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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of FEMINIST LITERARY THEORY and PRACTICE in the 1970S in BRITAIN, AMERICA, and TURKEY

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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of FEMINIST LITERARY THEORY and PRACTICE in the 1970S in BRITAIN, AMERICA, and TURKEY LOCAL FEMINISMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FEMINIST LITERARY THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE 1970s IN BRITAIN, AMERICA, AND TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ŞULE AKDOĞAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE MAY 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assist. Prof. Dr. Margaret J.M. Sönmez Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Meral Çileli (METU, FLE) Assist. Prof. Dr. Margaret J. M. Sönmez (METU, FLE) Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kırca (Cankaya U, MTB) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mine Özyurt Kılıç (Dogus U, ELIT) Assist. Prof. Dr. Elif Öztabak Avcı (METU, FLE) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Şule Akdoğan Signature : iii ABSTRACT LOCAL FEMINISMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FEMINIST LITERARY THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE 1970s IN BRITAIN, AMERICA, AND TURKEY Akdoğan, Şule Ph.D. Department of English Literature Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Margaret J. M. Sönmez May 2016, 359 pages Feminism in literary theory and practice has a long and complicated history and the 1970s were critical to that history because it was in that period that feminist criticism showed itself as an influential force, particularly in Western literary works. The decade observed not only enthusiastic feminist protests against a socio-political background but also a ramification of feminism into different branches such as liberalism, Marxism, and psychoanalysis which, in a way, shaped today’s understanding and discussion of feminism. When the dominating feminist agenda following this decade is analysed, it is recognized that many resources refer to 1970s’ feminist literary theory and practice as a single, unified notion, ignoring local differences. While there is no doubting the commonality of the main issues underlying feminism, and in that respect it is a truly international movement, the focus of feminist concern and action changes with its socio-political contexts, and this is also reflected in differences between the discourse and practice of what we might call local or, perhaps, national feminisms. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the feminist literary theories and practices of different localities, namely those of Britain, America and Turkey, in the 1970s and to lay bare where they coincide and where they show individual features; perhaps even where they contradict each other. Within this frame, Angela Carter’s The Passion of New Eve, Fay Weldon’s Praxis, Joanna iv Russ’ The Female Man, Marilyn French’s The Women’s Room, Adalet Ağaoğlu’s Lying Down to Die and Leylâ Erbil’s A Strange Woman, and the key feminist literary theories and discussions produced in each culture will be studied in this dissertation. Keywords: Feminism, Feminist Literary Theory, Comparative Literature, Feminist Fiction, Women’s Writing v ÖZ YEREL FEMİNİZM YAKLAŞIMLARI: 1970’li YILLARDA İNGİLTERE, AMERİKA VE TÜRKİYE’DEKİ FEMİNİST EDEBİ KURAM VE YAZINININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ Akdoğan, Şule Doktora, İngiliz Edebiyatı Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Margaret J. M. Sönmez Mayıs 2016, 359 sayfa Edebiyat kuramı ve yazını içerisinde feminizmin uzun ve karmaşık bir tarihi vardır ve bu bağlamda 1970’li yıllar çok önemli bir yere sahiptir çünkü feminist eleştiri kuramı bu dönemde özellikle de Batı edebiyatında belirgin bir şekilde kendini göstermiştir. Bu dönem sadece sosyo-politik alanda yapılan feminist protestolara değil aynı zamanda feminizmin liberalizm, Marksizm ve psikanaliz gibi alanlara kaymasına da sahne olmuştur ve bu durum günümüzdeki feminizm anlayışını ve tartışmasını şekillendirmiştir. 1970’li yılları takip eden dönemdeki feminist gündem incelendiğinde, birçok kaynağın 1970’li yıllardaki feminist edebiyat kuramı ve yazınına yerel farklılıkları göz ardı ederek tek, birleştirilmiş bir olgu olarak yaklaştıkları fark edilir. Feminizmin altında yatan konular evrensel olup ve bu bağlamda tamamen uluslararası bir harekettir. Fakat feminist düşünce ve hareketin odak noktası sosyo-politik ortama göre değişiklik göstermektedir ve bu olgu yerel belki de ulusal feminizm olarak adlandırabileceğimiz söylem ve uygulamalardaki farklılıklarla yansıtılmıştır. Bundan dolayı, bu tez 1970’li yıllardaki farklı yerel yaklaşımları; daha açık ifade etmek gerekirse İngiliz, Amerikan ve Türk kültürüne ait feminist edebiyat kuramı ve yazınını karşılaştırmayı ve bunların farklılıklarını ve benzerliklerini ortaya çıkarmayı hedefler. Bu bağlamda, bu tez Angela Carter’ın Yeni Havva’ nın Çilesi, Fay Weldon’ın Praxis, Joanna Russ’ın Dişi Adam, Marilyn French’in vi Kadınlara Mahsus, Adalet Ağaoğlu’nun Ölmeye Yatmak ve Leyla Erbil’in Tuhaf Bir Kadın romanlarını ve bu üç kültürde oluşturulmuş olan temel feminist edebi kuramları ve tartışmaları inceler. Anahtar kelimeler: Feminizm, Feminist Edebi Kuram, Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyat, Feminist Yazın, Kadın Yazını vii To my mother and all women who dreamed and fought for a better world viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like express my gratitude, first and foremost, to my advisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Margaret Sönmez, for her intellectual guidance, inspiring suggestions, meticulous feedback and especially for her patience in reading my draft chapters over and over again. It would have been impossible to finish this work, had it not been her always positive, encouraging and nurturing supervision. It has been a pleasure and an invaluable experience to write this dissertation under her guidance. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Meral Çileli for her invaluable comments, caring attitude and helpful suggestions during the preparation of this dissertation. She has always been a source of inspiration for me since my undergraduate years, I am really indebted to her for her contribution to my academic and personal life. I am also indebted to Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kırca for reading my work thoroughly and offering constructive criticism and suggestions in every step of this thesis. He is one of my first instructors at the university and writing this dissertation through his reassuring and positive attitude has been an invaluable experience. I wish to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mine Özyurt-Kılıç for her valuable contributions and comments. I am especially grateful to her for her suggestions related to Turkish sources and works during the early days of my dissertation, they encouraged me to do more study on feminism in Turkey. I would like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Elif Öztabak-Avcı for her detailed review, and invaluable comments. I also wish to thank her for offering me the opportunity to follow her undergraduate classes, which provided me with unique experience of guidance for my future teaching experiences. I always feel grateful to Prof. Dr. Nursel İçöz, Prof. Dr. Ayten Coşkunoğlu-Bear, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik and Assist. Prof. Dr. Dürrin ix Alpakın Martinez Caro for their academic guidance and positive attitudes during my graduate studies. It has been a luck to be their students. It has been a blessing to be surrounded by amazing friends. My PhD life has been a wonderful journey with them. I want to express my deepest gratitude to Şermin Sezer and Tuba Korkmaz for their friendship and the memories we shared, every experience becomes jouissance with them. Şermin was my office- mate, neighbor and most affectionate and absurd companion, our academic friendship has been imprinted with wonderful memories we made as we walked the road together. Tuba is one of the gifts of my PhD life; our Joycean epiphanies, Woolfian moments and secret smiles have made my PhD years an invaluable memory. I cannot imagine another world where we did not meet. During my PhD studies, I found the opportunity to work with wonderful research assistants, with most of whom I shared the same office and attended the same lectures. Buket Doğan, Özlem Türe-Abacı, Seda Coşar-Çelik, and Seda Örmengül were always supportive and encouraging through their helpful suggestions. Many thanks to Şafak Altunsoy, Gülşat Topsakal, Aslı Kutluk, Merve Aydoğdu, Bilge Cantekinler, Elzem Nazli, Maryam Najafi and other ELIT friends for their friendship in and outside the class. I extend my thanks to Sibel Korkmazgil, Duygu Şafak, Gözde Balıkçı, Ufuk Ataş, and Orhan Demir whose smiling faces and positive attitudes made me feel their support. I also want to thank Gülden Taner for her friendship and lively personality and her technical assistance throughout my PhD life. I also want to thank Sinem Sonsaat who is now on her own journey in another continent; olive and wine mean much to us. Although we are in different continents, I always feel her support and fellowship. My life at METU has been wonderful; I deeply thank amazing people studying and working there. I want to express my deepest thanks to my female friends whom I have known for at least a decade; writing a dissertation on women being in a wonderful community of women has been a priceless experience. With these women, no challenge is impossible and a utopia of sisterhood is not a dream. x Gökçe Arslan, Gülşen Altun, Nilüfer Akın, Sibel M. Bölat, Şenay Karademir, Hülya Can and Çiler Akyüz have always made me smile and feel safe and comfortable. We shared the pleasure of thought-provoking reflections on life. I shared the happiness of long talks with Ezgi Baloğlu with whom I could talk about millions of different things. My dearest friend Zeynep Kireçci has always stood shoulder to shoulder with me since my high school years.
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