Pisidia Longicornis (Linnaeus, 1767)
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National Monitoring Program for Biodiversity and Non-Indigenous Species in Egypt
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN REGIONAL ACTIVITY CENTRE FOR SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS National monitoring program for biodiversity and non-indigenous species in Egypt PROF. MOUSTAFA M. FOUDA April 2017 1 Study required and financed by: Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat BP 337 1080 Tunis Cedex – Tunisie Responsible of the study: Mehdi Aissi, EcApMEDII Programme officer In charge of the study: Prof. Moustafa M. Fouda Mr. Mohamed Said Abdelwarith Mr. Mahmoud Fawzy Kamel Ministry of Environment, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) With the participation of: Name, qualification and original institution of all the participants in the study (field mission or participation of national institutions) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Acknowledgements 4 Preamble 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 Chapter 2: Institutional and regulatory aspects 40 Chapter 3: Scientific Aspects 49 Chapter 4: Development of monitoring program 59 Chapter 5: Existing Monitoring Program in Egypt 91 1. Monitoring program for habitat mapping 103 2. Marine MAMMALS monitoring program 109 3. Marine Turtles Monitoring Program 115 4. Monitoring Program for Seabirds 118 5. Non-Indigenous Species Monitoring Program 123 Chapter 6: Implementation / Operational Plan 131 Selected References 133 Annexes 143 3 AKNOWLEGEMENTS We would like to thank RAC/ SPA and EU for providing financial and technical assistances to prepare this monitoring programme. The preparation of this programme was the result of several contacts and interviews with many stakeholders from Government, research institutions, NGOs and fishermen. The author would like to express thanks to all for their support. In addition; we would like to acknowledge all participants who attended the workshop and represented the following institutions: 1. -
The Status of Sabellaria Spinulosa Reef Off the Moray Firth and Aberdeenshire Coasts and Guidance for Conservation of the Species Off the Scottish East Coast
The Status of Sabellaria spinulosa Reef off the Moray Firth and Aberdeenshire Coasts and Guidance for Conservation of the Species off the Scottish East Coast Research Summary Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 11 No 17 The Status of Sabellaria spinulosa Reef off the Moray Firth and Aberdeenshire Coasts and Guidance for Conservation of the Species off the Scottish East Coast B Pearce and J Kimber Introduction and Methodology Sabellaria spinulosa is a gregarious tube dwelling marine polychaete that is known to form extensive reef habitats across Europe. The reef habitats formed by S. spinulosa represent an important habitat for a variety of marine fauna and are thought to provide ecosystem services including the provision of feeding and nursery grounds for some fish species. S. spinulosa reefs have been identified as a priority for protection under the OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic and Annex I of the Habitats Directive, in part due to the recognised decline in this habitat across Europe. Until recently, there was little evidence that this habitat occurred in Scottish waters. However, S. spinulosa aggregations with reef-like properties were observed repeatedly between 2011 and 2017 in seabed imagery collected through a variety of sources from the east coast of Scotland. The Scottish Government commissioned this research to assess the conservation status of the newly discovered S. spinulosa habitats and to develop guidance for the future management of this habitat on the east coast of Scotland. Video footage and still images collected from four surveys and ROV clips collected from a fifth, undertaken between 2011 and 2017 (Figure 1) were analysed comprehensively in accordance with established National Marine Biological Analytical Quality Control (NMBAQC) methodologies. -
The Mediterranean Decapod and Stomatopod Crustacea in A
ANNALES DU MUSEUM D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE NICE Tome V, 1977, pp. 37-88. THE MEDITERRANEAN DECAPOD AND STOMATOPOD CRUSTACEA IN A. RISSO'S PUBLISHED WORKS AND MANUSCRIPTS by L. B. HOLTHUIS Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands CONTENTS Risso's 1841 and 1844 guides, which contain a simple unannotated list of Crustacea found near Nice. 1. Introduction 37 Most of Risso's descriptions are quite satisfactory 2. The importance and quality of Risso's carcino- and several species were figured by him. This caused logical work 38 that most of his names were immediately accepted by 3. List of Decapod and Stomatopod species in Risso's his contemporaries and a great number of them is dealt publications and manuscripts 40 with in handbooks like H. Milne Edwards (1834-1840) Penaeidea 40 "Histoire naturelle des Crustaces", and Heller's (1863) Stenopodidea 46 "Die Crustaceen des siidlichen Europa". This made that Caridea 46 Risso's names at present are widely accepted, and that Macrura Reptantia 55 his works are fundamental for a study of Mediterranean Anomura 58 Brachyura 62 Decapods. Stomatopoda 76 Although most of Risso's descriptions are readily 4. New genera proposed by Risso (published and recognizable, there is a number that have caused later unpublished) 76 authors much difficulty. In these cases the descriptions 5. List of Risso's manuscripts dealing with Decapod were not sufficiently complete or partly erroneous, and Stomatopod Crustacea 77 the names given by Risso were either interpreted in 6. Literature 7S different ways and so caused confusion, or were entirely ignored. It is a very fortunate circumstance that many of 1. -
109 Annotated Checklist Of
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2010 Supplement No. 23: 109–129 Date of Publication: 31 Oct.2010 © National University of Singapore ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF ANOMURAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS OF THE WORLD (EXCLUSIVE OF THE KIWAOIDEA AND FAMILIES CHIROSTYLIDAE AND GALATHEIDAE OF THE GALATHEOIDEA) PART II – PORCELLANIDAE Masayuki Osawa Research Center for Coastal Lagoon and Environments, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan Email: [email protected] Patsy A. McLaughlin Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, WA 98221-4042, USA Email: hermit@fi dalgo.net INTRODUCTION Porcellanidae Haworth, 1825 = Porcellaniens H. Milne Edwards, 1837 Ng et al. (2008) and McLaughlin et al. (this volume) referred = Porcellaniadae Randall, 1840 to the “windows” to the literature and the “springboards” for = Porcellanodea Henderson 1888 associating species with their scientifi c names that provided = Porcellainea Holmes, 1900 the foundations for subsequent brachyuran, paguroid and lithodoid research. For the porcellanids, one treatise in particular has provided a similar base upon which virtually all DESCRIPTIVE TERMS AND CURRENT STATUS subsequent porcellanid reports have been patterned. Despite its regional focus, Haig’s (1960) monograph of eastern General morphology. – The general body shape is crab- Pacifi c species included 87 of the 225 species estimated to like and the carapace is well calcifi ed. Regions of the dorsal be present worldwide at the time (Chace, 1951). During the integument are not usually well defi ned. The anterior margin last half century the number of genera has increased from of the carapace is produced into a short rostrum or rostral 14 prior to Haig’s (1960) monograph to 30 and the number lobe. -
Seasonal Variation in Community Structure and Recruitment of Benthic Decapods in a Sub-Tidal Cobble Habitat
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 206: 181–191, 2000 Published November 3 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Seasonal variation in community structure and recruitment of benthic decapods in a sub-tidal cobble habitat Martin Robinson*, Oliver Tully Department of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland ABSTRACT: Quantitative suction samples of benthic decapod fauna were taken in the south of Ireland during 1997. Some species settled into the area, but failed to persist to the first winter, while others were present in high numbers throughout the year. The duration of settlement was species- specific, ranging from several weeks to several months. Body size at settlement decreased with increasing temperature during larval development. Growth potential and early mortality of a number of decapod species was examined by separation of successive moult instars from length-frequency distributions. Seasonal lows in abundance and biomass of young of the year and for previously estab- lished decapod individuals were identified at the end of July and early August, which may represent the most suitable time to release juveniles for stock-enhancement purposes. Community structure differed between settlement season and over-wintering periods. Young-of-the-year community structure differed from that of previously established individuals, with higher abundance and num- ber of species recorded for the former. The data represent a baseline study of a widely distributed community and may support further work on species interactions, improving the accuracy of predic- tion of annual recruitment fluctuations. KEY WORDS: Community · Decapod · Recruitment · Seasonal variation Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION strong 1995, Pile et al. -
The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Vol19, Part 3
Volume 19. Part 3. 28$. May, 1962 pp. 129-192. THE BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE The Official Organ of THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Contents Page Notices prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology : Date of commencement by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of voting on applications published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 129 Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its plenary powers in certain cases 129 (icontinued inside back wrapper) LONDON: Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office, 19, Belgrave Square, London, S.W.I 1962 Price Three Pounds (All rights reserved) Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE A. The Officers of the Commission President-. Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.T., U.S.A.) (12 August 1953) Vice-President: Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12 August 1953) Secretary: Mr. N. D. Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (23 July 1958) Assistant Secretary: Dr. W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amakal (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12 August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12 August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. -
Crustacean Fauna of a Mussel Cultivated Raft System in the Black Sea
Arthropods, 2013, 2(2): 89-94 Article Crustacean fauna of a mussel cultivated raft system in the Black Sea Murat Sezgin, Eylem Aydemir Çil Sinop University Faculty of Fisheries Department of Marine Biology and Ecology TR57000 Sinop, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 January 2013; Accepted 5 February 2013; Published online 1 June 2013 Abstract The aim of the current study was to make a faunistic analysis of the crustaceans associated with cultivated mussels grown on ropes. Mussel samples from 30 cm ropes were collected from rope-grown mussel beds by hand. The crustacean fauna associated with mussel population were quantified. The density of crustacean fauna associated with mussels was significantly greater within rope-grown mussel assemblages than on other biotopes around. Keywords Crustacea; Mytilus galloprovincialis; raft culture; rope-grown mussels; species richness. Arthropods ISSN 22244255 URL: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/onlineversion.asp RSS: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/rss.xml Email: [email protected] EditorinChief: WenJun Zhang Publisher: International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 1 Introduction A few species of Bivalvia in Black Sea live on hard substrate: the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis fasten themselves with bissal threads to underwater stones, macroalgal stems or pier columns as nature habitats. The biodiversity associated with cultivated mussel assemblages depends partly on the source of the mussels and on the new habitat created by the method of cultivation. To date, no study has been made of the macrofauna associated with mussels in the habitats created by different methods of mussel cultivation in the Black Sea. -
National Monitoring Program for Biodiversity and Non-Indigenous Species in Egypt
National monitoring program for biodiversity and non-indigenous species in Egypt January 2016 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Acknowledgements 3 Preamble 4 Chapter 1: Introduction 8 Overview of Egypt Biodiversity 37 Chapter 2: Institutional and regulatory aspects 39 National Legislations 39 Regional and International conventions and agreements 46 Chapter 3: Scientific Aspects 48 Summary of Egyptian Marine Biodiversity Knowledge 48 The Current Situation in Egypt 56 Present state of Biodiversity knowledge 57 Chapter 4: Development of monitoring program 58 Introduction 58 Conclusions 103 Suggested Monitoring Program Suggested monitoring program for habitat mapping 104 Suggested marine MAMMALS monitoring program 109 Suggested Marine Turtles Monitoring Program 115 Suggested Monitoring Program for Seabirds 117 Suggested Non-Indigenous Species Monitoring Program 121 Chapter 5: Implementation / Operational Plan 128 Selected References 130 Annexes 141 2 AKNOWLEGEMENTS 3 Preamble The Ecosystem Approach (EcAp) is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way, as stated by the Convention of Biological Diversity. This process aims to achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES) through the elaborated 11 Ecological Objectives and their respective common indicators. Since 2008, Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention have adopted the EcAp and agreed on a roadmap for its implementation. First phases of the EcAp process led to the accomplishment of 5 steps of the scheduled 7-steps process such as: 1) Definition of an Ecological Vision for the Mediterranean; 2) Setting common Mediterranean strategic goals; 3) Identification of an important ecosystem properties and assessment of ecological status and pressures; 4) Development of a set of ecological objectives corresponding to the Vision and strategic goals; and 5) Derivation of operational objectives with indicators and target levels. -
Distribution and Habitat Use Patterns of Benthic Decapod Crustaceans in Shallow Waters: a Comparative Approach
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 324: 173–184, 2006 Published October 23 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Distribution and habitat use patterns of benthic decapod crustaceans in shallow waters: a comparative approach A. Pallas1, B. Garcia-Calvo1, A. Corgos1, C. Bernardez2, J. Freire1,* 1Departamento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain 2Centro de Ecologia Costera, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, V. Gomez Farias 82, San Patricio-Melaque, Jalisco 48980, Mexico ABSTRACT: Coastal areas are widely considered to be nurseries for many marine species. New approaches to this concept take into account interactions among environmental variables and ecological variation related to geographical location, as well as the complex life cycles of marine invertebrates. We present a comparative approach to assessing the association between environmen- tal variables and patterns of distribution and the habitat use of benthic decapod species in coastal areas. Through this approach we infer which processes underlie these patterns and identify appro- priate habitat-use models. An intensive fine-grain sampling design was used to account for environ- mental gradients occurring at different spatial scales (defined by substrate type, depth, exposure and geographical location) in a temperate oceanic bay (Ria de A Coruña, NW Spain). A high proportion of juveniles occurred in most populations, but our results did not allow us to generally designate coastal areas as nurseries, except for a few species, which showed marked spatial segregation between juveniles and adults. Coastal habitats are predominantly used as nurseries by juveniles of larger species, while, for smaller decapods, they seem to constitute habitats for the entire population. -
An Illustrated Key to the Malacostraca (Crustacea) of the Northern Arabian Sea. Part VI: Decapoda Anomura
An illustrated key to the Malacostraca (Crustacea) of the northern Arabian Sea. Part 6: Decapoda anomura Item Type article Authors Kazmi, Q.B.; Siddiqui, F.A. Download date 04/10/2021 12:44:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/34318 Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, Vol. 15(1), 11-79, 2006. AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE MALACOSTRACA (CRUSTACEA) OF THE NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA PART VI: DECAPODA ANOMURA Quddusi B. Kazmi and Feroz A. Siddiqui Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. E-mails: [email protected] (QBK); safianadeem200 [email protected] .in (FAS). ABSTRACT: The key deals with the Decapoda, Anomura of the northern Arabian Sea, belonging to 3 superfamilies, 10 families, 32 genera and 104 species. With few exceptions, each species is accompanied by illustrations of taxonomic importance; its first reporter is referenced, supplemented by a subsequent record from the area. Necessary schematic diagrams explaining terminologies are also included. KEY WORDS: Malacostraca, Decapoda, Anomura, Arabian Sea - key. INTRODUCTION The Infraorder Anomura is well represented in Northern Arabian Sea (Paldstan) (see Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1993). Some important investigations and documentations on the diversity of anomurans belonging to families Hippidae, Albuneidae, Lithodidae, Coenobitidae, Paguridae, Parapaguridae, Diogenidae, Porcellanidae, Chirostylidae and Galatheidae are as follows: Alcock, 1905; Henderson, 1893; Miyake, 1953, 1978; Tirmizi, 1964, 1966; Lewinsohn, 1969; Mustaquim, 1972; Haig, 1966, 1974; Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Tirmizi, et al., 1982, 1989; Hogarth, 1988; Tirmizi and Javed, 1993; and Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003, however these informations are scattered and fragmentary. In 1983 McLaughlin suppressed the old superfamily Coenobitoidea and combined it with the superfamily Paguroidea and placed all hermit crab families under the superfamily Paguroidea. -
Invertebrate ID Guide
11/13/13 1 This book is a compilation of identification resources for invertebrates found in stomach samples. By no means is it a complete list of all possible prey types. It is simply what has been found in past ChesMMAP and NEAMAP diet studies. A copy of this document is stored in both the ChesMMAP and NEAMAP lab network drives in a folder called ID Guides, along with other useful identification keys, articles, documents, and photos. If you want to see a larger version of any of the images in this document you can simply open the file and zoom in on the picture, or you can open the original file for the photo by navigating to the appropriate subfolder within the Fisheries Gut Lab folder. Other useful links for identification: Isopods http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-33/htm/doc.html http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-48/htm/doc.html Polychaetes http://web.vims.edu/bio/benthic/polychaete.html http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-34/htm/doc.html Cephalopods http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-44/htm/doc.html Amphipods http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-67/htm/doc.html Molluscs http://www.oceanica.cofc.edu/shellguide/ http://www.jaxshells.org/slife4.htm Bivalves http://www.jaxshells.org/atlanticb.htm Gastropods http://www.jaxshells.org/atlantic.htm Crustaceans http://www.jaxshells.org/slifex26.htm Echinoderms http://www.jaxshells.org/eich26.htm 2 PROTOZOA (FORAMINIFERA) ................................................................................................................................ 4 PORIFERA (SPONGES) ............................................................................................................................................... 4 CNIDARIA (JELLYFISHES, HYDROIDS, SEA ANEMONES) ............................................................................... 4 CTENOPHORA (COMB JELLIES)............................................................................................................................ -
Observer Training Manual National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast
Characterization of the US Gulf of Mexico and Southeastern Atlantic Otter Trawl and Bottom Reef Fish Fisheries Observer Training Manual National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center Galveston Laboratory September 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS National Overview ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1 Project Overview ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8 Observer Program Guidelines and Safety ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15 Observer Safety ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15 Medical Fitness for Sea ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15 Training ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15 Before Deployment on Vessel ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16 Seven Steps to Survival ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18 Donning an Immersion Suit ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20 Safety Aboard Vessels ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 22 Safety At‐Sea Transfers ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 23 Off‐Shore Communications ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 24 Advise to Women Going to Sea ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 27 Summary: What You Need to Know About Sea Survival ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 29 Deployment on Vessel