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Methodological and Technical Developments Methodological and Technical Developments PROCEEDINGS 11 th INTERNATIONAL SPACE SYNTAX SYMPOSIUM LISBON SSS LISBON SSS 11th International 11th International Space Syntax Symposium 3 -Space 7 JULY Syntax Symposium 2017 X th LISBON SSS 11 International Space Syntax Symposium PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11 TH INTERNATIONAL SPACE SYNTAX SYMPOSIUM © INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO EDITORS Teresa Heitor Miguel Serra João Pinelo Silva Maria Bacharel Luisa Cannas da Silva DESIGN Pixel Reply Lda. / www.pixelreply.com Luísa Cannas da Silva e Maria Bacharel Golpe de Estado PUBLISHER Instituto Superior Técnico, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Georrecursos, Portugal ISBN 978-972-98994-4-7 ORGANISING COMMITTEE TERESA HEITOR MIGUEL SERRA JOÃO PINELO SILVA MARIA BACHAREL LUÍSA CANNAS DA SILVA STEERING COMMITTEE LUIZ AMORIM Laboratório de Estudos Avançados em Arquitetura, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil RUTH CONROY DALTON Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK JIN DUAN Southeast University, China MARGARITA GREENE Escuela de Arquitectura Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile TERESA HEITOR Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal BILL HILLIER Space Syntax Laboratory, The Bartlett, UCL, UK FREDERICO DE HOLANDA Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo Universidade de Brasília, Brazil KAYVAN KARIMI Space Syntax Laboratory, The Bartlett, UCL, UK YOUNG OOK KIM School of Architecture, Sejong University, Korea DANIEL KOCH School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH, Sweden AYSE SEMA KUBAT Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey LARS MARCUS Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Architecture, Sweden AKKELIES VAN NES Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands ALAN PENN Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, UCL, UK JOHN PEPONIS School of Architecture, Georgia Institute Of Technology, USA SOPHIA PSARRA Space Syntax Laboratory, The Bartlett, UCL, UK LAURA VAUGHAN Space Syntax Laboratory, The Bartlett, UCL, UK JEAN WINEMAN Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, USA TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS #157 INTEGRATING VISIBILITY GRAPH ANALYSIS (VGA) WITH CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS IN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY Meta Berghauser Pont,Karin Ahrné, Åsa Gren, Anna Kaczorowska, Lars Marcus #158 3D-INFORMED CONVEX SPACES The automated generation of convex representationfor open public space analysis Ljiljana Cavic, Rusne Šileryte, José Nuno Beirão #159 GRASSHOPPER REACH ANALYSIS TOOLKIT: Interactive parametric syntactic analysis Chen Feng, Wenwen Zhang #160 CAN 3D VISIBILITY CALCULATIONS ALONG A PATH PREDICT THE PERCEIVED DENSITY OF PARTICIPANTS IMMERSED IN A VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENT? Dafna Fisher-Gewirtzman #161 USING QUALITATIVE DISTANCE METRICS IN SPACE SYNTAX AND CONFIGURATIONAL ANALYSES Michael J. Frith #162 ON AESTHETICS AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATION Daniel Koch #163 ROAD CENTRE LINE SIMPLIFICATION PRINCIPLES FOR ANGULAR SEGMENT ANALYSIS Ioanna Kolovou, Jorge Gil, Kayvan Karimi, Stephen Law, Laurens Versluis #164 ASSISTED AGENT-BASED SIMULATIONS: Fusing non-player character movement with space syntax Petros Koutsolampros, Tasos Varoudis, Evgenyia Bobkova #165 BRIDGING CONFIGURATIONAL AND URBAN TISSUE ANALYSIS Karl S. Kropf #166 TOWARDS EMBODIED 3D ISOVISTS Incorporating cognitively-motivated semantics of “space” and the architectural environment in 3D visibility analysis Jakub Krukar, Carl Schultz, Mehul Bhatt #167 CITIES AS ACCESSIBLE DENSITIES AND DIVERSITIES: Adding attraction variables to configurational analysis Lars Marcus, Meta Berghauser Pont, Evgenyia Bobkova #168 TTHE THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF A THEORY OF SPATIAL CAPITAL Lars Marcus #169 3D SPACE SYNTAX ANALYSIS Case study Casa da Música Franklim Morais, Jorge Vieira Vaz, David Leite Viana, Isabel Cristina Carvalho, Catarina Ruivo, Cristina Paixão, Antón Tejada, Tiago Gomes #170 TOWARDS STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CONFIGURATIONAL MODELS: New evidence of variance and bootstrapping Joao Pinelo Silva #171 THE SYNTACTIC SIGNATURE OF STARBUCKS’ LOCATIONS Towards a machine learning approach to location decision making Joao Pinelo Silva #172 AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRESENT: Topo-geometric properties from the invention of geometrical notation to non- standard variation in architecture and design Sophia Psarra #173 NORMALISATION OF MEASURES IN SEGMENT ANALYSIS USING BIOLOGICAL METHODS Ermal Shpuza #174 REPRESENTATIONS OF STREET NETWORKS IN SPACE SYNTAX: Towards flexible maps and multiple graphs Gianna Stavroulaki, Lars Marcus, Meta Berghauser Pont, Leonard Nilsson #175 OPPORTUNITIES OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK GENERATED VGA Training a multilayer perceptron to recognize the underlying structures of space Dániel Szemerey, Sean Hanna, Ava Fatah Gen. Schieck #176 EXTENDING SPACE SYNTAX WITH EFFICIENT ENUMERATION Atsushi Takizawa #177 WHAT IS THE EXPLANATORY POWER OF SPACE SYNTAX THEORY? The application of modal logics from theory of science Akkelies Van Nes 5 METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium #157 INTEGRATING VISIBILITY GRAPH ANALYSIS (VGA) WITH CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS IN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY META BERGHAUSER PONT Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Architecture [email protected] KARIN AHRNÉ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Swedish Species Information Centre, Uppsala, Sweden [email protected] ÅSA GREN The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] ANNA KACZOROWSKA Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Architecture [email protected] LARS MARCUS Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Architecture [email protected] ABSTRACT Interest in urban green areas has rapidly increased in recent years as the world becomes increasingly urbanized (see e.g., McDonald, 2008, UN-habitat, 2016). This brings new demands for a deeper understanding of the morphology of green areas in cities that provide us with a range of important ecosystem services (ESS) such as evaporative cooling, water purification, micro climate regulation, recreation and even pollination (MA 2005; Andersson et al., 2007). If we also are to support or even enhance such services, we need to make this knowledge accessible for professionals in urban planning and design. In both regards we see the need to bring the fields of landscape ecology and urban morphology closer to each other. This papers addresses this, taking the ESS pollination as point of departure. It has been acknowledged that besides the amount of green, also connectivity between green areas is important for most of these ESS (Alberti, 2008; Kindleman et al., 2008). The critical issue remains how connections are represented. In this paper we propose an alternative approach inspired by space syntax where we introduce a method to capture urban form and their impact on movement behaviour of bumble bees. A first attempt to do so was discussed by Marcus et al. (2014) but instead of drawing connections using space syntax, we here propose to define the resistance to movement using visibility graph analysis (VGA). The level of visual integration can then be calculated based on the number of visual steps it takes to get from one point to any other point within the system. For species that navigate by sight this can be a rather simple and effective way to measure the cost or resistance INTEGRATING VISIBILITY GRAPH ANALYSIS (VGA) WITH CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS IN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 157.1 Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium to move through an urban landscape. To test the method, observation data on bumble bees collected in 16 sites in Stockholm (Ahrné et al., 2009) are used. KEYWORDS Landscape ecology, connectivity, visibility graph analysis, least-cost-path analysis, nearest- neighbor-distance analysis 1. INTRODUCTION Interest in urban green areas has rapidly increased in recent years as the world becomes increasingly urbanized (see e.g., McDonald, 2008; UN-habitat, 2016). This brings new demands for a deeper understanding of the morphology of green areas in cities that provide us with a range of important ecosystem services (ESS) such as evaporative cooling, water purification, micro climate regulation, recreation and even pollination (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; Andersson et al., 2007). If we also are to support or even enhance such services, we need to make this knowledge accessible for professionals in urban planning and design. In both regards we see the need to bring the fields of landscape ecology and urban morphology closer to each other. This papers addresses this, taking the ESS pollination as point of departure. It has been acknowledged that besides the amount of green, also connectivity between green areas is important for most of these ESS (Alberti, 2008; Kindleman et al., 2008). In landscape ecology, connections are often represented by straight lines although, in reality, these connections may have a quite crooked geometry. An alternative to the straight-line Euclidean distance is the more realistic least-cost path (LCP) length such as walking distance. However, LCP has proven to be of less importance than the LCP-accumulated-costs that also take into account impedances (i.e. resistance) along these paths due to, for instance, varying ground substrates (Etherington et al., 2013). Impedance can also be caused by built form and can be modelled by giving different paths a number representing
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