency FUTURE OF THE WEST program which would contribute to markets. The Soviet ability to accomplish U.S. employment and balance of pay­ these objectives would be severely con­ strained if worst-case projections regarding HON. JOHN LEBOUTILLIER ments objectives; their petroleum industry were to hold true. OF NEW YORK Second. An expanded European par­ A major oil production crisis in the U.S.S.R. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ticipation in the development of the would have the most profound conse­ U.S. coal export infrastructure and quences, because their coal industry is stag­ Tuesday, June 9, 1981 our synthetic fuel industry, thereby nant, their nuclear program is behind e Mr. LeBOUTILLIER. Mr. Speaker, providing the economic boost these schedule, their renewables program bonds between the United States and west Siberia to Western Europe. Since the per year of natural gas to help allevi- its allies would be enhanced. And U.S. has no well articulated or reasonable June 9, 1981 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11941 energy alternatives to offer our allies, and and security problems associated with the sources and personnel on the grounds that since we support the concept of "strategic growth of a Soviet energy giant. Unless a military hardware cannot be purchased in supply diversification," the prospect of a potential technology transfer had a direct the West-oil/gas production and explora­ Soviet energy crunch is not comforting. Fur­ input into the Soviet military machine, it tion equipment, on the other hand, is avail­ thermore, it can be argued that the U.S.S.R. was not considered as a strategic item. The able to the Soviet Union in Western mar­ is a more reliable supplier than the Arab oil­ following written exchange between Sena­ kets. Therefore, given the faet that there producing countries because they have re­ tor John Heinz and former Under are more limited incentives for the Soviets frained from using the price/supply lever in Secretary of Defense William Perry pursu­ to reallocate resources away from their mili­ a political context and have treated energy ant to the 1979 Senate Banking Committee tary sector and into their energy sector, it trade as a largely commercial exchange. Hearing illustrates this point vividly: can be expected that current trends will Accordingly, many Western experts have Senator HEINZ. In your view, would it be prevail. argued that the U.S. should sell energy pro­ in the national interest of the United States duction equipment and technology to the to provide the technology necessary to fa­ The Soviets have historically been unwill­ U.S.S.R. in order to help them develop their cilitate the development of the energy re­ ing to reform their economic system to pro­ energy resources. During the 1970s, Moscow sources of the Soviet Union, insofar as such vide the economic incentives needed for in­ imported large quantities of Western oil and technology would not have applicability to digenous technological innovation in the ci­ gas production equipment, particularly the military sphere. . . . vilian sector. While Soviet basic science is during the latter half of the decade . . . ., the debate is of limited importance. based upon overcentralization and the inef­ Substantial additions to Soviet oil produc­ ficient principles of socialist planning, has TABLE 1. SOVIET IMPORTS OF WESTERN OIL AND GAS tion would not necessarily increase Soviet stifled technological innovation at the EXPLORATION AND EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT military capabilities directly.. . . design and manufacturing stages. The The time has come for us to reconsider U.S.S.R. has not devoted its limited quality [In millions] this interpretation of a critical issue and to controlled resources to peaceful purposes. subject the conventional wisdom to closer They have instead sought out technology Purchases Total scrutiny. A multifaceted and compelling and equipment transfers from the West as purchases case can be made in favor of adopting a re­ from United from the "quick fixes" which can allow them to main­ States West strictive U.S. energy export control policy, tain current economic priorities and contin­ and promoting different energy options for ue their military build-up. 1972 ...... $4.6 $19.4 our European allies. 1973 ...... 4.3 23.5 In the past, arguments made in favor of The release of Soviet resources for use in 1974 ...... 5 9.0 restricting U.S. energy exports to the the military sector which otherwise could be 1975 ...... 49.5 150.1 tied up in civilian-oriented research and de­ 1976 ...... 40.6 226.5 U.S.S.R. have been articulated predomi­ 1977 ...... 29.3 121.0 nantly in terms of those exports' military velopment is a profound consequence of utility to Moscow. While this argument past U.S. technology transfer policies in Note: These figures do not include tum-key manufacturing equipment. indeed has substantial merit, it should be both the energy and industrial areas. As Source: OffiCe of Technology Assessment, Technology and East/West Trade, tied in with a series of corollary, supporting William T. Lee wrote in Soviet Defense Ex­ p. 239. arguments concerning the credibility of the penditures in an Era of SALT: "Seldom, if There is no doubt that Western equip- Western security guarantee for the Persian ever, has a country been able as the Soviet ment and technology plays a key role in the Gulf, the negative implications of having Union has to persuade the countries against U.S. allies dependent upon Moscow for a which most of its military build-up is direct­ Soviet energy sector. The U.S.S.R. is in need major portion of their energy supplies, and ed to finance so much of it." of Western assistance not only to search for possibilities for increasing U.S./West Euro­ new oil but also to maintain current produc- pean energy cooperation. A macro-political/ U.S. export control policy should be refor­ tion levels. Most U.S. oil and gas transfers mulated to make the costs to Moscow for were sales of priority equipment to be used economic analysis of the strategic implica- continuing this military build-up increasing­ primarily at mature producing fields. Per- tions of energy technology transfer to the ly prohibitive. This is not to say that the Soviet Union will demonstrate that it is in haps the most conspicuous energy techno!- the national security interests of the United military will not continue to have first call ogy transfer to the U.S.S.R. occurred in States and the West to constrain Soviet on Soviet economic resources. Rather, it is 1978 when the Carter administration ap- energy development during the coming meant to force the Kremlin into making dif­ proved the sale of a Dresser Industries turn- . decade while developing an alternative ficult judgments as to its long-term prior­ key drill bit factory. Once completed, this energy security program. ities. Diversion of Soviet resources toward sophisticated factory will produce drill bits indigenous energy research and develop­ in sufficient quantity to insulate the HOW IMPORTANT IS SOVIET ENERGY? ment and away from military expenditure is U.S.S.R. from. the necessity of making fur- Proponents of a liberal export policy the first element in this process. Restric­ ther drill bit purchases in Western markets. maintain that the energy issue is of limited tions on badly needed infusions of Western More recently, the Carter administration military /strategic importance because the energy equipment and technology will have signalled its support for the Soviet/West Soviets will always give their defense indus­ an impact on Soviet industrial development European gas pipeline by approving the sale try top priority regardless of other consider­ and overall economic growth. No prudent of Caterpillar pipelayers to the U.S.S.R. for ations. There is no doubt that the Soviet Soviet economic planner could afford to use on this project. Despite the other com- Union considers military priorities before ignore the political consequences that static petitive aspects of U.S./U.S.S.R. relations, it the needs of other sectors, and that the or negative economic growth would have on has been U.S. policy to support energy de- Kremlin has been willing to demand sacri­ his own position with the Soviet bureaucrat­ velopment in the Soviet Union in the inter- fices from its consumers in order to satisfy ic hierarchy. While the Soviet military will est of preserving world peace and maintain- the military's almost insatiable demands. continue to be the first priority in Soviet ing world energy security. However, there is no reason why the U.S. economic planning, it need not have so large In implementing a liberal export control should make the Soviet resource allocation or prominent a share. It is in the national policy toward the U.S.S.R., American deci- debate easier by selling equipment and tech­ security interests of the U.S. to retard the sian-makers uncritically accepted the notion nology that the U.S.S.R has chosen not to growth rate in Soviet military expenditure that an energy-abundant Soviet Union is in develop. our best interest. The U.S. has adopted this Currently, the U.S.S.R. Defense Minister by the reasonable means that are available stance in large measure because American is in an excellent bureaucratic position to tous.e leaders underestimated the broad strategic argue in favor of priority allocations of re-