Cetatea Greaca Intre Real Si Imaginar

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Cetatea Greaca Intre Real Si Imaginar 16 zentarea atentå a raporturilor dintre libertatea cetåÆilor libertatea dintre raporturilor a atentå zentarea flictelor prin punerea lor în scenå, inclusiv prin repre- prin inclusiv scenå, în lor punerea prin flictelor esenÆialå în perspectiva noastrå – de gestionare a con- a gestionare de – noastrå perspectiva în esenÆialå dimpotrivå, el poate oferi o ilustrare perfectå a funcÆiei – funcÆiei a perfectå ilustrare o oferi poate el dimpotrivå, perceput ca o negare a realitåÆii cetåÆii clasice. Aproape clasice. cetåÆii realitåÆii a negare o ca perceput de Alexandru çi de succesorii såi nu ar trebui så fie så trebui ar nu såi succesorii de çi Alexandru de fictiv çi retoric al vieÆii acestor cetåÆi în lumea dominatå lumea în cetåÆi acestor vieÆii al retoric çi fictiv elenisticå çi în cea romanå. Caracterul în bunå måsurå bunå în Caracterul romanå. cea în çi elenisticå teatralå: de exemplu, aceea a rolului cetåÆii în lumea în cetåÆii rolului a aceea exemplu, de teatralå: care ar putea fi mai bine surprinse în aceastå perspectivå aceastå în surprinse bine mai fi putea ar care Existå, în sfîrçit, alte componente ale istoriei cetåÆii istoriei ale componente alte sfîrçit, în Existå, litatea cetåÆii fårå a-i înÆelege imaginarul. înÆelege a-i fårå cetåÆii litatea ne obligå så ne gîndim cå nu ne este dat så sesizåm rea- sesizåm så dat este ne nu cå gîndim ne så obligå ne nioase existå, fårå îndoialå, o înrudire constitutivå, care constitutivå, înrudire o îndoialå, fårå existå, nioase mimat çi simbolic. Între toate aceste spectacole inge- spectacole aceste toate Între simbolic. çi mimat noctoni, în sfîrçit, la Atena, ostracismul, acest tiranicid acest ostracismul, Atena, la sfîrçit, în noctoni, çi pentru Eleutheria, eroizare çi culte publice pentru tira- pentru publice culte çi eroizare Eleutheria, pentru çi råsturnårii tiranilor: culte publice pentru Zeus Eleutherios Zeus pentru publice culte tiranilor: råsturnårii teatralitatea instaurårii lor instaurårii teatralitatea çi simbolismul invadator al invadator simbolismul çi 15 atît de evident, încît îmi este suficient så reamintesc så suficient este îmi încît evident, de atît lumea greacå la sfîrçitul epocii arhaice sînt un exemplu un sînt arhaice epocii sfîrçitul la greacå lumea complexitate çi artificiu. Crizele tiranice care au sfîçiat au care tiranice Crizele artificiu. çi complexitate funcÆionare printr-o punere în scenå superioarå prin superioarå scenå în punere printr-o funcÆionare cu realitåÆi violente, cetatea îçi regåseçte buna sa buna regåseçte îçi cetatea violente, realitåÆi cu al cetåÆii este întrerupt brutal de forÆe care îl confruntå îl care forÆe de brutal întrerupt este cetåÆii al De altfel, de fiecare datå cînd acest spectacol politic spectacol acest cînd datå fiecare de altfel, De a lumii greceçti. lumii a pînå la urmå particularitatea culturalå cea mai frapantå mai cea culturalå particularitatea urmå la pînå ca problematicå, a femeilor, a tinerilor, a stråinilor, este stråinilor, a tinerilor, a femeilor, a problematicå, ca prin excluderea, mereu problematicå, mereu înfåÆiçatå mereu problematicå, mereu excluderea, prin ninÆå corpul politic atît în centrul, cît çi la marginile sale, marginile la çi cît centrul, în atît politic corpul ninÆå simplu –, dramatizarea surselor de conflict care ame- care conflict de surselor dramatizarea –, simplu politicå – adicå, de cele mai multe ori, omenirea pur çi pur omenirea ori, multe mai cele de adicå, – politicå ColecÆie coordonatå de CRISTIAN PREDA CRISTIAN de coordonatå ColecÆie çi a anxietåÆilor care definesc pînå la urmå umanitatea urmå la pînå definesc care anxietåÆilor a çi Aceastå complexå punere în scenå a contradicÆiilor a scenå în punere complexå Aceastå devine un instrument privilegiat al anchetei noastre anchetei al privilegiat instrument un devine . 14 agon -ul politic, -ul cu complementar çi izomorf timp acelaçi grec se impun ca fireçti; acest spectacol de gradul doi, în doi, gradul de spectacol acest fireçti; ca impun se grec euristicå a teatrului în înÆelegerea universului politic universului înÆelegerea în teatrului a euristicå OITTAPOLITICÅ SOCIETATEA ZOE PETRE ZOE CETATEA GREACÅ – ÎNTRE REAL ÇI IMAGINAR Coperta colecÆiei: DAN PERJOVSCHI proprie, çi tocmai de aceea confruntarea trebuie så fie IlustraÆie: Chorå 674, Muzeul de la Acropole, Atena ritualizatå10. Dar, încå în Iliada, cåderea din discurs în încåierare nu e uçor de evitat. În ultimå instanÆå, pivotul acestei puneri în scenå politice este inventarea votului. SchiÆatå probabil la început spontan, în adunåri în care, asemenea celei din cîntul al 2-lea al Iliadei, se vede cine råmîne pe loc çi cine se îndepårteazå nemulÆumit. Formalizat la Sparta cu ocazia reformelor din secolul al VII-lea, precizat o datå cu cheirotonia atenianå în secolul al V-lea 11, votul majoritar exprimå pe deplin aceastå sublimare prin spectacol a confruntårilor care puteau oricînd diviza cetatea. Pentru cå ce altceva este numårarea de da çi de nu, dacå nu o evaluare, înainte de începerea luptei, a forÆei fiecårei facÆiuni? La Sparta, susÆinåtorii celor douå opinii adverse se separau fizic, regrupîndu-se, unii la dreapta, ceilalÆi la stînga. Dacå unul dintre cele douå grupuri este mai numeros, el este çi mai puternic: prin urmare de ce så se înfrunte un risc previzibil în luptå? E mai simplu så se renunÆe la ea çi i se atribuie de la bun început victoria facÆiunii mai numeroase. Desigur, acest mecanism elementar cunoaçte o evoluÆie în termeni care îi sînt proprii; mai ales – printr-o ZOE PETRE gîndire din ce în ce mai abstractå çi susceptibilå så CETATEA GREACÅ måsoare riguros prin numår12 – prin impunerea ficÆiunii ÎNTRE REAL ÇI IMAGINAR dupå care, dacå una dintre cele douå tabere este mai © Editura Nemira, 2000 numeroaså cu o singurå unitate, ea este proclamatå victorioaså. Dar natura însåçi a înfruntårii prin vot nu se Comercializarea în afara graniÆelor Æårii fårå acordul editurii este interziså. modificå în mod esenÆial, aça cum dovedeçte constanÆa unui vocabular al conflictului, chiar al conflictului råz- Difuzare: boinic, în descrierea vieÆii politice, cu ale sale staseis (în S.C. Nemira & Co, Str. Popa Tatu nr. 35, sector 1, Bucureçti sensul de facÆiune), cu victoriile çi cu înfrîngerile sale. Telefax: 314.21.22, 314.21.26 Prima exprimare perifrasticå a conceptului incipient de Clubul cårÆii: C.P. 26-38, Bucureçti democraÆie – versul celebru din Rugåtoarele lui Eschil care evocå mîna atotputernicå a demos-ului, demou e-mail: [email protected] kratousa cheir, a cårui voinÆå suveranå se exprimå www.nemira.ro plethunetai, printr-un vot majoritar – este, de fapt, de- scrierea unei scene de vot în adunarea cetåÆenilor13. Este ISBN 973-569-437-9 semnificativ så remarcåm çi cå, în confruntarea politicå, 13 14 polis . oricårei a sine de imagine altå aceastå boiului, seçte unitatea mai ales în violenÆa împårtåçitå a råz- a împårtåçitå violenÆa în ales mai unitatea seçte Aça cum se întîmplå în sacrificiu, cetatea îçi regå- îçi cetatea sacrificiu, în întîmplå se cum Aça neascå, deci politicå. deci neascå, polis o comunitate ome- comunitate o din fac care distribuÆie de çi vizibile de peste tot, punînd în scenå riturile de separare de riturile scenå în punînd tot, peste de vizibile misterele lor, ci în faÆa sanctuarelor, în jurul altarelor, jurul în sanctuarelor, faÆa în ci lor, misterele rituri de iniÆiere ascund ceea ce nu am încetat så numim så încetat am nu ce ceea ascund iniÆiere de rituri virilor: nu în secretul incintelor sacre, unde doar cîteva doar unde sacre, incintelor secretul în nu virilor: membrilor såi, în spaÆii în care cetatea se expune pri- expune se cetatea care în spaÆii în såi, membrilor faÆå de zei çi faÆå de animale, cum reafirmå çi egalitatea çi reafirmå cum animale, de faÆå çi zei de faÆå statutul cetåÆii oamenilor, påstrînd distanÆa optimå çi optimå distanÆa påstrînd oamenilor, cetåÆii statutul acest spectacol al violenÆei împårtåçite, reafirmå mereu reafirmå împårtåçite, violenÆei al spectacol acest le explicå, cît çi în sacrificiile închinate zeilor. Sacrificiul, zeilor. închinate sacrificiile în çi cît explicå, le vizibilå, atît în sårbåtori, în miturile care le întemeiazå çi întemeiazå le care miturile în sårbåtori, în atît vizibilå, polis care se afirmå ca unicå çi indi- çi unicå ca afirmå se care o de încetare fårå tuitå de dezbaterea politicå, este, de altfel, compensatå altfel, de este, politicå, dezbaterea de tuitå Aceastå rupturå simbolicå în corpul cetåÆii, consti- cetåÆii, corpul în simbolicå rupturå Aceastå magistraturilor exercitate în cetate. cetate. în exercitate magistraturilor care enunÆå într-o manierå explicitå regulile rotaÆiei regulile explicitå manierå într-o enunÆå care ca atare este un decret – faimosul decret din Dreros – Dreros din decret faimosul – decret un este atare ca normativ dintr-o cetate greacå care a ajuns pînå la noi la pînå ajuns a care greacå cetate dintr-o normativ care are înså partea sa de semnificaÆie, primul act primul semnificaÆie, de sa partea înså are care probabil datoritå hazardului descoperirilor, un hazard un descoperirilor, hazardului datoritå probabil ÎNTRE REAL ÇI IMAGINAR ÇI REAL ÎNTRE scåpat anul acesta. Este cu totul remarcabil faptul cå, faptul remarcabil totul cu Este acesta. anul scåpat vor exercita anul urmåtor o magistraturå care le-a care magistraturå o urmåtor anul exercita vor EAE GREACÅ CETATEA oricînd cå vor cîçtiga mîine ceea ce au pierdut aståzi, cå aståzi, pierdut au ce ceea mîine cîçtiga vor cå oricînd atît pentru indivizi cît çi pentru facÆiuni, care pot spera pot care facÆiuni, pentru çi cît indivizi pentru atît puterea çi i se supune: aceastå alternanÆå este valabilå este alternanÆå aceastå supune: se i çi puterea mereu „data viitoare“. Fiecare, la rîndul såu, exercitå såu, rîndul la Fiecare, viitoare“. „data mereu çi în dezbaterea çi în acÆiunea care decurge din ea, existå ea, din decurge care acÆiunea în çi dezbaterea în çi înfrîngere fårå speranÆå, iar în rotaÆia magistraturilor, ca magistraturilor, rotaÆia în iar speranÆå, fårå înfrîngere cå dacå orice supunere la vot este o victorie, nu existå nu victorie, o este vot la supunere orice dacå cå triva înfruntårii sålbatice: este vorba despre timp.
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