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Taming the Trolls: the Need for an International Legal Framework to Regulate State Use of Disinformation on Social Media
Taming the Trolls: The Need for an International Legal Framework to Regulate State Use of Disinformation on Social Media * ASHLEY C. NICOLAS INTRODUCTION Consider a hypothetical scenario in which hundreds of agents of the Russian GRU arrive in the United States months prior to a presidential election.1 The Russian agents spend the weeks leading up to the election going door to door in vulnerable communities, spreading false stories intended to manipulate the population into electing a candidate with policies favorable to Russian positions. The agents set up television stations, use radio broadcasts, and usurp the resources of local newspapers to expand their reach and propagate falsehoods. The presence of GRU agents on U.S. soil is an incursion into territorial integrity⎯a clear invasion of sovereignty.2 At every step, Russia would be required to expend tremendous resources, overcome traditional media barriers, and risk exposure, making this hypothetical grossly unrealistic. Compare the hypothetical with the actual actions of the Russians during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Sitting behind computers in St. Petersburg, without ever setting foot in the United States, Russian agents were able to manipulate the U.S. population in the most sacred of domestic affairs⎯an election. Russian “trolls” targeted vulnerable populations through social media, reaching millions of users at a minimal cost and without reliance on established media institutions.3 Without using * Georgetown Law, J.D. expected 2019; United States Military Academy, B.S. 2009; Loyola Marymount University M.Ed. 2016. © 2018, Ashley C. Nicolas. The author is a former U.S. Army Intelligence Officer. -
The Humanitarian Impact of Drones
THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF DRONES The Humanitarian Impact of Drones 1 THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF DRONES THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF DRONES © 2017 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom; International Contents Disarmament Institute, Pace University; Article 36. October 2017 The Humanitarian Impact of Drones 1st edition 160 pp 3 Preface Permission is granted for non-commercial reproduction, Cristof Heyns copying, distribution, and transmission of this publication or parts thereof so long as full credit is given to the 6 Introduction organisation and author; the text is not altered, Ray Acheson, Matthew Bolton, transformed, or built upon; and for any reuse or distribution, these terms are made clear to others. and Elizabeth Minor Edited by Ray Acheson, Matthew Bolton, Elizabeth Minor, and Allison Pytlak. Impacts Thank you to all authors for their contributions. 1. Humanitarian Harm This publication is supported in part by a grant from the 15 Foundation Open Society Institute in cooperation with the Jessica Purkiss and Jack Serle Human Rights Initiative of the Open Society Foundations. Cover photography: 24 Country case study: Yemen ©2017 Kristie L. Kulp Taha Yaseen 29 2. Environmental Harm Doug Weir and Elizabeth Minor 35 Country case study: Nigeria Joy Onyesoh 36 3. Psychological Harm Radidja Nemar 48 4. Harm to Global Peace and Security Chris Cole 58 Country case study: Djibouti Ray Acheson 64 Country case study: The Philippines Mitzi Austero and Alfredo Ferrariz Lubang 2 1 THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF DRONES Preface Christof Heyns 68 5. Harm to Governmental It is not difficult to understand the appeal of Transparency Christof Heyns is Professor of Law at the armed drones to those engaged in war and other University of Pretoria. -
Climate Change Scepticism: a Transnational Ecocritical Analysis
Garrard, Greg. "Climate Scepticism in the UK." Climate Change Scepticism: A Transnational Ecocritical Analysis. By Greg GarrardAxel GoodbodyGeorge HandleyStephanie Posthumus. London,: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. 41–90. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 26 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350057050.ch-002>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 26 September 2021, 23:43 UTC. Copyright © Greg Garrard, George Handley, Axel Goodbody and Stephanie Posthumus 2019. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 2 Climate Scepticism in the UK Greg Garrard Before embarking on a detailed analysis of sceptical British texts, I will provide some historical and scholarly context. There have been many studies of anti- environmentalism in the United States (Helvarg; Brick; Ehrlich and Ehrlich; Switzer) and one on the global ‘backlash’ (Rowell), but none focuses exclusively on the UK. The sole treatment of anti-environmentalism within ecocriticism comes from the United States (Buell), just like the various exposés of climate scepticism discussed in the Introduction. As this chapter will show, British climate scepticism is possessed of a prehistory and some distinctive local features that reward closer inspection. Nevertheless, the Anglo-American axis of organized anti-environmentalism is obvious: British climate sceptics such as Christopher Monckton, James Delingpole and Nigel Lawson are darlings of the American conservative think tanks (CTTs) that promulgate sceptical perspectives, while Martin Durkin’s The Great Global Warming Swindle (2007), a British documentary shown on Channel 4, includes interviews with Richard Lindzen, Patrick Michaels and Fred Singer, all prominent American sceptics. -
Efraim Karsh
EFRAIM KARSH Contact: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] PRESENT POSITIONS Director, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University Professor Emeritus of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies, King’s College London. Personal website Professor of Political Studies, Bar-Ilan University Principal Research Fellow, Middle East Forum, Philadelphia PREVIOUS POSITIONS Professor of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies, King’s College London, 1996- October 2014 Founding Director, Middle East & Mediterranean Studies, King’s College London, 1994-2010 (currently Institute of Middle Eastern Studies): Offers postgraduate research and teaching on the history, politics, economics and international relations of the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Currently includes 12 fulltime members of staff, 18 visiting fellows, and some 200 students Director, Middle East Forum, Philadelphia, 2011-12 Reader (Associate Professor) in War Studies, King’s College London, 1992-96 Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in War Studies, King’s College London, 1989-92 Senior Research Fellow, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel-Aviv University (currently the Institute for National Security Studies), 1984-89 Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Political Science, Tel-Aviv University, 1986-89 Director of Studies in International Relations, Israel’s Open University, 1982-85 Intelligence Analyst, Israel Defense Forces (IDF), attained rank of Major, 1974-81 VISITING POSITIONS First Nachshon Visiting Professor in Israel Studies, Harvard University, Fall Semester 2003 Starr Fellow in Jewish Studies, Harvard University, Spring Semester 2003 Visiting Professor, Universite Assas 2, Sorbonne, Fall 1999 Visiting Professor of Political Science, Columbia University, Summer Semester, 1989, 1990 1 Research Fellow, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Wilson Center, Washington D.C., February 1988 Participant in the International Visitor Program, U.S. -
A Particular Take on Property ISSUE ONE
A particular take on property ISSUE ONE ALL ABOUT YOUR AREA: A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE FROM STRUTT & PaRKER pp01-12_&Shrewsbury_Cover_des6.indd 3 29/08/2013 15:40 A particular take on property ISSUE ONE Welcome to &Shrewsbury, a magazine showcasing local properties and giving you a taste of the area. Strutt & Parker is one of the most Read on to find out more diverse property businesses in the UK, and Page 03 Insight: Strutt & Parker discusses the local market the Shrewsbury office is a focal point for Page 04 First & foremost: the hottest the wide range of departments and services properties and local highlights we offer. The residential team specialises Page 06 Portfolio: property showcase in selling a variety of properties across Page 08 Trends & analysis: expert Shrewsbury and the surrounding towns overview of the national market Page 09 Why Strutt & Parker? and villages, while Strutt & Parker also provides unrivalled expertise in farming, Page 10 Why we love Shrewsbury: locals reveal why there’s no land management, commercial property, place like home planning and development. Page 11 Find us: local centre highlights Published on behalf of Strutt & Parker by Sunday sundaypublishing.com. All information and pricing correct at time of going to press. 02 &Shrewsbury pp02-03_&Shrewsbury_Intro_des5.indd 1 20/08/2013 15:52 Kevin Boulton, Partner, explains how our Shrewsbury office brings a wealth of experience to the town’s robust property market ituated in the heart of beautiful Shropshire on the of plays and recitals, plus a notorious Christmas pantomime. ‘ banks of the meandering River Severn, Shrewsbury The Old Market Hall, undoubtedly one of the most historic rightly enjoys a reputation as a fantastic place to live, buildings in the town, has been converted into a cosy cinema S work and play. -
THE CLOUD of UNKNOWING Policy, Rhetoric and Public Bewilderment
THE CLOUD OF UNKNOWING Policy, rhetoric and public bewilderment 2. Consign it to the flames Ladies and gentlemen, The climate change debate is much more than just a battle over scientific theories and environmental statistics. At its core is the question of which approach our societies should take in view of a serious concern that could possibly turn out to be a real problem some time in [the] future. What rational societies and policy makers need to ask is: what are the most reasonable and the most cost-effective policies that neither ignore a potential problem that may possibly materialise in the distant future nor the actual economic costs of such policies here and now. Fundamentally these are social, ethical and economic questions that cannot be answered by science alone but require careful consideration by economists and social commentators.i Those aren’t my words but the words of Dr Benny Peiser introducing the Global Warming Policy Foundation’s Annual Lecture in October 2011. Dr Peiser is a social anthropologist who is also the Director of the Foundation. The Chairman is the former Conservative Chancellor, Nigel Lawson. Let’s begin by taking a good look at this passage. At first, what comes across is the judicious tone. Climate change is a ‘serious concern’ which might turn into a ‘real problem.’ What ‘rational societies and policy makers’ have to do is to arrive at policy responses which are both ‘reasonable’ and also ‘cost- effective.’ Serious, rational, reasonable. If we look a little closer, we notice a little rhetorical filigree: within a couple of sentences, that ‘serious concern’ begins to get pushed linguistically away from us with a triad of qualifications it turns out that it’s a potential problem that may only possibly happen in a distant future; whereas staring us in the face is another triad which is only too immediately present the actual and specifically economic costs which we will have to pay here and now. -
Malcolm Caldwell: Pol Pot’S Apologist
Malcolm Caldwell: Pol Pot’s Apologist Michael Ezra I Malcolm Caldwell, Scottish Marxist academic at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (SOAS) was born in 1931. A lifelong man of the left, he had been the Chairman of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and a long-term member of the Labour Party [1] – even standing as a Labour candidate in the 1977 local elections in Bexley, Kent. [2] He had also been selected by Bertrand Russell to be on the founding board of a radical monthly magazine The Spokesman that was supported by the Russell Foundation. [3] He was known to make some absurd and preposterous prophecies, claiming that by the 1990s there would be no oil left in the world [4] and that by the mid-1980s, Scotland would be independent of England. [5] But Caldwell was most in his element when writing about ‘the demonstrated strengths of the communist system.’ [6] With a persuasive ability, he helped to transform at least one person’s ‘anti-authoritarianism – and love of ordinary people – into a fierce and angry communism.’ [7] Whilst he ultimately became known for his support for the Communist regime in Cambodia, [8] Pol Pot was not the only despotic dictator to garner his approval. Kim Il-Sung’s North Korea, Caldwell believed, was ‘an astonishing tribute not only to the energy, initiative and creativeness of the Korean people, but also to the essential correctness of the Juche line.’ No non-’free world’ country that he had visited (including China) had ‘impressed’ him more ‘in terms of its all-round economic achievements.’ [9] On a report of a trip he made to North Korea, his astute political analysis included the observation that ‘the female military uniform is quite attractive: fitted tunic and pleated skirt.’ [10] Caldwell had gone further than vocal critics against the war in Vietnam; he wanted North Vietnam to win. -