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Forest and Stream — Forest and Stream. Supplement No. 3- -Salmon and Trout. SALMON AND TROUT OF NORTH AMERICA. said by Prof. Cope to resemble the red-throated trout. DD. Introduced species; brown, with large spots of black S&lmo ptirpumPlts. The northern limit of Salmo in or brown ou body and sides of head; sometimes red fishes of the salmon family, which are of especial Alaska seems to be the Bristol Bay region, spotted. THE F. Upper jaw bone strong and broad; teeth in middle of interest to the angler, include the salmon and the The Atlantic salmon is found northward to Greenland. roof of in a double series, persistent. trout, numbering in all mouth twenty-six forma whose relation- Its landlocked form, usually diminished in size and Brown Trout. ships are shown very briefly in the accompanying changed in coloration, occurs naturally in many lakes FF. Upper jaw bone narrow and feeble; teeth in middle of synopsis or key. and streams of New England and Canada, as well as in roof of mouth in a .single series, persistent; dark It should he* stated that some of the trout are not re- the Scandinavian Peninsula. The most easterly native spots on sides margined with pale blue in life. cognized as full species by recent .writers. The siscowet species of the black-spotted trout is that found in the Loch Lcven Tro ut. is usually regarded as a variety of the Great Lake trout. Kansas River {Salmo stomias). The eastward distribu- <!C. Scales about 170 Bio Grande Trout, The Loch Leven is hard to distinguish from the brown, tion seems to have been arrested by the low plains of the BB. Teeth on root of tongue. G. Black spots generally distributed (absent in sea-run even by expert fishculturists, and all ichthyologists will middle region of our continent, which are not favorable examples). probably admit the difficulty of separating* them. to salmon life. H. Scales 170 or fewer; head short. .Bed-throated Trout. Bouvier's trout, the Lake Tahoe trout, the Utah trout The lake trout is one of the largest and most widely RH. Scales 184 or fewer; head long and conical. Tahoe Trout and the Kansas trout are referred to as varieties of the distributed of its family, It seems to be peculiar to GG. Black spots few or none on anterior half of body; red-throated (purpuratus), perhaps without perfect jus- North America, ranging across the whole width of the scales about 200. tice. continent from the Arctic regions south to Idaho and I. Head long, keeled Utah Trout, keeled Kansas Trout. The species of charr (Salvelinus) present as great diffi- New York. The siscowet is a smaller and fatter species II. Head shorter, not culties as the black-spotted forms, and we can not say witli thicker skin and much larger spots than the typical with confidence that even the New England species are lake trout. Its distribution is quite limited. SALMON TROTTT OB LAKE TROUT. fully understood. object in One bringing the present The charr, commonly called trout, number nine species, Bone in middle of roof of mouth with a raised crest, series of illustrations together is to show to anglers and one of which has been introduced. These trout are per- the crest as well as the head of the bone toothed; other field naturalists the present state of our know- haps more difficult to separate than any others of the pyloric coeca very abundant. gar Fig. 4. Silver Salmon. Pig. 1. Humpback Salmon. Fig. 2. Blukback Salmon (Hook-jawed Male). Fig. 5. Quinnat Salmon. -7 Fig. 3. Bog Salmon. Fig. 6. Atlantic Salmon. ledge, with the hope will that they endeavor to aid in Salmonidaa; they extend from the Arctic regions'above A. Distance between the eyes about % length of head' every way possible to arrive at a better understanding 80° north latitude, to northern Georgia and California, in body covered with thin skin; profusely spotted with of these interesting forms. Many of the illustrations some portions thriving at elevations exceeding 5,000ft. small pale spots Lake Trout, here used are copied by permission of the U. S. Commis- Four of the species are completely landlocked, the rest AA. Distance between the eyes about }{ length of head; body covered with thick skin; sioner of Fish and Fisheries^rom advance sheets of the are to a greater or less extent anadromous sides with large pale whenever they spots Bulletin of the U. S, Fish Commission. The Commis- have access to salt water. Siscowet. sioner, Col. Marshall McDonald, is using every available KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1 SPECIES OF CHARR. means to help students iri their efforts to master the A. Root of tongue with teeth. PACIFIC problems presented by this important family of fishes. SALMON. B. Fins not banded. A. The three great difficulties to be overcome at present are Scales small, more than 200 Humpback Salmon. C. Lower bone of gill-cover nearly as deep as long and AA. Scales medium or large. not (1) lack of materia] from certain localities; (2) great conspicuously striated. B. Gill rakers 30 to 40 Blucbacli D. Habitat western individual variation in many of the species, and (3) a lack Salmon, North America; migratory; gill rakers BB. Gill rakers 20 to 25. fewer than 20 of differentiation into forms which may be clearly dis- Dolly Vardcn Trout, C. Anal rays 13 or 14. DD. Habitat eastern North America; gill tinguished by characters generally accepted as having rakers more than D. Scales about 150, pyloric cceca 140 to 185. .Dog Salmon. specific value. DD. Scales about 137, pyloric cceca 45 to 80. .Silver Salmon, E. Migratory: size large; spawning in large streams The Pacific salmon and {Oncorhynchus) differ from Salmo CC. Anal rays 16 Quinnat Salmon, then going to sea Sea Trout chiefly in the greater number of rays in the anal fin; five SALMON AND TROUT. EE. Landlocked; size small or medium. species are known, all of which are black spotted in fresh Sea Salmon, anadromous F. Size very small; tail fin not tipped with white in (Subgenus S(dmo). young; blue water, becoming silvery at sea. They run up the streams Root of tongue back Blueback Trout toothless; teeth in middle of roof of FF. Size of our west coast from Alaska to California, and are mouth medium or large; tail fin tipped with white in in a very small patch; scales large; caudal young. found, also, in Asia. The humpback extends north to forked except in the adult; gill rakers short, 19 in G. European species; teeth on root of tongue in the Colville River and south to Oregon. Another species number A tlan tie Salmon, a narrow band; stomach slender Saiblina not yet identified is found in the River Salmon (Subgenus Fario). vicinity of Point Bar- GG. American species; teeth on root of tongue Teeth in middle of roof of mouth well developed, in in a verv row. The blueback ranges from the Yukon to the Co- broad band; clouded parr marks in one or two series; scales large or small; young. lumbia. The dog salmon from Putnam River, or Kuwuk, species all Sunapee black spotted in fresh waters. T i. * -y, . Trout. CC. Lower bone of to California. The silver salmon has the same northern Root of tongue gill-cover twice as long as deen with toothless. ' coarse striations. limit as the blueback,'but extends south to San Francisco. Scales fewer than 140. F. Size very large; species red spotted The quinnat, king or chouicha is found in the Yukon Native species; silvery, with small black spots; breed- Ross's Trout FF. Size very small; species without red spots. and south to the Ventura River, California. ing males with a crimson band along the side. E. Anal rays height The black spotted species of Salmo are found further 10; of back fin equals U length of BB. Fins with dark bands to the southward in North America head, which equals depth of body in young. BubSpoZd Trout than anywhere else AA. Root of tongue toothless (usually); back mottled in is . , Gairdner's Tr&ut. the world; one known from streams of the Sierra <a , , H. Stomach very stout; gill rakers EE. Anal rays 12; height of back few Brook Trout. Madre in the southern part of Chihuahua, fin equals % length of Mexico, at an head, which is much less than depth of body in 1. Humpback Salmon {Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Fig elevation of between 8,000 and 9,000ft. This species is young 1.— Rainbow Trout, •This is the smallest of the species, seldom exceeding 220 FOREST AND STREAM SUPPLEMENT. [April 4, 1889. 81bs. in weight. It may be recognized at once by its occurs only in the large rivers. Commercially it is more is about 61bs. It is not anadromous to any great extent minute scales. it first in flesh When comes from sea its important than any of the others, and it has received in its original habitat. is very palatable, but soon deteriorates as the spawning more attention from fishculturists than the rest of the season advances. It is one of the most northerly species species. 9. The Brown Trout (Salmo fario). Fig. 9.—Brook of its genus. trout of Europe. Native in the rivers of the Maritime 6. The Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Fig. 6.— Alps, also in rivers and lakes of northern and central 2. The Blueback Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). This is also called Kennebec salmon and Maine salmon. Europe. Non-migratory, Extensively introduced in the Fig. 2 —Other names of this fish are redfish andsuckeye; It inhabits the north Atlantic, ascending rivers in United States, where it is thriving and constantly gain- the Russian name is krasnya ryba, moaning redfish.
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