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Libro De Resúmenes COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR CONTENIDO Congreso Latinoamericano de Equinodermos Costa Rica 2016 Libro de Resúmenes COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR CONTENIDO Juan José Alvarado Barrientos (Universidad de Costa Rica) Conferencias plenarias 4 Cindy Fernández García (Universidad de Costa Rica) Jorge Cortés Núñez (Universidad de Costa Rica) Ecología y diversidad 9 Carolina Salas Moya (Universidad de Costa Rica) Sebastián Mena Gonzales (Universidad de Costa Rica) Taxonomía 40 Paleontología 68 Reproducción 74 Fisiología 88 Filogenía Molecular 90 COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO Ecotoxicología 97 Pesca y acuicultura 99 Juan José Alvarado Barrientos (Universidad de Costa Rica) Índice de autores 103 Francisco Alonso Solís Marín (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Tamara Rubilar (Centro Nacional Patagonico) Listado de participantes 108 Martín Brogger (Centro Nacional Patagonico) José Carlos Hernández (Universidad de La Laguna) Carlos Renato Rezende Ventura (Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro 2 3 Recent trends in world sea cucumber fisheries: captures, markets, management and the problem of the illegal Conand, C. 1 Université de La Réunion, ENTROPIE, 97715 Saint Denis messag, La Réunion. 2 Muséum National Histoire Naturelle Paris, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; [email protected] The world sea cucumber fisheries have much increased in the recent years; they are detailed Conferencias plenarias expanded during the last decade, at a faster rate from examples from different regions and are than the management capacity They are now discussed to define their characteristics and the qualified of ‘serial exploitation’ and ‘contagious best ways to fight them The management must exploitation’ The most recent trends, following be an adaptive continuous process taking into Plenary lectures the previous publication by Purcell et al (2013) account the socio-economical situations and are presented here, from the last six years of the various actors The Ecosystem Approach to FAO captures data Hong Kong is the most im- Fisheries is necessary with attention given to portant market for the imports of the processed multiple objectives, biodiversity and environ- products, mainly the dry trepang (or beche-de- mental issues, economic and societal incentives, mer), but also other products, which raises dif- integration of the different sources of knowl- ficulties for the analysis The statistics for the edge, active participation, and transparency It last years are analysed and compared with pre- integrates the biotic, abiotic and human com- vious results to understand the trends and the ponents of ecosystems and their interactions details of market’s globalization The manage- The understanding of the governance is also an ment of these resources, particularly the ones important step for the sustainability and adapt- targeted by the small scale fisheries, is still very ability of the fishery In conclusion the attention deficient, despite efforts done at different scales, is raised on the multiple contributions of sea cu- from international to regional and local, and has cumbers to the ecosystem health, the roles they lead to overexploitation The main regulatory play in bioturbation, nutrient recycling, buffer- measures are presented and discussed to help ing ocean acidification, biodiversity enhance- adapt the choices to the different contexts The ment by hosting many symbionts and trans- illegal sea-cucumber captures and trade have ferring organic matter to higher trophic levels 4 5 Influencia humana en las fluctuaciones poblacionales Reflexiones éticas sobre el uso de equinodermos en de erizos de mar: implicaciones para el manejo de los estudios científicosl ecosistemas marinos Hernández, J. C. Rubilar, T. Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología. Universidad de La Laguna. Laboratorio de Ecología y Fisiología de Equinodermos - Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos Tenerife, islas Canarias. [email protected] (CESIMAR –CENPAT - CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina; [email protected] Los equinodermos juegan un papel clave en la de las comunidades de algas capaces de asfixiar En la ciencia los valores han pasado de ser neta- el medio natural para obtener información sobre estructuración de los ecosistemas marinos y en por completo al ecosistema de arrecife Así pues, mente epistémicos a ser más amplios e incluir va- su ecología, biología y comportamiento Todos muchas ocasiones ocurren marcadas fluctuacio- tanto en zonas templadas como tropicales del lores no epistémicos Estos valores no tradiciona- estos experimentos tratan de obtener informa- nes en las densidades poblacionales que deter- planeta, el principal problema de estas fluctua- les plantean nuevos desafíos para los científicos ción que contribuya al conocimiento de la bio- minan un cambio de estado en el ecosistema ciones poblacionales es la persistencia de esta- a la hora de realizar investigaciones, puesto que logía y/o la ecología del animal Sin embargo, que habitan Por ejemplo, los incrementos pobla- dos no deseados del ecosistema donde los erizos la búsqueda de la verdad no es más el único ob- nunca se ha considerado los valores no episté- ciones de algunas especies de erizos de mar cau- son siempre la pieza clave En los últimos años, jetivo a ser considerado, sino que también es ne- micos en el desarrollo de estas investigaciones san cambios catastróficos en las zonas templadas varios trabajos colaborativos a escala global cesario considerar los valores éticos o estéticos Cada vez más instituciones académicas y de in- del planeta, ya que son capacwes de eliminar por han abordado estas oscilaciones poblacionales durante el desarrollo de los estudios Existe una vestigación solicitan que los experimentos estén completo la cobertura de macroalgas erectas y apuntan a que la influencia humana es deter- larga tradición de utilizar a los equinodermos aprobados por comités de ética donde es nece- Éstos aumentos en las densidades poblaciona- minante para explicar este fenómeno ecológico como animales de experimentación, en particu- sario justificar las experiencias a realizar desde el les resultan en comunidades poco productivas La actividad humana, mediante la sobrepesca o lar los erizos de mar en biología del desarrollo punto de vista no epistémico En estos comités, y muy persistentes denominadas blanquizales favoreciendo el cambio climático, erosiona la re- Sin embargo, más recientemente, el uso de una los puntos más elementales para abordar los va- (ericeras/moradales), o también conocidas por siliencia de los ecosistemas marinos favorecien- variedad de especies de equinodermos en expe- lores éticos se resumen en las tres R (reducción, su terminología anglosajona “sea urchin barren do estos cambios catastróficos del ecosistema, rimentos de campo y de laboratorio se ha incre- reemplazo y refinamiento) Esto implica garanti- grounds” La principal consecuencia de la pérdi- su perdurabilidad y exacerbando los riesgos de mentado, en gran parte debido a su importancia zar que el número de animales utilizados en los da de biomasa vegetal es un desequilibrio trófico expansión de los mismos Para mitigar los efectos en la escala evolutiva y en el interés en las pes- experimentos sea válido (reducción), teniendo que en último término puede generar pérdidas de estas fluctuaciones existen diferentes medi- querías y su potencial en la acuicultura Los ex- en cuenta las alternativas a los animales vivos económicas importantes para el sector pesquero das de manejo que se han venido utilizando En el perimentos que usan equinodermos van desde en los experimentos (de reemplazo), y la adop- profesional y turístico Además, estas algas son caso de estados ecosistémicos con altas densida- el uso de las gametas (i e fertilización), trabajos ción de métodos experimentales que reduzcan las principales ingenieras del ecosistema propor- des se han realizado matanzas de erizos (manual con larvas (i e tasa de crecimiento, resistencia a al mínimo el estrés y sufrimiento de los anima- cionando un hábitat adecuado como zonas de o mediante cal viva), extracciones pesqueras o la condiciones ambientales diferentes, procesos de les (refinamiento) Todos los días y cada vez más, cría y alimentación de los peces También son im- creación de reservas marinas para aumentar la regeneración) estudios enfocados en individuos se realizan experimentos a lo largo del mundo portantes zonas de bio-filtración de aguas coste- abundancia de sus depredadores naturales, con adultos en variedad de experimentos fisiológi- utilizando a estos organismos como modelos ras y de absorción de CO2 En los últimos años, diferente efectividad En el caso de densidades cos (i e regeneración, resistencia a salinidad y/o de estudio De esta forma, es mi intención plan- debido a la tendencia a la acidificación de nues- bajas, se han realizado repoblaciones de zonas temperatura, etc) pasando por los experimentos tear la discusión sobre los valores no epistémi- tros océanos los bosques de algas han tomado de arrecife con juveniles de erizos, pero ha tenido en grandes acuarios que manipulan las condi- cos dentro de la comunidad abriendo el deba- especial relevancia y se han convertido en una baja efectividad De todas ellas, la medida más ciones de crecimiento en distintas condiciones te de la reflexión ética en torno a los estudios prioridad en las estrategias de conservación ma- sensata por su carácter preventivo, ecosistémico, (i e temperatura, alimento, salinidad, etc), hasta experimentales que involucre equinodermos rina En las zonas tropicales, si bien las altas den- parece ser la creación de espacios
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