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It Should Be Noted That the Articles Contained in Disarmament Forum Are the Sole Responsibility of the Individual Authors

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It Should Be Noted That the Articles Contained in Disarmament Forum Are the Sole Responsibility of the Individual Authors Part of the cover image is based on the sculpture “Broken Chair” by Daniel Berset. We thank Handicap International for their permission to use this image. It should be noted that the articles contained in Disarmament Forum are the sole responsibility of the individual authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the United Nations, UNIDIR, its staff members or sponsors. Printed at United Nations Geneva GE.99-04380—September 1999 —3,300 UNIDIR/DF/99/3 ISSN 1020-7287 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor's Note Kerstin HOFFMAN ........................................................................................................... 1 Special Comment Jody WILLIAMS ................................................................................................................ 3 Framework for a Mine-Free World Landmine Survivors Speak Out Jerry WHITE .................................................................................................................... 7 Implementing Ottawa: Continuity and Change in the Roles of NGOs David C. ATWOOD ......................................................................................................... 19 Landmine Monitor: Citizens Verification in Action Stephen D. GOOSE & Mary WAREHAM ........................................................................... 33 Verification of the Ottawa Convention: Workable Hybrid or Fatal Compromise? Trevor FINDLAY .............................................................................................................. 45 The Continuation of the Ottawa Process: Intersessional Work and the Role of Geneva Steffen Kongstad ......................................................................................................... 57 Open Forum Progress on Mine Action Principles Bill HOWELL .................................................................................................................. 63 After the Mines Are Cleared Denise Coghlan........................................................................................................... 68 UNIDIR Activities ..................................................................................................... 73 Publications .......................................................................................................................... 79 iii UNIDIR focus one • 2005 71 EDITOR'S NOTE Less than six months ago, the First Meeting of States Parties to the Ottawa Convention met in Maputo, Mozambique. This was both the last step of an exciting process and the first step down a new road. The Ottawa Process, which led to a treaty that entered into force in March of this year, holds the record for several firsts: the fastest negotiation and entry into force of any arms control or disarmament treaty; the first arms control treaty to incorporate a provision for victim assistance; the notable and unusual way that the process bypassed established negotiation fora and created a broad coalition of like-minded governments, institutions and organizations; the crucial role of non- governmental organizations in the process as recognized by the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize given to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams. With the treatys entry into force, we celebrate the conclusion of an inspiring process. Yet this is also a beginning. We have new challenges ahead. This issue of Disarmament Forum, Framework for a Mine-Free World, pulls together the various elements that make up the Ottawa Treaty in an attempt to focus our vision on the work ahead. Our attention must shift from negotiation mode to promoting implementation, universality, victim assistance, the ongoing role of NGOs, demining principles and verification. This issue of Disarmament Forum examines these topics from a number of different perspectives economic, political, social and developmental in an attempt to produce a more complete picture of the desired directions for landmine clearance, victim relief and post-conflict development. Gratitude goes out to all of our authors, who have worked right down to the wire to provide the up-to-date and forward-looking contributions contained herein. Additionally, I would like to thank Susan Walker, David Atwood and Steffen Kongstad for their generous help in the conception of this issue. As we go to press, the current number of ratifications stands at 86 by the time you are reading this, we hope that number is even higher. The first issue of Disarmament Forum in 2000 will examine the future of the NPT. Since the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995, the disarmament and non-proliferation regimes have been confronted by numerous challenges. Concerns about non-compliance, the nuclear weapon tests in South Asia, political roadblocks in both the American Senate and the Russian Duma all mean that next years conference will be set in very different circumstances than the 1995 conference. Questions to be considered in this issue include how did we get to this precarious situation, is further nuclear disarmament likely, and could the NPT collapse at some point in the future, as well as suggesting some constructive approaches to the 2000 Review Conference. We have recently welcomed two new colleagues to UNIDIR. Dr. Susan Willett, a defence economist, joins us from the Centre for Southern African Studies at the University of Sussex. She will be contributing her valuable expertise in military expenditure, defence conversion, demilitarization and development to UNIDIRs Costs of Disarmament project. With several years of experience with four • 1999 FRAMEWORK FOR A MINE-FREE WORLD peace-keeping, disarmament and preventive diplomacy issues, Dr. Anatole Ayissi has joined us as Project Manager for UNIDIRs West African project. Dr. Ayissi is returning to UNIDIR in 1994, he was a Visiting Fellow at the Institute. We will keep our readers posted on the evolution of their respective projects. In the Open Forum section of the last issue we featured a proposal regarding bringing help to the Kurdish victims of Saddam Husseins 1988 chemical weapons attack in Northern Iraq. I would like to give an update on this important effort and a clarification. In early August 1999, Dr. Gosden and the Washington Kurdish Institute convened a meeting supported by the United States State Department and the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs to concentrate and focus efforts towards a cohesive and implementable aid programme. Groups previously separated by political or geographic divides came together and pledged help. As a result, the Halabja Post-Graduate Medical Institute has been formed with the support of all the Kurdish political parties and their health ministers. Its purpose is to establish an academic structure through which ethical foundations for both humanitarian and medical responses can be laid to benefit all the victims of chemical and biological weapons in the region. It also will be the unifying focal point for the stringent scientific processes needed to determine the effects of such weapons and to provide mechanisms for the delivery of international assistance. It was not clear from the article that Dr. Christine Gosden and Derek Gardener are both at the University of Liverpool, University Department, Liverpool Womens Hospital, Crown Street, Liverpool, L8 7SS, England; Mike Amitay is at the Washington Kurdish Institute, 605 G Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20024, USA; and Bakhtiar Amin is at the Human Rights Alliance, 3410 White Oak Court, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. As we come to the end of 1999, Id like to thank all our readers who have taken time over Disarmament Forums first year of publication to offer helpful comments, suggestions and feedback. Both Valérie Fanin and myself look forward to your continued help in improving the journal. We share with you our hopes that the coming century will bring widely shared peace and security throughout the world. Kerstin Hoffman 2 SPECIAL COMMENT The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and its governmental and other partners in the global effort to eliminate anti-personnel landmines from the worlds arsenals have been, by almost any standard, wildly successful in their work. The goal of banning landmines viewed by almost everyone at the beginning of this decade as utopian is within reach. Virtually no one believed when the ICBL was launched in late 1992 that it would be the engine driving the world toward an international treaty banning this weapon within five years. The Mine Ban Treaty (MBT) opened for signature on 3 December 1997 in Ottawa, Canada it has now been signed by 135 nations and within the space of about nineteen months, eighty-six of that number have ratified. The Treaty, which became binding international law more quickly than any other in history, provides the framework for the eventual elimination of the weapon from the planet and for assistance to landmine survivors. While the ultimate goal still remains to be achieved, the ban movement has already brought about decreased use, trade, production and stockpiling of landmines. Additionally, there has been a decrease in the number of mine victims in some of the most highly contaminated countries in the world. At the same time, resources for mine action programmes and for assistance to mine victims have increased. Clearly, by most measures, the work of the ICBL has been tremendously successful. It has been so successful that many would have expected indeed, probably many hoped that the ICBL would declare victory and ratchet down its work and leave the
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