Early Apple/ Architecture

By Ri char d Cl out i er and Br yan H eal y Agenda

● Apple I ● Appl I I / Compar abl e I nt el Pr ocessor ● Appl e I I I / Compar abl e I nt el Pr ocessor ● Appl e Li sa / Compar abl e I nt el Pr ocessor ● M aci nt osh / Compar abl e I nt el Pr ocessor ● M aci nt osh I I / Compar abl e I nt el Pr ocessor ● Power book / Compar abl e I nt el Pr ocessor ● Power M aci nt osh / Compar abl e I nt el Pr ocessor

Apple II Intel ● Ju n e 1977 ● April 1974 ● M OS Technology 65021 ● ● 8-bi t , 2 M H z, 65 kB addr essabl e memor y ● 8-bit, 2M H z ● Least expensi ve “ f ul l -f eat ur ed” ● 10x performance of predecessor on the market ● Used in traffic light controllers and cruise ● $25 price along with better performance missiles forced processors to lower prices ● Introduction of more colors Apple III Intel

● M ay 1980 ● 1982 ● Syner t ek 6502A ( r enamed f r om M OS ● Technology) ● 16-bit, 6 M H z ● 16-bit ● I nt ended f or embedded syst ems ● 2 M Hz ○ Cl ock Gener at or ● 24-bi t memor y addr essi ng -> 16 MB memory ○ Interrupt controller ○ DMA channels ○ W ai t st at e gener at or s ○ Ti mer s ● POS syst ems, t er mi nal s, cont r ol l er s Apple Lisa Intel

● Januar y 1983 ● Jan u ar y 1, 1981 ● Motorolla 68000 32-bit, 6 M H z ● Intel iAPX 432 ● Pr ot ect ed memor y ● 32-bit (Intel’s first), 5-8 M H z ● Preemptive multitasking ● Multi-chip ● Introduced the GUI and mouse ● Hardware support for fault tolerance ● Gener al l y consi der ed a f ai l ur e ● 1 TB virtual address space ○ smal l amount of sal es ● Object/capability style architecture ○ high price tag of $10,000 ● Garbage collection (equivalent > $23,000) ○ D i j kst r a’s par al l el gar bage col l ect i on ● Never used in commercial products ● Over engi neer ed f ai l ur e Macintosh Intel

● Januar y 1984 ● April 5, 1989 ● Continued using 68000 ● (80860) ● Drastically reduced price: $2,495 ● RISC 32/64 bit architecture, 25 MHz ● 32 I Cs: ● Easy t o access FP pi pel i ne ○ Ti mi ng St at e M achi ne ● Used in multiple parallel ○ Li near Addr ess Gener at or supercomputers ○ M gmt U ni t ● Overshadowed by the failure of the ○ 4 multiplexors ○ 2 EPROM s i APX 432 ○ bus drivers ○ video output shift register ○ 6522 Per i pher al I nt er f ace Adapt er ( PI A Macintosh II Intel

● M arch 1987 ● O ct ob er 17, 1985 ● Motorolla 68020: ● Intel 80386DX (Intel386 DX), 16 MHz ○ 12-33 M H z ● Fi r st chi p t o use 32-bit data sets ○ 32-bi t addr ess & ar i t hmet i c l ogi c uni t ( ALU ) ● ○ Thr ee st age pi pel i ne ○ Paged Vi r t ual M emor y ○ I nst r uct i on cache of 256 byt es ○ Vi r t ual -86 mode ○ U nr est r i ct ed wor d and l ongwor d dat a access ○ Requi r ed by moder n oper at i ng ○ 8× multiprocessing ability syst ems ○ Lar ger mul t i pl y ( 32×32 -> 64 bits) and divide ● Backwar ds compat i bl e wi t h code ( 64÷32 -> 32 bi t s quot i ent and 32 bi t s r emai nder ) instructions, and bit field manipulations i nt ended f or ear l i er 16-bi t pr ocessor s ○ Addressing modes added scaled indexing and ● Fi r st t o be si ngl e sour ced anot her l evel of i ndi r ect i on ○ Chi ps used t o be made by mul t i pl e manuf act ur er s t o account f or difficulty of manufacturing process and unr el i abl e suppl y Powerbook Intel

● Sept ember 1989 ● A p r i l 10, 1989 ● D ue t o over heat i ng pr obl ems, t he ● Intel 80486DX (Intel486 DX), 25 MHz Power book was made wi t h t he 68030 i nst ead ● Added support for uninterruptable of the 68040 instructions ● 68030: ● On-chip unified instruction and data ○ 40 MHz cache ○ Spl i t i nst r uct i on and dat a cache of 256 byt es ● On-chip floating point unit with a each dedicated bus ○ On-chi p memor y management uni t ( M M U ) ( 68851) ● D oubl ed i nt eger per f or mance over t he ○ Bur st M emor y I nt er f ace Intel386 due to pipelining

Power Macintosh ● 1994 ● Power PC pr ocessor made by Appl e-IBM-Motorola (AIM) ● 60-66 M H z ● First processor in an Apple PC with a FPU built-i n t o CPU ● PD S car d wi t h an I nt el 80486 D X2/66 pr ocessor ○ (without L2 cache) single SIMM RAM up to 32 MiB of RAM ○ sound chipset, VGA, joystick ports ○ capable of running both the Mac OS interface and DOS/Windows 3.1 side-by-si de, even on di f f er ent moni t or s